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Previous studies reported that lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure are linked to changes in serum adiponectin; an adipokine that promotes glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis to regulate glucose metabolism. However, no study has ever explored the relationship between exposure to these two heavy metals and adiponectin in adolescents and young adults. Additionally, the role of adiponectin in the relationship between Pb and Cd exposure and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis has never been investigated. In this study, 724 Taiwanese participants, aged 12 to 30 years, were enrolled to investigate the association among urinary lead and cadmium, serum adiponectin, and apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a−, CD31+/CD42a+, and CD14). The results of the current study revealed a statistically significant inverse association between urine Pb and Cd levels and adiponectin levels, as well as a positive association with apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a−, CD31+/CD42a+, and CD14). Adiponectin was also inversely correlated with CD31+/CD42a− and CD31+/CD42a+. Moreover, when subjects with both Pb and Cd levels above the 50th percentile were compared to those below it, the former group exhibited the lowest average adiponectin value. Additionally, a more pronounced positive association between heavy metals and apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a− and CD31+/CD42a+) was observed when adiponectin levels were lower. Furthermore, an interaction between adiponectin and heavy metals was identified in the relationship between these metals and CD31+/CD42a−. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Pb and Cd exposure may have an adverse effect on adiponectin, and it may play a role in the link between heavy metal exposure and the dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. Future studies are needed to establish whether a causal relationship exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies reported that lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure are linked to changes in serum adiponectin; an adipokine that promotes glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis to regulate glucose metabolism. However, no study has ever explored the relationship between exposure to these two heavy metals and adiponectin in adolescents and young adults. Additionally, the role of adiponectin in the relationship between Pb and Cd exposure and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis has never been investigated. In this study, 724 Taiwanese participants, aged 12 to 30 years, were enrolled to investigate the association among urinary lead and cadmium, serum adiponectin, and apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a−, CD31+/CD42a+, and CD14). The results of the current study revealed a statistically significant inverse association between urine Pb and Cd levels and adiponectin levels, as well as a positive association with apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a−, CD31+/CD42a+, and CD14). Adiponectin was also inversely correlated with CD31+/CD42a− and CD31+/CD42a+. Moreover, when subjects with both Pb and Cd levels above the 50th percentile were compared to those below it, the former group exhibited the lowest average adiponectin value. Additionally, a more pronounced positive association between heavy metals and apoptotic microparticles (CD31+/CD42a− and CD31+/CD42a+) was observed when adiponectin levels were lower. Furthermore, an interaction between adiponectin and heavy metals was identified in the relationship between these metals and CD31+/CD42a−. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Pb and Cd exposure may have an adverse effect on adiponectin, and it may play a role in the link between heavy metal exposure and the dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. Future studies are needed to establish whether a causal relationship exists.

Chromium (Cr) is the seventh most abundant chemical element in the Earth’s crust, and Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are common stable valence states of Cr. Several Cr-containing substances, such as FeOCr2O3 and stainless-steel products, exist in nature and in life. However, Cr(VI) is toxic to soil, microorganisms, and plants and poses a serious threat to human health through direct and indirect exposure. By collecting published journal literature, we found that Cr(VI) can cause acute and chronic toxicity in organisms and has carcinogenic effects, and the mechanisms causing these toxicity include endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis. However, the relationship between these mechanisms remains unclear. Many methods have been researched to purify chromium, but each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this review summarizes the hazards of chromium and the mechanisms of chromium toxicity after entering cells and provides a number of methods for chromium contamination management, providing a direction for the next step in chromium toxicology and contamination decontamination research.

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) cover extensive areas observing the environmental conditions in which community members live. However, current CHW training modules do not have modules focusing specifically on environmental health. CHWs appear to lack knowledge of environmental health hazards, and little is known of their attitudes and practices regarding environmental health hazards. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of CHWs in relation to environmental health hazards in the Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB)., Methods: This study used a quantitative, cross-sectional research design. A sample of 110 respondents completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the literature, consisting of 36 items in four sections. Data analysis consisted of descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability and validity were enhanced by utilizing a pre-test study., Results: There were significant differences in attitudes (t = -2.308, df = 91.107, p = 0.023) and practices (t = -2.936, df = 62.491, p = 0.005). Those trained in environmental health had a significantly lower mean attitudes score (m = 3.2365, sd = 1.113) compared to those not trained in environmental health (m = 3.694, sd = 0.894). In addition, those trained in environmental health had a significantly lower mean practice score (practiced more frequently) (m = 1.231, sd = 0.327) compared to those not trained in environmental health (m = 1.4605, sd = 0.4162). Regarding training, 62% ( n = 67) of CHWs felt they needed additional training in environmental health., Conclusion: Most of the CHWs had a moderate knowledge of environmental health hazards. Furthermore, most of the CHWs had a very positive or positive attitude towards environmental health hazards. However, there is a need for CHWs to receive very specific training in environmental health. In addition, the scope of work of CHWs, as well as their role in relation to environmental health, needs to be further explored.

Chromium (Cr) is a crucial element for all life forms. Various anthropogenic activities have been responsible for environmental contamination with Cr (VI) in recent years. For this review, articles were collected using electronic databases such as Web of Science, Pubmed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar as per the guidelines of PRISMA-2015, applying the Boolean search methods. Chromium can cause severe health complications in humans and animals and threatens the surrounding environment, with negative impacts on crop yield, development, and quality. Hence, monitoring Cr contamination is essential, and various remediation technologies have emerged in the past 50 years to reduce the amount of Cr in the environment. This review focuses on chromium exposure and the associated environmental health risks. We also reviewed sustainable remediation processes, with emphasis on nanoparticle and endophytic remediation processes. [Display omitted] • Chromium remediation using nanotechnology and endophytes was discussed in detail. • The toxic effects of Cr on animals, plants and microbes were addressed in detail. • Chromium properties, sources and occurrence were discussed in this review. • Research gaps, future policy & recommendations were outlined for safe Cr disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines two modes of assessment of environmental health risks and the transformation of these risks into public health issues while relying on the specific case of well-water toxicity and mega dose of electromagnetic radiation found in one prosperous town in the center of Israel - Ramat ha-Sharon. Based on official and scientific documentation and interviews conducted at three time periods with randomly selected town residents from contaminated neighborhoods (N = 169), this study shows the discrepancy between the 'objective' experts' standards for assessing environmental health risks and the public's subjective perception and evaluation of the impact of these risks on their health and well-being. Even though, by experts' standards, the well-water toxicity remained constant over the three interview sessions, Ramat ha-Sharon town residents' subjective levels of concern and perception of risk fluctuated as a function of news media and municipality announcements and residents' perceived ability to minimize the risk. This study also shows the complex and multidisciplinary nature of environmental health risk assessments and the need to relocate them into the broader socioeconomic and political context in which they are embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of environmental hazards on the health of children is one of the major current concerns in environmental health. Scientific investigations are now focusing on identifying and understanding the role of environmental hazards in the development of birth outcomes that result from in utero exposure to environmental contaminants. This paper reviews the published literature with provided evidence concerning the impact of environmental exposures to chemicals on the incidence of birth outcomes in the areas of environmental pollution originating from various sources. In spite of methodological limitations in a number of reviewed studies, the present body of knowledge calls for a precautionary approach and for preventive measures in order to reduce the risk of environmental exposures to chemicals with a recognized or suspected potential to cause birth outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many environmental justice studies have sought to examine the effect of residential segregation on unequal exposure to environmental factors among different social groups, but little is known about how segregation in non-residential contexts affects such disparity. Based on a review of the relevant literature, this paper discusses the limitations of traditional residence-based approaches in examining the association between socioeconomic or racial/ethnic segregation and unequal environmental exposure in environmental justice research. It emphasizes that future research needs to go beyond residential segregation by considering the full spectrum of segregation experienced by people in various geographic and temporal contexts of everyday life. Along with this comprehensive understanding of segregation, the paper also highlights the importance of assessing environmental exposure at a high spatiotemporal resolution in environmental justice research. The successful integration of a comprehensive concept of segregation, high-resolution data and fine-grained spatiotemporal approaches to assessing segregation and environmental exposure would provide more nuanced and robust findings on the associations between segregation and disparities in environmental exposure and their health impacts. Moreover, it would also contribute to significantly expanding the scope of environmental justice research., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.