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Cilj rada bio je izraditi, provesti i analizirati anketni upitnik pisanog tipa o perspektiva uzgoja matica medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera) kod registriranih uzgajivača matica sive pčele u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Anketni upitnik predstavlja najjednostavniji način za dolazak do informacija o odrađenoj temi. Kroz anketu skupljeni su podaci kod 12 registriranih uzgajivača matica. U radu je prikazano trenutno stanje uzgoja matica na području istočne Hrvatske, kakva je struktura uzgajivača i njihova edukacija, koji im je obujam proizvodnje te problemi s kojima se susreću u svojoj proizvodnji., The aim of the thesis was to create, implement and analyze a written questionnaire about the perspective of breeding honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) among registered queen breeders of Carniolan bee in East Croatia. The survey questionnaire is the simplest way to get information about the topic covered. Through the survey, data was collected from 12 registered queen breeders. The paper presents the current state of breeding queens in Eastern Croatia, the structure of breeders and their education, production size and the problems they face in their production.

Ornithofauna research in the area of the Danube–Sava canal between the villages of Beravci and Gundinci was conducted from March 2020 to June 2021. Ornithofauna was explored along the canal and on the canal, and in the surrounding agricultural areas and forest fragments covering approximately 6 km2. A total of 134 bird species were recorded in the vicinity of the Danube–Sava canal, out of which 29 are included in the Red List of Birds of Croatia. 66 bird species bred on the research area. 15 species did not breed there, but used the area as a foraging area in the breeding season. 45 species were recorded as migratory birds, whilst 70 species were recorded as wintering birds. Given that this is the first study of the ornithofauna of this area, and that great diversity of the recorded species is present there, it is necessary to maintain the continuity of research in the future, with the aim of spreading knowledge and obtaining new data on the species of this area., Ornitofauna na području kanala Dunav – Sava u Beravcima istraživana je u razdoblju od ožujka 2020. do kraja lipnja 2021. godine, ukupno 15 mjeseci, čime su obuhvaćena razdoblja selidbe, gniježđenja i zimovanja ptica. Istraživanje je provedeno na području kanala i uz kanal te okolnim poljoprivrednim i šumskim fragmentima približne površine oko 6 km2. Tijekom svakog obilaska provedeno je apsolutno prebrojavanje ptica na temelju vizualnih i zvučnih opažanja. Za svaku vrstu određen je IUCN status prema Crvenom popisu ptica Hrvatske, prisutnost na istraživanom području za svaki mjesec istraživanja te status populacije (gnijezdarica, preletnica, zimovalica). Istraživanjem je utvrđeno ukupno 134 vrste ptica od kojih se 29 vrsta nalazi na Crvenom popisu ptica Hrvatske. Za 66 vrste ptica određen je status gnjezdarica kanala, 15 vrsta se ne gnijezdi na kanalu ali ga koristi kao mjesto hranjenja u gnijezdećoj sezoni. 45 vrsta određene su kao preletnice, a 70 vrsta ptica kao zimovalice. Postojanost više tipova fragmentiranog staništa na relativno malom prostoru, poput vodene površine obrasle trskom, strmih zemljanih obala i nasipa uz kanal, mozaičkih šumskih i poljoprivrednih površina, znatno utječe na izvor hrane i izbor staništa za gniježđenje a samim time i na veliku raznolikost zabilježenih vrsta ptica. S obzirom da je ovo prvo istraživanje ornitofaune ovog područja i veliku raznolikost zabilježenih vrsta potrebno je provoditi ciljana istraživanja i monitoringe ptica kako bi se dobili bolji i precizniji podatci o njihovoj brojnosti i gustoći populacija te po potrebi uspostavile određene mjere zaštite.

Agricultural production has increased more than three times over the last 50 years as a result of the expansion of soils for agricultural purposes, the technological contribution of the green revolution which influenced productivity and the accelerated population growth. In average, agriculture produces 23.7 million food tons per day worldwide. This increase in worldwide production has created serious pressure on the environment, up to the point of causing negative impacts on soil, air and water resources. This new situation has driven a need for more sustainable development in recent years, which implies important changes in the current agricultural production systems. Agriculture is one of the largest biological sectors with the highest biomass production, which becomes an essential input for the bioeconomy. This represents a great opportunity, not only because its use and exploitation contribute to the reduction of fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, but also because it contributes to the development of new green markets and jobs by promoting the conversion of crop waste into value-added products (by- products), such as food, feed, bioproducts and bioenergy. Croatia is country with important role of tourism and agriculture in its development. East Croatia (five counties), as the most important crop production area produce the greatest share of cerals and industrial crops in Croatia. All those crops leave important amounts of after harvest residues even when biomass for soil protection, amounts for livestock and harvest losses are excluded. In 5 east Croatia counties in 2020 is produced 2, 389, 665.7 t of biomass technical potential. At the same time, municipal services companies in Croatia are very well organized and connected in Croatia. The paper will present model how municipal services companies can contribute to collect and produce byproducts as composts and substrates from an agricultural waste. This would increase business competitiveness of municipal services companies due to production and sales of new value-added products, opening new jobs and provide agricultural producers additional profit, safe disposal of agricultural waste as well as contribute to the rural development.

Wheat is one of the most important and widespread agricultural crop in the world. In Croatia, in terms of production, wheat is a second dominant crop and occupies around 20% of total arable land. Furthermore, in the context of the purchase price, grain quality plays a very important role for producers. The aim of the study was to analyze the parameters of wheat grain quality (protein content, hectoliter mass, moisture content and total impurities) in eastern Croatia and to examine the role of weather conditions during the two winter wheat growing seasons (2017/2018, 2018/2019). Wheat samples from 12 different locations in the east Croatia were collected and analyzed. The protein content was determined using the OmegAnalyzer G (Bruins instruments, USA), moisture and hectoliter mass were done using GAC 2100 (Dickey John, USA) while the determination of total impurities was determined by simple sieving and weighing. Based on the analysis of 17 509 samples taken over two years from the four counties of eastern Croatia (Osjecko-baranjska, Vukovarsko-srijemska, Brodsko-posavska and Pozesko slavonska), the average values of protein content were 12.74 % with variation from 11.47 % to 14.54 %. At the same time, hectoliter weight was 76.92 kg hl-1 , grain moisture 12.78 % and total impurities 4.44 %. Generally, weather conditions during 2018/2019 vegetation period were more favorable for wheat quality compared to the second tested season while differences between sites were connected probably with agrotechnical measures and cultivar. Since there is a lack of information for this topic, novelty of these results will be useful to the scientific community and the general public.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly used in transplantation settings, but also as a method of choice for in-depth analysis of population-specific HLA genetic architecture and its linkage to various diseases. With respect to complex ethnic admixture characteristic for East Croatian population, we aimed to investigate class-I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class-II (HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1) HLA diversity at the highest, 4-field resolution level in 120 healthy, unrelated, blood donor volunteers. Genomic DNA was extracted and HLA genotypes of class I and DQA1 genes were defined in full-length, -DQB1 from intron 1 to 3′ UTR, and -DRB1 from intron 1 to intron 4 (Illumina MiSeq platform, Omixon Twin algorithms, IMGT/HLA release 3.30.0_5). Linkage disequilibrium statistics, Hardy-Weinberg departures, and haplotype frequencies were inferred by exact tests and iterative Expectation-Maximization algorithm using PyPop 0.7.0 and Arlequin v3.5.2.2 software. Our data provide first description of 4-field allele and haplotype frequencies in Croatian population, revealing 192 class-I and class-II alleles and extended haplotypic combinations not apparent from the existing 2-field HLA reports from Croatia. This established reference database complements current knowledge of HLA diversity and should prove useful in future population studies, transplantation settings, and disease-associated HLA screening.

The paper investigates conditions, causes and consequences of economic and social development of major urban areas in Eastern Croatia for the period between 1900-2020. The aim of the paper is to describe and analyze the economic and social changes in observed period as well as to address the impact of these changes on the levels of entrepreneurial development. At the moment Eastern Croatia is significantly lagging behind rest of Croatia who is also well below the EU GDP average, with the negative trend in last few years. By examining antecedents and consequences of economic and social circumstances that define environment for fostering entrepreneurial activity the paper gives insight into ways of enhancing economic development of Eastern Croatia. Productive entrepreneurship needs suitable business environment and lack of such environment creates barriers to the functioning of SMEs in one hand, and leads to problems with corruption, at the other hand. In this paper we tackle the issue by chronologically examining four major influences that led to today’s aggravating features of the economic development of urban areas in East Croatia: corruption, depopulation, lack of vibrant and dynamic urban areas and finally a high relative discrepancy in educational levels in respect to more developed areas which leads to the lack of knowledge necessary for a more significant economic development.

Introduction: We aimed to compare the genetic profile of Eastern Croatian population by studying differences in short tandem repeat (STR) allele frequency between unrelated volunteers from 5 eastern Croatian counties (n=101), general Croatian population (n=195) and four neighbouring countries (Serbia (n=365), Bosnia and Herzegovina (n=1000), Hungary (n=4213) and Montenegro (n=101)). Materials and methods: Peripheral blood was sampled on FTA cards, and genomic DNA extracted with the use of Chelex method. AmpFlSTR® Identifiler Plus kit and ProFlex 3x32 well PCR system were used for the multiplex amplification of 15 STR loci including D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA. Allelic variants were identified by electrophoresis on an ABI 310 Genetic Analyser and GeneMapper ID v3.2.1 was used for allele annotation. Allelic frequencies were obtained by direct counting and the exact test of population differentiation was calculated using Markov-chain algorithm and Arlequin v3.5.2.2 software. Results: In total, 129 STR alleles were detected in the Eastern Croatian population, 8 of which qualifying as rare variants (frequency

A goup of human and animal burned bones were discovered on excavations of the Late Neolithic Tell site Bapska, E Croatia. They belong to a closed context discovered with collapsed wall on a wooden feature (floor or furniture) within a house, showing an unusual artificial articulation. The find was not deposited as a grave considering a fact that it is consisted of a fist- full of osteological material designedly surrounded by cattle horns. In order to shed more light on this case of interpretative challenging find, several analysis were performed. The macromorphometric analysis revealed that one part of the remains belong to a young individual of a small ruminant, not older than three months. Burned osteological remains are predominantly fragmented, more than 70%. Due to a problem of high fragmentation of long bone remains, hystological method has been introduced. Using the histological appearance of cortical bone it was possible to distinguish human from nonhuman remains. Five fragments of human bone remains were identified. Further analysis of plexiform and Haversian bone tissue helped to distinguish samples of a pig, small ruminants and cattle tracing the general microstructural appearance and measurements of histological structures. With application of the light microscopic analysis and the scanning electron microscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy method SEM/EDX) morphological 2D and 3D characterization of the samples were obtained. The analysis has also provided a detailed description of the nature of cremated bone present, and estimation of sex and age at death for human samples.

According to the current territorial constitution, East Croatia occupies approximately 22% of the national territory, and approximately 19% of the Croatian population lives in its five counties. Although it used to be an important economic region, it is presently burdened with numerous social and economic problems. Previous studies of regional disparities indicate a long-term lag of East Croatia as a specific economic, cultural, and social region. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine key economic characteristics of the region, as well as the possible causes of economic trends. Macroeconomic and structural characteristics of the economy were analysed on the basis of the selected development indicators. Results of the analysis indicate continuous deterioration of economic conditions in all the respective counties after 2008, as well as the increase in regional disparities in this area comapred to the Republic of Croatia. The authors identified extremely negative demographic trends as one of the key factors of negative economic trends and increase in development divergence. In this sense, creation of a successful model of national regional policy is a precondition for efficient use of all development resources, and encouraging investments in comparative primary activities is an important factor in the revitalisation of East Croatia.

Predmet istraživanja rada demografski su procesi kao uzrok i posljedica zaostajanja Istočne Hrvatske u regionalnom razvoju države. U okviru toga podrobnije su razmotreni uzroci zaostajanja Istočne Hrvatske u regionalnom razvoju zemlje, uloga demografskih procesa u zaostajanju tijekom tranzicijskog razdoblja, indikatori zaostajanja u regionalnom razvoju te percepcija i stavovi studentske populacije s područja Istočne Hrvatske o međuzavisnom utjecaju demografskog i regionalnog razvoja promatranog prostora. Pored standardnih geografskih, poglavito demogeografskih, istaknuto mjesto među primijenjenim metodama ima anketno istraživanje provedeno na uzorku od 1166 studenata zagrebačkog i osječkoga sveučilišta. Rezultati pokazuju neposrednu, uzročno-posljedičnu vezu između demografskog i regionalnog razvoja pri čemu je recentno zaostajanje u regionalnom razvoju snažan potisni čimbenik selektivnog iseljavanja (emigracija mlađeg i obrazovanijeg stanovništva), s posljedičnim procesom starenja te prirodnom i ukupnom depopulacijom. Slabljenjem demografskih resursa smanjuje se privlačna osnova za investicije što se neposredno odražava u relativnom zaostajanju Istočne Hrvatske u regionalnom razvoju zemlje. Otuda proizlazi da je dinamičnije zapošljavanje (zadržavanje) mlađeg i obrazovanijeg stanovništva, povezano s nužnim restrukturiranjem gospodarstva i funkcionalne organizacije, prvi korak u procesu potencijalne revitalizacije ovog dijela Hrvatske. The thesis topic and subject of research are demographic processes as the cause and effect of East Croatia's backwardness in Croatia's regional development. Within this framework, the causes of East Croatia's underdevelopment, the role of demographic processes in underdevelopment during the transition period, indicators of underdevelopment in regional development, as well as the perception and attitudes of East Croatia’s student population on the interdependent influence of the demographic and regional development of the observed region, have all been considered in detail. Along with the standard geographic, especially demogeographic research, a survey of a sample of 1166 students from the Zagreb and Osijek Universities holds a prominent place among the applied research methods. The results show a direct, causal relationship between demographic and regional development, where the recent backwardness in regional development is a strong push factor of selective emigration (emigration of the younger and more educated population), consequentially resulting in the process of an aging population and a natural and complete depopulation. With the weakening of demographic resources, the attractive investment base is reduced, which is directly reflected in the relative underdevelopment of East Croatia in the context of Croatia’s regional development. This merits the conclusion that a more dynamic employment (and retention) of the younger and more educated population, in connection to the necessary restructuring of the economy and functional organization, is the first step in the process of the potential revitalization of this part of Croatia.

Tourism, and thus the tourist product is a multidimensional phenomenon with continuous and highly dynamic development, which stems from the way individuals use their free time, change of its increasingly varied needs and interests of tourists. The increasing demands of tourism consumers initiated the development of specific forms of tourism which are trying to, through organizing special forms of rest, recreation experiences, experiences, and other special facilities, adjust the travel and tourism product offer to immediate tourists, or a specific group of tourists. Consequently, it can be said that modern tourism development which is characterized by, among other things, segmentation and directing of tourist demand toward specific forms of tourism represents an opportunity for the development of river tourism as one of the specific forms of tourism. Despite the fact that the rivers are still highly neglected aspect of the global tourism industry, in recent times interests of tourists for river tourism is growing. Rivers as complex ecosystems affect many human businesses, including tourism. With the main activities that take place on rivers such as cruises, sailing and rafting, the attractiveness of its banks as diverse landscapes, and rich cultural - historical heritage of the nearby towns should be pointed out. When it comes to river tourism of eastern Croatia, and in general river Danube should be noted since it has a central role in river cruise market. Also, for the development of this form of tourism there are also potentials on the rivers Sava and Drava. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of this paper is to analyze the opportunities and constraints for tourism development on eastern Croatian rivers and provide guidance for further development of this form of tourism. The work will by interviews with operators of the tourism industry gather information needed to identify the key elements of offer of river tourism and trends in tourism demand. Since the current potential for the development of river tourism is not evaluated properly and no proper infrastructures were built, offers of additional services as well as a recognizable tourist product of river tourism, based on the results of research guidelines will be defined for the sustainable development of river tourism, with emphasis on eastern Croatia.

Foodstuffs from cereals, especially bread and bakery products are basic food for human nutrition in many part of the world. Croatian cereal consumption is under world average (118 vs. 151 kg per capita), and in accordance with cereal consumption in Western European countries. Bread consumption in Croatia amounts 70% of cereal consumption (83.3 kg per capita). The aim of paper was to research attitudes of consumers regarding bread and bakery products in East Croatia. The questionnaire included questions regarding frequency and structure of bread and bakery product's consumption, expenditures for bread and bakery products, bread and bakery product's purchase place preferences, evaluation (Likert scale from 1 to 5) of bread and bakery product's characteristics (durability, taste, color, freshness, crispness and producer), tendencies for bread and bakery product's consumption regarding price and income (elasticity) as well as changes in purchasing pattern. Survey data were statistically analyzed according to SAS, StatSoft Statistica and Excel for determination ANOVA, correlation and multy-regresion. According to survey results, bread is mostly daily purchased food and bread consumption is in correlation with Croatian average. Consumers prefer brown bread and rolls. Preferred characteristics are freshness and taste. Most of consumers didn't change their bread consumption due to income and price changes, so low income and price elasticity of bread as primary food product is approved.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important fungal disease of wheat. The aim of this research was to determine the diversity of Fusarium species infecting winter wheat ears in East Croatia. In 2008 wheat kernels were obtained from three locations in the eastern part of Croatia (Tovarnik, Osijek, Pozega), and in 2009 from two additional locations (Slavonski Brod, Nova Gradiska). In total, 498 visually diseased kernels were selected for morphological identification of Fusarium spp.. The identity of 226 selected isolates was further investigated by molecular techniques. The predominant species on wheat kernels in East Croatia in 2008 were F. graminearum, isolated and confirmed from more than 80% of sampled wheat kernels, followed by F. avenaceum (8%) and F. culmorum (7%). Incidence of F. poae was less than 2%. The most common species identified in 2009 were F. graminearum (50%), F. culmorum (13%), F. avenaceum (12%) and F. poae (7%). This is the first report on the identification of Fusarium species isolated from naturally infected wheat ears in Croatia.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is economically one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat in the world. The aim of this research was to determine the diversity of Fusarium species infecting wheat in East Croatia. In 2008 wheat kernels were obtained from three locations in East part of Croatia (Tovarnik, Osijek, Pozega). Morphological identification was based on Nelson et al., 1983 and Leslie and Summerell, 2006. In total 226 selected isolates of morphologically identified Fusarium spp. were further investigated by molecular techniques. The predominant species in 2008 on wheat kernels in East Croatia was F. graminearum, isolated and confirmed from more than 80% of sampled wheat kernels, followed by F. avenaceum (>8%) and F. culmorum (>7%). Incidence of F. poae was less then 2%.

This paper presents the serological proven cases of "new" zoonoses in eastern Croatia transmitted by ticks

Suvremeni razvoj stanovništva Istočne Hrvatske baštini duboko ukorijenjene tragove dosadašnjeg, po mnogo čemu specifičnog demografskog, društvenog i gospodarskog razvoja. Zahvaljujući reljefnim, klimatsko-ekološkim, hidrogeografskim, pedološkim, prometno-geografskim, povijesno-političkim i društveno-gospodarskim značajkama i odrednicama, istočnohrvatski prostor je tijekom proteklih razdoblja imao – unatoč povremenim kolebanjima – vrlo dinamičan i, u cjelini uzevši, prosperitetniji demografski razvoj u odnosu prema većini drugih hrvatskih regija. Jedna od bitnih oznaka suvremenog razvoja stanovništva Istočne Hrvatske, sa složenim uzročno-posljedičnim značajkama, je polarizirani populacijski razvoj, osobito između urbanih i ruralnih naselja/područja kraja. On je posljedica niza unutarnjih i vanjskih odrednica demografskog razvoja toga prostora tijekom 20. stoljeća, od kojih su mnoge bile činiocima remećenja ili destabilizacije u odnosu na normalan i stabilan razvoj stanovništva. U tom smislu osobito valja apostrofirati utjecaje svjetskih ratnih sukoba i srbijanske agresije, snažne emigracije, bolesti, gospodarskih kriza, agrarnih reformi i s njima povezanih kolonizacija stanovništva, pada nataliteta, demografskog starenja itd. Tijekom druge polovice prošloga stoljeća dominantni činioci demografskog razvoja, uz potonje, postaju i procesi ubrzane deagrarizacije i deruralizacije te snažne industrijalizacije i urbanizacije. Ti su procesi postali posljednjih desetljeća prevladavajući dinamički, prostorni i strukturalni, kako demografski tako i društveno-gospodarski, procesi u Istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Razvoj ukupnog stanovništva, kao i stanovništva gradskih i seoskih naselja Istočne Hrvatske, karakteriziraju sve nepovoljniji demografski procesi. U ovome su prilogu ustanovljene negativne tendencije demografskog razvoja u domeni promjene broja stanovnika (ukupna depopulacija), prostornog razmještaja stanovništva, razvoja dobno-spolne (demografsko starenje) i ekonomske strukture stanovništva. Nastavak nepovoljnih tendencija u razvoju ukupnoga, gradskog i seoskog stanovništva Istočne Hrvatske potaknut će razvojno zaostajanje toga kraja, što zapravo znači da se demografska obnova i zaustavljanje negativnih demografskih procesa nameće kao ključan razvoj i strateški činilac te cilj ukupne obnove i budućeg napretka istočnohrvatskog prostora., Present-day development of the population in East Croatia has inherited deeply rooted traces of its former – in many respects specific – demographic, social and economic development. Due to its physical relief, climatic-ecological, hydrogeographical, pedological, transportational-geographical, historical-political and socio-economic traits and determinants, the East Croatian area has had – despite periodic fluctuations – a very dynamic, and on the whole more prosperous demographic development than most other Croatian regions. One of the vital traits of contemporary population development in East Croatia, with complex cause-effect characteristics, is polarised population development, especially between urban and rural settlements/areas in the region. This is the result of a series of internal and external determinants of the demographic development of the area in the 20th century, many of which were disrupting and destabilizing factors in regard to normal and stabile population development. In this sense, it is especially important to note the influence of the World Wars and the Serbian aggression, of strong emigration, diseases, economic crises, agrarian reforms and, linked to this, population colonisations, reduction of the birth rate, demographic aging, etc. During the second part of the past century, the dominant factors of demographic development, apart from those just mentioned, were accelerated deagrarisation and deruralisation and intensive industrialisation and urbanisation. During the last decades, these processes became the dominant dynamic, spatial and structural processes in East Croatia, both in the demographic and socio-demographic sense. Development of the total population, as well as of urban and rural settlements in East Croatia, came to be characterised by more and more unfavourable demographic processes. This paper identifies the negative tendencies of demographic development in the domain of total population change (total depopulation), spatial distribution of the population, age-gender development (demographic aging) and the economic structure of the population. A continuation of unfavourable tendencies in the development of the total population and the urban and rural populations in East Croatia will bring about developmental regression in the area, which in fact means that demographic revitalisation and the termination of negative demographic processes imposes itself as a key developmental and strategic factor, and as the goal for the overall revitalisation and future development of the East Croatian area.