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Dispersal is an important behavior in many animals, with profound effects on individual fitness and the evolutionary trajectories of populations. This is especially true within taxa with particular life-history strategies, for example those that exploit ephemeral habitat. Further, dispersal is commonly seen to be part of behavioral syndromes - suites of traits that covary across behavioral contexts. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), is a major post-harvest crop pest responsible for large losses through the infestation of stored grain. In this system dispersal is known to have a strong genetic basis and differential artificial selection on dispersal traits produces strong phenotypic divergence. However, it is unknown which traits are able to rapidly evolve to produce these results, or which behavioral components underlie differences in dispersal. Using replicate lines of T. castaneum previously selected for divergent dispersal behavior, we test for correlated activity and movement patterns, morphology and substrate surface use. We find robustly repeatable associations between the dispersal phenotype and higher activity, straighter paths, larger body size (but not relative leg length) and increased tendency to remain at the surface of fodder. Together our results suggest that dispersal is part of a syndrome of traits in T. castaneum, and must be treated as such when considering the evolution of dispersal in this system, and in attempting to predict and control its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phenomenon: Physician immigration from other countries is increasing as developed countries continue to be desirable destinations for physicians; however, the determinants of Turkish physicians' migration decisions are still unclear. Despite its wide coverage in the media and among physicians in Türkiye, and being the subject of much debate, there is insufficient data to justify this attention. With this study, we aimed to investigate the tendency of senior medical students in Türkiye to pursue their professional careers abroad and its related factors. Approach: This cross-sectional study involved 9881 senior medical students from 39 different medical schools in Türkiye in 2022. Besides participants' migration decision, we evaluated the push and pull factors related to working, social environment and lifestyle in Türkiye and abroad, medical school education inadequacy, and personal insufficiencies, as well as the socioeconomic variables that may affect the decision to migrate abroad. The analyses were carried out with a participation rate of at least 50%. Findings: Of the medical students, 70.7% had emigration intentions. Approximately 60% of those want to stay abroad permanently, and 61.5% of them took initiatives such as learning a foreign language abroad (54.5%) and taking relevant exams (18.9%). Those who wanted to work in the field of Research & Development were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.22–1.54) times more likely to emigrate. The push factor that was related to emigration intention was the "working conditions in the country" (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.56–2.28) whereas the "social environment/lifestyle abroad" was the mere pull factor for the tendency of emigration (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.45–2.06). In addition, the quality problem in medical schools also had a significant impact on students' decisions (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.83–2.65). Insights: Although the percentage of those who want to emigrate "definitely" was at the same level as in the other developing countries, the tendency to migrate "permanently" was higher in Türkiye. Improving working conditions in the country and increasing the quality of medical faculties seem vital in preventing the migration of physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emigration of the second generation to the origin country of their parents raises new questions on migratory causes, identity, home and belonging. Addressing such questions, this study aims to shed further light on the impact of having a second-generation migration background on a person's own migration decisions and experiences. Based on 25 qualitative interviews with Moroccan Dutch who emigrated from the Netherlands to Morocco at adult ages, the current study shows how employment opportunities, prospects of a better quality of life and the search for belonging and self-expression are main factors influencing the decision of the second generation to emigrate to their ancestral home country. Each of these factors appears to some extent linked to the specific position of the second generation. The findings further illustrate how international migration uncovers a certain fluidity in the identity of the second generation: while emigration to Morocco for many Moroccan Dutch in certain ways seems to have contributed to a sense of belonging, in other aspects of life, the impact of socialization in the Netherlands remains visible in their behavior, orientation and preferences. As such, our study demonstrates the unique position of second-generation emigrants and provides new ways of thinking about transnationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to the EU's labour market and the principle of freedom of movement for persons (FMP) produced a mismatch for some countries of origin of migrants: Emigration of s cale decreased the resource base for the welfare state nationally while not sharing responsibility for social citizenship with the EU level. The countries of Lithuania and Romania are insightful for studying the political consequences of this mismatch. Surprisingly, collective actors from politics, social partners, and civil society hardly identified EU responsibility for emigration and its externalities. In contrast, solutions for the mismatch are sought at the domestic level. There, actors find themselves in a conundrum: Options for restricting FMP are politically unfeasible, measures for retaining the population hard to finance, and a cut back of some benefits unavoidable. Ultimately, this mismatch may lead to a vicious cycle in which emigration and the decreasing quality of social citizenship reinforce each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the diaries of young Jewish refugees who documented their emigration from Germany and Austria in the 1930s and who wrote for family members, imagining future readers of their accounts. These diaries offer unique access to children's voices during the Holocaust, showing how some child refugees became family chroniclers, self-consciously documenting a story of Jewish resistance and survival, as well as a tragedy of loss. Their diaries became treasured material objects and autobiographical texts that perform a writing subject, a child as author and narrator, asserting agency in a situation in which they were multiply marginalised as children and as Jewish refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Matteo Garrone's filmography, the choice of locations is always determined by a marked interest in physical reality, approached through an authorial perspective aimed at representing the coordinates of a complex system of human relations and the signs of the exercise of power, in its multiple declinations. In Terra di mezzo (1996) Garrone investigates the Pasolinian space of the Roman suburbs, now populated by Nigerian prostitutes and unemployed Albanians. The filmmaker's gaze here traces fragments of existence in the forms of an excessive, unfinished and oppressive landscape. In this context, the acceleration towards indefiniteness takes on a clear allegorical value, explicitly referring to the condition of precarious impermanence experienced by the protagonists. This article intends to highlight the most significant characteristics of the authorial work on the forms of the natural and human landscape: their selection, the tendency to their allusive and paradigmatic over-signification, the presence, in them, of the lesson of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens when actors in social movements (SMs) fail to achieve their goals? Written against the general tendency in current scholarship, this article examines the case of the actors in the Rif Hirak activism, which emerged in northern Morocco following the tragic death of a fishmonger in the port of the city of Al Hoceima, to probe the impact of collective action on actors in SMs. To achieve this purpose, this article is twofold: First, it examines the link between repression and emigration. Second, based on online interview data gathered from a small sample of Hirak activists (n = 13), the article argues that, as the Hirak waned; the Rif activists resorted to emigration as a means to express political discontent and alternatively resist government repression. This demonstrates that a combination of factors intersect to justify protesters’ decision to emigrate. These intersecting factors include: (a) the threat of arrest and torture, (b) family pressure, (c) distrust in the state, (d) frustration with the lack of economic opportunities in the Rif, and (e) disappointment at the ability of the movement to bring about change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the effects of emigration on the sustainability of the Pension system in North Macedonia. In this study three different sets of tests are used for empirical analysis: a stochastic forecasting method in order to predict the movement of demographic and fiscal variables in the future; a time series investigation in order to quantify the effect of emigration on pension expenditure, and a microsimulation dynamic model in order to analyze the potential effects of different pension reform alternatives on the sustainability of the pension system in North Macedonia. The results suggest that mass emigration has a significant negative effect on pension sustainability in North Macedonia. The results suggest that massive emigration of young people from North Macedonia will negatively affect the growth prospect and labor market in the future. The results suggest that immediate reforms are needed and gradually increasing the contribution rate to 20% and retirement age for men and women to 65 years would stabilize the Pension system in North Macedonia in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to establish transnational links between South Yorkshire and the colony of Victoria in Australia during the late nineteenth-century. Examining definitions of 'northernness' and challenging arguments that depict northern identity and culture as inward-looking, it explores the relative absence of 'northernness' in narratives of migration and makes the case for the interconnection of ideas, events and individuals across cultural, political and national boundaries. Exploring Sheffield's links and relationship with Victoria this article places recent research about population transfers, civic identity, protest and business practice in a global perspective that highlights overlaps and connections over disjunctures, difference and the particular. Throughout, the emphasis of the article is on the diverse and wide-ranging nature of these links in an imperial context. Against this background, neither steel workers in Sheffield, nor the shearers in outback Australia appear as insular and inward-looking, as has often been asserted. In short, the article poses questions about the nature and scale of a transplanted northern identity, and the relevance of the environment of the Australian colonies to a developing sense of what it was to be from Sheffield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by Leonardo Sciascia's novella 'The American Aunt', this article offers a new perspective on the 1943 Allied landing in Sicily, reading it through the lens of food practices and migration. Blending literary and historical analysis with the testimonies of direct witnesses of the landing, the article explores the role of food (access, products, symbolism) during late Fascism, the actual landing, and the post-1943 and post-Second World War era. The picture that emerges is a variegated landscape of experiences, pointing to starvation among the poor but also to food access for those Sicilians who lived in the countryside away from the bombarded cities, and in a Sciascia-like ironic twist, to the Sicilians' offer of fresh flavourful food to US soldiers weary of the military pre-packaged food. The article complicates the assumption that all Sicilians were starving at the time of the landing and waiting to be fed by the American soldiers coming from the Land of Abundance, a representation created by a mixture of one-sided perspectives of the war along with decades of emigration to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the effects of migration on economic outcomes have gained significant attention among researchers and policymakers. In the African context, the complex interplay between migration and economic outcomes is of particular importance, as many countries face unique challenges, such as limited resources, ongoing conflicts, and uneven development. This paper explores the impact of immigration, international migrant cash transfers, and emigration on total factor productivity in Africa, and its implications for public policy. We used the World Development Indicators, the Pen World Table from 2000 to 2020, and instrumental variable estimation in an endogenous growth model. The findings indicate that emigrant human capital and remittances have a negative impact on total factor productivity, whereas immigrant human capital positively affects it. These results highlight the importance of well-defined public migration policies that promote brain circulation, attract skilled immigrants, enhance domestic human capital development, and foster regional co-operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various theories concerning migration are demonstrating that migration is a complex phenomenon, with equally complex and diverse implications. At the same time, society is in constant change, and major shifts at the international level could generate new migratory flows or different perspectives on this phenomenon. The effects of migration manifest in various fields, and the sciences concerned with migration address them specifically in their areas of influence. The most evident consequences appear from a socio-economic perspective. Labour emigration has had significant economic impacts, including reductions in GDP, wage shifts and a weakening of innovation potential and while remittances provide some financial relief, they are insufficient to offset the broader challenges created by labour shortages. The negative long-term effects on competitiveness and productivity underscore the need for comprehensive policy responses to mitigate the economic consequences of emigration. Romania has one of the largest diasporas in Europe, and the economic effects of this migration are vast. By choosing to analyze these two components – GDP and remittances, we can capture both the losses and benefits generated by migration for Romania’s economy. The study of GDP reflects the losses in terms of internal production, while the analysis of remittances shows how these external financial flows can contribute to the stabilization and regional economic development. By focusing on GDP and remittances, our paper will provide a well-founded perspective on the real impact of migration on Romania's economy, using specific data and relevant economic analyses to highlight both the challenges and opportunities.

After 29 October 1923, when the status of the nation as a republic was declared and its official name was proclaimed to be Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (“the Republic of Turkey”), the officials followed a defensive policy and the Turkish status became part of defensive alliances. In this sense, treaties with the USSR were signed, Turkey was part of the Balkan Agreement and had agreements with Great Britain, France, etc. An increased attention was paid to the Balkan space where the legacy of the Ottoman Empire was visible. Ankara’s diplomats appealed to the Turkish-Tatar communities that lived in the geographical area of Balkans to move to the new Turkish state. The Treaty of Lausanne and then the Treaty of Montreux were vital – in the first – for the security of the new Turkish state, but also for the states bordering the Black Sea. From political point of view, the main priority of the foreign turkish policy was to pursue an alliances policy, seeking to maintain and consacrate by treaties its territorial integrity stability in its own influence areas.

The paper is devoted to the polemics on the ways of development of Russian literature in emigration, in which Mark Slonim, Zinaida Gippius, Alfred Bem, Vladislav Khodasevich, and Georgii Adamovich all took part. The article considers the critical views of Khodasevich and Adamovich in relation to the position of Slonim, whose article “Living Literature and Dead Critics” made these polemics central to the emigrant critical literature of the 1920–1930s. Slonim thought that emigrant literature was only a branch of the common trunk of Russian literature that remained in Soviet Russia. According to Khodasevich, any literary tradition representing Russian literature in emigration never developed, and the array of different works of individual authors could not form the unity called emigrant literature. Adamovich, even though he denied the possible development of Russian literature, believed that the problem could be solved by the artistic expression of an individual’s self in simple forms of language devoid of any beauty.

Immigrant political incorporation is a concern of Europe and the U.S., but the process in the latter is seen as more successful owing to its immigration history, minority politics, and institutions. While comparative analysis has largely focused on post-war receiving states, since the 1990s, migration flows have significantly changed. What's new about new destinations? And what might these cases suggest for the future of comparative research on political incorporation? This article uses existing frameworks for transatlantic comparisons and applies them to a broader pool of European cases. It argues that new destinations may have more in common with the U.S. than their old destination neighbors due to their emigration history, minority politics, and distinct welfare and labor institutions. It also finds more points of Europe-U.S. convergence than often allowed for in the literature. Together, this suggests opportunities for new comparative research to better understand incorporation dynamics within and beyond Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, coastal wetlands are threatened by disrupted hydrology, urbanization, and sea-level rise. In southwest Florida, coastal wetlands include tidal creeks and coastal ponds, which are the primary habitats used by juvenile Tarpon, Megalops atlanticus, an important sport fish. Coastal ponds can occur near uplands and are ephemerally connected to the open estuary, creating conditions of variable dissolved oxygen and salinity. Juveniles can tolerate wide-ranging abiotic conditions, but little is known about how they egress from their remote nursery habitats, which often requires them to cross > 1 km of mangrove forest to reach the open estuary. The objective of this study was to (1) compare Tarpon body condition among ponds close to the open estuary versus those ponds farther away on the Cape Haze peninsula of Charlotte Harbor, Florida, and (2) using acoustic telemetry determine what factors contribute to Tarpon emigration from the ponds to open estuarine waters. We tested the hypothesis that distinct groups of Tarpon occur in isolated ponds, leading to variation in fish length and body condition, and that opportunities for emigration from these ponds hinge on high water events. No pond stood out as having Tarpon of low body condition. Factors contributing to increased probabilities of Tarpon emigration were low barometric pressure, high-water level, and Tarpon body length. Tarpon emigrated from ponds near tidal creeks during summer king tides, while tropical cyclone conditions were needed to allow for movement from ponds farther in the landscape. The juvenile Tarpon were later detected at the mouths of large rivers 30 km up-estuary. The characterizations of water levels and event criteria needed for successful Tarpon nurseries should aid in habitat conservation and the creation of Tarpon nursery habitat in restoration designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutionalisation of the overseas vote: Electoral participation and emigration in Colombia and Ecuador Migrants participate in various ways in the politics of their country of origin, including the election of legislative representatives for extraterritorial districts. In this framework, this research seeks to analyse this form of participation and contribute to the theoretical and empirical debate on transnational suffrage. The aim is to examine what factors ex-plain the variation in the levels of electoral participation among migrant legislators. To this end, the experiences of Colombia and Ecuador are compared from the perspective of voting as a public policy. Through documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with experts from both countries, we identify that each stage of the policy institutionalisation process (formulation, design and implementation) influences levels of electoral participation. The results indicate that the greater the inclusion and representativeness of the migrant legislator during the policy stages, the greater the electoral political participation of the migrant population. Resumen Los emigrantes participan de diversas formas en la política de su país de origen, inclu-yendo la elección de representantes legislativos para distritos extraterritoriales. En este marco, esta investigación busca analizar esta forma de participación y contribuir al debate teórico y empírico sobre el sufragio transnacional. El objetivo es examinar qué factores explican la variación en los niveles de participación electoral en legisladores emigrantes. Para ello, se comparan las experiencias de Colombia y Ecuador desde una perspectiva del voto como política pública. Mediante análisis documental y entrevistas en profundidad con expertos de ambos países, se identifica que cada etapa del proceso de institucionali-zación política (formulación, diseño e implementación) influye en los niveles de participación electoral. Los resultados indican que a mayor inclusión y representatividad duran-te las etapas de la política de la figura del legislador emigrante, mayor será la participación política electoral de la población emigrante.

Abstract Background In recent years, there have been many instances of negative sentiments expressed by and resignations observed from doctors working in the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia. However, little is known about the perspectives of medical students and their career intentions. This study aims to determine the current Malaysian medical students’ career intentions immediately after graduation and upon completing the 2 years of housemanship and to establish the factors influencing these intentions. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 859 Malaysian medical students from 21 medical schools who voluntarily completed a self-administered online questionnaire that was disseminated by representatives from medical schools nationwide and social media platforms of a national medical student society. Results 37.8% of the respondents were optimistic about a career with the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia in the future. Most of the respondents (91.2%) plan to join and complete the MOH Housemanship programme as soon as possible after graduation, with the majority of them (66.2%) planning to complete it in their state of origin. After 2 years of Housemanship programme, only more than half of the respondents (63.1%) plan to continue their careers in MOH. Slightly more than a quarter (27.1%) of the total respondents plan to emigrate to practise medicine, with 80.7% of them planning to return to Malaysia to practise medicine after some years or after completing specialisation training. Combining the career intentions of Malaysian medical students immediately after graduation and upon completion of the 2 years housemanship programme, only a slight majority (57.5%) of the respondents plan to continue their career in MOH eventually. Most of the respondents (85.0%) intend to specialise. Conclusion A concerning number of Malaysian medical students plan to leave the Ministry of Health workforce, the main healthcare provider in Malaysia, in the future. Urgent government interventions are needed to address the underlying factors contributing to the potential exodus of future doctors to prevent further straining of the already overburdened healthcare system, posing a significant threat to public well-being. An annual national study to track medical students’ career intentions is recommended to gather crucial data for the human resources for health planning in Malaysia.

This article presents bibliographical materials from the life of M. N. Vinogradov which have never before been published. Historical documents, including meeting minutes from conferences and congresses, show that M. N. Vinogradov was an activist in the Community for “Edinoverie”. The scholarly innovation of this article is based upon the work with materials from various archives of Russia, Lithuania and Georgia, which made it possible to learn much about both the secular and spiritual activities of M. N. Vinogradov in Russia and in the emigration, thus considering his work within the context of the historical events of his time. The author has collected bibliographic materials from M. N. Vinogradov’s birth through 1941. Among his great grandfathers were found bishops from Tver and Pskov, and an Archimandrite from Vyshny Volochyok. His uncle Hieromonk Aleksii (Vinogradov) was a missionary in Beijing; yet M. N. Vinogradov’s parents were neither religious nor active in the church. The article presents information on Vinogradov’s primary, secondary and higher education. It was during his years of study at the Institute of Land Surveyance that Mikhail joined the “Edinoverie” movement. One can easily evaluate his secular career as extremely successful: he advanced from being a 10th-class surveyor in a rural town to the rank of a 4thclass surveyor for the court in Tbilisi. Of particular note are M. N. Vinogradov’s relationships and contacts with well-known activists of his era, including: P. A. Stolypin, V. R. Sabler, Metropolitan Elevfery (Bogoyavlensky), and Archbishop Andrey (Ukhtomsky). Studying Vinogradov’s activities in the Caucuses in the field of spiritual education and his participation in church and public life, the author has collected and collated materials on his participation in the World War I and the White Movement, including construction of the Batumi-Trabzon railway and his service under Denikin and Wrangel. The article also analyses M. N. Vinogradov’s spiritual path, describing his life in the Troitsko-Nikolskoe Community for “Edinoverie”, which was the primary hub of this movement. A member of the parish council, Vinogradov was in charge of publishing early-printed books and of the icon workshop. His role in national congresses for “Edinoverie” is also considered. At the Moscow congress of 1909 Vinogradov was elected the Secretary and made one of the introductory speeches, calling for the unification of all supporters of “Edinoverie”. At the First and Second Congresses (1912 and 1917, respectively), he made many speeches, particularly focussing on the question of laypeople’s participation in the church and the selection of a bishop from the “Edinoverie” community. In 1921, Vinogradov was ordained to the priesthood by Patriarch Dimitry of the Serbian Church. This article also mentions his missionary work amongst Old Believers, both in Russia before the Revolution and afterwards, in the emigration. Lastly, considered are his relations with the Moscow Patriarchate in 1941.

Europeans’ choice to emigrate is complexly related to motivation and includes both economic and social factors such as family impact, gender inequalities, and differences in income. By comprehending the factors that motivate people to leave their home countries and the strategies they use to do so it is possible to achieve important insights into the phenomenon of emigration within the diverse landscape of European society. Due to the economic crisis of 2008, there was a significant increase in unemployment rates in several European countries, with notable impacts in some countries like Romania, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. The emigration that resulted had a detrimental effect on the economy, reduced job opportunities, and lowered the overall standard of living. Within the context of the countries in which emigration has played a significant role in the economy, the intent of this empirical research is to investigate the effects of specific macroeconomic factors on economic imbalance and unemployment. The unemployment rate, gross domestic product (GDP), minimum income, and external incomes in several European countries are some of the factors that are currently being considered. In this study, we investigate the impact of these variables on unemployment in a sample of twenty-four European countries between the years 2002 and 2020. Our methodology is based on panel data, more specifically, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results showed that during the period under analysis, the minimum wage and remittance inflows had a negative impact on unemployment in the studied European countries, while the emigration rate had a positive impact.

Four processes occurring within the country and weakening contemporary Russian society are considered in this paper. These processes include: the reduction in income from foreign trade, the “brain drain”, the depopulation and the capital outflow. Their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are presented; the internal and external factors that contribute to the development of these processes are identified. Numerous restrictions, prohibitions, and sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation aim to stimulate the development of these negative phenomena and expand the scale of their unwanted consequences on the Russian economy and society. The results of the author’s research on the validity of Russia’s adversaries’ choice of the aforementioned processes as objects of sanctions impact on the Russian Federation are presented in this article.

In the Journal of the Institute for Recent History of Serbia, Belgrade – “Tokovi istorije”, 3/2022, among other articles, an “Original scientific paper” was published, in English, by dr. Zoran Janjetović, a scientific advisor in the mentioned Institute, on the Emigration of the Kosovo Albanians into Turkey during the 1950s of the 20th century. In the same article, the author rightly partially referred to the question of the emigration of the rest of the Muslim population of Yugoslavia to Turkey, before and after the Second World War. After reading and analysing the such article, I came to the conclusion that the mentioned paper is certainly original, but, in my opinion, by no means scientific. In other words, in the time when almost all archival material is available for the research of the mentioned problem, to conclude that the emigration of Albanians, Turks, Boshniaks and other Muslims of Kosovo and the FPR of Yugoslavia as a whole, in Turkey, after the Second World War, was free/ according to their free will, in my opinion and deep conviction, is beyond all logic and historical truth. For example, the conclusions of Mr. Zoran Janjetović: a) „…partial emigration of ethnic Turks was acceptable, but the emigration of all Muslims, especially Albanians, was considered politically harmful. To prevent this, the Macedonian territory was divided into 'blocks' based on the number of ethnic Turks. Emigration was permitted from areas with a larger number of Turks, but not from those with a smaller number“; b) „The Yugoslav and Serbian authorities opposed the emigration of non-Turks from the very beginning, and this policy remained in place for a long time, especially for Muslims outside of Macedonia. Claims by some Western authors that the 'Serbian' authorities allegedly wanted to expel Albanians are unfounded. On the contrary, until 1957, the authorities in Serbia were against emigration from Kosovo, and the Federal government also wanted to limit emigration only to Macedonian Turks “; and, c) „The Muslims started to emigrate to Turkey after a ‘gentlemen’s agreement’ of 1953 between Tito and Turkish Foreign Minister Fuat Köprülü. The agreement foresaw emigration of ethnic Turks from Macedonia, but other Muslims tended to join them. Because of that the Yugoslav authorities strove to limit emigration only to Turkish - inhabited parts of Macedonia. This failed because Muslims came to Macedonia from other parts of the country in order to emigrate. Among these emigrants there was a certain number of Kosovo Albanians. Like the Turks, they emigrated for religious, economic and social reasons… The article shows that the Yugoslav authorities in no way supported Albanian emigration, but rather that they tried to stop it“, in my opinion, are untrue and scientifically unfounded. In other words, according to my knowledge, and as cited in my book and in several of my articles on this subject, the mass emigration of the Muslim population, including the emigration of the Albanians from Yugoslavia to Turkey, after the Second World War started аs a result of the flagrant abuse of the mentioned bilateral agreement, by the Yugoslav/ Macedonian authorities. The emigration to Turkey was allowed not only to a small portion of Turks, as previously was agreed upon, but rather to the Turkish and the rest of the Muslim population as a whole. That the stated conclusions of Mr. Z. Janjetović are not correct, among other things, is confirmed by the final result of the mass emigration not only the Turks, but also a large number of Albanians and other Muslim populations.

The article is devoted to the history of the German writers’ emigration during the Second World War in Mexico. Mexico was not a major center of German emigration like the Soviet Union or the United States, but the Mexican government supported anti-fascist émigrés who were in France before its occupation. The Mexican consulate in Marseille issued visas to many German writers, but only Anna Seghers was able to move from France to Mexico. Bodo Uhse and Ludwig Renn went there from the United States, Alfred Kantorovicz and Hans Marchwitza had to stay in the United States, because transit through the USA became impossible since 1941. German writers maintained constant contact with the Soviet Writers’ Union. Correspondence often did not reach the addressees, but before the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Mexico, this was the only way to exchange information. The small German colony in Mexico was engaged in active antifascist activities. The movement “Free Germany” (“Freies Deutschland”) was organized in Mexico a year and a half earlier than the National Committee “Free Germany” in the USSR. Although it seemed that they were two branches of the same organization, in fact they were two different entities with different goals and with the same name. At this moment an internal conflict among the German Communists became apparent; years later it had tragic consequences. After the surrender of Germany, German writers were not able to go directly to their homeland, since the American law prohibiting transit through the United States was still in force. In 1946–1948 German writers were leaving Mexico on Soviet cargo ships: they could get to Germany only through the Soviet Union.

The article studies history of migration among the countries of Central Asia and Russia, the factors and scale of emigration to Russia against the background of sanctions from the European Union and the USA, and migrants’ contribution to the economic and demographic development of the state. Migration processes from Central Asia to Russia have a long history dating back to Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, migration took on unimaginable proportions and became one of the most important factors affecting economic and political life in both Central Asia and Russia. Labor migration began in the late 1990s and peaked in 2014. During their stay in Russia, migrants faced various crises. They have always played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the country. Although migration has always had both positive and negative consequences for the host countries, from an economic point of view it has rather a positive impact on the host countries’ economies. After February 2022 Western countries have imposed new economic and political sanctions against Russia, which have affected the situation and orientation of migrant workers from Central Asian countries. Some migrants have started to look for other emigration channels, while the majority are still focused on Russia. Compared with previous crises, the migrant workers’ role in Russia’s economic and demographic development has increased now against the background of new sanctions.

Background: In recent years, there have been many instances of negative sentiments expressed by and resignations observed from doctors working in the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia. However, little is known about the perspectives of medical students and their career intentions. This study aims to determine the current Malaysian medical students' career intentions immediately after graduation and upon completing the 2 years of housemanship and to establish the factors influencing these intentions. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 859 Malaysian medical students from 21 medical schools who voluntarily completed a self-administered online questionnaire that was disseminated by representatives from medical schools nationwide and social media platforms of a national medical student society. Results: 37.8% of the respondents were optimistic about a career with the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia in the future. Most of the respondents (91.2%) plan to join and complete the MOH Housemanship programme as soon as possible after graduation, with the majority of them (66.2%) planning to complete it in their state of origin. After 2 years of Housemanship programme, only more than half of the respondents (63.1%) plan to continue their careers in MOH. Slightly more than a quarter (27.1%) of the total respondents plan to emigrate to practise medicine, with 80.7% of them planning to return to Malaysia to practise medicine after some years or after completing specialisation training. Combining the career intentions of Malaysian medical students immediately after graduation and upon completion of the 2 years housemanship programme, only a slight majority (57.5%) of the respondents plan to continue their career in MOH eventually. Most of the respondents (85.0%) intend to specialise. Conclusion: A concerning number of Malaysian medical students plan to leave the Ministry of Health workforce, the main healthcare provider in Malaysia, in the future. Urgent government interventions are needed to address the underlying factors contributing to the potential exodus of future doctors to prevent further straining of the already overburdened healthcare system, posing a significant threat to public well-being. An annual national study to track medical students' career intentions is recommended to gather crucial data for the human resources for health planning in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an examination of a corpus comprising 244 letters authored by Chinese women residing in Wangxia, a rural district within Guangdong province, to their emigrant family members settled in Arizona, the United States from the 1910s to 1920s, this article posits that the phenomenon of being left-behind constituted a pivotal catalyst for the social and economic empowerment of women within rural contexts, fostering heightened self-awareness and autonomy. These accounts of their personal experiences, emotions, and reflections on gender relations document the awakening initiative and self-empowerment of ordinary women in the first half of the twentieth century. On the one hand, the absence of male authority in the family caused by the exclusive emigration of males out of villages created space and conditions for women’s independence and autonomy; on the other hand, transnational epistolary communications with emigrants empowered these women to control remittances and enabled them to increase their families’ fortunes, which further stimulated their desire for economic independence and education. These women’s letters offer rich historical testimony to the reality that an awareness of gender equality and female empowerment were the result of the Chinese women’s own initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Migration Report 2020 shows that the number of international migrants increased from 84 million in 1970–272 million in 2019, accounting for 3.5% of the world’s population. This paper investigates the aggregated effect of emigration on the tax revenue of sending countries with a focus on developing nations. Using a gravity approach, we construct a time-varying exogenous instrument out of measures of changes in transportation technology from geographic time-invariant dyadic characteristics. Then, we follow an instrumental variable approach where we use our predicted emigration rate as an instrument of the observed migration rate. The results show that the predicted emigration rate is a good instrument of the current emigration rate for developing countries, and that there is a positive aggregated effect of emigration on tax revenue of sending countries. The results vary depending on the type of tax: emigration increases goods and services tax revenue, but it decreases income, profit, and capital gains tax revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the second half of the 19th century, emigration was part of the daily life of almost all Eastern Europeans. According to Lithuanian census data from 1923, the Jewish community accounted for 150,000 (7%) of Lithuania's total population of 2 million people (excluding the Vilnius region). During the period 1928–1938, Jews made up about 34% of all Lithuanian emigrants. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between Jewish emigrants and the Lithuanian government from 1918 to 1940. The article will attempt to show how those who have already emigrated are connected to Lithuania, both at a governmental and personal level. Correspondence between the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Lithuanian Jewish communities shows connections related to economic, cultural, and political networks. In addition, the Lithuanian government sought to strengthen ties with the Lithuanian Jewish diaspora, but personal perspective of emigrants does not reflect this tendency. By combining the personal and governmental perspectives, it becomes clear whether these different viewpoints provide similar or different answers to the research questions, and allows us to see the Jewish emigration process in its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Hong Kong's 2019 political turmoil and the subsequent impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a rapid rise in turnover rates in certain occupations, such as teachers, medical workers and civil servants, was observed. Some attributed this trend to the increasing rate of emigration. Previous studies have suggested that younger and better‐educated individuals are more likely to emigrate, and that the emigration of a specific group of the population has various impacts on the society of origin. Therefore, we explored the demographic characteristics of potential emigrants in Hong Kong and contrasted such findings with a previous wave of migration to examine the potential impact of the current wave. Based on a territory‐wide telephone survey, we found that (1) the associations of age and level of education with the intention to emigrate internationally (i.e., to destinations other than mainland China) corresponded to the typical young, well‐educated emigrant described in the literature; (2) a higher level of income was associated with a lower intention of international migration; (3) people in occupations such as professionals and managers, clerical and service workers and students reported a greater intention to emigrate than other groups; and (4) individuals born in Hong Kong were more likely to emigrate and less likely to move to mainland China than those born in mainland China. The implications of these intended migration patterns for ageing and fertility, short‐ and long‐term workforce shortages in tertiary sectors and the city's overall competitiveness are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of long-term emigration on the development of human capital. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a quantitative approach, where the method for obtaining data was a survey. A quantitative study conducted on a sample of 160 Polish men and women. Findings: A study showed a significant impact of emigration on the enrichment of the emigrants' human capital, which is expressed by an increase in the level of hard and soft competences, as well as an increase in the level of formal education. Almost all the respondents showed an increase in the level of competences (by 20% on average), with the greatest improvement in knowledge and skills in the area of foreign language skills (increase by 38%), knowledge of specialised computer programmes (increase by 36%) and increase in competences related to effective communication (increase by 22%). Furthermore, 41% of the respondents upgraded their education during their long-term stay abroad through formal education. Research limitations/implications: The main research limitation relates to the size of the obtained sample and the fact that the sample is not representative, therefore the conclusions cannot be generalised to the entire population of Polish emigrants. Practical implications: Working abroad in an international environment significantly contributes to the rapid and substantial development of both specialized and social competencies. This underscores the validity of not only hiring expatriates but also investing in development programs associated with temporary stays abroad. Social implications: Emigration contributes to the development of social competences related to, among others: effective communication and building relationships, which is beneficial from the perspective of interpersonal relationships, not only professional ones. Originality/value: The paper presents the increase in competences that occurred due long-term emigration and the groups of competences that improve to the greatest and least extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relationship between the migration of human capital and the sustainable development of socio-economic systems. The evolutionary role of migration and its dual nature are substantiated. It has been proven that, on the one hand, the influx of migrants creates a burden on social protection systems; on the other hand, developed countries that receive the main migration flows show a fairly high degree of socio-economic sustainability and compete for high-quality human capital. An analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human capital migration was carried out. The main reasons for external and internal population movement in the EU countries and Ukraine, the directions of trends, the intensity of migration and emigration in the EU countries are identified. Socio-demographic portraits of migrants from the EU countries and Ukraine were formed before and after the start of a full-scale war in Ukraine. The benefits of losses, risks, opportunities for migration of human capital and sustainable development are identified and compared. The consequences of migration for the implementation of Sustainable development goals of host countries and donor countries are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal is an important facet of the life history of many organisms and is, therefore, subject to selective pressure but does not evolve in isolation. Across nature, there are examples of dispersal syndromes and life history strategies in which suites of traits coevolve and covary with dispersal in combinations that serve to maximize fitness in a given ecological context. The red rust flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a model organism and globally significant post-harvest pest that relies on dispersal to reach new patches of ephemeral habitat. Dispersal behaviour in Tribolium has a strong genetic basis. However, a robust understanding of the relationship between dispersal and other life-history components, which could elucidate evolutionary processes and allow pest managers to control their spread and reduce the impact of infestation, is currently lacking. Here, we use highly replicated lines of T. castaneum previously artificially selected for divergent small-scale dispersal propensity to robustly test several important life history components: reproductive strategy, development time, and longevity. As predicted, we find that a suite of important changes as a result of our selection on dispersal: high dispersal propensity is associated with a lower number of longer mating attempts by males, lower investment in early life reproduction by females, slower development of later-laid offspring, and longer female life span. These findings indicate that correlated intraspecific variation in dispersal and related traits may represent alternative life history strategies in T. castaneum. We therefore suggest that pest management efforts to mitigate the species' agro-economic impact should consider the eco-evolutionary dynamics within multiple life histories. The benefits of doing so could be felt both through improved targeting of efforts to reduce spread and also in forecasting how the selection pressures applied through pest management are likely to affect pest evolution. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the growing field of political demography, which explores the political consequences of structural population change. It underscores the importance of integrating demography and political sociology research to better understand the complex and nuanced relationship between demography and political dynamics. The existing research demonstrates profound and multifaceted impacts of demographic shifts on the political landscape, with different demographic factors having distinct political consequences. Notably, population composition and distribution tend to hold greater political significance than sheer population size and growth. Furthermore, while more research is needed, the existing work suggests that the effect of structural demographic factors is neither inevitable nor without limit; rather, the political consequences of demographic change often exhibit nonlinear patterns and interact with prevailing socioeconomic and institutional contexts. As demographic shifts continue to unfold globally, political demography stands as a promising and enlightening area of research that merits further inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growth of international migration and globalization has increasingly diversified patient populations, emphasizing the need for nursing students to provide competent spiritual care. Purpose: To understand the teaching and learning strategies used to prepare undergraduate nursing students for spiritual care. Methods: An integrative review with deductive data analysis was used to evaluate, analyze, and synthesize diverse research methodologies. Results: Three educational approaches were identified, including passive, reflective, and combinatory approaches. The combinatory approach appears most appropriate for diverse learning styles within a student group. Conclusions: No one strategy is best, but any combination of educational strategies can positively impact spiritual care competency within clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Irish tradition it was believed that both the living and the dead might in certain circumstances appear at a distance from their bodies. This article considers occasions where such supernatural visitations happened close to the moment of the death. Deathbed apparitions or 'crisis apparitions' were reported widely in Europe and America, but have not been much explored by historians. In crisis apparition stories, the dying or just-dead person visited a neighbour, friend or close relative and a key feature was that the percipient would declare what they had seen, even before confirmation had arrived of the death. Accounts dating from between about the 1820s and 1940s provide the basis for an exploration of the crisis apparition both as reported in Ireland and among Irish people abroad. That many crisis apparitions communicated across the Atlantic reflects the anxieties of 'exiles' and their friends and families about death far from home, and this article also considers their role in bridging gaps in conventional communications. Accounts of supernatural leave-taking also travelled across time, offering insights about how storytelling assisted the processing of grief and the handing down of the dead over generations that are relevant to other contexts far beyond Ireland's shores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perspectives on Culture / Perspektywy Kultury is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores responses in the Black press to the rapidly expanding U.S. deportation regime during the interwar period. While their perspectives have been largely absent from scholarship on deportation, Black journalists, editorialists, and commentators have historically been highly engaged with the issue. Black periodicals provided extensive coverage of the expulsion of Black immigrants, as well as of non-Black immigrants who violated the racial structures of American society (either through antiracist political advocacy or through interracial relationships). In doing so, the Black press insisted that deportation was a Black issue, and that antiblackness was central to the functioning of the early-twentieth-century immigration control system. By surveying roughly 1,100 articles on deportation in the Black press, I highlight how Black writers construed deportation as a powerful tool of white supremacy and a threat to Black immigrants and African Americans alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNK and the historiography of international influences of and on Dutch churches In a programmatic article in the first issue of the 'Documentation Journal for Dutch Church History of the Nineteenth Century', one of the themes mentioned to be addressed in this journal was the ecclesiastical influence of the Netherlands on foreign countries. Using the five aspects of this influence that were mentioned, contributions on this influence in the 99 issues are detected. The outcome is that attention to this influence in the journal has been developed over time. Especially in articles focusing on the late nineteenth and twentieth century, there was attention to the influence from abroad on Dutch church life. But the influence was by no means always through the church, but much more often through its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

we study the epigraphic documentation generated by those Hispanics who moved to Italy between the 1st century BC and the 5th century AD. To compile this information we have reviewed the CIL indexes relating to Italy and Rome, as well as the data collected in specialised publications and databases, selecting all those inscriptions that have a Hispanic origin. This documentation forms the basis of the corresponding historical study, which analyses the origin and destination centres of these Hispanics, as well as the reasons for their movements. We also study their professions and the activity they carried out in their new places of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institut za istrazivanje migracija / Institute for Migration Research (IMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: Nurses play a crucial role as one of the primary pillars of the healthcare system. The training of proficient nursing staff incurs significant costs for the healthcare system, and their departure leads to irreparable harm across various sectors of their home country. The purpose of this study was to determine and prioritize the factors affecting the migration of nurses based on the opinions of hospital managers. Methods: This quantitative study utilized hierarchical analysis through Expert Choice software to examine the perspectives of nursing managers from selected hospitals in Tehran, employing a census approach with a 95% participation rate. Results: Out of 57 participants, the psychological factor emerged as the most influential, with a weight value of 0.746. Within the realm of psychological factors related to the country of origin, the absence of spiritual and psychological support in the workplace, with a weighted value of 0.458, was singled out as the primary cause. Gender discrimination within the country of origin, carrying a weighted value of 0.193, was highlighted as the foremost individual factor. Moreover, environmental factors in the destination country, with a weight value of 0.765, outweighed those in the country of origin. Conclusion: Upon analysis of the data, psychological factors were identified as the top priority, followed by economic considerations. Thus, policymakers and managers are urged to implement innovative strategies, recognizing the importance of addressing both psychological well-being and economic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social insects face many threats from predators and parasites, and so have evolved a diversity of behavioral defense strategies to evade and combat enemies. Previous research has focused extensively on the evolution of front-line defense strategies that allow social groups to successfully avoid detection by enemies, defeat them during an attack, or mitigate fitness losses upon successful invasion. However, in the case of social insects, we must also consider how colonies have evolved to alter their behavior when they survive attacks. During an attack, colony fitness can be negatively affected while the colony itself survives. There may be selective pressure for surviving individuals to respond strategically to decrease the risks of future attacks by the same enemy. In this study, we tested whether colonies of Temnothorax longispinosus acorn ants emigrate when they experience a raid by the obligate social parasite T. americanus. We found that T. longispinosus colonies that experienced a raid moved to a different nest of equal quality significantly more than genetically matched colonies that had not experienced a raid event. We also found that raided colonies moved significantly more than we would expect by random chance. This result suggests that emigration may be an induced defense against re-raiding in this host-parasite system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Science & Knowledge Horizons is the property of Journal of Science & Knowledge Horizons and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1946, Madrid became home to a Catholic university residence, the colegio mayor Santiago Apóstol, which catered specifically to refugee students from Eastern Europe who had fled the aftermath of the Second World War and the creation of Communist regimes in their home countries. This residence hall, which housed about 800 students from 20 nationalities between its opening in the postwar era and its rededication in 1969, was part of the anticommunist governmental strategy to overcome the political isolation that Francoist Spain found itself in. It was also part of the efforts of the Catholic church to support refugees from Eastern Europe in the early Cold War. This article aims to bring these strands together, focusing on the founding of the residence hall as a Catholic and governmental endeavor. In a second step, the article focuses on the residence hall itself, considering the agency of the residence’s officials and its students, and contemplating the residence’s academic and exile networks both in Spain and internationally.

In Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, the concept of japa in which people flee harsh economic circumstances in quest of better possibilities, has become more common. This study investigates the critical problem of brain drain in Nigeria as the largest populated country in Africa, concentrating on the reasons that contribute to the phenomena, such as a lack of access to lucrative opportunities and widespread inequality. The study examined the dynamics of migration using a mathematical model that accounts for the population of the emigration source, the number of opportunities at the source, the size of the emigration population, and the population of returnees. We estimated the model’s parameters based on actual data from trusted sources. We derived and explained the basic emigration number, emigration-free, and persistent emigration equilibrium states of the model. Sensitivity studies were used to understand how different model parameters affect the emigration rate and the basic emigration number. This analysis highlights the relationship between economic, societal, and personal factors that influence migration, providing valuable insights for policymakers and scholars addressing migration issues. Our findings emphasize the necessity of developing equitable opportunities to mitigate brain drain and suggest strategies for retaining talent within the country.