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BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance of Enterobacterales poses a major challenge in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), standard microbiological (i.e. urine culture and simple disk diffusion test) methods are considered the gold standard for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing, while PCR and DNA sequencing are less commonly used. In this study, we aimed to re-identifying Enterobacterales as the primary bacterial agents responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of traditional microbiological methods with advanced molecular techniques for the detection of uropathogens in indigenous women from Otavalo, Ecuador. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022 among Kichwa-Otavalo women. Pathogens from urine samples were identified using culture and biochemical typing. Morphological identification was doble-checked through PCR and DNA sequencing of 16S, recA, and rpoB molecular barcodes. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility-testing using disk diffusion test. RESULTS: This study highlighted a 32% misidentification rate between biochemical and molecular identification. Using traditional methods, E. coli was 26.19% underrepresented meanwhile Klebsiella oxytoca was overrepresented by 92.86%. Furthermore, the genera Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Serratia were confirmed to be E. coli and Klebsiella spp. by molecular method, and one Klebsiella spp. was reidentified as Enterobacter spp. The susceptibility profile showed that 59% of the isolates were multidrug resistant strains and 31% produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Co-trimoxazole was the least effective antibiotic with 61% of the isolates resistant. Compared to previous reports, resistance to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin showed an increase in resistance by 25% and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired UTIs in indigenous women in Otavalo were primarily caused by E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Molecular identification (16S/rpoB/recA) revealed a high rate of misidentification by standard biochemical and microbiological techniques, which could lead to incorrect antibiotic prescriptions. UTI isolates in this population displayed higher levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics compared with non-indigenous groups. Accurate identification of pathogens causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility in local populations is important for local antibiotic prescribing guidelines.

Proteus mirabilis is a leading cause of urinary tract infections and a common commensal of the gastrointestinal tract. Our recent study (JB) showed that P. mirabilis strain BL95 employs a novel contact-dependent killing system against enteric bacteria in the mouse gut and in vitro. To uncover the genetic determinants of this system, we performed whole-genome sequencing of BL95 and compared it with 98 complete genomes of P. mirabilis. BL95 carries 56 coding sequences (CDSs) not found in other P. mirabilis. Over half of these unique genes are located on a novel integrative conjugative element (ICE) named ICEPm2, inserted in tRNA-Phe and exclusive to BL95. ICEPm2 has integration, conjugation, and DNA replication modules nearly identical to ICEPm1 (common in P. mirabilis), but ICEPm2 of BL95 carries two unique operons for P. mirabilis-a phenazine biosynthesis and a contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system. ICEPm2 is absent in the P. mirabilis (AR_0156) closest to BL95 and it is present in the genomes of several Escherichia coli from mouse intestines, indicating its recent horizontal mobilization. BL95 shares over 100 genes of five different secretion systems with other P. mirabilis, mostly poorly studied, making a large pool of candidate genes for the contact-dependent growth inhibition.

The aim of this study was to investigate the penetration of cefepime into rat peritoneal fluid by microdialysis and to determine the relationship between unbound drug plasma and tissue concentration in healthy animals and in a sepsis model established through cecal ligation and puncture‐induced peritonitis. Probe recovery was performed by dialysis and retrodialysis. Cefepime was administered at a dose of 110 mg/kg intravenously. Samples were collected for about 4 h, and concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐QTOF MS. Tissue penetration was also determined. Probe recovery in vivo was 38.78% ± 3.31% and 38.83% ± 2.74% in the control and peritonitis groups, respectively. Cefepime was rapidly distributed in the peritoneal fluid in both groups. The peritoneal fluid/plasma cefepime ratio was 0.38 and 0.32 for the control and peritonitis groups, respectively. Cefepime concentrations were above the MIC of 4 mg/L for the main enterobacteria. The infection model that was used had no apparent effect on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime in rats. This was the first study to determine free cefepime concentrations in the peritoneal fluid of healthy rats and rats with experimental peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to check the effect of prebiotics extracted from citrus peels on the growth of both probiotic bacteria i.e. Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium and enteric bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli in a milk-based model. For this purpose, the prebiotic from citrus peels was extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction and their prebiotic activity scores were calculated for two probiotic bacterial strains i.e. Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium. Afterwards, their growth patterns were studied in a milk-based model in different concentrations of prebiotics in individual and co-culture systems of both probiotic and enteric bacteria. The results showed significant effect of prebiotic concentration on the growth of bacteria supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria and hindering the growth of E. coli. This effect was more pronounced when enteric bacteria (E. coli) were co-cultured with probiotic bacteria i.e. L. reuteri and Bifidobacterium. Similarly, the growth of E. coli was hindered when grown in co-culture of L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium and E. coli. Conclusively, the citrus peel prebiotic was found to modulate the growth of probiotic bacteria while hindering the growth of enteric bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmids are molecular genetic tools used for trans-complementation and gene expression in bacteria. Challenges faced by researchers include limited repertoire of antibiotic resistance of plasmids, issues related to plasmid compatibility and restricted or incompatible multiple cloning sites when needing to change plasmid copy number to tune production of their protein of interest. In this study, a series of plasmids were generated with compatible multiple cloning sites and homologous DNA regions to allow for modular cloning for rapid exchange of antibiotic resistance and plasmid origin. Plasmids generated in this series have options for high, mid, and low plasmid copy number, and have either an integrated FLAG epitope in the multiple cloning site or possess an uninterrupted multiple cloning site with the option of using the common LacZ-based blue/white screening method. Low copy plasmids also have one of five antibiotic selection markers. To demonstrate functionality of these plasmids, a representative FLAG tagged protein and mCherry were cloned into the low copy plasmids and expressed in various bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. In conclusion, by creating a new plasmid series, we have expanded the toolkit of available molecular biology tools for bacterial work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an increasing problem for patients today. Data on clinical samples for ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae for surgical site infection patients in developing countries are limited, including Ethiopia, mainly due to resource constraints. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among patients suspected to have surgical site infection at Hospital in Southern Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 suspected surgical site infections from June 1, 2022 to August 30, 2022 at Hospitals in Southern Ethiopia. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained by using a structured questionnaire. Clinical samples (pus, pus aspirates, and wound swabs) were collected aseptically and processed within 30 min by placing the swabs in sterile test tubes containing sterile normal saline (0.5 mL). Samples were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar plates. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed using Kirby Baur disk diffusion on Mueller–Hinton agar. ESBL production was confirmed using a double-disc synergy test (DDST) method. Carbapenemase production was assessed using the modified Hodge test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associated factors. A P -value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: Bacteria belonging to the order Enterobacterales were cultured in 23.7% out of 422 patients with suspected surgical wound infection. Of all the isolates, Enterobacteriaceae (69 isolates) were the most frequent, with E. coli (29/69) followed by K. pneumoniae (14/69). Of 69 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 66.6 % (46/69) were positive for ESBL production, and 21.7 (15/69) were positive for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The majority of Enterobacteriaceae isolates showed sensitivity to meropenem (72.1%); however revealed 63.9% and 70.5% were resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Similarly, a higher resistance rate to cefepime (91.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (98.4%), ceftriaxone (95.1%), and ceftazidime (91.8%). MDR rate of Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 25/61 (41%) among patients suspected for surgical site infection. The Multivariable analysis revealed that length of hospital stay in hospital [AOR = 3.81 (95% CI 2.08–6.95)] remained statistically significant factor associated with surgical site infection due to ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusion: Study results showed the severity of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is critical and CPE is alarming. Meropenem is the most effective antibiotic against the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. MDR rate of Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 61 (61%) among patients suspected for surgical site infection. Therefore, antibiotic selection should be based on the results of the culture and sensitivity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External ocular infections are of serious global concern, which cause significant visual morbidity and even blindness, particularly in low-income and resource-limited countries. Herewith, we are reporting the profile of bacteria and fungi causing external ocular infections and the associated factors in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 259 suspected individuals with external ocular infections from 01 January to 10 June 2020 in Arba Minch General Hospital. The demographic data were obtained using a structured questionnaire, while corneal scrapings and conjunctival swabs were collected for culture. Samples were inoculated onto MacConkey, blood, mannitol salt and Sabouraud dextrose agar plates. Bacteria were characterised using conventional microbiological techniques. Fungal isolates were identified by culture and morphology by means of microscopy. Antibiotic susceptibility tests for bacteria were performed via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A logistic regression analysis determined the association between dependent and independent variables; P values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The most common clinical manifestations in culture-proven cases were conjunctivitis (38.6%, n = 100) and blepharoconjunctivitis (25.9%, n = 67). The overall prevalence of external ocular bacterial and fungal infections was 73.2 (n = 115) and 26.8% (n = 42), respectively. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (24.8%, n = 39) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.4%, n = 21) were the predominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria was 71.3% (n = 82). The World Health Organisation-prioritised bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (61.5%, n = 24), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (22.6%, n = 12), and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (15.1%, n = 8) were also detected. The prominent fungi recovered from patients with keratitis and conjunctivitis were Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans, respectively (9.5%, n = 15 each). Age (26–49 years) and family income were statistically associated with ocular infections (P ≤ 0.05). The results provide insights into the characteristics of major ocular bacterial and fungal pathogens circulating in the ophthalmic patients of Arba Minch. Conjunctivitis is the main ocular manifestation observed, with a predominance of S. aureus. More than two-thirds of the ocular bacteria were MDR, and the highest prevalence corresponds to S. aureus. The aggravation of multi-drug resistance, including the WHO-prioritised ones, warrants periodic evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sour rot (SR) is a grapevine disease complex that is not completely understood in its etiology and epidemiology. Recently, SR has received special attention due to its increasing economic importance due to crop losses and reduced wine quality. In this study, the fungal and bacterial microbiota of healthy (i.e., without rot symptoms) and rotten (i.e., exhibiting visual and olfactory SR symptoms) ripe bunches were characterized across 47 epidemics (39 vineyards in six Italian grape-growing areas) over three years. The 16S rRNA gene, ITS high-throughput amplicon sequencing, and quantitative PCR were used to assess the relative abundance and dynamic changes of microorganisms associated with SR. The estimators of genera richness of fungal communities within samples indicated a significantly different diversity between healthy and rotten bunches. For bacterial communities, the healthy and rotten bunches significantly differed in the total number of species, but not in abundance distribution across species. The bunch status (i.e., healthy and rotten) was a significant source of diversity (p < 0.01) when the community composition between samples was evaluated, indicating that microbiome composition varied between healthy and rotten bunches. In particular, healthy and rotten bunches shared 43.1 and 54.8% of fungal and bacterial genera, respectively; 31.3% (fungal) and 26.2% (bacterial) genera were associated with rotten bunches only. The yeast genera Zygosaccharomyces , Zygoascus , Saccharomycopsis , Issatchenkia , and Pichia and the bacterial genera Orbus , Gluconobacter , Komagataeibacter , Gluconacetobacter , and Wolbachia were strongly associated with bunches showing SR symptoms based on a linear discriminant analysis. These microorganisms have been associated with Drosophila insects in literature. The relationships between the microflora associated with SR-affected bunches and the roles of Drosophila in SR development need further investigation, which may open perspectives for more effective disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge, undermining the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs against microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Multidrug resistance (MDR) arises when microorganisms become resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. The World Health Organisation classifies AMR bacteria into priority list – I (critical), II (high) and III (medium), prompting action from nearly 170 countries. Six priority bacterial strains account for over 70% of AMR-related fatalities, contributing to more than 1.3 million direct deaths annually and linked to over 5 million deaths globally. Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumoniae, significantly contribute to AMR fatalities. This systematic literature review explores how machine learning (ML) and multitargeted drug design (MTDD) can combat AMR in Enterobacteriaceae. We followed PRISMA guidelines and comprehensively analysed current prospects and limitations by mining PubMed and Scopus literature databases. Innovative strategies integrating AI algorithms with advanced computational techniques allow for the analysis of vast datasets, identification of novel drug targets, prediction of resistance mechanisms, and optimisation of drug molecules to overcome resistance. Leveraging ML and MTDD is crucial for both advancing our fight against AMR in Enterobacteriaceae, and developing combination therapies that target multiple bacterial survival pathways, reducing the risk of resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decompensated cirrhotic patients experience severely increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Thus, autologous blood salvaged during deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) may be contaminated with enteric bacteria. We aimed to evaluate bacterial contamination of autologous blood salvaged during DDLT and its association with post-transplant bacteremia. In 30 patients undergoing DDLT, bacterial culture was performed in salvaged autologous blood samples: one before graft reperfusion (non-leukoreduced) and two after graft reperfusion (non-leukoreduced and leukoreduced). The primary outcome was bacterial contamination of salvaged autologous blood. Seven of 30 patients (23.3%) were positive for bacteria (3 enteric/4 non-enteric) before graft reperfusion while 11 patients (36.7%) were positive (5 enteric/6 non-enteric) after graft reperfusion. Six of 7 patients who were positive for bacteria before graft reperfusion were positive after graft reperfusion with the same bacteria. Only 4 of 11 contaminated blood samples were converted to negative after leukoreduction. Post-transplant bacteremia risk was insignificantly greater in patients who received autologous blood with bacteria than in patients without bacteria (30.0% vs. 5.0%, P = 0.06). We found contamination of salvaged autologous blood with enteric bacteria throughout DDLT and incomplete performance of leukoreduction, indicating high bacterial load. The potential association between contaminated autotransfusion and post-transplant bacteremia warrants further validation in a larger prospective study. Clinical trial notation: This study was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS; https://cris.nih.go.kr; No. KCT0007223; principal registration investigator: Sangbin Han, date of registration: April 25, 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater serves as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study revealed the presence of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), established clonal relationships among isolates in hospital and municipal wastewater, and identified a high-risk clone in municipal wastewater. A total of 63 isolates of GNB were obtained, with Enterobacterales being the most frequently isolated group (62%). Carbapenemase-producing Lelliottia amnigena, Kluyvera cryocrescens, and Shewanella putrefaciens isolates were documented for the first time in Mexico. The detectableted carbapenemase genes were blaKPC (55%), blaNDM (12%), blaVIM−2 (12%), blaOXA−48 (4%), blaGES (2%), blaNDM−1 (2%), and blaNDM−5 (2%). Clonal relationships were observed among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. isolates, and remarkably the high-risk clone Escherichia coli ST361, carrying blaNDM−5, was identified. This study demonstrates that wastewater harbours carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing bacteria, posing a public health threat that requires epidemiological surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Microbes & Infectious Diseases is the property of Microbes & Infectious Diseases and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern impacting both humans, animals and their environment. The use of oral antimicrobials in livestock, particularly in pigs, has been identified as a driver in the selection of AMR bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of marbofloxacin (8 mg/kg) on Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli populations, as well as on fluoroquinolone resistance within the fecal microbiota of pigs. Twenty healthy pigs, 60-days old, were divided into two groups: a treated group (n = 13) and a control group (n = 7) and were monitored over a 28-day experimental period. Fecal samples were collected from all animals for the isolation of E. coli and Salmonella strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of marbofloxacin for the isolates recovered on MacConkey agar supplemented with 1 or 4 µg/mL of marbofloxacin and for some generic E. coli isolates (recovered from MacConkey agar not supplemented with marbofloxacin) was determined using the broth microdilution method. Genomic DNA was extracted from the confirmed bacterial strains and sequenced using the Sanger method to identify mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes. Results: The single IM administration of marbofloxacin resulted in a significant decrease in Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli fecal populations from days 1 to 3 post- treatment. No Salmonella isolates were detected in either group, and no marbofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates were identified. The MIC of the selected generic E. coli strains (n = 100) showed an increase to up to 0.5 µg/mL between days 1 and 3 post-treatment but remained below the clinical breakpoint of marbofloxacin resistance (4 µg/mL). Sequencing of these isolates revealed no mutations in gyrA and parC genes. Conclusions: The present study showed that this dosing regimen of marbofloxacin significantly decreases the fecal shedding of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli populations in pigs, while limiting the selection of marbofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates. These findings warrant validation in sick pigs to support the selective use of this antibiotic solely in cases of clinical disease, thereby minimizing the reliance on conventional (metaphylactic) group treatments in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malarial and bacterial coinfections in low‐income countries are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality, necessitating coadministration of antibiotics and antimalarials. This study investigated the relationship between malaria infection and bacterial drug resistance in malaria and nonmalaria patients on consultation at the Dschang Regional Hospital. A follow‐up study was carried out from October 2020 to December 2021 on 127 malaria and 174 nonmalaria patients having enteric infections. Clinical and haematological parameters were measured using standard methods. CD4 and CD8 cells were determined using flow cytometry. Enteric bacteria pathogens were isolated from stool, and antimicrobial and antimalarial profiles were determined using agar diffusion and microdilution methods, respectively. Significant reduction of RBCs, WBCs, CD4, CD8, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets was seen in coinfected patients compared to monoinfected participants (p ≤ 0.0491). E. coli was the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of coinfected patients (40.63%) and monoinfected patients (59.37%). E. coli showed a high level of resistance to AMX (57.69%) and CDA (61.54%) in coinfected patients compared to 55.26% and 41.67%, respectively, in monoinfected patients. Quinine (53[50.00%]; 6[42.86%]) presented a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/mL on the bacteria isolates from coinfected and monoinfected patients, respectively, while Artemether 89 (83.96%), Maloxine 5 (3.94%) and Surquina 250 (39.37%) presented a MIC of 64 μg/mL on bacterial isolates of coinfected and monoinfected patients. E. coli showed high resistance against AKI (45.93%), AMX (43.75%) and ERY (59.37%) in malaria patients who were under antimalarial drugs compared to malaria patients who were not under malaria drugs (29.68%, 34.37% and 32.81%, respectively). This study highlights that antimalarial drugs might certainly have an influence on the acquisition and emergence of bacterial resistance in the case of malaria bacterial coinfection, and therefore, adequate management and planning effective control programmes might certainly go a long way to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae present a significant therapeutic challenge. Current developments in phenotypic diagnostics focus primarily on rapid minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. There is a requirement for rapid phenotypic diagnostics to improve antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) and aid prescribing decisions. Phenotypic AST are limited in their ability to characterise beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in detail. Despite advances in rapid AST, gaps and opportunities remain for developing additional diagnostic approaches that facilitate personalised antimicrobial prescribing. In this perspective, we highlight the state-of-the-art in beta-lactamase detection, identify gaps in current practice, and discuss barriers for innovation within this field. In this work, authors aim to address the critical challenges in diagnosing and managing beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which are pivotal in the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe gastrointestinal cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Ghana. The potential role of gut Enterobacteriaceae in the increasing incidence of CRC in Ghana is yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, Enterobacteriaceae from CRC patients and healthy control participants were analyzed by whole genome sequencing to identify genomic features that are associated with CRC. Socio-demographic data showed a significant association between age and alcohol consumption and CRC. Escherichia coli was the most abundant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the study participants and they were predominantly intestinal commensals. Escherichia coli isolates belonging to phylogroup D encoded the highest number of virulence genes. The agn43 and int genes were widespread in Escherichia coli isolates from the CRC patients. Multilocus sequence types of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli from the CRC patients also encoded genes involved in aggregation, adherence and biofilm formation. The ampC2 and ampH antimicrobial resistance genes were also widespread in the genome of the Escherichia coli isolates. This study highlights the virulence tendencies of Escherichia coli from CRC patients and their ability to transfer virulence determinants to other Enterobacteriaceae residing in the gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Plant-based alternatives to meat and dairy products have become increasingly popular in the UK. Despite a public perception that they have a relatively low microbiological risk, outbreaks of illness have been linked with these foods. This study aimed to assess the microbiological safety and quality of vegan alternatives to dairy and meat products available in England. Methods and results Samples were collected between September 2022 and March 2023 from retail, production, and catering premises, and tested for a range of bacterial pathogens and hygiene indicators using standard procedures. A total of 937 samples were tested, of which 92% were of a satisfactory microbiological quality, 3% were borderline, and 5% were unsatisfactory. Those interpreted as unsatisfactory were due to elevated counts of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli (indicators of poor hygiene) rather than pathogenic microorganisms. Listeria monocytogenes was present in five samples of tofu, all from the same producer (all at counts of <100 CFU g–1), while other Listeria species were detected at counts of <20 CFU g–1 in two burgers and two 'vegan chicken' products. The majority of samples did not have pH and water activity values that would significantly contribute to preventing microbial growth: 62.4% had pH > 5.0 and 82.4% had A w > 0.94. Conclusions The majority of vegan products examined were of a satisfactory quality, but results demonstrate that microbiological control must be maintained using appropriate processing and storage temperatures, and application of a safe length of shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) is an important fish species for the Moroccan economy in terms of production and export. Biogenic amine histamine is a metabolite produced in the flesh of some fish species after death due to the decarboxylation of free histidine by histaminogenic bacteria. Failure to control the histamine risk in European pilchard may lead to public health and socioeconomic issues. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of histaminogenic bacteria in association with histamine levels and the growth of microflora in Moroccan sardines (European pilchard). Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by monitoring Moroccan sardines of histamine content and microbiological profile (aerobic plate count [APC], coliforms, and thermo-tolerant coliforms [TTC]) during 6 days of storage at three different temperatures (0°C, 10°C, and ambient temperature [22°C]). The histamine assay was performed using a spectrofluorometric method, and the microbiological identification of histamine-producing bacteria was performed using a combination of biochemical and molecular tests. Results: The histamine content in European pilchard stored at 0°C was negligible. However, high concentrations were observed at 10°C and 22°C. The microbiological profile showed a positive association between microflora counts and histamine content according to storage time. At 0°C, a moderate increase in the APC, a decrease in coliforms, and an absence of TTC were observed. The rapid proliferation of all microflora was observed at 10°C, whereas at 22°C, the proliferation was almost exponential. Bacterial identification revealed the exclusive presence of species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family at varying frequencies depending on storage temperature. Morganella morganii and Proteus mirabilis had the highest histamine induction rates in L-histidine-supplemented broth, with 1600 and 255 parts per million (ppm), respectively, after 48-h incubation at 35°C. Klebsiella ozaenae could produce 136 ppm and Serratia plymuthica 115 ppm. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed positive results for the presence of genes associated with histidine decarboxylase. The hdc genes of M. morganii, P. mirabilis, and K. ozaenae were successfully amplified and exhibited strong similarity with the reference gene of M. morganii. Conclusions: This study describes for the first time the hdc gene in bacteria that form histamine in Moroccan sardines. The results also confirm that respect for the cold chain integrity is a crucial factor in histamine management. This information should help stakeholders in the implementation of sound strategies for managing the hazards associated with seafood and their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One highlighted pathogenesis mechanism of diseases is the negative impact of pro-inflammatory diets (PD) on the gut microbiome. This systematic review aimed to study the link between dietary inflammatory index (DII), as an indicator of PD, and gut microbiome. Methods: A systematic search was done in PubMed and Scopus, adhering to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. The assessment of the included studies' quality was performed using the critical appraisal checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Ten articles were included eight cross-sectional, one case-control, and, one cohort study. Seven and three included articles reported a weak and moderate relationship between gut microbiome and DII scores, respectively. DII scores were linked to variety in microbiome composition and diversity/richness. More importantly, anti-inflammatory diets as measured by lower DII scores were linked to a more desirable gut microbiome profile. Prevotella stercorea, Veillonella rogosae, Morganella morganii, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium nodatum, Alistipes intestine, Clostridium leptum, Morganellaceae family, Enterobacteriaceae family, and, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were related to higher DII scores. While, Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Akkermansia muciniphila were related to lower DII scores. Conclusion: An anti-inflammatory diet, as measured by a lower DII score, might be linked to variations in the composition and variety of the microbiome. Therefore, the DII score could be useful in microbiota research, however, this possibility needs to be investigated more precisely in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates three commercial lateral flow immunoassays for detecting carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing the importance of accurate identification for infection control and treatment. Results showed varying detection capabilities for different carbapenemase families, underscoring the need for timely identification. The document provides a detailed overview of various strains of bacteria, their species, and the carbapenemases they possess, essential for understanding resistance patterns and aiding in research and treatment strategies. The study found that while all three systems exhibited 100% specificity, some variants were missed, indicating challenges in diagnostic sensitivity and the need for further testing to enhance performance. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of gases, temperature, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and aerobic stability of Tanzânia grass haylage wrapped in films of different thicknesses. Gas production and temperature were evaluated on storage days in 4 × 5 factorial scheme (four films: 27, 10, 11 and 13 µm and five storage times: 0, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days). Fermentation characteristics were evaluated in 4 × 4 factorial scheme (four films: 27, 10, 11 and 13 µm and four storage times: 7, 15, 30 and 60 days). Aerobic stability was evaluated in 4 × 3 factorial scheme (four films: 27, 10, 11 and 13 µm and three times of exposure to air: 0, 48 and 96 h). The lowest pH value of the evaluated haylages was found at 60 days. The largest population of lactic acid bacteria and smallest populations of enterobacteria were observed in the haylage wrapped in the film of 13 µm at 60 days. The haylage wrapped in the film of 13 µm had the highest values of dry matter and crude protein. When using Tanzânia grass for haylage making, it is recommended to use the polyvinyl chloride film of 13 µm and storage time of 60 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact precautions are recommended when caring for patients with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CPPA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Our aim was to determine the interpretation of contact precautions and associated infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the non-ICU hospital setting for patients with CPE, CPPA or ESBL-E in 11 hospitals in the Southwest of the Netherlands. A cross-sectional survey was developed to collect information on all implemented IPC measures, including use of personal protective equipment, IPC measures for visitors, cleaning and disinfection, precautions during outpatient care and follow-up strategies. All 11 hospitals were invited to participate between November 2020 and April 2021. The survey was filled together with each hospital. All hospitals installed isolation precautions for patients with CPE and CPPA during inpatient care and day admissions, whereas 10 hospitals (90.9%) applied isolation precautions for patients with ESBL-E. Gloves and gowns were always used during physical contact with the patient in isolation. Large variations were identified in IPC measures for visitors, cleaning and disinfection products used, and precautions during outpatient care. Four hospitals (36.4%) actively followed up on CPE or CPPA patients with the aim of declaring them CPE- or CPPA-negative as timely as possible, and two hospitals (20.0%) actively followed up on ESBL-E patients. Contact precautions are interpreted differently between hospitals, leading to regional differences in IPC measures applied in clinical settings. Harmonizing infection-control policies between the hospitals could facilitate patient transfers and benefit collective efforts of preventing transmission of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are significant reasons for nitrate contamination in groundwater (Delhi, India): sewage, runoff from landfill sites, nitrogenous chemical fertilisers, and pesticides from agricultural lands. The highest recorded concentration of nitrate in Delhi's groundwater is reported to be 1500 mg/l. Consumption of high nitrate through water may pose serious health problems in humans, especially children (below five years). The study's primary objective was to isolate and identify nitrate-remediating microbes from the nitratecontaminated site Okhla Barrage, located on the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. A total of 11 different strains were isolated from this site. Among these four strains exhibited 40%-50% remediation efficiency at a nitrate concentration of 1000 mg/l. Molecular characterisation revealed that these four strains, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli K12, Klebsiella oxytoca and Lelliottia amnigena, belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This study assessed the nitrate remediation potential of isolated microbes in groundwater with 1000 and 1500 mg/l nitrate concentrations. By using a 2% inoculum, the microbes were incubated anaerobically at room temperature for ten days. Nitrate concentrations were monitored every 48 hours. Lelliottia, E. coli, and Enterobacter reduced nitrate (1500 mg/l) by approximately 42%, 24%, and 29%, respectively, while K. oxytoca showed minimal reduction. L. amnigena exhibited superior nitrate removal efficiency compared to other strains. According to the reported data, these strains are known to reduce nitrate concentrations of 620 mg/l. However, our findings demonstrate a remarkable nitrate remediation capacity of 1500 mg/l, showcasing a novel contribution to this study. Further detailed analysis for condition optimisation and association of microbe-microbe could be more helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne and foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial pathogens are major public health concerns, especially in developing countries like Nigeria—waterborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. Contribute to the spread of health challenges, primarily due to poor sanitation, contaminated drinking water, and inadequate hygiene. Similarly, foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., are major causes of human illness, with animal-based foods often acting as transmission vectors. This review examines the current state of diagnosis, highlighting that most household water sources in Nigeria are vulnerable to contamination, with significant microbial loads exceeding WHO standards. It raises the need for effective interventions such as improved hygiene practices, water supply, sanitation and food safety management systems. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of these pathogens on public health, noting that waterborne and foodborne diseases result in substantial mortality and economic burdens. Also, implementing good hygienic practices, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems, and public health education are essential strategies for reducing the incidence of these diseases. This review concludes by calling for a collaborative effort among governments, policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers to develop and implement multifaceted interventions to combat these pervasive health threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present work primarily focuses on the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance from fecal Escherichia coli from wildlife, an important environmental task due to the spread of resistant bacteria. In total, 128 E. coli isolates recovered from 66 wild animals were analyzed. Their resistance was tested against 17 antibiotics. An approximate percentage of 22.1% of the animals was found to carry multidrug-resistant E. coli, and 0.93% carried strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin; all of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin and carbapenems. Therefore, such findings bring concerns about the dissemination of resistant bacteria among wildlife and any further impacts on public health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from wildlife is crucial for monitoring the spread of this microorganism in the environment and for developing effective AMR control strategies. Wildlife can act as carriers of AMR bacteria and spread them to other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans; thus, they have public health implications. A total of 128 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from 66 of 217 fecal samples obtained from different wild animals using media without antibiotic supplementation. Antibiograms were performed for 17 antibiotics to determine the phenotypic resistance profile in these isolates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was tested using the double-disc synergy test, and 29 E. coli strains were selected for whole genome sequencing. In total, 22.1% of the wild animals tested carried multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates, and 0.93% (2/217) of these wild animals carried E. coli isolates with ESBL-encoding genes (blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55, and blaEC-1982). The E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance rates to ampicillin and were fully susceptible to amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem, and imipenem. Multiple resistance and virulence genes were detected, as well as different plasmids. The relatively high frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates in wildlife, with some of them being ESBL producers, raises some concern regarding the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among these animals. Gaining insights into antibiotic resistance patterns in wildlife can be vital in shaping conservation initiatives and developing effective strategies for responsible antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat aging is an important process that affects the quality of meat and is traditionally used mainly for beef. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for pork products subjected to dry aging. The aim of this study was to compare selected parameters (microbiological quality, instrumental analyses of texture and color of meat, weight loss) of pork neck and loin with bone and skin together subjected to dry aging for 14 days. The microbiological profile (total viable psychrotrophic count, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp.) on the surface of the meat with the skin and the lateral cutting surfaces without skin was compared on the first day after slaughter and after 14 days of dry aging. The results of this study demonstrated that dry aging did not significantly deteriorate the microbiological profile. Statistically significant weight losses were observed after 14 days of aging. The dry aging of pork had no significant effect on lightness (L*), redness (a*), and shear force. Significant differences were observed for yellowness (b*) and meat hardness (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a useful strategy for preventing and mitigative establishment of invasive insect species. SIT of the pest tephritid Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) WiedemannWiedemann , has been effective in preventing population establishment in vulnerable agricultural areas of the United States. However, irradiation-induced sterilization can have detrimental impacts resulting in reduced performance metrics. Mediterranean fruit fly males reared for SIT have been shown to have differences in their microbiomes relative to other population sources, which has been postulated to be a factor in how well flies compete with wild conspecifics. To identify baseline performance metrics on the effects of irradiation on the gut microbiome of mass-reared flies in Hawai'i, a study was performed to assess performance metrics and microbiome (bacterial 16S rRNA) variation across multiple timepoints. Mediterranean fruit fly pupae were selected from mass-reared trays intended for release, and paired samples were either irradiated or remained as controls and transported to the laboratory for evaluation. Irradiated flies exhibited fewer successful fliers, more rapid mortality rates, and were less active relative to control nonirradiated flies. Contrary to initial expectations, irradiation did not exert substantial impacts on the composition or diversity of bacterial reads. Samples were primarily comprised of sequences classified as Klebsiella and there were low levels of both read and taxonomic diversity relative to other 16S surveys of medfly. Although this study does not demonstrate a strong effect of irradiation alone on the Mediterranean fruit fly microbiome, there are several explanations for this discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a condition that significantly impacts the lifestyle, health, and habits of numerous individuals worldwide. Its diagnosis and classification are based on the Rome criteria, updated periodically to reflect new research findings in this field. IBS can be classified into different types based on symptoms, each with distinct treatment approaches and some differences in their pathophysiology. The exact pathological background of IBS remains unclear, with many aspects still unknown. Recent research developments suggest that disorders in the brain-gut–microbiota axis are key contributors to the symptoms and severity of IBS. The central nervous system (CNS) interacts bidirectionally with intestinal processes within the lumen and the intestinal wall, with the autonomic nervous system, particularly the vagus nerve, playing an important role. However, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is also crucial in the pathophysiological pathway of IBS. The apeline–corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling route via enteric glia and serotonin production in enteroendocrine cells at the enteric barrier are among the most well-understood new findings that affect IBS through the ENS. Additionally, the microbiota regulates neuronal signals, modifying enteric function by altering the number of enteric bacteria and other mechanisms. Given the limited therapeutic options currently available, it is essential to identify new treatment targets, with the brain-gut axis, particularly the enteric nervous system, being a promising focus. This study aims to delineate the molecular mechanisms that induce IBS and to suggest potential targets for future research and treatment of this potentially debilitating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) is an important fish species for the Moroccan economy in terms of production and export. Biogenic amine histamine is a metabolite produced in the flesh of some fish species after death due to the decarboxylation of free histidine by histaminogenic bacteria. Failure to control the histamine risk in European pilchard may lead to public health and socioeconomic issues. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of histaminogenic bacteria in association with histamine levels and the growth of microflora in Moroccan sardines (European pilchard). Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by monitoring Moroccan sardines of histamine content and microbiological profile (aerobic plate count [APC], coliforms, and thermo-tolerant coliforms [TTC]) during 6 days of storage at three different temperatures (0°C, 10°C, and ambient temperature [22°C]). The histamine assay was performed using a spectrofluorometric method, and the microbiological identification of histamine-producing bacteria was performed using a combination of biochemical and molecular tests. Results: The histamine content in European pilchard stored at 0°C was negligible. However, high concentrations were observed at 10°C and 22°C. The microbiological profile showed a positive association between microflora counts and histamine content according to storage time. At 0°C, a moderate increase in the APC, a decrease in coliforms, and an absence of TTC were observed. The rapid proliferation of all microflora was observed at 10°C, whereas at 22°C, the proliferation was almost exponential. Bacterial identification revealed the exclusive presence of species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family at varying frequencies depending on storage temperature. Morganella morganii and Proteus mirabilis had the highest histamine induction rates in L-histidine-supplemented broth, with 1600 and 255 parts per million (ppm), respectively, after 48-h incubation at 35°C. Klebsiella ozaenae could produce 136 ppm and Serratia plymuthica 115 ppm. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed positive results for the presence of genes associated with histidine decarboxylase. The hdc genes of M. morganii, P. mirabilis, and K. ozaenae were successfully amplified and exhibited strong similarity with the reference gene of M. morganii. Conclusion: This study describes for the first time the hdc gene in bacteria that form histamine in Moroccan sardines. The results also confirm that respect for the cold chain integrity is a crucial factor in histamine management. This information should help stakeholders in the implementation of sound strategies for managing the hazards associated with seafood and their products.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe gastrointestinal cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Ghana. The potential role of gut Enterobacteriaceae in the increasing incidence of CRC in Ghana is yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, Enterobacteriaceae from CRC patients and healthy control participants were analyzed by whole genome sequencing to identify genomic features that are associated with CRC. Socio-demographic data showed a significant association between age and alcohol consumption and CRC. Escherichia coli was the most abundant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the study participants and they were predominantly intestinal commensals. Escherichia coli isolates belonging to phylogroup D encoded the highest number of virulence genes. The agn43 and int genes were widespread in Escherichia coli isolates from the CRC patients. Multilocus sequence types of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli from the CRC patients also encoded genes involved in aggregation, adherence and biofilm formation. The ampC2 and ampH antimicrobial resistance genes were also widespread in the genome of the Escherichia coli isolates. This study highlights the virulence tendencies of Escherichia coli from CRC patients and their ability to transfer virulence determinants to other Enterobacteriaceae residing in the gut.

Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing "effector" proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here, we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar "hot spot" on the PH domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility protein 1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the "patch" directly binds all WxxxE effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction network, in silico network perturbation, and functional studies, we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hot spot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in coevolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host, and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.

Abstract Background Epidemiological investigations have revealed an important association between infection, inflammation and prostate cancer. Certain bacterial species, such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia trachomatis have been linked to prostate cancer. This study aimed to examine the microbiota; specifically bacterial species that have been linked to prostate infections in the urine of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Results Sixty-six prostate cancer patients and forty controls provided midstream urine samples. The urine samples were grown on suitable medium, and bacterial isolates were detected by standard microbiological methods. Additionally, the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates was analysed. A total of number of 72 bacterial isolates were obtained from the urine of study participants. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli (50.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.1%), Klebsiella spp (15.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%), Enterobacter spp (4.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.8%) in the urine. The most common bacterial species isolated from prostate cancer patients was Escherichia coli, which was susceptible to levofloxacin (100%), tobramycin (91.7%), and amikacin (62.5%). Conclusions This study’s findings established the presence of bacteria previously linked to prostatitis. This report indicates a high prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacteria and uropathogens in the urinary tract of men diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common infection, affecting 150 million people each year worldwide. Enterobacteriaceae species expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are on the rise across the globe and are becoming a severe problem in the therapeutic management of clinical cases of urinary tract infection. Knowledge of the prevalence and antibiogram profile of such isolates is essential to develop an appropriate treatment methodology. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates exhibiting ESBL and their selective oral antibiogram profile at the district general hospital, Polonnaruwa. Results A total of 4386 urine specimens received to the Microbiology Laboratory during the study period. Among them, 1081 (24.6%) showed positive results for urine culture while 200/1081 specimens showed ESBL isolates. Out of the selected 200 specimen’s majority (67.5%) of samples received from the In-Patient Department. There were 200 patients and reported that 115 (57.5%) were females and 85 (42.5%) were males. The majority (51%) of the patients belong to the age group of 55–74 years. Among the ESBLs positive specimens, the majority 74.5% (n = 149) identified organisms were E. coli followed by Klebsiella spp.17.5% (n = 35), Enterobacteriaceae 7% (n = 14) and only1% (n = 2) isolate of Proteus spp. Mecillinam (87.92%) and Nitrofurantoin (83.2%) showed higher effectiveness against E. coli. Nitrofurantoin showed the highest effectiveness against Klebsiella spp. (40%), other Enterobacteriaceae spp. (100%). Proteus spp. showed 100% effectiveness and resistance respectively against Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole and Nitrofurantoin. Conclusion The most predominant ESBLs producing uro-pathogen was the E. coli in the study setting and E. coli had higher sensitivity rate against Mecillinam. Among currently used oral antibiotics Nitrofurantoin was the best choice for UTIs caused by ESBL producers.

Abstract Background Qin-Yu-Qing-Chang decoction (QYQC), an herbal formula from China, is extensively employed to manage ulcerative colitis (UC) and exhibits potential benefits for colonic function. Nevertheless, the fundamental molecular mechanisms of QYQC remain largely uncharted. Methods The primary constituents of QYQC were determined utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS analysis and the effectiveness of QYQC was assessed in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Evaluations of colon inflammatory responses and mucosal barrier function were thoroughly assessed. RNA sequencing, molecular docking, colonic energy metabolism, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis were applied to uncover the complex mechanisms of QYQC in treating UC. Detect the signal transduction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, a PPAR-γ antagonist was strategically utilized to confirm the functional targets that QYQC exerts. Results Utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS, the principal constituents of the nine traditional Chinese medicinal herbs comprising QYQC were systematically identified. QYQC treatment substantially ameliorated colitis in mice, as evidenced by the improvement in symptoms and the reduction in colonic pathological injuries. Besides, QYQC treatment mitigated the inflammatory response and improved mucosal barrier function. Furthermore, QYQC enhanced the mitochondria citrate cycle (TCA cycle) by triggering PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus. This prevented the unconstrained expansion of facultative anaerobes, particularly pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli, family Enterobacteriaceae) and thus improved colitis. Results of molecular docking indicated that the representative chemical components of QYQC including Baicalin, Paeoniflorin, Mollugin, and Imperatorin bound well with PPAR-γ. The impact of QYQC on colitis was diminished in the presence of a PPAR-γ antagonist. Conclusions In summary, QYQC ameliorates UC by activating PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus, which enhances the energy metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells and thereby preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of facultative anaerobes.

Objectives: The use of cephalosporins combined with clavulanate for the treatment of ESBL-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae has been scarcely described. We aimed to describe the effect of different concentrations of clavulanate in the MIC of cefixime and ceftibuten of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were studied. Fixed concentrations of cefixime and ceftibuten (ranges of 32–0.25 and 64–0.5 ng/ml, respectively) were used. Combinations of cefixime/clavulanate and ceftibuten/clavulanate in different ratios (1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1) were tested. MIC were determined by broth microdilution. Results: A total of 6 ESBL-producing E. coli, 6 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and 2 control E. coli were tested. When different quantities of clavulanate were added to cefixime and ceftibuten, greater than two-fold decreases in the MIC were observed. When testing the 1:1 cefixime/clavulanate ratio, 10/12 isolates were susceptible. When the ratios 2:1, 4:1, 8:1 and 16:1 were tested, susceptibility was noted for 9/12, 8/12, 4/12 and 5/12 isolates, respectively. Only 2/12 K. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible when the ratio 32:1 was tested. When testing ceftibuten/clavulanate, all isolates remained susceptible across all experiments. Conclusions: Clavulanic acid has a favourable effect in reducing the MIC of cefixime and ceftibuten in isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Combining clavulanate with ceftibuten or cefixime could be a useful treatment strategy.

Abstract Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have diminished treatment options causing serious morbidities and mortalities. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence and associated factors of Enterobacteriaceae infections in clinical, livestock and environmental settings globally. The population intervention comparison and outcome strategy was used to enroll studies using the preferred reporting system for systematic review and meta-analysis to include only cross-sectional studies. Search engines used to retrieve articles included journal author name estimator, PubMed, Google Scholar and African Journals Online (AJOL). The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of studies. Sixteen articles from 2013 to 2023 in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America were studied. The pooled prevalence of CRE was 43.06% (95% CI 21.57–66.03). Klebsiella pneumoniae (49.40%), Escherichia coli (26.42%), and Enterobacter cloacae (14.24%) were predominant. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest resistance with the blaKPC-2 in addition to blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaIMP and blaVIM. The blaKPC-2 genes occurrence was associated with environmental (P-value

Background: Qin-Yu-Qing-Chang decoction (QYQC), an herbal formula from China, is extensively employed to manage ulcerative colitis (UC) and exhibits potential benefits for colonic function. Nevertheless, the fundamental molecular mechanisms of QYQC remain largely uncharted. Methods: The primary constituents of QYQC were determined utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS analysis and the effectiveness of QYQC was assessed in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Evaluations of colon inflammatory responses and mucosal barrier function were thoroughly assessed. RNA sequencing, molecular docking, colonic energy metabolism, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis were applied to uncover the complex mechanisms of QYQC in treating UC. Detect the signal transduction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, a PPAR-γ antagonist was strategically utilized to confirm the functional targets that QYQC exerts. Results: Utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS, the principal constituents of the nine traditional Chinese medicinal herbs comprising QYQC were systematically identified. QYQC treatment substantially ameliorated colitis in mice, as evidenced by the improvement in symptoms and the reduction in colonic pathological injuries. Besides, QYQC treatment mitigated the inflammatory response and improved mucosal barrier function. Furthermore, QYQC enhanced the mitochondria citrate cycle (TCA cycle) by triggering PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus. This prevented the unconstrained expansion of facultative anaerobes, particularly pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli, family Enterobacteriaceae) and thus improved colitis. Results of molecular docking indicated that the representative chemical components of QYQC including Baicalin, Paeoniflorin, Mollugin, and Imperatorin bound well with PPAR-γ. The impact of QYQC on colitis was diminished in the presence of a PPAR-γ antagonist. Conclusions: In summary, QYQC ameliorates UC by activating PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus, which enhances the energy metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells and thereby preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of facultative anaerobes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological investigations have revealed an important association between infection, inflammation and prostate cancer. Certain bacterial species, such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia trachomatis have been linked to prostate cancer. This study aimed to examine the microbiota; specifically bacterial species that have been linked to prostate infections in the urine of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Results: Sixty-six prostate cancer patients and forty controls provided midstream urine samples. The urine samples were grown on suitable medium, and bacterial isolates were detected by standard microbiological methods. Additionally, the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates was analysed. A total of number of 72 bacterial isolates were obtained from the urine of study participants. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli (50.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.1%), Klebsiella spp (15.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%), Enterobacter spp (4.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.8%) in the urine. The most common bacterial species isolated from prostate cancer patients was Escherichia coli, which was susceptible to levofloxacin (100%), tobramycin (91.7%), and amikacin (62.5%). Conclusions: This study's findings established the presence of bacteria previously linked to prostatitis. This report indicates a high prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacteria and uropathogens in the urinary tract of men diagnosed with prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Colistin resistance poses a major therapeutic challenge and resistant strains have now been reported worldwide. However, the occurrence of such bacteria in aquatic environments is considerably less understood. This study aimed to isolate and characterize colistin-resistant strains from water and plastic litter collected in an urban recreational estuary. Altogether, 64 strains with acquired colistin resistance were identified, mainly Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacter spp. From these, 40.6% were positive for at least one mcr variant (1–9), 26.5% harbored, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 23.4% harbored, sulfonamide resistance genes, and 9.3% harbored, quinolone resistance genes. merA , encoding mercury resistance, was detected in 10.5% of these strains, most of which were also strong biofilm producers. The minimum inhibitory concentration toward colistin was determined for the mcr -positive strains and ranged from 2 to ≥512 µg ml−1. Our findings suggest that Gram-negative bacteria highly resistant to a last-resort antimicrobial can be found in recreational waters and plastic litter, thereby evidencing the urgency of the One Health approach to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The increasing prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC)- and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- producing food pathogens is a serious public health concern. AmpC- and ESBL-producing Salmonella species pose a high risk of food contamination. This study aimed to investigate changes in the prevalence of Salmonella among food handlers in Japan from 2006 to 2021 using 100 randomly selected isolates from 2006, 2012, 2018, and 2021 with different serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methods and results The average Salmonella isolation rate was 0.070% (19 602/27 848 713). Serotyping revealed that the most common serotypes were Enteritidis in 2006, Infantis in 2012, Agoueve/Cubana in 2018, and Schwarzengrund in 2021. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that Salmonella isolates exhibited the highest resistance to streptomycin (<40%), followed by tetracycline (<20%–40%). Moreover, 6% of the Salmonella isolates produced cephalosporinases with the bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-14, and bla TEM genes. The annual incidence of cephalosporin resistance has increased. Plasmid conjugation assays revealed that cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella spp. transmitted their resistance to Escherichia coli. Additionally, plasmid genome analysis showed that the insertion sequence IS 26 was encoded in the upstream and downstream regions of bla CTX-M-14 and qnrS1 in the IncHI1 plasmid, which could be transmitted to other bacteria. Conclusions The tested Salmonella isolates showed high resistance to specific antibiotics, with differences in resistance depending on the serotype. Further increase and spread of transmissible cephalosporin-resistant strains should be noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assay has been demonstrated to be reliable for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing orgnisms (CPO) directly from rectal swabs but the performance of which remains unclear in Asia.We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies according to predetermined criteria. STATA 13.0 software was used to analyze the tests for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). QUADAS-2 was used to assess the quality of included studies with RevMan 5.2. A total of 5 unique studies involving 10807 samples met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and the AUC with 95% CIs of Xpert Carba-R were 0.91 (0.72–0.97), 0.99 (0.96–1.00), 71.24 (25.41–199.73), 0.09 (0.03–0.32), 0.99 (0.98–1.00), respectively. Deeks'funnel plot showed no publication bias.The present meta-analysis showed the Xpert Carba-R assay had good sensitivity and perfect specificity for detecting CPOs on rectal swabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study compared the performance of two rapid diagnostic tests, NG-Test CARBA 5 and CRE-LFA, for detecting carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Both tests had a specificity of 100%, meaning no false positive results. However, NG-Test CARBA 5 had a higher sensitivity of 97.40% compared to 81.82% for CRE-LFA. NG-Test CARBA 5 was better at detecting certain variants of carbapenemases. Both tests were easy to use, but NG-Test CARBA 5 had better overall performance. The study was supported by internal funding and NG Biotech provided NG-Test CARBA 5 for free. [Extracted from the article]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The aim of this study was to determine the components and cytokine and immunoglobulin levels of koumiss during different fermentation periods, and to reveal the interrelation between these parameters. For achieving this objective, 10 samples of koumiss were prepared and randomly divided into 2 groups: the first group was sampled at 0, 1, 5, 12, and 24 h of incubation at room temperature for analysis. The second group was stored at +4°C, and samples were taken on d 5, 10, 15, and 20. The counts of Enterobacteriaceae spp., Staphylococcus , and Micrococcus spp. progressively decreased with the period of fermentation until becoming undetectable in the final samples of both groups. We fond positive or negative correlations between cytokine and immunoglobulin levels and the physicochemical and microbiological parameters in the koumiss samples in both groups. However, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and IgG did not change significantly over time in both groups. Overall, it is clear that traditionally prepared koumiss under different fermentation times and temperatures does not show any differences in cytokine and immunoglobulin concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrated manure from agricultural animal feedlots can become aerosolized and may potentially harbor viable antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Little is known about the dynamics and risk of bacteria in bioaerosols originating from the feedyard environment. Nutrient deficiency, desiccation, UV exposure, temperature, and pH changes can affect bacterial viability. In this study, we investigated the impact of changes in relative humidity (RH) and UV-B exposure on enteric bacterial survival in vitro to simulate environmental conditions in cattle feedyards. Cattle manure samples were placed in two separate chambers with 73% RH and 31% RH, respectively. For the UV-B experiment, samples were placed in a chamber exposed to UV-B (treated) or in a chamber exposed to LED light (control). Samples from both experiments were spiral plated in triplicate onto selective agar media to quantify total aerobic bacteria, E. coli (total and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR)), and Enterococcus spp. (total and AMR). Results showed that enteric bacteria from cattle manure can withstand at least two stress conditions, including low RH levels and UV-B exposure. Moreover, the data revealed that antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can persist in manure under the harsh conditions that may be encountered in a feedyard environment. These findings underscore the need for mitigation strategies in feedlots to minimize the overall risk of bioaerosol formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global health and food security and is primarily driven by antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine. Understanding its epidemiology at farm level is crucial for effective control measures. Despite the significant reduction in antibiotic use in conventional livestock production, the swine sector traditionally has a higher level of antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. Consequently, multidrug resistance (MDR) among microbial isolates of swine origin has been relatively frequent. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, enteric pathogens and resistance genes to the main antibiotics used in clinical practice, both within the environment and in animals across pig farms characterized by varying degrees of sanitary status. A total of 274 samples were collected. Of these, 34 samples were collected from the environment (wall swabs, slat swabs and slurry pit), and 240 samples were collected from animals (sows' and piglets' rectal faeces). All samples were analysed for MDR bacteria and enteric pathogens. The study revealed a high frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and Campylobacter spp., with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales predominating in high health status farms (environment and animals) and Campylobacter spp. in both high health status and low health status environments. Additionally, a high percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found, mainly in environmental samples from high health status farms, and Clostridioides difficile was distributed ubiquitously among farms and samples. Furthermore, though less frequently, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was isolated only in high health status farms, and Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems were isolated only in environmental samples of high health status and low health status farms. This study underscores the importance of surveillance for MDR bacteria in farm animals and their environment, including their waste. Such ecosystems serve as crucial reservoirs of bacteria, requiring national-level surveillance to promote responsible antibiotic use and pandemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of coconut water sold from street carts equipped with cooling coils or refrigerated at bakeries in the Grande Vitória Region, Brazil. Additionally, it assessed the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolated enterobacteria. The results indicated that coconut water sold at street carts had lower microbiological quality compared to refrigerated samples, as evidenced by significantly higher counts of mesophilic microorganisms. Using MALDI-TOF, the following opportunistic pathogens were identified: Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter bugandensis, E. kobei, E. roggenkampii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Kluyvera ascorbata. Three isolates—E. bugandensis, K. pneumoniae, and K. ascorbata—were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Widespread resistance to β-lactams and cephalosporins was detected, and some isolates were resistant to quinolones, nitrofurans, and phosphonic acids. The gene blaCTX-M-2 was detected in C. freundii, E. bugandensis, E. kobei, and K. ascorbata. However, genes blaNDM, blaKPC, blaCMY-1, and blaCMY-2 were not detected in any isolate. The findings underscore the need to enhance good manufacturing practices in this sector to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the presence of potentially pathogenic enterobacteria in coconut water samples and their associated phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to genetically characterise cefotaxime-resistant enterobacteria isolated from community carriers in Bulgaria. In total, 717 faecal samples from children and adults in five medical centres in Sofia, Pleven and Burgas were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. blaESBL or plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. MLST and ERIC-PCR were used to detect clonal relatedness. Among the faecal samples, 140 cefotaxime-resistant enterobacteria were found. The most frequently detected species was Escherichia coli (77.9%, 109/140 samples), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.9%, 11/140). Among the isolates, blaCTX-M-15 (37.1%) was predominant, followed by blaCTX-M-3 (19.2%), blaCTX-M-14 (10%), and blaCTX-M-27 (4.3 %). Genes encoding pAmpC were observed in 11.4% (blaDHA-1, 16/140) and in 1.4% (blaCMY-2, 2/140). The frequency of ESBL and pAmpC producers among the subjects was 14.6% and 2.5%, respectively. No carbapenem-resistant isolates were found. Four main clonal complexes (CC131, CC10, CC38, and CC155) were detected among E. coli isolates. The most common type was ST131, phylogroup B2 (16.5%). The increased frequency of ESBL- and pAmpC-producing enterobacteria in the community is a prerequisite for treatment failures of the associated infections and a good background for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]