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Identification of tephra and its allocation (association) with known eruptive events allows obtainng chronostratigraphic markers, on the basis of which an age scale for dating glacial strata can be developed. To determine the sources of ash in the ice core obtained in 2022 during drilling of glacier in the crater of the Ushkovsky volcano in Kamchatka, the chemical composition of volcanic glass in individual ash particles was analyzed. The accuracy of determination of the volcanic glass composition was verified by analyzing of international standard samples of volcanic and synthetic glass. Based on a comparison of the data we obtained with published data on the composition of tephra glasses from the present-day eruptions in Kamchatka, we determined affiliation of each tephra horizon to specific volcano-source. We have found that the main source of tephra in the ice core of the Ushkovsky Glacier is the Kliuchevskoi volcano, which is the closest and the most productive one among the Kamchatka volcanoes. Ash particles from Bezymyannyi volcano were identified in two horizons. A mixed population of particles was found in one of the horizons, including the ash particles from volcanoes Kizimen, Kliuchevskoi and Bezymyannyi. Analysis of published data on the chronology and distribution of ash plumes from known eruptive events made it possible to confidently correlate the tephra horizon at a depth of 762–777 cm with the initial phase of the eruption of the Kizimen volcano in late 2010–early 2011. Ash from the uppermost tephra buried in the glacier at depths of 89–94 cm belongs to the Bezymyannyi volcano eruption, which the most likely occurred in October 2020. Single particles with rhyolitic composition of glass in the sample from the depth of 348–354 cm may belong to the eruption of the Shiveluch volcano in December 2018. The results of our work can be used on further studying of the ice core from the Ushkovsky volcano, in particular for comparison and correlation with the chronostratigraphic data obtained by glacio-chemical and isotope methods.

During the experiment, carried out in two stages, a thin-film coating of molybdenum is obtained on substrates made of steel grade HVG. The first stage included preliminary ion implantation of molybdenum. The second stage is the production of a thin-film molybdenum coating by balanced magnetron sputtering. During the study using scanning electron microscopy, microphotographs are obtained that visually confirmed the uniformity and homogeneity of the thin-film coating. The values of average surface roughness Sa is obtained by probe microscopy suggest that it decreases after applying a thin-film coating. Using the energy dispersive analysis method, the mass concentration of molybdenum on the surface of the modified tool steel was determined, which is 92,4 %. Experimental modes of modification of KhVG steel with a thin-film coating have been obtained, which have a significant effect on the average roughness and microhardness of its surface. It has been shown that the experimental modes used in the work make it possible to obtain a strengthening of the surface of HVG steel after applying a thin-film coating of molybdenum, with preliminary ion implantation several times. The adhesion force between the thin-film coating and the HVG steel substrate is determined. High adhesion values obtained using the method proposed by Gerald Frankel from Ohio State University indicate good quality of the applied coating. All of the above indicates the prospects of using the above-mentioned methodology in the mechanical engineering industry.

Samples of an isotropic hard magnetic alloy Fe–30Cr–20Co–2V were obtained using the powder metallurgy method. The effect of temperature and time of isothermal exposure, as well as the cooling rate, on magnetic properties of the material is studied. Optimal heat treatment modes were determined. The most sensitive parameter is established to be the temperature at the beginning of treatment. The effect of vanadium doping on the phase and elemental composition depending on heat treatment conditions is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of 2-amino-4-methyl-6-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenylformamide, 4рnitro-m-xylene, 2-nitro-m-xylene, o-bromonitrobenzene, o-nitroethylbenzene, p-nitroaniline, 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)urea, 1-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)urea, pрnitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,7,8,12,18-hexamethyl-13,17-di-n-butylporphine, 5р(4-nitrophenyl)-2,3,7,8,12,18-hexamethyl-13,17-di-n-butylporphine, 5,15-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetra-n-butylporphine and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-nitrophenyl)porphine in the presence of palladium-containing aminated activated carbon has been studied under mild conditions (solvent, ethanol; T = 25–45°C; and = 1 atm). It has been found that strong substituents of the first kind in aromatic nitro compounds accelerate the hydrogenation of the nitro group and the hydrogenation of porphyrins containing nitro groups on the periphery of a macrocyclic ring afford the corresponding amino derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the oxide layer stability of certified dental implants of system "P", made based on TiO 2 alloy with carbon coating. To perform a comparative statistical analysis of the obtained data with the available data for the dental implants of systems "A" and "B". X-ray microtomography and X-ray fluorescence analysis were used to study soft tissue biopsy specimens. Supernatants were studied by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy when simulating free emission of nanoscale metal oxide particles from the surface of dental implants as well as when simulating physical loading. A comparative analysis of three parameters of nanoscale particles was performed by statistical data analysis. The surface of the "P" system dental implant with surface treatment was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Both free emission of nanoscale oxide layer particles and yield of nano- and microscale particles during simulation of physical load were confirmed. Statistically significant differences were noted in a comparative analysis of the size and frequency of occurrence of these particles in the supernatants obtained from the surfaces of three dental implant systems. The elemental composition of the particles and the composition and structure of the "P" system dental implants themselves were analyzed. The developed method of dynamic light scattering can be used to compare the stability of the oxide layer of standardized medical products manufactured on the basis of the TiO 2 alloy. • Dynamic light scattering - new method for assessing the stability of the oxide layer of medical devices has been developed. • The parameters of nanoparticles determine the surface quality of dental implants. • Particle size, change in the signal intensity parameters with high reliability during statistical data processing. • Elemental composition of supernatants agrees with the results of elemental analysis of dental implants themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological and anatomical features of new cultivars with photosynthesis of C3 (Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. cv. ‘Narodnaya’) and C4 (Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. ‘Valentina’) were established by light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as energy-dispersive analysis. The leaf lamina of Actinidia kolomikta cv. ‘Narodnaya’ has a dorsoventral anatomical structure, anomocytic stomata on the abaxial epidermis and two types of trichomes: multicellular, uniseriate hairs and multicellular bristle-like protrusions, containing raphids. The needle-like raphides are located in subepidermal layers along the veins. A vascular system of petiole consists of two upper concentric bundles and the crescentic vascular strand. A starch sheat is present. Raphides (needle-shaped and rectangular) are located in phloem and cortical parenchyma cells, contain Ca, K, Mg, P and Si. The leaf lamina of Amaranthus tricolor cv. ‘Valentina’ have the kranz-anatomy, dorsiventral mesophyll and contain druses. Betacyanins are concentrated in the epidermis and mesophyll, but are not present in the bundle sheath. The number of vascular bundles in petioles is odd-numbered and variable (from 5 to 13). Trichomes are multicellular, uniseriate, ending in a large oval cell. Cells with betacyanins are present in the epidermis cortex, and, rarely, the collenchyma and phloem of the petiole. Cells with betaxanthins are absent. A starch sheat is brightly pigmented with betacyanins. The crystall sand is deposited in the parenchyma cells of the cortex and pith of the petiole and contains Ca (mainly) and K oxalates. Druses in the leaf lamina additionally contain Mg and P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an experimental study of the effect of thermal annealing on the structure, surface morphology and optical properties of thin films of aluminum nitride on sapphire are presented. Thin films of aluminum nitride on sapphire with a thickness of 200 nm were annealed in air and in a nitrogen atmosphere at a residual gas pressure in the vacuum chamber of the ion-beam deposition unit of no less than 100 Pa at a temperature of 850°C. It was found that thermal annealing of aluminum nitride films on sapphire in a nitrogen atmosphere leads to a decrease in the root mean square roughness of the films to 0,8 nm, an increase in the transmittance in the wavelength range of 300 — 1000 nm up to 96%, and an increase in the stoichiometry of the films. It is shown that for aluminum nitride films annealed in air on sapphire, aluminum nitride is oxidized to form amorphous aluminum oxide at a temperature of 850 °C. The results of energy dispersive analysis showed the complete absence of nitrogen on the surface of these films. A decrease in the transmittance over the entire wavelength range for films AlN annealed in air makes them unsuitable for use in optoelectronics. The surface morphology of these films is an array of pointed formations with a maximum height 190,7 nm and an arithmetic mean surface roughness 3,7 nm.

A new method for the electrodeposition of copper on oxidized aluminum alloys to form electrolytic coatings exhibiting high performance properties has been discussed. The effect of an azo compound—methyl red (MR)—additive on the structure and physicomechanical properties of the copper coatings formed on oxidized aluminum has been studied. Samples of aluminum alloys AD1M and AMg6BM have been subjected to an anodic treatment under identical conditions in two oxidation electrolytes of different compositions. Copper has been electrodeposited on oxidized aluminum alloy samples using a standard copper plating electrolyte. Comparison with a copper plating electrolyte of an identical composition with an MR azo dye additive has been conducted. The microstructure and adhesive properties of the copper coating formed on oxidized aluminum alloys have been studied. The relationship between the physicomechanical properties of the copper coating (microhardness, open porosity, adhesion) and the action of an azo dye additive in the copper plating electrolyte has been studied. The use of this technology will make it possible not only to increase the reliability and durability of machine parts and mechanisms but also to restore old parts and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines TiAlN and CrAlSiN coatings with a thickness of 0.8–4.0 μm deposited by plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition in vacuum on nitrided and carburized steel substrates. The coatings have different structural morphologies: a homogeneous monolayer structure, a multilayer structure with different-thickness layers, and a heterogeneous multiphase structure. A range of coating mechanical properties, including hardness H and elastic modulus E, as well as special properties characterizing the resistance to elastic H/E and plastic H3/E2 deformation is studied by indentation testing at different loads. The applicability of PVD coatings for increasing the wear resistance of splines in heavily loaded friction pairs is investigated. Tribological tests were conducted on a friction machine at a load comparable to the working loads in the spline contact region. A multilayer coating showed better mechanical characteristics than a monolayer one. The strength of the multilayer coating deposited on a solid substrate increased with decreasing layer thickness. The most structure sensitive mechanical characteristic is the plastic deformation resistance H3/E2, which increases considerably at a nanoscale layer thickness (<100 nm), while the hardness H and elastic deformation resistance H/E depend weakly on the layer thickness. Unlike the mechanical properties, the structure of the coatings is not always a significant wear resistance parameter. The dominant factor in the conducted tests is the wear mechanisms. TiAlN coatings are shown to rapidly degrade and wear out due to oxidative wear. CrAlSiN coatings under the same test conditions wear off by the fatigue mechanism. The coatings with a heterogeneous multiphase nanostructure exhibit the best mechanical properties and high wear resistance under severe friction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd–Pt thin films over titanium substrates were coated through electro-less deposition method as a function of pH values. It is concluded that highly acidic medium is helpful in achieving high amount of Pd–Pt coatings. The prepared thin films of different Pd–Pt ratios were characterized using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated under static air conditions for hydrogen and oxygen recombination reaction. The developed catalysts have been found to be highly efficient for removal of hydrogen. Comparison of the hydrogen evaluation reaction, HER by Pd/Pt bimetallic catalysts with different percentages of Pd and Pt was measured and concluded that the hydrogen removal efficiency of catalyst having 35 wt % palladium and 65 wt % platinum (Pd35Pt65) prepared at pH value 1.2 was the best. The catalytic efficiency of all catalysts was in the range of 67% whereas the best sample was Pd35Pt65 deposited at a pH value of 1.2 and its efficiency was of the order of 86.7 ± 2%. Thus, it is concluded that these films may be used as sensors to monitor HER reactions and may be used at places where removal of atomic hydrogen is desired to avoid accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high power density and compactness of the next generation electronic devices necessitate efficient and effective cooling methods for heat dissipation in order to maintain the temperature at an acceptable safety level. In the present work, aluminum nanocoating was employed in a heat sink to study the heat transfer performance under natural-convection conditions. The nanocoating was achieved using an electron beam method while the characteristics of nanocoated surfaces were analysed using SEM, an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, surface roughness profilometry equipment and by X-ray diffraction techniques. The heat dissipation from heat sink with and without nanocoating under natural-convection has been experimentally studied at different controllable surrounding temperatures. A uniform increase in the surface roughness by the nanocoating was seen in all cases. The conclusion from several experimental results was that the effect of nanocoating in augmenting the heat transfer is more pronounced only when there is a sufficient temperature driving potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation of the sizes and chemical compositions of martensite plates in the structure of powder-metallurgy shape memory alloy Fe - 14 wt.% Mn - 6 wt.% Si - 9 wt.% Cr - 5 wt.% Ni is studied. Apart of the specimens is fabricated from mechanically alloyed powder. Tensile tests of the alloy are performed after 4% deformation and after deformation and heat treatment at 700 and 1100°C. The effect of the treatment on the structure of the alloy is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-phase steels containing 0.34 - 2.26 wt.% Si are studied after quenching from the intercritical temperature range. The critical temperatures Ac and Ac of the steels are determined. The effect of silicon and of the time of holding at 740 - 810°C on the volume fraction of austenite and on the coefficient of silicon distribution between austenite and ferrite is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a study on structural, dielectric and surface morphological properties of ball clay with wet grinding is undertaken. The wet grinding treatment was performed using ball and vibro mills for different time spells of 2, 4, 8 and 16 h. The raw material and ground ball clay samples were subjected to the XRD, LCR meter and SEM to investigate the structural, dielectric and morphological properties respectively. The compositional analysis of the raw material was also carried out using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD patterns reveal that the kaolinite is the main clay mineral along with quartz and the samples become amorphous in nature with grinding treatment. The dielectric constant and dissipation factors are also calculated with frequency and temperature. The ground sample for 8 h shows maximum dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies respectively while ground sample for 16 h shows maximum dielectric constant at 1 MHz. An increase in dielectric constant at the high frequency range (∼MHz) is observed with grinding treatment. The SEM studies reveal that the grains are densely packed, well defined and having continuous solid phase. The grain size is observed to be reduced with wet grinding due to increase in surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning-electron microscope images of the surface of (3HgSe)(InSe) crystals (undoped and doped with 3 d elements) in the backscattered and secondary electron modes are recorded. The elemental composition of the crystals is determined by energy dispersive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White globules of solid sulfur modification are obtained from saturated aqueous solutions. The chemical composition, morphology, and structure of the white sediment are investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the white sediment contains an unknown modification of globular hexagonal sulfur with globule sizes of 5-10 μm and interplanar distances of 0.45, 0.29, and 0.15 nm. A single absorption band at 880 cm is found in the Raman scattering spectra of the saturated solutions above the sediment. It is suggested that the white sediment consists of condensed S phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fine-grained W–2Mo–7Ni–3Fe heavy alloys were fabricated by low-energy ball milling (LEBM)-assisted spark plasma sintering at a temperature range of 1000–1250°C. The effects of sintering temperature on the phase evolution, microstructural characteristics, and mechanical properties of the alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness testing, and universal testing. The XRD results show that small intermetallic compounds, such as NiW and Ni2W4C, form in the alloys. The W–2Mo–7Ni–3Fe alloys are characterized by white W grains, a gray W-rich microstructure that contains Mo, and a black γ–(Ni, Fe, W, Mo) binding phase. The X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDS) shows that the Mo, Ni, and Fe that form a solid solution with W in the gray structure gradually decrease with increasing temperature. The hardness and bending strength of the alloys initially increase and then decrease with rising sintering temperature. Moreover, the alloys sintered at different temperatures exhibit dissimilar bending fracture modes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nuclear techniques and other techniques using ionising radiation represent a valuable tool in non-destructive diagnostics applied to archaeological finds and objects of arts, namely for determining the composition of materials used in the production of artefacts. X-ray fluorescence analysis, both in its energy form and in its wave dispersive form, is one of the most widespread methods using ionising radiation to study the elemental composition of materials. It is frequently used for studies of various cultural and historic relicts and objects of art. This work summarizes the authors’ experience with X-ray fluorescence analysis in investigating historical frescos namely by means of portable provide spectroscopic devices. The results of these measurements information on the composition of the pigments, enable the comparison of processes used in the fabrication of pigments by individual artists, and in many cases offer information on how to repair the damaged parts.

A method for obtaining quantitative mean atomic number images in a scanning electron microscope for different kinds of samples has been developed. The backscattered electron signal is monotonically increasing with the mean atomic number Z, and accordingly Z can be given as a function of the image gray levels. From results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, an exponential function is fitted to convert the backscattered registered gray levels into a Z image map. Once this fitting was performed, the reproducibility of the Z determination was checked through the acquisition of backscattered electron images from metal and mineral standards. The developed method can be applied to any unknown sample, always controlling the experimental conditions, as shown here for a thin section of a rock in which several unknown mineral phases are present; the results obtained herein are compared to quantitative assessments performed with X-ray spectra from each mineral phase. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: We report structural features and electrical conductivity behaviour of the potassium doped LaMnO3 perovskite. La1−x K x MnO3 perovskites (x = 0.1, 0.125 and 0.150) have been prepared by the solid-state reaction method and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dc electrical resistivity. The Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns identify rhombohedrally-distorted structure with space group . The resistivity of all the samples exhibit metal–insulator transition, at about 244, 259, and 280 K, respectively which enhances on application of 5 T field. At low temperatures (≤30 K), resistivity shows an upturn which on application of magnetic field ≈ 5 T suppresses. The metallic resistivity (H = 0, 5 T) behaviour is analysed in terms of electron–phonon, electron–electron and electron–spin fluctuation scattering. The small polaron conduction is adequate to explain semiconducting resistivity (H = 0, 5 T). The resistivity upturn (H = 0) is explained by considering Coulomb interaction and Kondo-like spin dependent scattering. For H = 5 T, Coulomb interaction between carriers strongly enhanced by disorder is sufficient to explain the resistivity upturn. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the electronic structures and x-ray phase analysis of several bismutites, bismuth carbonate. Topics mentioned include the bismuth oxide analysis, the crystal structure of bismuth, and the electron distribution. Also mentioned are the analysis of oxygen atom transfer reaction, the bismuth atoms analysis, and the oxides of transitive iron groups.

Samples of the thoria thermal shroud from the plenum and a deposition coupon from a filter cartridge of the FPT4 test of the Phebus PF project were examined using electron-optical analysis and by photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The aim was to determine the nature of the fission product deposits formed under conditions of severe nuclear accidents. The plenum had considerable deposits containing Zr, Mo, Ba, Cs, and locally U was found by energy dispersive analysis. The XPS analysis showed that the deposits are mostly in oxidic form, but no U was found in the deposit, although chemical analysis showed considerable amounts present. A possible explanation is that there is layering of the deposit and that U is not released in the early stages. The coupon had very sparse deposits with only occasional U and Re particles; however large, pure Cs particles were observed on the surface that may have come from the filter deposits upstream. Thus an estimate of the deposition behaviour of fission product and fuel dispersed under extreme nuclear accident conditions is built up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of two model glasses with chemical compositions similar to medieval stained glass were exposed to the natural environment at 23 test sites for a period of 6 months, 1 and 2 years within an exposure programme of the “Working Group of Effects on Materials, Including Historic and Cultural Monuments” of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations. During the exposure the environmental data were measured and collected at each test site in order to enable a correlation between the pollutant load in the ambient atmosphere and the weathering phenomena of the glass samples. After the exposure, which was performed in a sheltered as well as in an unsheltered mode for gaining information about the influence of dry and wet deposition of air pollutants, the glass samples were analysed in the scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive microanalysis (SEM/EDX). Model glass M1 – a potassium rich glass – was covered to a high amount with crystalline weathering products (above all syngenite), whereas glass M3 – a glass with a higher Ca and Si content – turned out to be more stable against weathering. This glass was covered with gypsum and arcanite crystals but in total to a less extent than glass M1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the application of X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy in the environmental scanning electron microscope is reviewed. Various techniques that have been used to remove the effects of the beam spreading in the gaseous environment are discussed, specifically the pressure variation techniques and the beam-stop method. The results of the application of modified versions, developed at the University of Michigan, are also presented. It is shown that quantitative analysis in the environmental SEM, operating at 30 kV, is possible at short working distances (6 mm to 7.2 mm, gas path length 1.2 mm to 2.2 mm) in the 70 to 350 Pa range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has insufficient resolution to separate the individual lines of low energy L-series peaks. However, the mass absorption coefficients for Lα and Lβ radiation differ significantly for elements with atomic numbers between 21 and 32. Effective mass absorption coefficients for the entire L-shell emission were determined by measuring the variation of the X-ray intensities emitted from pure element standards, as a function of the accelerating voltage, and fitting the experimental data with a theoretical curve using the XMAC software. These experimentally determined mass absorption coefficients were compared with average values calculated on the basis of the theoretical line intensities, taking into account the primary vacancy generation and the radiationless Coster-Kronig transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the elemental composition of the mineral deposits found in human calcific aortic valvar stenosis and to verify by x ray diffraction crystal class previously reported by electron diffraction 138 quantitative energy dispersive analyses and x ray diffraction of pooled specimens were performed on samples of aortic valves excised from 12 patients. The principal components of the calcified portions of the valves were 38.15% calcium and 17.68% phosphorus. The weight percentage calcium to phosphorus ratio was 2.16 and an elemental distributin related to the simplest ideal unit cell formulation Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 was determined as: (Ca0.952Mg0.044Na0.097K0.005)10 (P0.952S0.025C0.023)6O23.96(Cl0.0184O0.982H)2. The hexagonal unit cell was found to have an a axis of 9.424 Å(0.9424 nm); c axis of 6.787 Å(0.6787 nm); volume of 522 Å3(0.522nm3); and density of 3.2 g·cm−3. On the bases of the composition, the axial dimensions, and the density the material was classified as the dahllite form of apatite. There was no evidence of crystalline cholesterol. Variations in elemental composition showed no significant correlation with age or sex of the patient; statistically, neither the cusp involved nor the location on the leaflet affected the mineral composition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drip irrigation using fertilizers is one of the commonly used methods to save fertilizer and minimize the impacts of fertilizer on the soil and the environment. However, the clogging issue of drip fertigation systems has been the major limitation and may lead to system damage if fertilizer solution concentrations are not appropriately selected. Therefore, the head loss, flow rates, and clogging substances of screen and disc filters were analyzed to evaluate the effect of different fertilizer solution concentrations on filter clogging under different injection rates (2%, 3%, and 4%) and fertilizer-water ratios (1:4, 1:5, and 1:6) in drip fertigation systems. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the clogging substances were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results showed that the large injection rate caused uneven fertilization, and the recommend injection rates of the proportional fertilizer pump were 2% and 3%. In the same fertilizer solution concentration range, the difference in head loss of the screen filter (0.09–7.75 m) was larger than that of the disc filter (0.32–3.88 m), indicating that the anti-clogging performance of the disc filter was better. Meanwhile, the application scope of the fertilizer solution concentration of the screen filter was less than 0.117% and that of the disc filter was between 0.117% and 0.296%. There was a significant effect of the fertilizer solution concentrations on filter clogging (P < 0.05). The interaction between the fertilizer solution concentrations and filter types had a more significant effect on filter clogging (P < 0.01). The clogging substances consisted of undissolved phosphate fertilizers and silicates as well as carbonate and phosphate precipitations generated by chemical reactions. The clogging mechanism was a physical and chemical coupling process when using phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, the use of fertilizers, especially phosphate fertilizers, contributed to the generation of clogging substances. Fertilizer solution concentrations and type of fertilizers should therefore be considered in the anti-clogging performance of filters in drip fertigation systems. ● Fertilizer solution concentrations affect the clogging of filter in drip fertigation systems. ● The clogging substances of filters were silicates, carbonate precipitates, and insoluble phosphates. ● The mechanism of clogging was physical and chemical coupling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the electron structure of LaSrBiO4 and GdSrBiO4 solid phase technology and synthesis using energy-dispersive spectral method. Initial components including bismuth oxides, rare-earth element (REE) oxides and alkali-earth metal carbonate were used for complex oxide synthesis. It uses a JEOL JSM-5910 scanning electron microscope for microstructural analysis with energy-dispersive spectra for the microanalysis of specimen.

• The thermoplasmonics LIBWE uses a plasmon precursor as a laser absorbing medium. • The high temperatures and pressures at interface ensure efficient laser ablation. • The methods of electron microscopy indicates the formation of plasmonic structures. • The mechanisms for the creation and modification of nanomaterials are discussed. The nanoparticles and nanostructures formed during the thermoplasmonics laser-induced backside wet etching of sapphire were studied using electron microscopy and X-Ray energy dispersive analysis. It is shown that the generation and subsequent modification of nanoparticles result in the formation of various plasmonic structures, such as crystalline silver nanoaggregates and hybrid structures obtained due to the interaction of the sapphire decomposition products with silver nanoparticles, such as randomly mixed nanoalloys and Al/O nanoaglomerates surrounded by silver nanoparticles. Possible mechanisms for the creation and modification of nanomaterials depending on the localization of the thermoplasmonics process in space and time are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]