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Copyright of Orthodontie Française is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Durant les années soixante, le développement important des psychothérapies avait fait naître de grands espoirs pour le traitement des psychoses. Ce temps est-il révolu ou bien existe-t-il encore des publications pour soutenir la place et l'efficacité des psychothérapies d'inspiration psychanalytique ? Recherche bibliographique réalisée avec pubmed, scopus, psycart, cairninfo avec les mots : psychodynamique et psychose ou schizophrénie, psychanalyse et schizophrénie ou psychose, cela sur une période de quinze ans de 2005 à 2020. Ont été exclus les articles ne portant que sur des questions théoriques liées aux psychoses ou à la schizophrénie. En excluant les méta-analyses, toutes ayant d'ailleurs montré au mieux une discrète efficacité des thérapies cognitivo-comportementales, nous avons retenu 63 articles dont 26 avec le mot « psychanalyse ». Rien que ce constat est révélateur du désert des publications sur ces thèmes avec moins de cinq publications par an au niveau international ! En ce qui concerne les études d'efficacité, les résultats sont encore plus rares. Nous avons relevé 11 études parmi les 63 articles retenus. Seulement deux de ces études ont employé un groupe contrôle et des échelles standardisées. Les nécessités de standardisation ont amené à créer une forme simplifiée de psychothérapie, la « Supportive Psychanalitic Psychotherapy ». La nécessité de démontrer une efficience encore plus qu'une efficacité a eu raison des psychothérapies psychanalytiques des psychoses. Ce n'est sans doute pas la seule raison. La complexité de la théorie des psychoses et le manque de travaux de synthèse en rendent sa transmission difficile. Si nous voulons que toutes les avancées théoriques qui ont été faites ne soient pas perdues, nous devons veiller à un enseignement plus spécifique et synthétique. De même, nous devons lancer des études à plus long terme pour qu'un temps suffisant de cure permette un réel calcul de l'efficience de ces thérapies. During the sixties, the important development of psychotherapies gave rise to great expectations for the treatment of psychoses. Are those days over or are there still publications that support the place and effectiveness of psychoanalytically-inspired psychotherapies? Bibliographical research was carried out focusing on the 15-year period from 2005 to 2020 using Pubmed, Scopus, Psycart, and Cairninfo, and with the keywords: psychodynamics and psychosis or schizophrenia, psychoanalysis and schizophrenia or psychosis, Articles dealing only with theoretical issues related to psychoses or schizophrenia were excluded. By excluding meta-analyses, all of which have moreover shown at best a discrete effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies, we retained 63 articles, 26 of which with the word psychoanalysis. This observation alone is indicative of the lack of publications addressing these themes with fewer than 5 publications per year at the international level! As far as effectiveness studies are concerned, the results are even rarer: We found 11 studies among the 63 selected articles. Only two of these studies used a control group and standardized scales. The need for standardization has resulted in the creation of a simplified form of psychotherapy, "Supportive Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy". The pressure to demonstrate efficiency rather than effectiveness has prevailed over psychoanalytic psychotherapies in the treatment of psychoses. However, that is probably not the only reason. The complexity of the theory of psychoses and the lack of synthesis works render its transmission difficult. If we do not want all the theoretical advances that have been made to be lost, we must ensure that the teaching of these theories be more specific and synthetic. Similarly, we need to launch longer-term studies so that a sufficient duration of treatment allows for a real evaluation of the efficiency of these therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is, first, to determine the factors that influence the performance of farmers in the Tadla region using a multiple linear regression model. Second, we have tried to measure the global efficiency using "Data Envelopment Analysis" method and identify the main determinants factors that explain the level of efficiency using the Tobit model. The results shows that farm experience, labor factor, physical capital and amount of water used have a positive and significant impact on farmers' performance. Furthermore, the results obtained using the DEA method indicate that the average overall global efficiency level is around 67%, which clearly shows that more than 33% of farmers are not using efficiently production inputs; The Tobit model shows that water sources per farm and membership of an agricultural organization are the main variables that have a positive and significant impact on farmers' efficiency, while farm size has a negative impact on it. These results confirm the outputs of similar research conducted in rainfed and irrigated areas. Finally, this research offers some insight about the importance of considering farmers' behavior (knowledge, risk, etc...) in the process of crop production. These results should be considered in setting technology transfer programs and agricultural policies measures.

La présente étude a été entreprise pour déterminer l’efficacité technique et l’efficience des exploitations agricoles familiales des territoires de Tshela, Lukula et Seke Banza. Les données exploitées dans le cadre de ce travail sont tirées de l’Institut National de la Statistique et de la Cellule d’Analyse des Indicateurs de développement. La technique Data Envelopment Analysis- DEA a été utilisée pour déterminer les niveaux d’efficacité technique et d’efficience de ces exploitations. Les résultats de l’étude montre que l’efficacité technique des exploitations agricoles familiales de Tshela, Lukula et Seke Banza, dans le cadre de CRS (Constant Returns Scale), est respectivement de 0.275, 0.271 et 1. L’efficience de ces exploitations agricoles familiales est respectivement de 0.108, 0.254 et 1. Des recherches devront être menées pour déterminer les facteurs explicatifs de l’efficacité technique et de l’efficience des exploitations agricoles familiales de cette région du Mayombe.

Résumé: Selon l'approche «insiders‐outsiders», qui domine le discours sur le droit du travail, la législation protectrice de l'emploi favorise les travailleurs dotés d'un emploi stable, les insiders, au détriment des outsiders, moins bien lotis. Les outsiders devraient de ce fait être favorables à la déréglementation. Les auteurs observent pourtant que, dans les pays en développement, ceux‐ci sont au contraire très majoritairement attachés à la protection de l'emploi. Ils plaident donc pour une remise en question de l'opposition traditionnelle entre insiders et outsiders et pour une meilleure prise en compte d'aspects comme la mutualisation des gains, les transitions professionnelles, l'équité ou le pouvoir de l'employeur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plea discount (or trial penalty) refers to disparity in sentencing resulting from the decision to plead guilty or proceed to trial. It is often suggested that pleading guilty reduces one's odds of being imprisoned or reduces the length of one's sentence. While plea discounts haves been studied extensively in the United States, there is very little indication in Canada as to their existence or scope. Using data from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey (N = 2,198,954), this study analyzes logit-negative binomial hurdle models to study the plea discount in Canadian criminal courts and how it varies by court resource usage. It finds that the probability of being incarcerated is nominally higher after pleading guilty, but that pleading guilty reduces custodial sentence length. Further, it finds that the amount of resources used to resolve a case moderates the impact of a guilty plea in both situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Developed by INRAE, Optirrig is a software tool for generating, analysing and optimising irrigation scenarios. It is based on a simplified description of plant growth according to the evolution of water and nitrogen resources in the soil. It compares the merits of different irrigation strategies according to different constraints (water quota, periods of limited availability, prefectoral decrees, water and energy costs), for operational objectives at the plot, farm or territory level.

Drip irrigation, and more subsurface drip irrigation, are particularly popular techniques for irrigating crops in regions where water resources are a major constraint. However, as François Gontard of BRL Exploitation shows, installing this equipment does not guarantee maximum water use efficiency, only highly specialised irrigators are able to fully exploit its potential.

Le goutte-à-goutte, et plus encore le goutte-à-goutte enterré, sont des techniques particulièrement plébiscitées pour irriguer les cultures dans les régions où la ressource en eau est une contrainte majeure. Pour autant, comme en témoigne François Gontard de la société BRL Exploitation, le seul fait d’installer ce matériel n’est pas un gage d’efficience maximale de l’eau et seuls des irrigants pointus sauront en exploiter le potentiel.

Optirrig est un outil logiciel de génération, d'analyse et d'optimisation de scénarios d'irrigation qui a été développé par INRAE. Il s'appuie sur une description simplifiée de la croissance des plantes en fonction de l'évolution des ressources en eau et en azote du sol. Il permet de comparer les mérites de différentes stratégies d’irrigation en fonction de différentes contraintes (quota d’eau, périodes de disponibilité limitée, arrêtés préfectoraux, coût de l'eau et de l'énergie), pour des objectifs opérationnels à l'échelle de la parcelle, de l'exploitation ou du territoire.

Evaluating a support program has become a major concern for French universities. On the one hand because these programs are part of the struggle against massive failure in undergraduate studies, they are considered as an investment; and on the other hand to improve the quality of training. This article presents an evaluation methodology based on three evaluation criteria identified in the literature: pedagogical effectiveness, efficiency and pedagogical equity. These criteria are evaluated on the basis of indicators calculated on the students’ perception of their level of proficiency in the skills addressed in the curriculum, before and after the program is completed. This methodology is illustrated on a support program for newcomers.

Objectif : Etudier le lien entre l’intégration et l’efficience informationnelle sur le marché local et régional, tout en tenant compte de la crise financière mondiale. Méthode : le modèle international d’évaluation des actifs financiers internationaux MEDAFI pour mesurer le degré d’intégration financière Résultats : les marchés les plus intégrés au marché américain sont également plus efficients. Cette association a perdu son pouvoir explicatif pendant la période de crise que leurs homologues développés. Originalité / pertinence : La première étude qui examine l’intégration et l'efficience des marchés locaux et régionaux en tenant compte des périodes de crise.

Introduction: The aim of a debonding protocol is to ensure the complete removal of composite resin without altering the enamel surface. A systematic review was conducted to analyze the effects of resin removal after the debonding of orthodontic brackets using different mechanical instruments, from both a qualitative and quantitative perspectives., Materials and Methods: An electronic search, following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted across three databases until March 2023, supplemented by a manual search. All controlled randomized studies or in vitro studies, comparing the removal of adhesive with tungsten carbide burs to other mechanical instrumentation techniques and assessing enamel surface, were included., Results: Twenty-seven eligible articles were included, comprising two randomized studies and 25 in vitro studies, with varying bias levels. Compared to tungsten carbide burs, ultrasonic instruments and sandblasting showed similar or better results in terms of enamel loss and surface roughness. The enamel surface was equally less rough when using discs (Sof-Lex) or a fiberglass bur, or a fiberglass bur, although these techniques were time-consuming. The exclusive use of a diamond bur, stainless steel bur, or manual scaler for complete resin removal resulted in much rougher surfaces, clinically unacceptable., Conclusion: Preserving the enamel surface seems optimal with a two-phase protocol, involving the use of tungsten carbide burs for initial removal of most of the resin, followed by a less invasive technique for finishing resin removal. Beyond the findings of this review, a final polishing step also appears to be relevant.

L'objectif de ce papier est de commenter les propositions énoncées par Hanssens (2019). Pour chaque « insight », nous présentons les principaux éléments théoriques de la finance et discutons de la portée et des voies de recherche associées. Toutefois, nous considérons qu'une voie de recherche fertile concerne la définition de la figure de l'investisseur. En effet, si le marketing conçoit facilement que le consommateur est un acteur soumis à des biais, qui agit dans le cadre d'une rationalité limitée, la finance peine encore à définir l'investisseur comme un acteur économique soumis à des biais individuels et collectifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Income support programs introduced for workers during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns faced criticism for their negative labour supply effects. We propose that these concerns about work disincentives are embedded in restrictive assumptions about work and led to suboptimal design of crisis support policies. We describe a framework for analyzing alternative crisis income support programs predicated on more realistic assumptions of labour markets and human motivation. Our framework proposes that balancing efficiency, equity, and voice objectives should be the goal of crisis labour market policies. We argue that adoption of a basic income targeted toward low-income workers, in combination with Canada's pre-existing Employment Insurance program, would have balanced efficiency, equity, and voice better than the combination of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit and Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. A targeted basic income would also have been more effective at achieving stated public health objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner l’impact du budget programme sur l’économie camerounaise. À partir d’un échantillon de 05 programmes dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’énergie et des infrastructures routières, nous avons évalué les effets du budget programme à l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général. En supposant l’efficience des dépenses publiques comme le canal de transmission des effets de la réforme sur l’économie. La simulation a révélé qu’entre 2014 et 2023, le PIB, les recettes fiscales, les dépenses d’investissements, la consommation et le bien-être des ménages vont connaitre des progressions respectives de 0,08%, 0,23%, 0,21% et 0,12% et 5,83%.

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Every firm aims to be successful. In order to carry on, we adopted a descriptive and analytical approach based on two levels. The first one concerns the theoretical approach of the main performance elements and its indicators in the form of ratios. The second one takes two examples of Algerian companies from our region in Béchar: the Sonelgaz group and the Air Algeria company by presenting broad trends in the analysis of general performance indicators to provide an operational framework for our work in survey firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forty years after the global financial crisis of the 1980s, African countries continue to sink down in endless reforms aimed at making public administration more efficient and effective. These promising reforms, generally imposed by donors and inspired by the philosophy of New Public Management present themselves as successive failures, particularly in Cameroon. Consequently, the implementation of public action is complicated by the prescription of cumbersome procedures and regulations. In fact, the issue of an expensive and highly centralized administrative system is re-emerging as a serious limit for reforms. By combining various approaches declining public action by the State, notably through the decentralization of non-sovereign state powers and the "de-concentration" of the Administration's activities, this reflexion is based on the idea of that the Administration reforms would improve the construction of a "local state", which potentially produces a better public service to citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’objectif visé par cet article est d’analyser, d’une part, le taux de couverture des besoins de consommation en blé tendre par la production nationale et, d’autre part, le coût d’intervention de l’Etat sur l’ensemble de la filière depuis le lancement du Plan Maroc Vert. La finalité recherchée est de mettre en évidence l’efficience des choix politiques en tant qu’élément de la gouvernance de cette filière, face aux menaces potentielles du marché international et face à la nécessité d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent une amélioration du taux de couverture de la demande de consommation par la production nationale, qui est passé de 42,3 % en 2008 à 58,6 % en moyenne de la période comprise entre 2009 et 2016. Il faut noter toutefois que les conditions climatiques ont été globalement favorables, soit 364 mm en moyenne interannuelle de pluviométrie entre 2008-2016, ce qui rend difficile l’appréciation de l’intervention de l’Etat. En même temps, malgré l’importance des objectifs tracés dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert pour améliorer la productivité, les coûts budgétaires engendrés par la politique de soutien à ladite filière restent élevés avec un montant moyen de 2,7 milliards de dirhams par an depuis le lancement du Plan Maroc Vert. Les efforts visant l’amélioration de la productivité notamment dans les zones en bour devraient donc être renforcés à travers des programmes de recherche/développement dans le processus d’utilisation des paquets technologiques appropriés (profil variétal des semences certifiées, multiplication des semences, meilleure utilisation des fertilisants et des traitements phytosanitaires en particulier en zone bour où les conditions climatiques sont plus variables, mécanisation des travaux du sol, semis mécanique direct, etc.). Le but est de réduire au maximum le degré de dépendance vis-à-vis des importations pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire en blé tendre du pays.

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Résumé: Les soins de santé primaires, définis par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) en 1978, viennent d'être réaffirmés par la déclaration d'Astana comme la pierre angulaire de tous les systèmes de santé. Si leur définition est bien établie au niveau international, elle a été plus difficilement consensuelle en France et a laissé la place à de nombreuses interprétations. La perspective actuelle est de considérer les soins de santé primaires comme le premier niveau de contact médical de la population avec le système de santé sur un territoire de proximité. En termes de qualité, d'équité et de coût, ils se révèlent particulièrement performants : la littérature scientifique apporte des preuves indiscutables de leur efficience, y compris dans les pays européens. L'implantation des soins de santé primaires en France a suscité des résistances dans un système hospitalocentré. Néanmoins, la Stratégie nationale de santé affiche clairement son intention de s'orienter vers les soins ambulatoires et de structurer les soins de santé primaires. Les dispositifs comme les maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles, les équipes de soins primaires et les communautés professionnelles territoriales de santé sont de nature à concrétiser cette démarche, avec le soutien des plates-formes territoriales d'appui. Cette évolution devrait contribuer à la nécessaire hiérarchisation du système de santé français. Primary health care, defined by WHO in 1978, has just been reaffirmed by the Astana declaration as the corner stone of all health care systems. Although their definition is well established at the international level, it has been more difficult to reach consensus in France and has given way to many interpretations. The current perspective is to consider primary health care as the first level of medical contact of the population with the health system in a nearby area. In terms of quality, equity, and cost, they are particularly effective: the scientific literature brings indisputable evidences of their efficiency, even in European countries. Implementation of primary health care in France sparked resistance in a hospital-centered system. Nevertheless, the National Health Strategy clearly shows its intention to move towards ambulatory care and to structure primary health care. Group practice, primary care teams and territorial health professional communities are likely to achieve this approach, with the support of territorial platforms. This change should lead to prioritize French health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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