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Objective: The experiment aimed to study the effect of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on laying performance, egg quality, serum routine biochemical and lipid metabolism indicators, the apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fecal microbiota of Taihe Silky Fowl (TSF) during the peak laying period. Methods: A total of 540 26-week-old TSF female fowls were randomly allocated to 9 groups with 5 replicates per group and 12 fowls per replicate. The fowls were fed with a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments diets (ME:10.88,11.30, or 11.72 MJ/kg; CP: 15, 16, or 17%). Results: With the increasing CP level, the egg weight (p = 0.023), egg production (p = 0.047), and egg mass (p = 0.022) enhanced, while the feed conversion rate (FCR) (p = 0.023) decreased. As the ME levels grew, the average daily feed intake (p<0.001) and FCR (p = 0.045) decreased. With enhanced ME, the triglycerides (p = 0.037), total cholesterol (p = 0.041), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.028) increased, whereas the lowdensity serum lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.039) decreased. The apparent digestibility of CP increased as the ME level increased (p = 0.029) and as the CP level decreased (p = 0.027). At the same time, the apparent digestibility of gross energy increased as the ME level increased (p = 0.018). Different levels of ME or CP changed the composition of fecal microbiota, 17% CP increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium. Conclusion: It is suggested that 10.88 MJ/kg dietary ME and 17% CP level are suitable for the nutritional requirements of TSF during the peak laying period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of red cabbage waste (RCW) as a dietary supplement on the performance, egg quality, and oxidative stability of yolk in laying Japanese quails. Given its rich phenolic content, RCW has been investigated as a natural feed additive to reduce food waste and enhance poultry diets. In a six-week trial, 120 quails were divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates and fed diets with 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% RCW. Performance parameters, internal and external egg quality, and antioxidant status were measured. RCW supplementation had no significant impact on overall quail performance. Quails fed with 0.5% RCW showed notable improvements in internal egg quality, especially in the albumen index, Haugh unit, and eggshell thickness. Additionally, incorporating 0.5% RCW into the diet improved the yolk’s antioxidant activity, as evidenced by reduced MDA levels. However, other egg quality traits, including the antioxidant capacity of the yolk, had deteriorated with concentrations above 0.5%, indicating that a moderate inclusion of 0.5% RCW is the most favourable option. The findings underscore that RCW could be sustainably used to improve egg quality without compromising performance, while managing food waste, presenting a potential circular economy solution. Nevertheless, further research is encouraged to optimize RCW levels and fully understand its benefits in poultry feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of feather cover and feather colour genotypes and their interactions on the fertility, hatchability, external and internal egg qualities of 24-week-old locally developed layer parent lines were assessed. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design of two feather colour variants (brown and white) and three feather cover genotypes (naked neck, frizzle and normal feather) was used for this study. A total of 3,196 eggs from 360 layers of three feather genotypes were set for incubation. Data on fertility, hatchability, egg quality characteristics and chick weight were analysed using the PROC MIXED of SAS and differences between means were separated using LSD at 5% probability level. Percentage fertility of eggs of naked neck and frizzle feathered birds were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the normal feathered birds (71.98%, 70.29% vs 63.17%). Eggs of frizzle feathered birds (76.81%) recorded higher (p<0.05) hatchability than those of the naked neck (65.07%) and normal feathered birds (59.64%). Feather cover genotype had no significant difference (p>0.05) on weight of day-old chick. Feather colour genotype significantly (p<0.05) influenced egg weight but not other external egg characteristics. Feather cover and colour genotypes had significant (p<0.05) effect on some of the internal egg qualities. Follicle numbers in the ventral, dorsal and lateral regions were lower (p<0.05) in the naked neck birds relative to the frizzle and normal feathered birds. The incorporation of F and Na alleles into layer parent stocks in hot humid areas could improve fertility, hatchability and egg quality traits of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to measure the effect of temperature–humidity index (THI) on egg-laying and hatching parameters. Quails were randomly transferred to two cage blocks at 20.55 ± 0.05 °C and 52.25 ± 0.68% relative humidity (RH), accepted as 66 THI group. One cage block was transferred to the next room at 16.15 ± 0.13 °C and 70.77 ± 0.38% RH considered as 61 THI group. In the second stage of the study, the cage block previously accepted as 61 THI group was considered as to 69 THI group by rising up the temperature to 21.97 ± 0.18 °C. The group previously considered as 66 THI group was accepted as 76 THI group by rising up the temperature to 28.06 ± 0.02 °C. Feed consumption and egg weight were significantly decreased, in 69 and 76 THI groups. Daily egg production was lower in 61 and 66 THI groups than that in 69 THI group. In 76 THI group, shell weight and yolk height were decreased. High THI caused negative effects on feed consumption, egg weight, egg quality, and feed conversion ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of LED light colors and intensities on production performance and economic feasibility of 720 Babcock® White layers. The layer birds were reared for 13 weeks from 17 to 30 weeks of age during the layer production cycle. Light treatments of 6 different colors, i.e., cool white (control group), red, blue, green, yellow, and warm white light with 3 different levels of light intensities (15, 20 and 25 lx), were provided. Weekly growth parameters, egg production, egg quality characters and economics were evaluated. Hormonal profile (FSH, LH, GnRH, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol) and antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bronchitis (IB) were also evaluated. The graphical presentation was done by Origin Pro 2024. The results showed that red light increased feed intake (p < 0.05) but led to lower body weights and inefficient feed conversion ratios (FCR), whereas birds under warm white light at 25 lx gained higher weight (p < 0.05), had better FCR (1.89 in the 30th week), laid more eggs (97.34% by the 30th week), with improved egg quality (p < 0.05). Mortality rates and hormonal levels also varied notably with light conditions, with warm white light showing the lowest mortality (p < 0.05) and optimal hormonal balances conducive to productivity. Birds kept under yellow and warm white light having 15 lx intensity may be applied during (17–30) weeks of age to reduce the cost of production for better profitability in commercial layer farming in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Crossbreeding is the mating system aimed at improving the desirable traits through mating of individuals with different genetic backgrounds to produce offsprings which performs better than their parents. Additionally, this mating system represents one of the traditional ways of improving both egg production and quality. However, the best chicken breeds suitable for crossbreeding for improvement of egg production traits in the poultry industry are not fully explored. In this review, the origin of exotic and indigenous chickens used for crossbreeding are documented. Furthermore, the egg production performance and crossbreeding parameters such as heterosis, specific combining ability, general combining ability, reciprocal and maternal heterosis in indigenous, exotic and crossbreds are reported. This review emphasises the significance of crossbreeding exotic and indigenous chickens for improved egg production traits. In addition, it highlights the great potential for genetic improvement of indigenous chickens through crossbreeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: A balanced and nutritious feed is necessary to ensure optimal egg production. Chickens that are raised for sustaining a high level of egg production primarily rely on specific feeds tailored to meet their dietary requirements. The nutritional composition is profoundly influenced by the feed sources, rich in protein (soybean meal), energy (corn) and Ω- enriched sources (flax seed, chia seed, fish oil) provided to laying hens, specifically, the inclusion of various animal and plant oils in the hens' diets can result in diverse effects on the overall health of the human beings. The Ω-eggs are distinguished by their significant content of essential Ω-3 fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that enhance the overall nutritional quality, particularly beneficial for consumers who may not regularly consume fish. The addition of tocopherols considerably improves egg quality and they act as antioxidants. The Ω-3 fatty acids, known as healthy fats, play a significant role in enhancing human health, specifically preventing heart diseases by lowering triglyceride (TG) levels. A daily intake of just 200 milligrams of DHA has decreased the likelihood of sudden cardiac arrest by 50%. The Ω-3 fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, helping to moderate inflammation in the body, which is imperative for managing conditions like arthritis and autoimmune disorders. The Ω-3s enriched food should be prioritised for dietary inclusion, as obtaining these fatty acids from food sources is generally more beneficial than relying on supplements. This presented review intends to provide a comprehensive overview and information to reader from hen's feed to end consumer as many egg products including dried, frozen, pre-cooked, and liquid have been tailored in the market to suit the specific needs of food processors, food businesses, commercial food producers and consumers considering factors of cost, transport ease, handling, sensory attributes and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the fluctuating nature of the poultry market, including the need for chicks, there is often a necessity to extend the storage time of hatching eggs. Commonly they are stored at the farm to reduce the cost of daily collection, while hatcheries collect a large number of eggs to fill the entire incubator at once. In the case of hen eggs, eggs stored for three to seven days are usually used for incubation. In the case of quail eggs, there are no specific recommendations in this respect, while the common perception is that they "age" differently from hen eggs and stay fresh longer. The study was aimed to determine the maximum eggs storage time after which it is possible to obtain full-quality chicks. seven hundred and fifty six eggs of Japanese quail hatching eggs were collected at 4-day intervals for 52 days dividing them into 14 groups of 54 eggs (6 replications in each). Consecutive batches of eggs were stored (at physiological zero conditions) for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 and 52 days, respectively; the control group consisted of fresh, unstored eggs. Fifty two days after the first eggs were collected, all groups, including the control one, were incubated under species-specific conditions. The water loss of eggs during the incubation as well as hatching results were determined. The weight and quality of hatchlings were evaluated. Results: It was shown that storage time significantly affected the egg weight loss and hatchability of chicks, which were not obtained from eggs stored longer than 32 days. There was no effect of the experimental factor on hatchability from eggs stored for up to 20 days, after longer storage the ratio gradually decreased. With time passing, a decrease in early embryo viability and hatchability while an increase in embryo mortality was observed, mainly in the late incubation phase. Interestingly, the duration of egg storage did not differentiate the weight of the chicks obtained but affected their quality. Conclusions: The results of the study confirmed the negative effect of long-term Japanese quail eggs storage on the hatching performance; however, the viability of Japanese quail embryos is noteworthy. The loss of egg weight during the incubation was directly proportional to the change in this trait before incubation due to the storage time. The prolonged egg storage may have negatively affected chick hatching by limiting the embryo's access to essential nutrients and oxygen. These results have important practical implications for small-scale poultry producers, as they suggest that storage times of hatching quail eggs can be extended, but not beyond 24 days, which is still three times longer than usually recommended seven days for hen eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are a wide group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants and have the potential to safeguard living cells. The objective was to evaluate whether the inclusion of a polyphenol-rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) in drinking water could improve egg production and the quality of commercial layers. A total of 120 Shaver Brown hens, aged 43 weeks, were randomly allocated to 12 litter-floor pens in two open-sided poultry houses. The pens were divided into two treatment groups: one receiving 0% (control) and the other 0.05% PRSE in drinking water throughout the study duration. The treatments were prepared by adding PRSE manually into the drinking water daily, and water was given ad libitum. The birds were given commercial layer feed throughout the study. The number of eggs produced, abnormal eggs, and mortality were recorded daily. Egg weight, yolk colour, yolk height, albumen height, Haugh units, and antioxidant properties, were measured at weeks 45, 47 and 49. Supplementing PRSE in the drinking water did not impact hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production, egg weight, egg mass, or feed conversion ratio. However, there was a trend toward significance in egg weight at week 45. The results indicated that PRSE supplementation led to a significant reduction in yolk colour during week 45 (P = 0.001), although no differences were observed in subsequent weeks. Yolk height, thick albumen height, and haugh units were unaffected by the treatment, while thin albumen height showed a trend towards reduction in the PRSE group at weeks 47 and 49 (P = 0.05). The DPPH assay revealed a significant increase in antioxidant capacity in the PRSE group at week 45 (P = 0.02). The 0.05% PRSE supplementation in drinking water initially enhanced antioxidant capacity but later adversely affected yolk color and thin albumen height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of Ferula root powder (FRP) on performance, egg quality, egg oxidant/antioxidant levels, some serum hormone/biochemical parameters, and physical properties of the oviduct in laying hens. A total of 72 (8 replicates, 3 hens/subgroup) laying hens (Nick Brown, 30 weeks) were divided into three groups (FRP-0, FRP-1, FRP-2). During the 9-week trial, FRP-0 (control) was fed with a basal diet (16.88% crude protein, 2,725 kcal/kg metabolizable energy). FRP-1 and FRP-2 groups, however, were fed a diet supplemented with 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg FRP, respectively. The results showed that laying performance, serum hormone (estradiol, progesterone) levels, and some internal organ weights were not affected by FRP supplementation. In comparison to the control group, higher yolk height and yolk index were found in the FRP-added groups. The albumen pH was found to have decreased in FRP-2 group. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased in egg yolk. TBARs value decreased in FRP-1 and FRP-2 groups. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased in group FRP-2. Moreover, a higher uterus length was found in the FRP-supplemented group. Given the results achieved, it was determined that FRP does not have a significant estrogenic effect. However, FRP can be utilized to prevent lipid oxidation and for its hypocholesterolemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extract supplementation on egg quality, yolk lipid oxidation, and liver health in laying hens' fed diets lacking supplemental choline chloride. Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a metabolic disorder common in caged hens, exacerbated by high-energy diets and choline deficiency, which impairs lipid metabolism in the liver. The results showed that yolk coloration may be increased in the case of higher levels of supplementation, while supplementation of 1% extract had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in yolks. Additionally, liver histopathology revealed milder vacuolization in the 1% and 2.5% supplementation groups compared to the control. The study concluded that milk thistle extract, particularly at 1% supplementation, may contribute to liver health and reduce oxidative stress in laying hens' fed diets lacking choline chloride supplementation. These findings are valuable as they suggest a potential natural supplement to improve liver function and egg quality in poultry production, contributing to animal welfare and more sustainable farming practices. The current study evaluated the effects of milk thistle extract supplementation in laying hens' fed diets lacking choline chloride addition. A total of 60 Isa-brown laying hens were randomly allocated into T1: control diet, 0% extract supplementation; T2: control diet with 1% extract; T3: control diet with 2.5% extract; and T4: control diet with 4% extract. Egg quality parameters, yolk lipid oxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and fatty acid profile were assessed. Livers were examined grossly and histologically to evaluate hepatocellular lesions such as vacuolization (lipidosis), reticular stromal architecture, the amount of collagenous connective tissue, and vascular wall changes. Groups T3 and T4 showed darker yolks compared to both control group and T2 (p = 0.001) and redness of the egg yolk (p < 0.001). The MDA was lowest in T2 group which had improved gross appearance with lower degrees of hepatic vacuolization than other groups. Liver discoloration was milder in T3 (43.8%) compared to the T1 and T4 groups (18.8% and 12.5%, respectively, p = 0.013). Reticulin loss was correlated with the degree of hepatic vacuolization (r = 0.751, p < 0.001). Supplementation with MT extract in diets lacking choline chloride may influence certain egg quality indices and liver gross macroscopic lesions in laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Acremonium terricola culture (ATC) on production performance, serum biochemical parameters, egg quality and amino acid contents in the yolk of eggs of Beijing You-chicken were conducted in the current study. A total of 216 Beijing You-chickens (330 days old) were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group (CON) was fed a corn-soybean-based diet, and the experimental group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.20% ATC. The pretest period was 7 d, and the experiment period was 8 weeks. The production performance, serum biochemical parameters, egg quality, and the concentrations of amino acids in the yolk of eggs were measured at the 4 weeks (FW, the first stage) and the 8 weeks (EW, the second stage) of the experiment, respectively. Compared with the CON group, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the production performance of the experimental group at the end of four- and eight-week periods of study. The concentration of serum LH, FSH and E2 increased significantly for the ATC group, at both time periods when compared to CON group, while the triglyceride (TG) content was only increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the first stage. The average egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh unit representing egg quality of Beijing You-chickens in the experimental group were increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the CON group at both time periods, while the egg shape index and yolk weight were only increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the second stage. The protein content in the yolk was increased significantly at both time periods (P < 0.05). Levels of lecithin and Vitamin A in yolks of the ATC supplemented group increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the CON group, at both FW and EW, respectively. The contents of aspartic acid, threonine, methionine, leucine, and arginine were increased significantly in the first stage. In addition, the contents of threonine, glutamine, and valine were increased significantly in the second stage (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with 0.20% ATC improves serum biochemical parameters and egg quality in Beijing You-chickens. Future studies should focus on optimizing ATC dosage and exploring its underlying mechanisms for enhanced poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This review was conducted to examine the nutritional composition of microalgae and their effects as a feed ingredient in poultry diets, delving into their influence on the production and quality of meat and eggs. Data collection focused on peer-reviewed scientific articles, with no limitation on the temporal horizon.2. Regarding nutritional composition, the collected papers indicated that certain microalgae species have a rich nutritional composition, with approximately 50% of their biomass composed of proteins. They contain a high concentration of EPA and DHA, important fatty acids that are found in low concentrations in conventional feedstuffs, and the presence of carotenoids such as beta-carotene.3. Incorporating microalgae into the diet of poultry can improve performance variables, such as mortality, live weight and feed conversion rate. It promotes benefits in meat and egg quality, with reduced cholesterol, increased EPA and DHA, intensified colour and higher concentration of carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of compound probiotics on the performance, egg quality, biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology of laying hens. A total of 180 healthy 200-day-old Hyline Brown laying hens with similar initial laying rate (87.5% ± 0.2%) were randomly divided into the control group and the treatment group. Each group included 6 replicates and each replicate included 15 laying hens. The control group was provided a basal diet, while the treatment group received the basal diet supplemented with compound probiotics. The experiment lasted for 52 days. The study indicated the following outcomes: (1) The laying rate (LR) and average egg weight (AEW) of laying hens in the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05), whereas the feed-to-egg ratio (F/E) was significantly lower (p < 0.05); (2) The yolk weight (YW), egg shape index (ESI) and albumen height (AH) were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas the eggshell percentage (EP) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the dietary supplementation of compound probiotics; (3) The treatment group significantly decreased in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in serum compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum levels of total protein (TP), globulin (GLB), albumin (ALB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly higher in the treatment group (p < 0.05); (4) The supplementation of compound probiotics to laying hen diets led to a significant reduction in crypt depth (CD) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in the jejunum compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of compound probiotics can regulate the body metabolism and improve the intestinal morphology, thus enhancing the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the body, which in turn improves the performance and egg quality of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to study the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the production performance, egg quality, and jejunum growth and development of laying hens. A total of 240 White Leghorn laying hens, aged 260 days with similar body weight (about 1.25 kg) and similar egg production rate (about 80%), were randomly divided into four groups, each with five replicates, and each replicate consisting of 12 hens. The control group was fed a basal diet, while groups A, B, and C were fed basal diets supplemented with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg EGF, respectively. The pre-test period was seven days, and the formal test period was 42 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the average egg weight, eggshell strength, and albumen height of hens in groups A, B, and C were significantly increased (P<0.05). The feed-to-egg ratio in group C was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the egg production rate and Haugh unit were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the villus height and width of the jejunum of hens in groups B and C were significantly increased (P<0.05), the expression level of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein in the jejunum epithelial cells of hens in group B was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the expression level of cysteine aspartyl protease-3 (Caspase-3) protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study indicates that the addition of EGF to the diet can improve the production performance of laying hens, enhance egg quality, and have certain effects on the morphological structure of the jejunum and apoptosis-related proteins, among which 400 mg/kg EGF group has the best comprehensive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of the fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula on the laying performance and egg quality of Roman laying hens during the late laying period. A total of 200 healthy Roman laying hens of similar egg production rates, aged 450 days, were randomly divided into five groups with eight replicates per group, and each replicate consisted of five Roman laying hens. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the experimental groups were supplemented with 0.50% Wuzi Yanzong formula, 0.25% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula, 0.50% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula, and 0.75% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula in the basal diet, respectively. The pre-test period was seven days and the formal test period was 60 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the addition of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula in the diet significantly improved laying performance, average daily egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh units(P<0.05), and significantly reduced average daily feed intake and feed-to-egg ratio (P<0.05). The addition of 0.25% and 0.50% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula significantly improved yolk color (P<0.05). The addition of 0.25% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula significantly increased the content of valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, arginine, and proline in the albumen. The addition of 0.5% fermented Wuzi Yanzong formula significantly increased the content of C17∶ 0 in the yolk (P<0.05). The study indicates that adding 0.25% fermented Wuzi Yanzonfang formula to the diet of Roman laying hens in the late laying period has the best effect on improving the laying performance and egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the proposed modification of the terms of the authorisation of the feed additive consisting of a preparation of canthaxanthin (CAROPHYLL® Red 10%), regarding the addition of a new production route, by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica CBS 146148 and to modify the additive specifications by substituting ethoxyquin by 4.4% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and increasing the limit for dichloromethane to 80 mg/kg. The additive is already authorised as zootechnical feed additive for breeder hens. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded. CAROPHYLL® Red 10% containing canthaxanthin produced by fermentation with Yarrowia lipolytica CBS 146148 is safe for the target species, consumer and environment under the current authorised conditions of use for CAROPHYLL® Red 10%. Regarding user safety, canthaxanthin is not irritant to skin and eyes and unlikely to be a skin sensitiser. No conclusion can be reached on the respiratory sensitisation of canthaxanthin. In the absence of data with the additive CAROPHYLL® Red 10%, no conclusions can be reached regarding the safety of the additive for the user. CAROPHYLL® Red 10%, containing canthaxanthin produced by fermentation with Yarrowia lipolytica CBS 146148, is efficacious in breeder hens at 6 mg/kg complete feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of adding different levels of fennel volatile oil (VO) to the laying quail diets on performance, internalexternal egg quality parameters, and eggs's oxidative stability. A total of 105 (6-week-old) laying quails (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) were used, and the quails were separated into 3 treatment groups, including 5 replicated subgroups. A basal diet not containing fennel VO was formulated for the control group, and fennel VO was added to the basal diet at the levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg for Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Diets and water were provided to quails ad libitum. Treatments continued for 56 days. As a result, the addition of fennel VO to the quail diets did not affect feed efficiency, haugh unit, egg yolk color, egg weight, shape index, or egg shell breaking strength. However, both levels of fennel VO increased feed intake (P<0.05), egg production (P=0.001), eggshell thickness (P<0.001), and the rate of damaged eggs (P<0.05). Although there is no difference in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of egg yolks stored at +4 °C on day 1, both levels of fennel VO significantly reduced MDA levels of egg yolks on days 7 and 28 (P<0.01). The fact that fennel VO could be added to poultry rations as a natural feed additive to increase performance, improve eggshell quality, and minimize storage losses by extending the egg shelf life was concluded based on the data obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of Chinese herbal fermentation additive performance and antioxidant level of laying hens. A total of 4 000 laying hens were divided into 4 groups, and the laying performance, egg quality and serum antioxidant indexes of laying hens were measured after feeding experiment with Chinese herbal fermentation additive in the basal diet at the ratio of 0, 1%, 2% and 3%. The results show that the laying rate and average egg weight in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), the average daily feed intake and feed to egg ratio in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly lower than those in groupsⅠandⅡ(P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in all the above indexes in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P>0.05); there were no significant differences in eggshell strength, eggshell thickness and protein height among all groups (P>0.05), but yolk color in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and Haugh unit in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05). After the experiment, the contents of GSH-Px and SOD in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly increased compared with groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), and the MDA content in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly decreased compared with groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05). In summary, the addition of Chinese herbal fermentation additive to the diets can effectively promote the production performance of laying hens and improve their antioxidant capacity. Under the experimental conditions, the effect of adding 2% and 3% of Chinese herbal fermentation additive is the best, and considering the economic perspective, adding 2% of Chinese herbal fermentation additive is more suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of Chelerythrine premix on the production performance and serum biochemical indexes of broiler breeders. A total of 1 500 healthy 180- day-old Tianfu broiler breeders were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups of 300 chickens each, with 6 replicates of 50 chickens in each group. The 1, 3 and 5 times dosage groups were supplemented with chelerythrine premix at 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25 g/kg (in terms of chelerythrine) in the basal diet, respectively; the Macleaya cordata group was supplemented with Boluchui San premix at 0.03 g/kg in the basal diet as a positive control; and the blank group was fed with basal diets. The experiment started from 180 d and ended at 236 d, totaling 56 d. The results showed that: ① in terms of egg production performance, the average egg production rate of each test group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P<0.05), and the 0.15 g/kg dosage group was the best one and was better than that of the positive control group, which was the Macleaya cordata group, and there was a tendency of increase in the average egg weight of the test groups, and there was a tendency of decrease in the rate of broken eggs, and the qualified rate of breeding eggs was higher than that of the blank group. The average egg weight of each test group tended to increase, the broken egg rate tended to decrease, the qualified rate of breeding eggs was higher than that of the blank group, and the feed-to-egg ratios were significantly lower than that of the blank group (P<0.05), and the 0.15 g/kg dosage group was the best one and better than that of the Macleaya cordata group, except for the broken egg rate. ② In terms of hatching performance, the healthy chick rate of each chelerythrine premix test group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P<0.05), and the dead embryo rate of each test group was also significantly lower than that of the blank group (P<0.05). ③ In terms of egg quality, the eggshell thickness of leucovorin 0.15 g/kg dosage group and Macleaya cordata group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P<0.05), and the eggshell strength and protein height of leucovorin 0.15 g/kg dosage group, 0.25 g/kg dosage group and Macleaya cordata group were significantly higher than that of the blank group (P<0.05), and the Haugh Units of each experimental group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P<0.05). The 0.15 g/kg dose group was the best. ④ As for the serum biochemical indexes, the MDA levels of the 0.15 g/kg dose group, 0.25 g/kg dose group and Macleaya cordata group were significantly lower than those of the blank group (P<0.05), and the SOD levels of the groups were higher than those of the blank group, with the best in the Macleaya cordata group, and the 0.15 g/kg dose group of the Macleaya cordata group was the best, with the same levels as the 0.15 g/kg dose group (P<0.05), while the SOD levels of the groups were higher than the blank group, with the best in the Macleaya cordata group, and the best in the 0.15 g/kg dose group. The T-AOC level in the 0.25 g/kg dosage group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (P<0.05), and the serum levels of ALT AST and TC were significantly lower than that of the blank group in each experimental group (P<0.05), and the levels of ALT and AST were increased with the increase in the additive amount of chelerythrine. The levels of TG and urea BUN in the serum of the 0.15 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg dosage groups were significantly lower than those of the blank group (P<0.05). It can be seen that the addition of appropriate level of chelerythrine premix can improve the yolk color and enhance the egg quality, as well as enhance the immune function, reproductive performance and antioxidant capacity, reduce the hepatic load, reduce lipid deposition, regulate protein metabolism, and thus improve the function of the liver and the kidneys, and the best effect was found in the group with the dosage of 0.15 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the effect of soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) on the egg quality, serum biochemistry, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, feces consistency, and intestinal histomorphology of golden-brown laying hens during peak production. Different diets containing different levels of SHs and enzymes were fed to the birds for four weeks, and the results showed a significantly improved gut villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area in the 3% SH and 0.03 g/kg enzyme group than in the remaining groups. This combination also enhanced the dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat digestibility and reduced total cholesterol and LDL levels. Egg quality, digesta viscosity, and feces consistency were not affected. Overall, adding 3% of SHs and 0.03 g/kg of enzymes (β-mannanase) to the feed may help enhance laying hens' gut health and nutrient digestibility, lowering cholesterol and LDL levels without affecting the egg quality indices. This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens were fed for four weeks (33 to 36 weeks) and randomly distributed into four groups, each containing four replicates of ten birds, with one group receiving a control diet (P0) and the others receiving diets that contained four combinations of SHs and enzymes (ENZs). e.g., 3% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P1), 3% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P2), 9% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P3), and 9% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P4). Although most egg quality measures remained similar, the P2 group showed enhanced (p = 0.630) egg weight, albumen weight, and height. Moreover, the P2 group improved gut (p < 0.05) shape by increasing villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area throughout intestinal sections, while the P4 group markedly improved total cholesterol and LDL (p = 0.022) levels. The P1, P2, and P4 groups exhibited a significant enhancement in dry matter (p = 0.022) and crude fiber (p = 0.046) digestibility, while the P2 group demonstrated superior crude protein digestibility (p = 0.032), and the P1 and P2 groups showed increased crude fat digestibility compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding 3% of SHs and 30 mg/kg of ENZs (β-mannanase) to the feed may help laying hens, enhance gut health and some egg quality indices, and decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels without compromising nutrient digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In recent years, customers have increasingly favored eggs from cage-free systems, believing them to be healthier and more flavorful. It has become increasingly necessary to evaluate the genotypes raised in these systems in terms of production, quality, and economic viability. The aim of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality and economic aspects of Lohmann Sandy, Lohmann Brown and ATAK-S genotypes reared in a free-range system. In terms of performance and egg quality, the Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes are better than the ATAK-S genotype. The ATAK-S genotype is better than other genotypes in terms of 50% egg production age. The difference between genotypes in terms of survival rate was statistically insignificant. We determined that the Lohmann Sandy genotype eggs had the lowest price. The aim of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality and economic aspects of laying hybrids of different genotypes in free-range system. In the study, three different laying genotypes (Lohmann Brown, Lohmann Sandy and ATAK-S genotype) were used. Each group consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained 20 hens. Egg production, broken–cracked egg ratio, egg weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, and viability were determined as performance traits. Eggshell strength, Haugh unit, yolk color, and shell color were determined as egg quality traits. The costs of eggs were assessed for economic analysis. The Lohmann Sandy genotype produced more eggs than the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype reached 50% egg production age sooner than other genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes produced fewer broken eggs and heavier eggs compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype consumed more feed than the Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes have better feed efficiency compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). Eggs from the Lohmann Sandy genotype exhibit greater resistance to breakage compared to those from other genotypes (p < 0.05). The highest quality of albumen was identified in the eggs of the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The yolk color of Lohmann Brown genotype eggs is darker than those of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The shell color of Lohmann genotype eggs is a darker brown compared to eggs of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The cheapest egg cost was determined from eggs produced from the Lohmann Sandy genotype (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained from our study, it would be more appropriate to prefer the Lohmann Sandy genotype in the free-range system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The egg is an inexpensive and well-balanced food source of quality nutrients. While most eggs consumed nowadays are chicken eggs, the eggs of quail are more and more often available. At the same time, consumer demands for quality and diversity of food are growing as living standards improve. Moreover, increased interest is also observed in the use of products that may help to improve the quality and sustainability of poultry production and reduce environmental pollution. Among the products with alternative sources of protein for poultry, including quail, are insects and compounds containing bioactive phytochemicals. As there is a great variety in quail breeds and lines and in insect meal products and bioactive phytochemicals, the effects of resveratrol and defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal inclusion in the diets of Manchurian Golden quail have been studied. This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementing a basal diet with resveratrol and black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens) larvae meal on Manchurian Golden quail egg production and quality as well as consumer attitudes towards the quail eggs and their acceptability. Quail were allotted three treatments for a laying period of 3 months. The dietary treatment groups were those of a basal diet, a basal diet with 250 mg/kg resveratrol pliusACE, and a diet supplemented with 10% black soldier fly larvae meal (BSF). The BSF larvae meal supplement increased the live weight of the quail, but the differences in the mean egg production and egg external parameters between the experimental groups were insignificant. The egg yolk from the quail fed with resveratrol and BSF supplementation demonstrated lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01) pH compared with the quail fed a basal diet. Egg yolk colour showed lower (p < 0.05) lightness and lower (p < 0.01) yellowness and colour saturation in the group of quail fed with resveratrol supplement compared with BSF supplement. Resveratrol inclusion in the basal diet resulted in increased (p < 0.001) protein content in the yolk. BSF inclusion in the diet showed the effect by increasing (p < 0.001) dry matter in albumen. The total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol content were not affected by the dietary treatment. The inclusion of BSF larvae meal in the diet increased the proportion of total saturated fatty acids and lowered the proportion of total trans fatty acids in yolk lipids and demonstrated less favourable ratios of fatty acids and nutritional indices, except for the peroxidisability index, and showed higher oxidative status (p < 0.05), flavour score, and overall egg acceptance compared with the quail fed on a basal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Long and intensive laying cycles, the insufficient secretion of reproductive hormones, and unfavorable changes in the microbiota of the organism will lead to poorer egg production and egg quality in the late stages of laying hens. Both kaempferol and vitamin E have a variety of biological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. There is a lack of information on the effects of a combination of the two on the production performance of late-laying hens. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of kaempferol and vitamin E on the production performance, reproductive hormones, and cecal and uterus microbiota of late-laying hens. The results showed that kaempferol and vitamin E improved the performance of late-laying hens through the gut–uterus axis associated with reproductive hormones and microbiota. This provides a solution and theoretical technical support for solving the problems of the egg production rate and egg quality decline of late-laying hens. This study evaluated the effects of kaempferol (KAE), and vitamin E (VE) on the performance, reproductive hormones, and the composition of the cecum and uterus microbiota in late-laying hens. A total of 192 49-week-old Jinghong No. 1 laying hens were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and eight laying hens in each replicate, pre-reared for one week and formally tested for ten weeks. The CON group was fed basal diets, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group were fed a basal diet to which was added 0.2 g/kg VE, 0.4 g/kg KAE, and 0.2 g/kg VE + 0.4 g/kg KAE, respectively. The results are as follows. Compared to the CON group, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group significantly increased the egg production rate, average daily egg weight and significantly decreased the feed-to-egg ratio. The VE + KAE group significantly improved the Haugh unit. The VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group considerably enhanced the eggshell strength, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and relative yolk weight. The serum E2 and LH levels of the KAE group and the KAE + VE group and the serum FSH levels of the KAE + VE group were significantly higher. In the ovary, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were significantly higher, and the KAE + VE group's FSHR gene expression levels were markedly higher. In the uterus, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were dramatically higher, and the KAE + VE group's ESR2 and FSHR gene expression levels were significantly higher. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant aggregation of cecum and uterus colonies in the Beta diversity PCoA. In the cecum, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and WPS-2 were the dominant phylums. In the uterus, the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phylums. The KAE + VE group's F/B was significantly higher at the phylum level than in the CON group and the VE group. In summary, the addition of VE and KAE to the diet can improve the production performance of late-laying hens, increase the content of reproductive hormones, and stabilize the cecal and uterus microbiota, which may be related to the hormone and microbiota linkage of the gut–uterus axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of peppermint oil supplementation in the diet of Japanese quail on egg production, quality characteristics, oxidative stress parameters, and lipid profile. A total of 90 female quail were divided into three groups: a control group, a low-dose group receiving 150 mg/kg peppermint oil, and a high-dose group receiving 300 mg/kg supplementation. The study lasted for 8 weeks during which external and internal egg quality characteristics, biochemical and lipid profile analyses were performed. The results indicated that low doses of peppermint oil had beneficial effects on eggshell weight and quality. In contrast, high doses of peppermint oil had negative effects on egg internal quality unit (IQU) and increased egg pH. A significant increase in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was observed in the high-dose peppermint oil group, indicating an improvement in the lipid profile. While the low dose of peppermint oil improved certain egg quality parameters, the high dose had negative effects, highlighting the importance of determining the correct dosage of supplementation. Overall, the study shows that peppermint oil, when used at the appropriate dose, can improve both egg quality and lipid profiles, potentially offering health benefits by increasing beneficial fatty acids such as omega-3 in quail eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was made to investigate the fresh and stored egg quality characteristics of local and pure-breed layer chickens. The eggs were randomly collected from a commercial farm that raised different free-range layer flocks such as local Atak-S, commercial Nick Brown, pure-breed Sussex laying hen, and a local cross-breed hen, all of 50 weeks of age. In total, 240 eggs, 60 eggs from each genotype, were further divided into three groups as: fresh eggs, 15 and 28-day storage period, and were stored at 14-16°C and 45- 50% humidity conditions. The eggs were analyzed on the basis of internal and external quality, such as egg length, egg width, color characteristics, yolk height, albumin height, yolk color, and Haugh unit. Genotype had a significant effect on shell weight (P<0.001), shell thickness (P<0.001), albumen index (P<0.001), yolk index (P<0.001), and HU value (P<0.003). The effects of the storage period on albumen index, yolk index, and HU value were found to be significant, respectively (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001). Significant differences existed for the shape index, L*, a*, b*, E, and C* values among the genotype groups (P<0.001). In conclusion, eggs of the local, pure-breed, and cross-breed layer chickens showed differences from the eggs of commercial hybrid hens both for external and internal quality. Eggs of commercial Nick Brown and Sussex breed seems slightly better in longer storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]