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The buildings in various geographical conditions are strengthened due to different reasons, such as earthquakes, fire, or deterioration. One of the important issues is that comfort levels are ensured, and energy consumption is kept at a minimum in educational buildings where renovation and strengthening work is being carried out. In this study, in terms of energy consumption and acoustic comfort, a method is proposed to examine a building damaged in an earthquake and then strengthened. The method has also been created and implemented to provide control and improvement suggestions in terms of thermal and acoustic conditions in strengthening projects of buildings. As a case study, the pre- and post-reinforcement situation of an educational building in a temperate humid climate has been evaluated. In addition, different glazing scenarios that reduce energy consumption while increasing facade noise reduction have been developed and analyzed. The results showed that while sufficient noise reduction is achieved in the building envelope, there is a 15.9% reduction in the total energy consumption of the building. The optimum scenario decreased total energy consumption by 19.4 % in B113 and 26 % in B114 and increased the facade noise reduction levels by 14.2 dB in B113 and 15 dB in B114. The proposed method and the findings will contribute to the design process of newly designed, renovated, and strengthened buildings in terms of energy efficiency and indoor acoustical comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics indicate that cases of multiple sclerosis (MS), which can cause mobility and sensory disabilities, are increasing worldwide. While design criteria for educational built environments that meet MS students' needs have been researched, the creation of holistic design guidelines (DG-MS) has rarely been investigated. This study uses holistic DG-MS to create an educational building performance assessment tool (MS-BPAT) to evaluate the suitability of educational built environments for meeting MS students' needs. A multimethodological approach is used in which academic and medical experts evaluate the MS-BPAT for its importance, affiliation, and clarity. The MS-BPAT is then tested by assessing two high school buildings in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the MS-BPAT tool can accurately assess the fulfillment of MS-DG design criteria in educational built environments and detect the design barriers. The MS-BPAT's validity as an assessment tool is confirmed by comparing its results with field visits, interviews, and student satisfaction. The MS-BPAT is then finalized, and recommendations are made for improving educational built environment performance to meet the needs of students with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study uses four AC technologies to assess the energy performance—this is a case study of an educational building in Barranquilla, Colombia. The building currently has split AC technology high-energy consumers. Therefore, it was necessary to assess a replacement with more efficient technology. Because of the non-seasonal climate in the building location, one month of monitoring of energy consumption was the reference for developing an energy model for the building using EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder software. The model was applied to forecast the building energy performance of our more efficient AC technologies available in the Colombian market, and valuable according to building specifications (Split, VRF, VAV, and Chiller). Results show a reduction in energy consumption of approximately 30% with the technology change and 15% savings in life cycle costs (LCCs), even though the building is already considered to have a low energy consumption according to national regulations. The findings of this study underscore the potential for widespread applicability across all types of buildings, regardless of their energy consumption profile, be it low, medium, or high. This extensive applicability not only highlights the adaptability and versatility of the technology but also underscores its significance in achieving substantial energy savings and cost reductions across the entire building industry, contributing to a more sustainable and economically efficient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fire load data in educational, office and library buildings, obtained through an extensive inventory survey. This data collection effort is prompted by a growing need to simulate compartment fires, wherein estimating realistic fire scenarios is essential to assess the level of fire severity in a structure, and consequently the strength of the various structural members at elevated temperatures. The attributes of compartment fires primarily depend upon the fuel load and its composition, compartment dimensions, ventilation characteristics, and construction materials. Despite an acute need, fire load data across the world is scarce and outdated, and does not reflect the change in the type of materials in‐use today. The survey data presented in this paper is collected from 108 rooms in 10 educational buildings, 51 rooms in three office buildings, and 13 rooms in a library building. This paper also presents the composition of fire loads and the levels of ventilation in these buildings. The studies show that fire loads can vary significantly depending on the room‐use; thereby basing fire load values solely on the overall category of a building may result in either conservative or unsafe design. This study also finds that certain room types (e.g., computer labs) have significant plastic‐based fuels, indicating that typical modelling recommendations based on cellulosic fuels for heat release rate, combustion heat, etc. may not always be appropriate. The paper finally examines the statistical distribution that best describes the measured values of the fire load densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

School outdoor spaces are important for students as they impact learning outcomes, physical and mental health, social interaction, and overall well-being. In hot, arid climates, the use of outdoor spaces becomes a challenge. The high levels of thermal stress impact outdoor thermal comfort during the warmer months, leading to limited or no use of those spaces. This paper assesses vegetation as a passive cooling strategy for an elementary public school in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) are used to investigate outdoor thermal comfort. The experimental approach adopted in this study compares a base model against eight scenarios, which simulate different vegetation (grass, shrubs, two trees at two different heights, 5-10 m) and spacing between them (3.5 m and 7 m). The data is simulated using Envi-Met 5.5 and assessed for their impact on thermal stress levels for the school outdoor space. The results found that by applying trees 10 m high with 3.5 m spacing between them and using evergreen type leaves, Ta was reduced between (1.4-3.2)°C reaching max reduction in August, Tmrt (7.13-64.73)°C where max reduction was recorded in October, and UTCI at (3.00-17.95)°C in April. Therefore, the study offers solutions for existing schools or future ones to enhance outdoor thermal comfort.

Building retrofit procedures play a crucial role in improving the energy performance and economic indicators of a building. In this context, an energy audit is typically recommended, but it is seldom used as a comprehensive approach due to the complexity and associated costs. This article aims to conduct a holistic energy audit approach for a university building in Malaysia, with the objective of diagnosing energy efficiency deficiencies, identifying areas of energy waste and proposing practical retrofit measures accordingly. The approach involved multiple stages, including measurements, surveys and simulation work. Eight energy-saving measures were proposed, targeting improvements in envelope elements, cooling and lighting systems, and operation and control. The Design-Builder software was utilized for energy simulation, assessing the annual energy savings. Economic evaluation indices, such as net present value and simple payback period, were used to assess the economic feasibility of the measures. The results demonstrated significant potential for energy reduction, with each measure achieving annual energy reductions ranging from 2% to 18%, and a cumulative impact of 41% on annual energy consumption when combined. The investment payback period for the energy-saving measures varied from 0.8 to 8.9 years, with a payback period of 3.9 years for the combined energy-saving measures. Furthermore, the net present value was positive, indicating the economic feasibility of investing in the proposed energy-saving measures. These findings provide valuable energy-saving opportunities that can be applied to improve similar buildings on the university campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B building sector contributes to 40% of the carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Several studies show that high-performance MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) buildings contribute to reducing carbon emissions. This study discusses the evaluation of natural lighting in educational buildings, namely the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building. This research was conducted using direct survey methods via measuring and simulating the natural lighting using Sefaira. The simulation results show that natural lighting in the building does not meet lumination standards. This article concludes that the addition of a roof overhang, windowed areas, façade elements, and shading strategies are all factors that can affect natural lighting in the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing Green Walls (GW) within the architectural realm involves integration of diverse functions to optimize the indoor performance of the GW, and outdoor in campus buildings. The methodology is fundamentally rooted in the selection and fulfillment of strategic incorporation of additional function-based GW design to various performance aspects through contextual design solutions. This approach is particularly crucial in the education sector, on utilizing GW to educate students as occupants in integrating gardening, ecology, botany, and beyond in their studies for decreasing the environmental pollution for new generations, to feel by environment indoor in accomplishing way for sustainability perceptions.The aim of the study is to assess the effective resources influencing vertical green walls needed for educational buildings to reduce the effect of indoor heat, to upgrade its air quality, simultaneously decreasing noise pollution to avoid the energy consumption. The Educational GW should be accessible easily, either by installing them naturally in accessible locations with appropriate heights or by designing the facilities to increase the student's integration with GW natural environment that will reflect on their academic progress and health. The study aims to assess the effect of green wall installation in the universities of Canada in Egypt campus in the heat gain reduction, energy consumption, CO2 emission reduction by using the Design-Builder simulation program to measure the effect of green wall installation in corridors and inner courtyard at the hottest period of the year (August 2:00 p.m.) and how it can decrease the cooling loads by 10.95 %:19.14 %, heating loads by 4.8 %:12.94 %, CO2 emission by 13 %:28.43 % and the monthly electricity bill by 35:41.5 % measuring the vertical greening cost in relative to short and long period as a needed sustainable technology to reduce building demand significantly.

This paper evaluates natural ventilation effectiveness in one fully dependent Air Conditioned-Educational Building in Depok to recommend potential passive cooling approaches toward user thermal comfort. This study involves building surveys to measure the temperature and humidity of three selected classrooms, A, B, and C, with varying configurations and capacities. Airflow simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is done under two conditions: open and closed doors. A set of parameters, which are room configuration, type of window, and ventilation strategy, are set to evaluate natural ventilation aspects. The site survey indicates that only one classroom with an area of 92 sqm facing to the southside is classified as efficiently warm (Room A). The simulation demonstrates that cross-ventilation only occurs when the door is opened. The parameters indicating shape, dimension, type, and area of natural ventilation matter, show that the building’s natural ventilation is ineffective in providing thermal comfort. This study recommends that the building’s natural ventilation be placed according to the direction of the airflow, adding vertical fin elements, and increasing the openings by more than 5% area from the floor area.

The study uses four AC technologies to assess the energy performance—this is a case study of an educational building in Barranquilla, Colombia. The building currently has split AC technology high-energy consumers. Therefore, it was necessary to assess a replacement with more efficient technology. Because of the non-seasonal climate in the building location, one month of monitoring of energy consumption was the reference for developing an energy model for the building using EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder software. The model was applied to forecast the building energy performance of our more efficient AC technologies available in the Colombian market, and valuable according to building specifications (Split, VRF, VAV, and Chiller). Results show a reduction in energy consumption of approximately 30% with the technology change and 15% savings in life cycle costs (LCCs), even though the building is already considered to have a low energy consumption according to national regulations. The findings of this study underscore the potential for widespread applicability across all types of buildings, regardless of their energy consumption profile, be it low, medium, or high. This extensive applicability not only highlights the adaptability and versatility of the technology but also underscores its significance in achieving substantial energy savings and cost reductions across the entire building industry, contributing to a more sustainable and economically efficient future.

Design decisions are usually dominated by concern for economic and material aspects, and neglect or omission of social and human aspects (human behavior), Thus, the needs and requirements of the individual users (basic education students) are ignored. This completely contradicts the views of the users of those spaces, as well as specialists in the field of psychology and sociology, about the role of design processes in achieving a suitable physical environment for the human behavior of the users of those spaces (the school building). Ignoring the requirements of the users on the one hand, and the behaviors of the users on the other hand creates an inefficient, and unfulfilled vacuum for the aesthetic, social, cultural, economic, and recreational goals. It is necessary to know the requirements needs, and behaviors of students to achieve successful spaces, as it is the main factor in the success of school buildings, given that the human being affects and is affected by the physical environment. From this standpoint, it is clear that urban designers should pay attention to the process of designing school buildings from a perspective based on behavioral human considerations, and there is a need to integrate studies of the physical environment with human studies (human behavior) in designing spaces to achieve the physical and moral functions of those spaces. educational environments affect the creation of a psychological atmosphere conducive to educating students and encouraging them to be creative, and are considered a strong basis in preparing a conscious generation that helps the renaissance and progress of society. Hence the need to pay attention to this environment (represented by educational spaces), which has become the basis for the development of the architectural educational environment, which is part of the educational and educational development. Many studies were conducted to find out the relationship between the behavioral problems of students and the geometric spaces of the educational building. Therefore, many researchers stressed the need to develop the engineering spaces of the educational building and to pay attention to their implementation and development in line with the needs of the times to produce more attractive schools for students. In light of this, the research problem was determined in the need to know the effect of interior design on students' behavior, achievement and scientific performance.

Heritage architecture, which considers the local climate, building materials, and construction methods, can contribute to the energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings. Retrofitting strategies can be applied to existing buildings to improve their energy performance while maintaining or enhancing their thermal comfort. This study involved an analysis of the indoor environment status at the Yonsei University Stimson Hall (completed in 1920), a building on the former Yonhee College (now Yonsei University). The analysis included temperature and humidity measurements over a one-year period in four rooms with different usage schedules and occupant types. It was found that the number of occupants and the usage schedule influenced the temperature distribution in the rooms. In addition, the effects of the retrofitting strategies on the building energy consumption were investigated. It was verified that the improvement in windows and the application of roof-type photovoltaic systems resulted in annual energy savings of up to 90.46% compared with reference buildings. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate the influence of variables such as usage schedule, occupant type, and season on the indoor climate, as well as the potential benefits and drawbacks of retrofitting strategies on energy consumption and thermal comfort.

Copyright of Revista: Módulo Arquitectura CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surfaces such as pavement, buildings, and other heat-absorbing surfaces that store more heat than natural vegetation generate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Temperatures are known to be significantly higher in urbanized areas compared to rural ones.The application of a reflective surface treatment to the pavement improves its solar reflectivity while lowering the warmth of its surface. The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of a cool pavement in an educational complex parking area, under desert climatic conditions to reduce heat islands. White and high reflective material was applied to the tested parking pavement area. Various experimental techniques were used to assess the performance of non treated (baseline) and treated (cool) pavements including spectral radiation, reflectance (albedo), solar irradiance, and pavement surface temperature. The results show that the coated pavement has a 15 % reflectance in ultraviolet A (UVA) and the untreated pavement has a 17 % solar reflectance (baseline basement). There are no potential dangers to human health posed by the coated pavement's reflection of UVA (For visible wavelengths, coated pavement has a reflectance of roughly 70 %, while uncoated pavement has a reflectivity of only 24 %. Under desert climatic conditions, the results show a net decrease in surface temperature of the coated pavement by up to 15 °C compared to the uncoated one. In the summer, for example, raising the albedo of the pavement surface from 24 % to 70 % lowered the surface temperature from 60 °C to 47 °C. This represents a 22 % decrease in pavement surface temperature. The thermal performance analysis of the cool pavement technology reveals that the pavement surface albedo enhancement will help to increase surface reflectance while lowering pavement surface temperature and offsetting CO2 emissions. Increasing the pavement surface albedo by 192 % (from 24 % to 70 %) for the total treated surface area (81,000 m2) in the educational complex will offset 28,350 tons of CO2. The application of a white coating with a high reflective value on concrete and asphalt pavements will help to extend the life of the pavement, reduce the energy consumption of buildings and the emissions of greenhouse gases, minimize the emissions of carbon dioxide caused by the enhancement of albedo (a strategy for mitigating the effects of climate change), improve parking lot visibility, and deal with the effects of heat islands.

The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. To implement a successful energy management strategy in a building, a data-driven approach should accurately forecast the HVAC features, in particular the indoor temperatures. Accurate predictions not only increase thermal comfort levels, but also play a crucial role in saving energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of data-driven approaches and the development of a model for predicting indoor temperatures. A case study of an educational building is considered to forecast indoor temperatures using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The algorithms' performance is evaluated and compared. The important model parameters are sorted out before choosing the best architecture. Considering real data, prediction models are created for indoor temperatures. The results reveal that all the investigated models are successful in predicting indoor temperatures. Hence, the proposed deep neural network model obtained the highest accuracy with an average RMSE of 0.16 °C, which renders it the best candidate for the development of a digital twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various factors that can cause the rise of Neutral-To-Ground Voltage (NTGV) in an educational building. However, based on the pattern of the recorded NTGV, it is difficult to identify the possible factors that contributed to the event. This situation could lead to the wrong decisions to mitigate the corresponding problem. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to verify the high NTGV events based on a model of the educational building's three-phase fourwire system. In this study, the developed educational building electrical network model is integrated with the model for events in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. According to the findings, high NTGV events in the building were caused by lightning and ground fault activities. This shows that the model is accurate and suitable to be used for analysing the high NTGV events in an educational building if they are detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the spatial perception of educational buildings with historical significance by users. In this context, Antalya Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, which is a historical building, was discussed as a material. A questionnaire was applied to individuals who graduated from this high school to examine how the facade design and garden layout were perceived in the spatial evaluation of the high school discussed in the study. Three different facade designs (modern, traditional, and mixed) based on the building complex were prepared using the AutoCAD, 3D Max, and Photoshop CS3 programs to be used in the questionnaire form consisting of open-ended and closed-ended questions. The frequency analysis was performed using the SPSS program to evaluate the data obtained after the questionnaire. According to the obtained results, it was determined that the middle age group was highly interested in the traditional and mixed facade design. It was observed that the participants further preferred the modern facade design as their level of education increased. It was observed that the participants preferred the mixed facade design more as their income level increased. Furthermore, it was determined that the mixed facade design was generally preferred more by the participants. In conclusion, the quality of historical buildings from the past should be updated with a modern perspective. Thus, positive effects will be achieved for the continuity of the building and its compliance with the environment. It is foreseen to provide positive effects both in terms of functionality and in the field of visual admiration and comfort by evaluating the changing needs of society over time and environmental factors together. On the other hand, while positive elements ensure the continuity of buildings and building complexes, it will also be possible to contribute to their becoming an urban image.

Building occupancy patterns are an important factor in considering the energy efficiency of buildings and a key input for building performance modelling. More specifically, the energy consumption associated with heating, cooling, lighting, and plug load usage depends on the number of occupants in a building. Identifying occupancy patterns and profiles in buildings is a key factor for the optimisation of building operating systems and can potentially reduce the performance gap between the planning stage and the actual energy usage. This study aims to identify the patterns and profiles of the occupants in a selected case study building in England. In this study, occupancy data were collected over 12 months at five minutes intervals. A sensor was used to obtain high accuracy occupancy data compared to previous studies that encountered uncertainties in data collection. A set of clustering analyses was carried out to identify occupancy patterns and profiles in the building. The results of this study identified three different occupancy patterns and profiles as well as four drivers that influenced the occupants in the case study building: the beginning of the academic term, the examination period, the weekday/weekends, and the vacation driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reduce the lighting energy consumption in educational buildings while avoiding an increase in cooling load. The Faculty of Engineering building in Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia is used as a case study. Daylight optimization can have an impact on lighting energy, which is the largest energy consumer in educational buildings. However, given Indonesia's tropical climate, daylight leading to heat gain is a concern. Current passive design interventions for controlling daylight and heat gain include light shelves, clerestories, and glazing materials. Daylighting performance is simulated using DIALux software. Results of each intervention are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by theories and parameters, namely illuminance level, light uniformity, and overall thermal transfer value (OTTV). Light shelves result in increased uniformity and lower OTTV. Clerestories result in increased average illuminance but higher OTTV. Active intervention with a dimming and grouping system is applied after daylight increases. The combination of passive design interventions and active dimming of electric lights reduces lighting energy with the same OTTV as existing. This study recommends the use of passive and active daylighting strategies considering their effect on the cooling load of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B building sector contributes to 40% of the carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Several studies show that high-performance MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) buildings contribute to reducing carbon emissions. This study discusses the evaluation of natural lighting in educational buildings, namely the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building. This research was conducted using direct survey methods via measuring and simulating the natural lighting using Sefaira. The simulation results show that natural lighting in the building does not meet lumination standards. This article concludes that the addition of a roof overhang, windowed areas, façade elements, and shading strategies are all factors that can affect natural lighting in the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building.

Summary: In this research, an integrated energy system for providing triple loads of an educational building has been modeled, analyzed, and optimized using artificial intelligence The use of different load supply patterns for the integrated system was optimized and evaluated from the point of view of exergy, economics, and environment. SketchUp, OpenStudio, and EnergyPlus are used to obtain the building loads, and the integrated system is dynamically modeled by the MATLAB software. The integrated system has been optimized based on different patterns, including monthly, seasonal, and two‐state constant loads compared with hourly dynamic loads using an artificial intelligence genetic algorithm. The results show that the dynamic load pattern gives the highest exergy efficiency and the lowest total cost rate. The exergy efficiency and total cost rate in this scenario are 58.78% and 5.022 $/h, respectively. Also, the CO2 emission index has reached 363.1 g/kWh. Due to the subsidized price of grid electricity, there is a tendency to use low‐capacity gas turbines and buy electricity from the grid for the dynamic model. The gas turbine capacity is 35.56 kW, and the system has purchased 242.4 MWh from the grid. Due to high heating loads, the capacity of the gas turbine significantly increases, and no electricity is purchased from the grid in the fixed‐load pattern. The highest capacity of the gas turbine is 161.6 kW, which is obtained by a seasonal fixed‐load pattern. Also, 994.9 MWh of electricity is sold to the grid in this mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) are widely used to reduce the indoor temperature and associated cooling energy demand of buildings. This study investigated the potential reduction in indoor temperatures via energy-efficient ventilation through EAHEs in an existing architectural campus building (ACB) with an energy-efficient renovated building envelope in the hot and humid climate of Karachi, Pakistan. The building information modeling (BIM) program Autodesk Revit was used to develop a virtual ACB BIM model. An EnergyPlus parametric analysis of the ACB BIM model in DesignBuilder facilitated quantification of the influences of operating parameters such as pipe installation depth and pipe diameter for EAHEs with similar total pipe lengths and air-exchange rates on the performance of the EAHEs during the cooling season. A 3 m deep and 0.1 m diameter pipe layout in open space significantly reduces indoor temperature via a specific duct layout in an exemplary ACB. The results show that a pipe diameter above 0.1 m is unsuitable because of the reduction in convective heat transfer due to the increase in the pipe's surface area and the decrease in pressure in the pipe. The findings of this study can be used to improve the indoor thermal comfort of buildings in climates with comparable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are nearly a living organism which supports future generations, abilities and leaders, and enables our communities to improve. Even though their major purpose is to provide students with a good education, school structures and campuses ensure a number of social duties and functions. While there are 18 million 241 thousand 881 students at the primary and secondary education level in Turkey in 2019-2020 school year, there are 1 million 117 thousand 686 teachers (Hürriyet, 2020). Primary and secondary school buildings more than 68 thousand 589 in Turkey were closed during the pandemic, and all the students attended the educational activities from their homes (Hürriyet, 2020). Educators' continuation for teaching students was ensured by such innovations as distance education. However, the impediments to distance education have increased socioeconomic inequalities. Access to distance education has become dependent on technological tools, including internet infrastructure ownership, computer-tablet availability. In some homes, students completed their schoolwork, sometimes sharing smart devices among siblings. The fact that students go to school does not only support their education but also improves them physically, mentally and socially. For all these reasons, it is crucial to start finding a way to reopen schools in a safe and measured way. Although distance education will continue in some way after the schools are reopened, getting back to the classroom (even in a limited way) is critical to the emotional and mental well-being of students. Even though the curriculum plays an important role in preparing children for success as adults, problem solving, coming together, communicating, producing collaborative work, social relationships and interpersonal experiences are also very important for childhood development. Many students missed reconnecting with their friends and teachers and sharing experiences such as classroom trips and graduation ceremonies. Reopening of schools under pandemic conditions is a difficult and complex decision that must be broken down into manageable pieces. Actions to be taken today in response to the COVID-19 pandemic will lay the groundwork for the proactive, long-term preparation needed to ensure that schools are resistive to future disasters and pandemics, including potential flu outbreaks. This study summarizes the findings on primary education structures and provides education authorities with insight and guidance on school reopening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the diurnal variations and influencing factors of PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and ozone concentrations in educational buildings. Utilizing an integrated system of indoor and outdoor sensors, building automation control networks, and walk-through inspections, air quality data along with relevant characteristics were collected from ten educational buildings in Central Florida. Advanced Neural Network models (RNNs and CNNs), including the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and the Attention Temporal Convolutional Network (ATCN) algorithms based on the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), were developed to accurately identify diurnal patterns in indoor air quality (IAQ) and the differences in influencing factors. The findings indicate greater variability in diurnal differences and factors influencing indoor NO 2 and ozone concentrations compared to PM 2.5. Although the factors influencing day and night PM 2.5 levels were similar, there were significant differences in the contribution weights of these factors. Optimized RNNs and CNNs significantly outperformed standard Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models in dynamically simulating and predicting target pollutants. Comparative analysis of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) demonstrated that LASSO-LSTM models comprehensively outperformed LASSO-ATCN models by averaging 13.4% (p < 0.05). These results can be referenced in studies concerning Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) control conducted in similar environmental settings. • Indoor and outdoor air pollution measurements were conducted in ten BACnet-equipped buildings. • Indoor PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and O 3 exhibited diurnal fluctuations in their influencing factors. • The D/N ratio of indoor NO 2 and its contributions from influencing factors are unstable. • LASSO-based ANNs significantly outperformed standard ANNs in simulating targeted pollutants. • LASSO-LSTM outperformed LASSO-ATCN by averaging 13.4% (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech intelligibility is a critical aspect of building science, particularly in educational buildings where poor sound quality may have a detrimental impact on students' learning and teachers' health. However, considering the numerous building regulations proposing varying definitions and ranges of acoustic comfort, calculating the necessary acoustic indicators can be challenging for designers. Speech intelligibility is a crucial component of indoor acoustics and acoustic comfort and can be calculated using formulas, simulation software, and data-based web tools. While formulas are fast, they lack details; acoustic simulation software is highly accurate but time-consuming and expensive. Data-based web tools, including machine learning algorithms, offer both speed and accuracy and are widely accessible. In this study, we present a system utilizing machine learning techniques to predict acoustic indicators, numeric and heatmap, in an educational building. The Pachyderm plugin in the Grasshopper was utilized to conduct extensive simulations in a single educational space, focusing on acoustic indicators in six different frequencies and general modes. Using Catboost and the pix2pix algorithm, the prediction models provide numerical and image indices on the developed dataset. Also, SHAP values were employed to interpret the Catboost model, analyzing the significance of each feature. The results showed remarkable accuracy, (i.e., between 89 % and 99 %) in the numerical portion, and PSNR index ranging from 0.817 to 0.970, and an SSIM index ranging from 15.56 to 31.57 in the image section. By utilizing data-driven methods, the system provides an efficient and accurate approach to calculating acoustic indicators, helping to ensure optimal acoustic environment in educational buildings. • It addressed challenges in calculating indoor acoustic indicators in buildings. • Providing a solution for calculating acoustic comfort in educational buildings. • It introduced a system for predicting both numerical and image-based indicators. • Using CatBoost and pix2pix algorithms, the system achieves remarkable accuracy. • Employed SHAP values to analyze the significance of each feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are essential elements in designing modern and intelligent buildings or improving existing ones, so that they would provide proper indoor conditions. The article focuses on the thermal sensations of the students of Kielce University of Technology and determining whether the given parameters of the internal environment contributed to their well-being. 164 people aged 16 - 24 participated in the study, which was conducted with the use of a microclimate meter and questionnaires. It turned out that the temperature range from 19.3 °C – 27.6 °C is acceptable and comfortable for nearly 78% of people. As a result of further analysis, it turned out that the research group definitely prefers and feels better in colder temperatures.

As climate change concerns are rising rapidly, energy efficiency promotion and implementation could be sustainable solutions within energy transition. In this context, buildings, including educational ones, play an important role in reducing energy needs and promoting energy efficiency since they account for a significant share of the total energy consumption. As a case study for this research, the educational building of Kazakh-German University was selected. Following the national and international building standards, energy performance parameters were estimated. Current heat losses and performance have been estimated as baseline scenario settings. The impact of retrofitting measures on energy efficiency performance of the buildings under the four scenarios was calculated. Under the minor scenario, retrofitting interventions will lead to annual energy savings of 36.9 kWh/m2 and a 48% CO2 emission reduction, whereas under the major scenario, the annual energy savings will increase to 77.76 kWh/m2 and a nearly 82% CO2 emission reduction. The integration of a solar thermal system with capacity 400 kWh, assuming that the heat demand was reduced under the minor retrofitting scenario, can decrease heat energy consumption and CO2 emissions to 35%. As upfront costs of the energy efficiency measures are high, a carbon offset mechanism could facilitate the implementation of university building modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. To implement a successful energy management strategy in a building, a data-driven approach should accurately forecast the HVAC features, in particular the indoor temperatures. Accurate predictions not only increase thermal comfort levels, but also play a crucial role in saving energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of data-driven approaches and the development of a model for predicting indoor temperatures. A case study of an educational building is considered to forecast indoor temperatures using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The algorithms’ performance is evaluated and compared. The important model parameters are sorted out before choosing the best architecture. Considering real data, prediction models are created for indoor temperatures. The results reveal that all the investigated models are successful in predicting indoor temperatures. Hence, the proposed deep neural network model obtained the highest accuracy with an average RMSE of 0.16 °C, which renders it the best candidate for the development of a digital twin.

Achieving indoor thermal comfort is essential for productivity, especially in educational environments, and hence has recently attracted considerable attention. Phase change materials (PCMs) integrated into various building components have been used to improve the indoor temperature. In this study, the effectiveness of integrating macro-encapsulated BioPCMs into the walls and ceilings of lecture halls in an educational building was determined via simulation. The simulations considered a hot climate coupled with controlled night ventilation of 15 air change per hour for enhancing the indoor temperature. Using the EnergyPlus software, simulations were performed for different PCM melting temperatures (25, 27 and 29°C) and thicknesses. The PCM with a melting temperature of 27°C yielded a notable reduction (0.5–3.3°C) in the indoor temperature. Furthermore, increasing the layer thickness to 3.75 cm had little effect on the temperature, as indicated by the incomplete charging process during the night. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents an investigation of thermal energy consumption for heating in an educational building located in the north-eastern part of Poland in 2017–2020, after deep thermomodernization. An evaluation of the actual energy effects was made based on measurements carried out over a 4-year operational period. They were compared with the results of theoretical calculations included in the energy audit and an attempt was made to describe the reasons for the discrepancies. The planned and achieved economic efficiency indicators were assessed and the amount of reduction of pollutant emissions was determined. The performed analysis allowed for an assessment of the impact of deep thermomodernization in terms of reducing heat energy consumption for central heating purposes, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2, SOx, NOx and benzo(a)pyrene to the atmosphere. The implementation of thermomodernization in buildings led to savings of about 43% in terms of heat energy consumption for heating and a reduction in pollutant emissions. The theoretical savings based on the audit were 50.4%. The obtained results show that deep thermomodernization contributes to the improvement of energy and ecological efficiency in educational buildings, however, without the possibility of using subsidies, the investment is unprofitable. All the obtained results were discussed with the available literature sources and have been summarized with appropriate conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction sector across the world involves constructing huge buildings, which usually consumes enormous energy, causing an incredibly damaging effect on the environment in terms of raw material usage, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted, and waste generated in huge quantities, which has drawn much attention from conservationists. Though several preventive measures have been developed to reduce the impact of construction, they are often ignored or mismanaged. Thus, things must be examined in detail with appropriate environmental tools to provide a clear view of the emission released into the environment and mitigate the problem from a broader perspective. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one tool used for quantifying the emissions into the environment and economic impacts of the chosen product/process. As a result, this study investigates the effects of the precast structural elements for building and their carbon footprint at the different construction phases based on the LCA methodology. The construction phases include (a) the preoperational phase/building construction, (b) the operation phase, and (c) the postoperational phase/building demolition and inventory data are collected from the selected building. The results show that the precast structure's energy (23.33 kW · h/m2) was less compared with reviewed case studies. The global warming potential (GWP) of the present study, 16.55 kg CO2 eq/m2, was the least among all the studies. The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of buildings was performed, and the LCC of precast structures was 4.78% less than the conventional construction. The study evaluates and compares each phase's emissions and identifies specific hotspots for emissions into the environment. Finally, the authors believe that the study provides valuable insights into the potential environmental impacts for the relevant stakeholders and experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campus building was a place to accommodate various educational activities, which were both carried out indoors and outdoors. The environment, including the building and its exterior, provided thermal comfort that was influenced by the context, such as the mass of the facility, vegetation, and constructing envelope materials. The microclimate also influenced the environment, such as temperature, wind speed, and humidity. This study aimed to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort of campus building in urban area during summer, while also identifying the influential factors. This research referred to a case study, examining the thermal quality of the educational building environment using ENVI-met software, based on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index as an indicator of outdoor thermal comfort, in Universitas Kebangsaan (UK). The results showed that the outdoor environment had low thermal comfort conditions during the day, as it also had different thermal satisfactory situations, due to differences in physical characteristics in each zone. This characteristics included, (1) The SVF determinant as indicators of the shading factor should be supported by the presence of vegetation and the use of pavement material, (2) Although the wind speed factor does not really affect the thermal comfort in the outdoor space, the interconnection between open gaps is likely to make breeze distribution in the area better. This study offered direction for campus planning, in order to maintain the optimal capacity of the natural environment, such as (1) Strategizing to create a better shadowing factor in the outer space, which was supported by controlling the use of pavement materials, (2) Directing the density of buildings by making open spaces more permeable, in order for better wind distribution in the area. From this study, the campus current conditions and future design development potential was also observed.

The thermal comfort models defined in existing standards are usually ineffective in predicting students' mean thermal sensation. Accordingly, overheating and overcooling are frequently reported, which affect students' well-being and cause unnecessary energy waste. Existing studies have not further explored the model improvement strategies for educational buildings. Hence, this research aims to improve the mean thermal sensation prediction model for students in naturally ventilated schools by incorporating correlated factors, based on a holistic field survey in the Mediterranean climate. The results indicate that the modified extended predicted mean vote of thermal adaptations reinforced around thermal neutrality has the highest accuracy among all validated adaptive predicted mean vote models. However, the performance of the adaptive predicted mean vote models is limited by the deficiencies of the original predicted mean vote model. The overall performance of the improved models was doubled after introducing the identified correlated factors, but the intrinsic error of the predicted mean vote index can slightly affect the models. As a result, the improved model built directly with the identified correlated factors achieved the best performance. Moreover, the potential of the machine learning models is limited by the volume of the mean thermal sensation vote data that can often be obtained, therefore conventional models such as multiple linear regression can be considered an effective and practical tool for developing the mean thermal sensation vote models. The findings of this study benefit the well-being of students and the energy conservation of educational buildings. • Improvement strategies were investigated for the predicted mean vote model. • Adaptive predicted mean vote models were validated in Mediterranean schools. • The operable window and door area was found to be correlated with thermal comfort. • Predictive models of students' mean thermal sensation vote were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been challenging for designers to identify the appropriate design parameters that would reduce building energy consumption while achieving thermal comfort for building occupants. This study aims to determine the most important architectural building design parameters (ABDPs) that can increase thermal comfort and reduce energy use in educational buildings. The effect of 15 ABDPs in an Australian educational lecture theatre and their variabilities on energy consumption and students' thermal comfort for each parameter were analysed using Monte Carlo (MC) techniques. Two thousand simulations for every input parameter were performed based on the selected distribution using the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) technique. Sensitivity analyses (SA) and uncertainty analyses (UA) were used to assess the most important ABDPs in terms of thermal discomfort hours and energy consumption. The study found that the ABDPs, such as cooling set-point temperatures and roof construction, significantly reduce the operative temperature by up to 14.2% and 20.0%, respectively. Consequently, these reductions could significantly shorten the thermal discomfort hours, thereby reducing energy consumption by 43.7% and 41.0%, respectively. The findings of this study enable building designers to identify which ABDPs have a substantial impact on thermal comfort and energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hot climates, achieving a good indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in existing buildings is important especially with climate change challenges as future heat waves will increase in frequency, duration, and intensity. In educational buildings, there is much more focus on the IEQ parameters and the interactions among them that need to be in line with the continuously changing learning environment. This study assesses the IEQ parameters (represented by noise, temperature and humidity) at three selected campus areas (lecture rooms of an administrative department building (LR), main hall of a management department building (MH) and a central library building (CL)) at the Al-Najaf Technical Institute (NTI), Al-Najaf City, Iraq, for the period from May to December 2019. A statistical analysis using a multi-linear regression model was performed to determine the relationship between the selected IEQ parameters and explain the noise level behavior as a function of the temperature and relative humidity. The research indicated that the noise levels and temperature values exceeded the maximum standard limits in all buildings reflecting the displeasing sound and heating quality within the studied areas, while the readings for relative humidity within each building environment complied with standards. Moreover, for both LR and MH buildings (R2 ≥ 0.8, significance F ≤ 0.01), the noise values were satisfactorily modeled by temperature and relative humidity highlighting the interactions between temperature, humidity and noise under consistent conditions. However, the results for the CL building (R2 = 0.6, significance F = 0.1) showed no relationship between the IEQ parameters, highlighting the fact that this building is exposed to unsteady conditions (an irregular number of people using this building during the daytime) resulting in a high variation of data measurements. The current results demonstrate that detailed modeling can be helpful to predict IEQ parameters depending on other known parameters in buildings. The results of the predictive model aligned with the directly measured data. Therefore, its performance is equally effective, but with a significant reduction in cost and time consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainability, which is currently sitting on our agenda with increasing environmental pollution has gradually increased its importance. In order to leave a livable ecosystem for new generations, it is essential that individuals are given the necessary education within the scope of the issues that need to be done. The best training is hands-on training. A person can internalize the concept that he sees, touches, feels in the environment in which he is located, that is, lives with all his perceptions. In this case, building educational structures with the goals of sustainable architecture is an important step in terms of instilling the concept of sustainability in the younger generations. In the context of sustainable design, vertical green systems have taken an important place with the technological developments in recent years and it has been shown that they contribute to achieving sustainable design goals. It is believed that the application of these systems in school structures will make it easier for students to explain the concept of herd, because they are experiential. For these reasons, the aim of the study is to reveal the benefits of vertical green systems in terms of sustainability in educational structures and to present a study that can provide resources for sustainable school designs.In the study, the benefits of vertical green systems were discussed in the context of reducing the urban heat effect, improving air quality, absorbing noise and saving energy. Energy analysis was carried out through revit program by applying vertical green system to the educational buildings selected from Adana Çukurova University in order to demonstrate the benefits of vertical green systems within the scope of energy conservation with data. As a result of the evaluations made, the electrical energy savings of green vertical systems were revealed with numerical data and the criteria to be considered for an environmentally beneficial vertical green system application were explained.

Village Institutes are one of the pioneer accomplishments regarding the ‘Modernity Project' of Early Republican Period. With the legitimization of Institutes in 1940, students from the villages, after completing -the educational program in the Village Institutes, became primary school teachers. As soon as they returned to their villages, they constructed their own school buildings where they started teaching. However, these village schools, where the first graduates of the Institute taught, were closed down as a result of the abolition of multi-grade classes and the transition to transported education. Today, those Village Schools, reflections of the Republic's ideology, are physically on the verge of collapse since they have not been utilized for the last 20 years. The fundamental notion of the current study is to highlight the fact that Village Schools, especially the ones built between 1940-1950, are one of the main indicators of the ‘Modernity Project' of the Early Republic in the rural Anatolia. These structures, besides being the visual reflections of the educational policies of the newly-established Republic, bear the collective memory of the Early Republic and the principles of Village Institutes to the present. Therefore, this study aims to identify these schools before their demolition and to document how these simple school structures strongly acted upon the modernization process. Considering its relation to the Village Institutes, Kapıkırı School in Milas, evacuated in the 1999-2000 school year due to the abolition of the multi-grade classes was selected as the case in the current study. The underlying reason for such a selection is to indicate the fact that Kapıkırı Primary School has been one of the few intact examples where the first graduates of the Institutes taught. At the initial stage, nearly thirty village schools in the Milas district of Muğla were evaluated through settlement decisions and functions and structures were documented by measurements and photographs. In the second stage, structures identified were classified, and especially Gölyaka and Kıyıkışlacık schools, which are located in ancient settlements and have indications of similarity in plans, were compared with Kapıkırı School. In accordance with these stages, a detailed literature review was conducted in Arkitekt-Journal, which happens to be the main source of information in understanding the architectural approach of the period of 1940-1960. In addition, based on the local history, it has been understood that children of villages around the Kapıkırı attended Institutes to become primary school teachers. One of these students started teaching in Kapıkırı after his graduation as the first teacher of the village. He collaborated with the villagers, especially during the construction of the roof and wooden elements, by means of his special training as a ‘constructor' in the Institute. The findings collected through the detailed architectural examination of Kapıkırı School and comparative readings in Arkitekt-Journal have proved the fact that Kapıkırı School was built in accordance with the first prize of Village Schools Competition Project. Upon research conducted, it was found that this school in a small village was designed by the famous architects Asım Mutlu and Ahsen Yapanar, the First Prize winners in the competition. In addition, literature review and oral history studies about the building process also shows that the school was directly associated with Institutes. The architects Ernst Egli, who travelled through Anatolia examining the various school buildings (1928-1930) and Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, who published a series of typologies of village schools (1938-1940), had also very similar proposals with Kapıkırı School. Asım Mutlu and Ahsen Yapanar completed their architectural education at the Fine Arts Academy and had direct associations with these architects. The research findings on the above-mentioned architects have made it possible to state that Kapıkırı primary school was not only related to the Early Republican ideologies but also European Influences. Consequently, this study which proceeds through the Kapıkırı School attempted to read the experience of the rural areas which were in contact with modernity, and the tension between the modernity project and the conservation paradigm. Based on the results of the current research, Kapıkırı School, located within a natural/archaeological protection site, revealed significant information regarding the preservation policies in Turkey, in terms of the decision of positioning, and transformation of the settlement. However, the main reason for this tension is due to the fact that the Kapıkırı School has been built in accordance with the first prize entry of one Architectural Competition Project pertaining to the 1940s and this feature of the building also makes it an artifact deserving preservation.

Today, with an epidemic in all cities of the world, the use and design process of architectural and urban spaces has changed significantly. A health problem that started in Wuhan, China in 2019 has affected the whole world, and urban and architectural spaces have also been affected by this situation. With all this change process, the concept of social distance has come to the forefront with the concept of individual distance in architecture and has started to be of great importance for the space and its user. A number of changes and transformations are needed in order to use public interior spaces during and after the pandemic. The study covers public schools that provide primary and secondary education by including educational structures, which are one of the public interior spaces. In line with this scope, the standards and guidebooks prepared by the Ministry of National Education were used. Then, after the pandemic, spatial design suggestions were included with various studies from our country and abroad. In this direction, the study has reached the quality of a design guide and guide, which reveals the spatial change in primary education buildings after the Covid-19-focused pandemic, and solutions to the pandemic problem in terms of spatial and architectural design have been collected and developed. For this purpose, it is aimed to contribute to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) are widely used to reduce the indoor temperature and associated cooling energy demand of buildings. This study investigated the potential reduction in indoor temperatures via energy-efficient ventilation through EAHEs in an existing architectural campus building (ACB) with an energy-efficient renovated building envelope in the hot and humid climate of Karachi, Pakistan. The building information modeling (BIM) program Autodesk Revit was used to develop a virtual ACB BIM model. An EnergyPlus parametric analysis of the ACB BIM model in DesignBuilder facilitated quantification of the influences of operating parameters such as pipe installation depth and pipe diameter for EAHEs with similar total pipe lengths and air-exchange rates on the performance of the EAHEs during the cooling season. A 3 m deep and 0.1 m diameter pipe layout in open space significantly reduces indoor temperature via a specific duct layout in an exemplary ACB. The results show that a pipe diameter above 0.1 m is unsuitable because of the reduction in convective heat transfer due to the increase in the pipe’s surface area and the decrease in pressure in the pipe. The findings of this study can be used to improve the indoor thermal comfort of buildings in climates with comparable properties.