Search

The work presented in this dissertation represents work which addresses some of the main challenges of fault localization methods in electrical distribution grids. The methods developed largely assume access to sophisticated data sources that may not be available and that any data sets recorded by devices are synchronized. These issues have created a barrier to the adoption of many solutions by industry. The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to address these challenges through the development of three elements. These elements are a synchronization protocol, a fault localization technique, and a sensor placement algorithm. The synchronization protocol addresses the dependency on synchronized data by allowing the devices themselves to synchronize their data. This is accomplished by establishing relationships between temporal events, transient signals and the devices recording these events and signals. The protocol establishes a relationship between transient signals emitted from standard equipment in electrical grids and the fault event which is then leveraged to synchronize the recorded fault data. The method has shown very promising results in synchronizing data from multiple devices. The fault localization technique determines the location of a fault in a complex distribution grid. This is achieved by establishing spatial-temporal relationships between transient signals and distances in graphical representations of the distribution grid. This method provides precise fault locations in challenging electrical distribution grid structures. It also allows areas of the distribution grid to be classified based on how well they are monitored. This classification component predicts how well a distribution grid is monitored by the devices used. The sensor placement algorithm leverages the classification component established in the fault localization technique to optimize the placement of the fault localization devices in the distribution grid. Here, an efficient algorithm is created for determining the best location for a given number of fault localization devices. The combination of the synchronization protocol, a fault localization technique and a sensor placement algorithm and their minimal data requirements constitutes a uniquely complete solution that may set it apart from existing work and make it more attractive to the industry for adoption in electrical distribution grids.

So-called ancillary services (AS) have always been critically important for the functioning of an electrical grid, and are becoming even more so with the advent of renewable energy sources. Ancillary services are traded on open markets, and trading on these markets is arguably even more difficult to model than on traditional markets. This is, among other things, due to the limited availability of information such as current price, trading volume, etc., information that is typically available to traders on traditional markets. The goal of this thesis is to investigate whether the mean price of contracts on the FCR-D market (one of the AS markets) can be predicted with any useful accuracy using time series models, despite this scarcity of information. Utilizing hourly mean price data ranging from the present moment to several years in the past, different specifications of ARIMA models are fitted to the data and their performance compared. The performance of these models' predictions are found to only barely outperform a naïve approach. The reasons for why this may be the case are investigated and discussed, and potential improvements utilizing approaches such as GARCH and trigonometric representations of seasonal components are presented. This thesis does not, however, present any conclusive evidence for or against the suitability of ARIMA models for forecasting the FCR-D market, nor does it investigate alternatives in detail. Stödtjänster har alltid varit kritiska för att elnätet ska fungera, och behovet av dem ökar alltmer i takt med att vår användning av förnybara energiresurser blir mer utbredd. Stödtjänsterna handlas på öppna marknader, och att modellera dessa marknader är ännu svårare än det redan komplicerade problemet att modellera traditionella marknader såsom t.ex. aktie- och valutamarknader. Svårigheterna beror bland annat på den begränsade tillgången till information såsom aktuellt pris, handelsvolymer etc., information som vanligtvis finns fritt tillgänglig för aktörer på traditionella marknader. Det här examensarbetet har som mål att undersöka om medelpriset på kontrakt på stödtjänstmarknaden FCR-D kan prognosticeras med hjälp av tidsserieanalys. Frågeställningen är om det är möjligt att uppnå tillräckligt exakta prognoser för att de ska vara praktiskt användbara, trots den begränsade tillgången på information. Med hjälp av timvis medelprisdata från idag och flera år bakåt passas olika ARIMA-modeller på datan. Modellerna utvärderas och resultatet finnes vara knappt bättre än en naiv ansats. Orsakerna till detta resultat utforskas och diskuteras, och alternativa tillvägagångssätt såsom GARCH och trigonometriska representationer av säsongsbeteenden presenteras. Det här examensarbetet presenterar dock inte några bevis för huruvida ARIMA-modeller är lämpade (eller icke lämpade) som verktyg för att prognosticera FCR-D-marknaden. Examensarbetet gör heller ingen ingående analys av alternativ till ARIMA-modeller.

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) as part of the electrification of the transportation sector plays a significant role in energy transition to a low-carbon and highly renewable society. The use of EVs has been promoted through the development of inclusive strategies for electromobility in the recent years. Apart from actions directed and funded by the European Union, national strategies have also been employed to support electromobility. Such a strategic plan has already been enacted by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy, funding municipalities to prepare siting and sizing plans for electric vehicle chargers. In this paper, the final study of this strategic plan for the municipality of Heraklion in Crete is used as a case study to investigate the effect of EV chargers on the operation of the Cretan power system. Their selected siting points are evaluated by performing a power flow analysis at the level of 150 kV. Thus, they are aggregated in each 20 kV/150 kV distribution substation of the electrical grid with the aim of investigating their effect on substation loading and transmission line losses. Generally, extensive fast charging should be avoided to minimize the risk of sudden stress of the existing cities’ grids and control strategies should be implemented to mitigate the need for upscale substation equipment or even postpone reinforcements.

Nowadays, when the global and national industry is addicted from various electrical and electronic equipment at a very high level, it is of a special interest to understand the possible origins of the interruptions in the electricity supply. Failures in ground-based electrical and electronic systems, or disturbances of satellites operation caused by influential magnetic storms initiated by the changeable Sun can have a high economic impact on the industry. These strong magnetic storms are triggered by solar-driven disturbances in interplanetary space. Studies of these phenomena have gained a special attention since the incident that had occurred in northern Canada in March 1989. During this event the work of the hydroelectric plant in the region of Quebec was blocked for long, winter hours and many citizens of this region of Canada suffered from a blackout. Analysis performed in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory showed that if that blackout have had taken place in the USA then costs generated only by a not supplied electricity could even reach 6 billion USD. In our paper, we apply time series and statistical analysis tools, i.e. superposed epoch analysis and Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, for a large set of data, among them: 4625 failures of electrical grids in southern Poland in 2010, from the total number of 25,616, and 10,656 in the first seven months of 2014, from the total number of 30,155. We investigate only those failures which might be connected with the above described effects. We analyze data of breakdowns with unidentified reasons, as well as failures connected to the aging and electronic devices breakdowns, which occurred during the periods of an increased geomagnetic activity. Based on the data from The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management-National Research Institute we eliminate from the consideration those failures which had meteorological grounds. Our analysis shows the usefulness of these mathematical tools in such a vital for the global and national industry issue, as well, that powerful phenomena of solar origin, somewhat disturbed in 2010 and January–July 2014 the electrical grids productivity in southern Poland.

International audience; Mastering Energy Supply focusing on Isolated Areas (MESfIA) Erasmus+ Capacity Building project, aims to provide high quality postgraduate education on energy supply systems for engineers and graduates from science departments, aiming to have activity or to be employed in projects in countries with many isolated areas and insular systems. It is a transnational cooperation activity between Europe and SouthEast Asian Countries (namely in our case Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia) to improve capacity of Postgraduate Students in S.E. Asian Universities. Energy efficiency is among the items to be addressed in this training.

Orientador: Marcos Júlio Rider Flores Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Resumo: A utilização de geradores fotovoltaicos (FVs) conectados diretamente em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Contudo, como as redes de distribuição foram planejadas inicialmente para operar com fluxo de potência unidirecional, a inserção massiva de geração distribuída (GD) pode proporcionar adversidades à Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE), com destaque para o aumento da magnitude de tensão. Dessa forma, é importante conhecer e dispor de meios para viabilizar tecnicamente o aumento da GD. Dentro desse contexto, de acordo com normas nacionais e internacionais, os inversores FVs devem ter a capacidade de receber sinais por telecomando para variar e limitar a potência ativa e reativa injetada, sendo possível aproveitar essa capacidade para otimizar a magnitude da tensão de uma rede de distribuição. Assim, este trabalho aborda o estado da arte dos sistemas FVs, são apresentadas medições de QEE realizadas em consumidores e transformadores reais para corroborar os impactos à rede de distribuição proporcionada pela inserção massiva de GD e são exibidos os modos de operação existentes em inversores FVs e os sistemas de armazenamento de energia (SAE) como potenciais soluções para mitigar tais efeitos adversos. Em seguida, é proposto um modelo matemático para gestão das potências ativas e reativas de inversores FVs baseado num modelo de programação não linear (PNL) considerando restrições relacionadas à operação de inversores FVs, fluxo de potência, QEE e carga e descarga de baterias. Por fim, executa-se a etapa de otimização utilizando o modelo PNL proposto escrito em AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language), através do solver comercial KNITRO. As simulações foram realizadas considerando uma rede baseada em um circuito de um condomínio residencial de Barão Geraldo, Campinas-SP, que possui alta inserção de GD, sendo utilizadas curvas de demanda e geração FV de medições reais. Os resultados demonstram que, de modo geral, o controle das potências ativa e reativa dos inversores FVs melhoram a magnitude de tensão durante o período de geração. Além disso, alguns modos de operação dos inversores permitem uma melhoria nas magnitudes de tensão durante todo o período do dia. Adicionalmente, constata-se que a utilização de SAEs proporciona, além da melhoria da magnitude de tensão da rede, a redução das perdas técnicas e desequilíbrio de tensão Abstract: The use of photovoltaic generators (PVs) connected directly to electricity distribution networks has increased in recent years. However, as the distribution grids were initially designed to operate with unidirectional power flow, the massive insertion of distributed generation (DG) may causes adversities to electric Power Quality (PQ) with emphasis on the increase of voltage magnitude. Thus, it is important to know and have the means to technically enable the increase of the DG. Within this context, according to national and international standards, PV inverters must have remote control to vary or limit the injected active and reactive powers, therefore it is possible to take advantage of this capacity to optimize the voltage magnitude of a distribution network. Thus, this paper discusses the state of art of PV systems, are presented consumers and transformers PQ measurements to corroborate the impacts on the distribution network provided by the massive insertion of DG, further, the modes of operation of PV inverters and the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are introduced as potential solutions to mitigate such adverse effects. Then, it is propose a mathematical model for the management of active and reactive power of PV inverters based on a nonlinear programming model (NLP) considering restrictions related to the operation of PV inverters, power flow, PQ and batteries charge and discharge. Finally, the optimization was performed using the proposed NLP model written in AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) through the commercial solver KNITRO. The simulations were performed considering a network based on a circuit of a residential condominium with high DG insertion, using demand and PV generation curves based on real measurements. The results show that, in general, the control of the active and reactive powers of the PV inverters improve the voltage magnitude during the generation period. Furthermore, some operating modes allow an improvement in voltage magnitudes throughout the day. Additionally, the use of ESS provides, beyond the improvement of the network voltage magnitude, the reduction of technical losses and voltage unbalance Mestrado Energia Elétrica Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica CPqD/Campinas

В роботі на основі аналізу проблем забезпечення якісного електропостачання в умовах інтенсивної розбудови відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ) та визначених засобами кваліметрії характеристик електричних мереж, які є істотними для забезпечення якісного електропостачання, запропоновано застосовувати макромоделювання електричних мереж для оцінювання якості їх функціонування у вигляді інтегральної характеристики готовності електричної мережі з ВДЕ. Це сприятиме розробленню узагальнених рішень та стратегії розвитку мереж, особливо коли йдеться про розбудову ВДЕ. Складові інтегрального показника визначаються як імовірність відповідності фактичного режиму “ідеальному”. “Ідеальний” режим визначається, виходячи з принципу найменшої дії і відповідає заступній схемі мережі, сформованій за r-схемою. Визначений таким чином базис дає змогу знизити суб’єктивність і оцінки, і прийнятих на основі неї рішень. In the article it is proposed to use macro-modeling of electrical grids for assessing the quality of their operation in the form of an integrated readiness characteristic of electrical grids with RES. It has been done on the basis of the analysis of the problems of providing high-quality electrical supply under conditions of the intensive development of renewable energy sources (RES) and characteristics of electrical grids determined by means of qualimetry that are essential for providing high-quality electricity. This will contribute to the development of generalized solutions and grid development strategies, especially when it comes to RES development. The components of the integral index are determined as the probability of matching the actual mode to the “ideal” one. The “ideal” mode is determined by the principle of least action and corresponds to the circuit diagram of the grid formed by the r-scheme. The basis determined in this way reduces the subjectivity of both evaluations and decisions taken on their basis.

The paper considers the problem of constructing a full group of failure scenarios for physical infrastructures when subjected to cyber attacks (CAs). Physical infrastructures actually are systems of systems, or network of networks [1]. The main idea of the research rests on the assumption, that in order to damage any physical infrastructure by a cyber attack, it has to be able to produce a powerful enough physical impact on the most vulnerable part(s) of the infrastructure. Only civil engineering and industrial structures and installations connected to Internet and World Wide Web are considered. Hence, all infrastructures discussed below have to be elements of the Enterprise IoT or IoT, namely: electrical grids, oil, gas and product pipeline systems, water supply and disposal (waste) systems, rail networks, air traffic control and telecommunications (finance, commerce, business) networks, etc. The paper discusses how to construct a full group of scenarios of physical impacts on an infrastructure and how to calculate reliability, resilience and safety of infrastructures exposed to CAs. This paper should calm down the legitimate concerns of lay people about disclosing vulnerabilities of critical infrastructures, because it raises the awareness and offers infinitely much more to the armor/shield than to the canon/spear. © 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In this work, we review papers that employ game theoretic tools to study the operation and design of modern electric grids. We consider four topics in this context: energy trading, energy balancing, grid planning, and system reliability, and we demonstrate the advantages of using game-theoretic approaches for analyzing complex interactions among independent players. The results and conclusions provide insights regarding many aspects of design and operation, such as efficient methodologies for expansion planning, cyber-security, and frequency stability, or fair-benefit allocation among players. A central conclusion is that modeling the system from the perspective of one entity with unlimited information and control span is often impractical, so correct modeling of the selfish behavior of independent players may be critical for the development of future power systems. Another conclusion is that correct usage of incentives by appropriate regulation or sophisticated pricing mechanisms may improve the social welfare, and, in several cases, the results obtained are as good as those obtained by central planning. Using an extensive content analysis, we point to several trends in the current research and attempt to identify the research directions that are currently at the focus of the community.

Analysed and evaluated potential changing system of distribution electrical power from three step to two step for next work adaptation in structure VPP.Reviewed and separated a number technical & economical tasks and solutions on initial phase about realization this systems in power supply town conditions of Ukraine.Described effect exchange processes with different types signals. Systematized a interconnection between power supply elements of railway transport and their ability of functioning with local power engineering systems.Shows a block diagram of metabolic processes in the system of electrified transport, which involves joining and parallel operation of VPP., Выполнен анализ и оценен потенциал перевода систем распределения электрической энергии с трехступенчатой на двухступенчатую для дальнейшей адаптации их работы в структуре VPP.Рассмотрены и выделен ряд технико-организационных задач и решений на начальном этапе, по осуществлению таких систем в условиях электроснабжения города Украины.Описано влияние обменных процессов с разнотипными сигналами. Систематизированы взаимное влияние между элементами электроснабжения железнодорожного транспорта и их возможность функционирования с локальными электроэнергетическими системами.Приведена структурная схема обменных процессов в системе электрифицированного транспорта, которая включает возможность присоединения и параллельной работы с VPP., Виконано аналіз та оцінено потенціал переведення систем розподілу електричної енергії з триступеневої на двоступеневу для подальшої адаптації їх роботи в структурі VPP.Розглянуто та виділено ряд техніко-організаційних завдань і рішень на початковому етапі, щодо провадження таких систем в умовах електрозабезпечення міста України.Описано вплив обмінних процесів з різнотипними сигналами. Систематизовано взаємний зв’язок між елементами електропостачання залізничного транспорту та їх можливість функціонування з локальними електроенергетичними системами.Наведено структурну схему обмінних процесів в системі електрифікованого транспорту, яка включає можливість приєднання та паралельної роботи з VPP.

El presente trabajo analiza el efecto que tiene la estrategia de control adoptada en el sistema de gestión de energía de una microrred en el rendimiento económico y el impacto medioambiental asociado a su operación. Las microrredes aisladas son una solución para la electrificación de áreas remotas que debido a su localización geográfica no pueden ser conectadas a la red eléctrica. La estructura de estos sistemas permite la integración de energía proveniente de generación distribuida, principalmente renovable. El abaratamiento de los colectores fotovoltaicos, el autoconsumo y los incentivos medioambientales ofrecidos a este tipo de generación son algunos de los factores que impulsan la adopción de este tipo de redes. Sin embargo, los retos técnicos asociados a las microrredes con un alto índice de penetración renovable hacen necesario un sistema de gestión de la energía que se adapte a las necesidades del sistema. Asimismo, para garantizar un suministro eléctrico de calidad e ininterrumpido, es necesario el uso de sistemas de almacenamiento eléctrico, que el sistema de control debería gestionar adecuadamente tomando en consideración las previsiones de la demanda y solares. Como caso de estudio se ha tomado la isla Isabela, situada en el archipiélago de Galápagos al oeste de Ecuador. A partir de octubre de 2017 esta isla contará con un sistema eléctrico conformado por 922 kW de generación solar, 1625 kW de generación térmica y un sistema de almacenamiento de baterías Ion-Litio de 258kWh de capacidad. A través de la simulación de tres estrategias de control se pretende analizar qué controlador se adapta mejor a las necesidades del sistema. This documents analyses the effect the control strategy followed by the energy management system of a microgrid has on is economic performance and the environmental impact associated to its operation. Isolated microgrids appear as a solution to the electrification of remote communities that due to their geographical location cannot be connected to the main grid. The architecture of this systems enables the integration of electricity generated from distributed energy resources, in particular renewable generation. The decrease in prices of solar PV collectors, self consumption and the economic incentives given to clean energy generation in many countries are pushing forward the adoption of this kind of electrical grids. However, the challenges associated to the operation of microgrids with a high index of renewable penetration require an energy management system that is designed around the specific needs of the system. Moreover, in order to guarantee the quality and continuity of the supply, the use os energy storage systems is necessary, which will need to be managed appropriately by the energy management system, taking into account the demand predictions and the solar forecast. The island Isabela, which belongs to the Galapagos archipelago located west from Ecuador, has been taken as a case study. From October 2017 the islands electrical system will from an energy mix of 922 kW solar PV,1625 kW diesel generators and a 258 kWh Lithium-Ion batteries storage system. Through the simulation of three control strategies the aim is to determine which controller is most suitable for the control operation of the island. Ingeniería de la Energía

Gedruckt erschienen im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, ISBN 978-3-7983-2801-3, In diesem Buch sind die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes „komDRIVE“ dargestellt. Das Vorhaben analysierte die Potenziale des Einsatzes von elektrischen Fahrzeugen in verschiedenen Branchen des urbanen Wirtschaftsverkehrs. Darauf aufbauend wurden die Auswirkungen des Einsatzes von elektrischen Fahrzeugflotten auf elektrische Netze, unter Berücksichtigung der Aspekte Energieerzeugung, ‑speicherung und –verteilung untersucht. Dabei standen insbesondere die Batteriealterung und Batteriekosten sowie das Netzintegrationsmanagement im besonderen Fokus der Betrachtungen. Durch den Einsatz von entsprechenden Modellen konnten die Verringerung der lokalen (Luftverschmutzung) und der globalen Emissionen (Klimagase) durch den größeren Einsatz von Elektrofahrzeugen abgeschätzt werden., This book contains the results of the research project „komDRIVE“. The project analyzed the substitution potential of commercial transport vehicles with internal combustion engines by electric vehicles for different economic sectors in urban agglomerations. Based on this analysis the effects of electrical vehicle fleets on electrical nets were investigated, paying special attention to aspects of energy production, storage and distribution. In particular, battery aging and battery costs as well as net-integration management were investigated. The decrease of local (pollution) and global (GHG) emissions by an increased use of electric vehicles was simulated with appropriate models.

International audience; The impact of power subsystem design on aircraft performance has traditionally been assessed during an aircraft’s conceptual design phase via estimates based on past design references and databases. With the advent of the more/all electric aircraft (M/AEA), the need to more fully integrate electrical power subsystems into the overall aircraft system greatly increases. However, determining impacts on fuel consumption and other aircraft level benefits during the conceptual design phase becomes significantly more difficult and cannot be fully realized on the basis of past design references and databases since they are insufficient for addressing the impacts of the new architectures and technologies involved. To address this lacuna, a comprehensive framework of methodologies, models, and tools is needed for this phase of the design process to quickly, efficiently, and with sufficient fidelity assess and optimize the mission-level conceptual design of the electrical power subsystem (EPS) and its integration into the overall aircraft system. This also requires a rethinking of the thermal management subsystem (TMS) due to increased heat loads relative to the EPS and the possibility of TMS electrification, which in turn requires a simultaneous consideration of both subsystems during the integration and conceptual design phase of system assessment and optimization. Further discussion on why this is of importance and on why we need such a framework now is given in this paper.

Представлена схема електроенергетичної галузі Йорданії, наведено характеристику основних енергетичних компаній. Наведено структуру використання традиційних видів палива на електростанціях, генерації і споживання електричної енергії в країні. Розглянуто добові графіки електричного навантаження об'єднаної енергосистеми, а так само діюча система тарифів на електроенергію в Йорданії. Наведено прогноз розвитку енергетичної галузі країни, у тому числі і в напрямку розширення використання нетрадиційних та відновлюваних джерел енергії. The article has a scheme of the electricity sector in Jordan and characteristics of main energetic companies. Adduce the structure of the use of traditional fuels for power generation and consumption of electricity in the country. As one of the main points of article was considering daily electric load graphics of the integrated power system, as well as the operating system of electricity tariffs in Jordan. Also article shows the prediction of the energy sector of the country, including the direction of increasing use of renewable energy sources. Представлена схема электроэнергетической отрасли Иордании, дана характеристика основных энергетических компаний. Приведена структура использования традиционных видов топлива на электростанциях, генерации и потребления электрической энергии в стране. Рассмотрены суточные графики электрической нагрузки объединенной энергосистемы, а так же действующая система тарифов на электроэнергию в Иордании. Приведены прогноз развития энергетической отрасли страны, в том числе и в направлении расширения использования нетрадиционных и возобновляемых источников энергии.

In the present situation, the implementation of Smart Grids is one of the pressing challenges in the energy field, both for the improvement in efficiency it implies, as for its positive effects on the environment, since they facilitate the massive incorporation of renewable energy into the system. One problem that arises in the management of these networks is to simulate in realtime their associated load-flow problems, which allow the knowledge of the grid status and to respond in real time to manage power demands. This thesis examines how losses are evaluated in a network, that is, the difference between the generated and consumed power, when a photovoltaic generator is incorporated in one of its nodes. The needed calculations are explained, as well as the nonlinear system to solve, taking as test system a grid consisting of a three-phase generator, a transformer, and 100 equidistant nodes.

A mathematical model of voltage fluctuation versus parameters of power quality and power consumption is developed to allow predicting parameters of the power quality in electric grids. Application of the model will result in an electrical complex functioning optimization., Построена математическая модель отклонения напряжения в зависимости от параметров качества электроэнергии и электропотребления, позволяющая прогнозировать параметры качества электроэнергии в электрических сетях. Применение полученной модели позволит оптимизировать работу электротехнического комплекса., Побудовано математичну модель відхилення напруги в залежності від параметрів якості електроенергії та електроспоживання, що дозволяє прогнозувати параметри якості електроенергії в електричних мережах. Застосування отриманої моделі дозволить оптимізувати роботу електротехнічного комплексу.

Построена математическая модель отклонения напряжения в зависимости от параметров качества электроэнергии и электропотребления, позволяющая прогнозировать параметры качества электроэнергии в электрических сетях. Применение полученной модели позволит оптимизировать работу электротехнического комплекса. A mathematical model of voltage fluctuation versus parameters of power quality and power consumption is developed to allow predicting parameters of the power quality in electric grids. Application of the model will result in an electrical complex functioning optimization.

The aim of this paper is to describe a management protocol for electrical and thermal loads in housing scheme equipped with co-generative unit and renewable system. In new residential buildings is very important the presence of co-generative unit and renewable system to turn from the actual electrical grid (passive) into a smart grid; in fact, nowadays “few” power plants satisfy all customer electric demands; whereas in the near future the electrical final users will became local power producers. The new management protocol allows to optimize the energy demands in according with electrical energy cost, depending on time slot, and the instant power generation from co-generative and renewable devices. This system is capable, by simplex “domotic interface”, described analyzed and design by the authors, to individuate the more convenient time for the users, to respond at their energy demands. The advantage of this system can be found on a new power quality management, with consequent cost decrease for the users.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

El presente trabajo presenta los avances realizados en el estudio de la estabilidad de la red eléctrica de Puerto San Julián al incorporar a la misma un aerogenerador de última generación (Enercon E-44), en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Integración de la Energía Eólica en la Patagonia Austral” Cod. A/030528/10 de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI), en el cual participaron investigadores de la UNPA (Argentina), UMAG (Chile) y UPM (España). Los trabajos se iniciaron con relevamientos de la red y cursos de sistemas eléctricos de potencia dictados por la UPM en Argentina y Chile. Las prácticas sobre simulación de redes, iniciadas en el año 2010 en InterPSS (software de código abierto), fueron migradas al software PSS®E, al disponerse de la versión gratuita (hasta 50nodos) del PSS®E University-32.0.5 de la empresa Siemens Power Technologies, a partir del año 2011., This work presents the progress made in the studies of electrical stability of the isolated grid of Puerto San Julián (Santa Cruz, Argentina) when injecting power generation from an advanced wind turbine (Enercon E-44), in combination with traditional thermal generation. The studies were made within the framework of the research project “Integration of Wind Energy in South Patagonia” Cod. A/030528/10 funded by the Spanish Agency of International Co-operation (AECI according to its acronym in Spanish), in which researchers from the UNPA (Argentina), UMAG (Chile) and UPM (Spain) participated. Tasks started with grid surveys and courses on power systems offered by the UPM in Argentina and Chile. The experiences on grid simulation started during 2010 using InterPSS (an open code software), and were migrated later to PSS®E software, as the free version PSS®E University-32.0.5 (50 nodes max.) package from Siemens Power Technologies Company became available, during 2011., Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

Wind is the fastest growing renewable energy source for generating electricity, but economic research lags behind. In this study, therefore, we examine the economics of integrating large-scale wind energy into an existing electrical grid. Using a simple grid management model to investigate the impact of various levels of wind penetration on grid management costs, we show that costs of reducing CO2 emissions by relying more on wind power depend on the generation mix of the existing electrical grid and the degree of wind penetration, with costs ranging from $44 to well over $1000 per tonne of CO2 reduced. Costs are lowest if wind displaces large amounts of fossil fuel production and there is some hydroelectric power to act as a buffer. Hydro capacity has the ability to store wind generated power for use at more opportune times. If wind does nothing more than replace hydro or nuclear power, however, the environmental benefits (reduced CO2 emissions) of investing in wind power are small.