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The “System and sustainable Approach to virTuous interaction of Urban and Rural LaNdscapes” (SATURN) project is exploring how resilience at a city scale might be achieved and how the issues of landscape fragmentation, governance and land management can be addressed resulting in a sustainable future. The EIT Climate-KIC SATURN project is based on a collaboration between three cities of very different scales and contexts, those of Gothenburg in western Sweden, Trento in northern Italy, and Birmingham in the United Kingdom. This paper focuses on the ways in which urban farming can become an important tool to mitigate or adapt to climate change in urban environments by exploring how the three major cities of SATURN deal with these concepts. Using the experience gained throughout the SATURN project as well as the strong communication developed within the consortium, the paper introduces the reasons why urban farming is not just an agricultural activity, but it relates to climate awareness, health and an element of community. With the examples of different urban farming models, this research presents the fully entrepreneurial model of Gothenburg, where a business model fosters sustainable and successful small-scale farming through municipal management of small allotments with associated basic infrastructure leased out to entrepreneurs. Public underutilized land is matched with farmers in order for them to scale up their businesses and provide sustainable food, by limiting the shipping distance of the produce. In the Trento case, bottom-up and more institutional processes have been combined to foster short local supply chains through the Nutrire Trento networking process which could benefit from the introduction of a land lease scheme named “banca della terra” (to support agricultural land recovery). The case of Birmingham presents a different model where farming in an urban environment is mostly seen as a support to communities, mental health and awareness, rather than an entrepreneurial activity. The innovation in this paper comes in the form of different European models related to urban agriculture and best practices, demonstrating how abandoned and underutilised public and private land can be regenerated and become an active part of the urban realm. Insights on the ways in which the three different models operate, as well as results on how farming in an urban environment can enhance resilient cities are discussed in this paper. Keywords: urban farming, climate change, landscape ecosystems, entrepreneurial agriculture, community farming

The municipality of Correntina (Bahia State, Brazil) was long populated by family farmers raising crops in the valleys and transhumant cattle on the plateaus. Since the 1970s, entrepreneurial agriculture has gradually taken over these plateaus. This article aims to study, from a coexistence-based perspective, the links between these two agrarian worlds (opportunity for wage labor, competition for land and irrigation water) which strongly influence agriculture in the valleys. Despite equivalent economic productivity per hectare, due to capital intensification for some and labor intensification for others, a gap in terms of agricultural income now separates the farms on the plateau from those in the valleys. La commune de Correntina (État de Bahia, Brésil) a longtemps été peuplée de petits agriculteurs familiaux pratiquant la culture dans les vallées et la transhumance sur les plateaux. Depuis les années 1970, l’agriculture entrepreneuriale s’est progressivement emparée de ces plateaux. Cet article cherche à étudier, dans une perspective de coexistence, les liens entre ces deux mondes agraires (opportunités de travail salarié, concurrence pour la terre et l’eau d’irrigation) qui influencent fortement l’agriculture des vallées. Malgré une productivité économique équivalente à l’hectare, en raison de l’intensification capitalistique pour les uns et de l’intensification du travail pour les autres, un écart en matière de revenus agricoles sépare désormais les exploitations des plateaux de celles des vallées. El municipio de Correntina (Estado de Bahía, Brasil), estuvo poblado durante mucho tiempo por pequeños agricultores familiares que practican el cultivo en los valles y la trashumancia en las mesetas. Desde los años 70 la agricultura empresarial se apropia, progresivamente, de estas últimas. Este artículo busca estudiar, bajo una perspectiva de coexistencia, los vínculos entre estos dos mundos agrarios (oportunidades de trabajo por cuenta ajena, competencia por la tierra y el agua de riego) que influencian considerablemente la agricultura en las mesetas. A pesar de una productividad económica equivalente a la hectárea, debido a la intensificación de capital, para unos, y de intensificación del trabajo, para otros, un desfase en materia de ingresos agrícolas separa actualmente las explotaciones de las mesetas y de los valles.

The idea of multifunctionality permeates European agricul-ture. Pastoralism is not spared and is valued as a vector ofenvironmental management of the mountainous areas. Mul-tifunctionality is nonetheless connected to entrepreneurialagriculture. Although entrepreneurship is disseminated inthe European agricultural sector, little is known about theentrepreneurial evolution within traditional mountain pasto-ralist communities. This ethnographic paper builds on thecase study of mountain sheep pastoralists in Braganza,Portugal, to augment this knowledge. It dives into thedynamics of production of sheep farming to uncover thecultural drivers of traditional pastoralism in NorthernPortugal. Results show that pastoralists are unresponsive tothe entrepreneurial narratives of multifunctionality as theyrespond to the occupational identity of shepherds in amoral economy of subsistence ethic. Pastoralists neverthe-less own a valuable environmental agency grounded in theircondition of rural dwellers. Tailored narratives to their sub-sistence ethic are then required to rapidly address and valo-rize this environmental agency as new fire regimes progressand traditional pastoralism stands at the brink of extinctionin Portugal. These results may ultimately contribute toglobal literature and policy making on pastoralism, multi-functionality and environment; worldwide pastoralist com-munities share holistically cultural features and convergenthistorical trajectories. The research has partially been supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the INTERREG SUDOE Programme in the frame of the project Open2Preserve (SOE2/P5/E0804). The funding source had no influence in the research, results interpretation, article preparation, and journal's selection for publication. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze agricultural transition periods in order to provide a new framework for agricultural development in Iran. Considering the foreseeable future, an innovative or knowledge-based economy will substitute the obsolete economy. In that respect, agriculture sector must adapt to these alternations in order to cope with the posed challenges. Multifunctional agriculture seems to be an enhanced alternative in which entrepreneurship is at the center of it. The results indicate that the focus of the Nation’s policies is on agricultural productivism, as well as the assertion of developmental programs that are toward the more involvement of post-productivism in decision-making. Though, the need for entertaining and establishing a more comprehensive conception on Iranian rural and agricultural thought and practice is sensible. It seems that Iran can also benefit from multifunctional agriculture toward sustainability and the production of healthy food. To move toward multifunctional agriculture, which is the same as entrepreneurial agriculture, at first, the economic theory, which is upheld, ought to be altered and taken toward an innovative economy. As a consequence, the agricultural system should also be changed and multifunctional agriculture should be considered while environmental considerations need to be enabled to achieve more entrepreneurial agriculture. To achieve this feat, agricultural education as an enabler of developing non-traditional attitude, entrepreneurial intentions, competencies, identities, and entrepreneurial experiences among young future farmers should not be ignored.

This article aims to unravel underlying reasons for the enigmatic outburst of farmers’ fury that swept large parts of Europe in the autumn of 2019. It does so by focussing on the Netherlands where the upheaval was particularly striking. Farmers’ resentment against ‘agribashing’ was a common theme in the many protests. This refers to, and simultaneously delegitimizes, all critiques of the current organization of farming and the unequal international patterns in which it is embedded. The article argues that the currently emerging farmers’ movement basically represents a regressive populism. It ignores the many-sided crisis of agriculture (related to ever increasing use of nitrogen, pesticides and energy that contribute to the climate crisis and loss of biodiversity) and the politico-economic processes and unequal power relations underlying this. Although this movement creates many smoke screens, it is essentially fighting for the reproduction of the same order that makes a substantial contribution to these multiple crises. As international comparison shows, this new form of right-wing, rural populism reflects the degree to which entrepreneurial agriculture has internalized the logic of capital: it needs ongoing expansion, both for material and symbolic reasons. Peasant agriculture could provide a much needed counter-image to this. In practice, though, it is highly segmented and dispersed and is in urgent need of a new unifying device.

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En Argentine et en Uruguay, à côté des agricultures de type familial se développent des formes associatives de production qui réunissent les ressources (foncier, moyens financiers, sous-traitance, conseil agronomique) nécessaires à toute campagne agricole. La gestion fine de ces actifs, confiés par leurs propriétaires à l’association, repose sur une organisation en réseau et sur la pré-dominance de logiques d’efficience financière. Les acteurs de ces formes associatives, mais aussi les producteurs capitalisés déjà établis, qui louent des terres à proximité ou à distance de leurs exploitations, ont des pratiques qui modifient leur relation aux espaces ruraux et au foncier. Ainsi une agriculture entrepreneuriale différente émerge, qui atteste un ancrage territorial local évolutif, des liens renforcés avec les centres urbains et un certain détachement vis-à-vis de l’activité agricole à proprement parler. Although traditional family farming remains common, the agricultural sectors of Argentina and Uruguay have changed significantly in recent years, largely as a result of the emergence of a new form of cooperative farming incorporating all the resources needed for agricultural production (i.e. land resources, financial resources, subcontracting, and agronomic consulting). Under the new system, land owners entrust the management of their assets to a network-based cooperative association as part of an emphasis on financial performance. The practices of the key actors involved in developing and promoting cooperative farming, but also the established capitalized farmers who rent land near their farms or further afield, have had an impact on their relationship to the land. As a result of these developments, a new form of entrepreneurial agriculture has emerged that illustrates the changing face of territorial embeddedness, as well as the increasingly close relationship between agriculture and urban centers and the increasing detachment from agri-cultural activity per se.

Un rasgo fundamental del nuevo modelo productivo que se consolidó en las últimas dos décadas es la centralidad que adquieren las capas empresariales. Este hecho encierra una serie de interrogantes en los que conviene detenerse, en tanto aluden al análisis de los procesos de constitución de estas capas, que involucran tanto la identificación de los rasgos que les dan unidad, como su grado de diversidad. En este trabajo, interesa fundamentalmente explorar la importancia y el papel que la propiedad de la tierra retiene en estos sectores, tanto en términos de la configuración de su capital y patrimonio como en las estrategias técnico-productivas, y de inversión que definen. El tema es un punto controversial que remite al interrogante sobre el tipo de actores que sostienen la expansión sojera, debate que vuelve a poner en juego la importancia de la renta de la tierra en la acumulación del sector, vis a vis la tecnología, el conocimiento científico, y las lógicas de puesta en red de los espacios agrícolas, a través de de asociaciones y contratos entre diferentes actores. El trabajo aborda estas cuestiones a partir del análisis de información cuantitativa y cualitativa de un conjunto de empresarios de la región pampeana., A fundamental feature of the new productive model that was consolidated in the last two decades, is the centrality acquired by capitalist enterprises. This involves a number of questions which should be considered insofar they are related to the analysis of the formation of these social fraction, the identification of the features that give them unity and their internal diversity. In this paper, we explore the importance and the role of land ownership in these sectors, both in terms of capital composition as of technical, productive and investment strategies they adopt. The issue is a controversial point related to the question about the type of players that have led soybean expansion, a debate that turns to the importance of land rent in the accumulation of entrepreneurial agriculture vis a vis technology, scientific knowledge and networking, through partnerships and agreements between different actors. The paper addresses these issues through the analysis of quantitative and qualitative information of a group of entrepreneurs from the Pampa region., Centro de Estudios Históricos Rurales

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Júlio de Castilhos City has undergone significant transformations in its rural space last decades. It has happened because of large lands retraction and extensive cattle ranching in favour of Soya new agriculture. The partial fragmentation of cattle breeding and its reorganization has occurred in three main forms: land rent, land sell and expropriation when non-productive land. It was carried out by Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) because they were not taking their social function. The rural settlements made possible the introduction and the development of family farm in Júlio de Castilhos City and consequently the diversification of agricultural production. This research aimed at understanding the processes held responsible for the dynamics of Júlio de Castilhos rural space and its resulting conflits from 1960 to 2007. Moreover, it was analyzed productive, landing and socioeconomic transformations responsible for the formation of rural lands. The methodology is analytical and descriptive, based on field researches, through observation and interviews with farmers, landowners and other qualified informants. O município de Júlio de Castilhos sofreu transformações significativas em seu espaço rural nas últimas décadas. Isso ocorreu devido à retração do latifúndio, domínio da pecuária extensiva, em favor da agricultura moderna da soja. A fragmentação parcial dos criatórios de gado e sua reestruturação ocorreram através de três formas predominantes: o arrendamento, a venda das propriedades e a desapropriação das terras improdutivas, realizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária INCRA, pois não estavam exercendo sua função social. Os assentamentos rurais possibilitaram a introdução e o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar no Município e a conseqüente a diversificação da produção agrícola. Compreender os processos responsáveis pela dinâmica do espaço rural do Município e os conflitos decorrentes, no período entre 1960 a 2007, analisando as transformações produtivas, fundiárias e socioeconômicas responsáveis pela formação dos territórios rurais constituem os objetivos desta pesquisa. A metodologia é analítica-descritiva, fundamentada em trabalhos de campo, através de observações e entrevistas com os agricultores e proprietários rurais, além de outros informantes qualificados.