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This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds extracted from Gracilaria gracilis cultivated in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system by different extraction solvents and to investigate the potential capacity of the extracts in cellular systems against environmental pollutants. The global yields, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activity were assessed on G. gracilis by DPPH radical scavenging activity, comparing the antioxidant extraction efficiency of the different solvents (ethanol 80%, acetone 70%, N-hexane, and water). Ethanol extract, granted by the highest extractive yield and antioxidant capacity, was tested in vitro in the Sparus aurata fibroblast (SAF-1) cell line to evaluate its protective role against oxidative stress induced by the chemical flame retardant 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). The results demonstrate that the cells pretreated with G. gracilis extract were protected against oxidative stress and had improved cell viability, cellular antioxidant defense system, and cell cycle control, as demonstrated by the gene expression on some biomarkers related to the cell cycle (p53) and oxidative stress (nrf2, sod, and cat). These results confirm that bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds cultivated in IMTAs could contribute to producing high-value ingredients that are able to counteract environmental stressors, for the growth of the marine biobased industrial sector and the expansion of new value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common murre (Uria aalge) is a species of seabird particularly vulnerable to several environmental stressors, including parasitic infection and oil contamination. However, the molecular response to these stressors is severely understudied. This study investigated the common murre's transcriptomic responses to these stressors. Blood samples were collected from common murres undergoing rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield, CA. Total RNA was extracted from these samples, followed by library preparation and Illumina sequencing to generate whole transcriptome data. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using DeSeq2 to identify genes significantly altered in response to oil contamination and parasitic infection. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 194 genes shared between oil-contaminated and infected birds, including key immune-related genes, such as ANXA2, LY96, and LY86. These genes play vital roles inmediating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated significant alterations in stress, immune, and inflammatory responses, with additional lipid metabolism changes in contaminated birds. Our findings highlight the detrimental effects that these stressors have on wild birds. These findings suggest a generalized stress response and specific metabolic adaptations to oil exposure, providing insights for seabird conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenically induced changes to the natural world are increasingly exposing organisms to stimuli and stress beyond that to which they are adapted. In aquatic systems, it is thought that certain life stages are more vulnerable than others, with embryos being flagged as highly susceptible to environmental stressors. Interestingly, evidence from across a wide range of taxa suggests that aquatic embryos can hatch prematurely, potentially as an adaptive response to external stressors, despite the potential for individual costs linked with underdeveloped behavioural and/or physiological functions. However, surprisingly little research has investigated the prevalence, causes and consequences of premature hatching, and no compilation of the literature exists. Here, we review what is known about premature hatching in aquatic embryos and discuss how this phenomenon is likely to become exacerbated with anthropogenically induced global change. Specifically, we (1) review the mechanisms of hatching, including triggers for premature hatching in experimental and natural systems; (2) discuss the potential implications of premature hatching at different levels of biological organisation from individuals to ecosystems; and (3) outline knowledge gaps and future research directions for understanding the drivers and consequences of premature hatching. We found evidence that aquatic embryos can hatch prematurely in response to a broad range of abiotic (i.e. temperature, oxygen, toxicants, light, pH, salinity) and biotic (i.e. predators, pathogens) stressors. We also provide empirical evidence that premature hatching appears to be a common response to rapid thermal ramping across fish species. We argue that premature hatching represents a fascinating yet untapped area of study, and the phenomenon may provide some additional resilience to aquatic communities in the face of ongoing global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiome-gut-brain axis is altered by environmental stressors such as heat, diet, and pollutants as well as microbes in the air, water, and soil. These stressors might alter the host's microbiome and symbiotic relationship by modifying the microbial composition or location. Compartmentalized mutualistic microbes promote the beneficial interactions in the host leading to circulating metabolites and hormones such as insulin and leptin that affect inter-organ functions. Inflammation and oxidative stress induced by environmental stressors may alter the composition, distribution, and activities of the microbes in the microbiomes such that the resultant metabolite and hormone changes are no longer beneficial. The microbiome-gut-brain axis and immune adverse changes that may accompany environmental stressors are reviewed for effects on innate and adaptive immune cells, which may make host immunity less responsive to pathogens and more reactive to self-antigens. Cardiovascular and fluid exchanges to organs might adversely alter organ functionality. Organs, especially the brain, need a consistent supply of nutrients and clearance of debris; disruption of these exchanges by stressors, and involvement of gut microbiome are discussed regarding neural dysfunctions with Alzheimer's disease, autistic spectrum disorders, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. The focus of this review includes the manner in which environmental stressors may disrupt gut microbiota leading to adverse immune and hormonal influences on development of neuropathology related to hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and how certain therapeutics may be beneficial. Strategies are explored to lessen detrimental effects of environmental stressors on central and peripheral health navigated toward (1) understanding neurological disorders and (2) promoting environmental and public health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotic environments are among the most vulnerable aquatic ecosystems, and changes occurring in them happen faster than our capacity to measure the impacts, with the choice of community attributes that best reflect these disturbances still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the response of phytoplankton species and species traits along a gradient of urbanization in lowland streams. To do this, we sampled nine streams in three areas classified as densely populated (DP), low populated (LP), and rural areas (RA) during the four seasons (n = 108), considering relevant limnological variables (including metals, herbicides, and inorganic nutrients) and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton was analysed using taxonomic and morpho‐functional traits approaches. We used several multivariate analyses to assess phytoplankton species and trait distribution among stream groups (DP, LP, RA) and identify their environmental drivers. We found that phytoplankton responded to the urbanization gradient at both taxonomic and functional levels. However, this response was mediated by the land use (urban vs. rural) rather than its intensity. The main stressors detected were eutrophic conditions and organic matter contamination, which differed among groups (DP‐LP and RA). Both approximations indicated eutrophic, organically enriched conditions, but the situation varied among seasons and stream groups. The response of the taxonomic approach was clearer than the traits‐based approach, showing differences in density only between stream groups in the summer and the spring. Phytoplankton was responding to the gradient of urbanization in these subtropical lowland streams, but the seasonality, especially temperature and changes in the water column mixing also mediate the effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Chemical pollutants and/or climate change have the potential to break down reproductive barriers between species and facilitate hybridization. Hybrid zones may arise in response to environmental gradients and secondary contact between formerly allopatric populations, or due to the introduction of non‐native species. In freshwater ecosystems, field observations indicate that changes in water quality and chemistry, due to pollution and climate change, are correlated with an increased frequency of hybridization. Physical and chemical disturbances of water quality can alter the sensory environment, thereby affecting chemical and visual communication among fish. Moreover, multiple chemical compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals, metals, pesticides, and industrial contaminants) may impair fish physiology, potentially affecting phenotypic traits relevant for mate selection (e.g. pheromone production, courtship, and coloration). Although warming waters have led to documented range shifts, and chemical pollution is ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems, few studies have tested hypotheses about how these stressors may facilitate hybridization and what this means for biodiversity and species conservation. Through a systematic literature review across disciplines (i.e. ecotoxicology and evolutionary biology), we evaluate the biological interactions, toxic mechanisms, and roles of physical and chemical environmental stressors (i.e. chemical pollution and climate change) in disrupting mate preferences and inducing interspecific hybridization in freshwater fish. Our study indicates that climate change‐driven changes in water quality and chemical pollution may impact visual and chemical communication crucial for mate choice and thus could facilitate hybridization among fishes in freshwater ecosystems. To inform future studies and conservation management, we emphasize the importance of further research to identify the chemical and physical stressors affecting mate choice, understand the mechanisms behind these interactions, determine the concentrations at which they occur, and assess their impact on individuals, populations, species, and biological diversity in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For more than a century, bacterial infections caused by Vibrio spp. have affected various species of mussels around the world, with limited insights into the responses implemented by mussels against these infections. A combination of chemical analyses and carefully selected biological endpoints from haemolymph and tissues can be used to identify the welfare status of mussels and potentially protect aquatic ecosystems from catastrophic health threats. Recent developments in biomarker identification tools, such as omics and bioinformatics, have been successfully applied to evaluate the effect of environmental pollutants and other chemicals on mussels. However, the application of biomarkers to assess mussel health is limited. This review describes the available scientific literature on biomarker research for Vibrio-mussel interactions, and those aspects related to mussel health and disease assessment, grouped as biomarkers of exposure, effects, and susceptibility. From the review, it is clear that when integrated biomarkers are used, they can provide a deeper understanding of the relative health and potential susceptibility of mussels for better management practices. Furthermore, health biomarker data can be used to build resilience in mussels against climate change conditions, strengthen biosecurity management programs, improve farming and processing efficiency, and add value in terms of market-desirable traits. These data hold promise for advancing sustainability efforts within the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, age-related multifactorial degenerative disease of diarthrodial joints marked by impaired mobility, joint stiffness, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. Among other risk factors, such as genetics and age, hyper-physiological mechanical cues are known to play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease (Guilak in Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 25:815–823, 2011). It has been shown that post-mitotic cells, such as articular chondrocytes, heavily rely on methylation at CpG sites to adapt to environmental cues and maintain phenotypic plasticity. However, these long-lasting adaptations may eventually have a negative impact on cellular performance. We hypothesize that hyper-physiologic mechanical loading leads to the accumulation of altered epigenetic markers in articular chondrocytes, resulting in a loss of the tightly regulated balance of gene expression that leads to a dysregulated state characteristic of the OA disease state. Results We showed that hyper-physiological loading evokes consistent changes in CpGs associated with expression changes (ML-tCpGs) in ITGA5, CAV1, and CD44, among other genes, which together act in pathways such as anatomical structure morphogenesis (GO:0009653) and response to wound healing (GO:0042060). Moreover, by comparing the ML-tCpGs and their associated pathways to tCpGs in OA pathophysiology (OA-tCpGs), we observed a modest but particular interconnected overlap with notable genes such as CD44 and ITGA5. These genes could indeed represent lasting detrimental changes to the phenotypic state of chondrocytes due to mechanical perturbations that occurred earlier in life. The latter is further suggested by the association between methylation levels of ML-tCpGs mapped to CD44 and OA severity. Conclusion Our findings confirm that hyper-physiological mechanical cues evoke changes to the methylome-wide landscape of chondrocytes, concomitant with detrimental changes in positional gene expression levels (ML-tCpGs). Since CAV1, ITGA5, and CD44 are subject to such changes and are central and overlapping with OA-tCpGs of primary chondrocytes, we propose that accumulation of hyper-physiological mechanical cues can evoke long-lasting, detrimental changes in set points of gene expression that influence the phenotypic healthy state of chondrocytes. Future studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a global crisis with severe consequences for public health. There have been negative impacts on people's quality of life and mental health due to various stressors arising in this context, such as physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges. Noteworthy among these are the indirect effects of health measures, especially social distancing and confinement, which have significantly altered people's daily lives and social activities, producing high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. This study proposes developing and validating a cross-sectional scale called the "Environmental Stressors Scale (ECSS-20)" to address the need to measure the impact of environmental stressors during confinement. The scale, which has been validated following ethical and methodological guidelines, consists of four dimensions: economic stressors (EE), social activities (SA), habitability (H), and exposure to virtual media (EMV). A pilot study (n = 113) and a main study (n = 314) were applied. The results showed that the instrument has a reliable and valid structure, with satisfactory internal consistency and factorial validity. Likewise, gender invariance tests supported its suitability for its applicability to women and men. Overall, the ECSS-20 is a valuable instrument for assessing the impact of confinement and improving the understanding of people's subjective experiences in this situation. Future research could further develop its applicability in different contexts and populations to better understand its usefulness and psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food plays a dual role in promoting human health and environmental sustainability. Yet, current food systems jeopardize both. Food waste poses a major global challenge due to its significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. Healthcare facilities generate the largest amounts of food waste compared to other forms of catering provision. Food waste correlates with environmental unsustainability and diminished patient satisfaction, compounding the prevalent challenge of hospital malnutrition and contributing to suboptimal patient outcomes. Materials and methods: In a three-year interventional study (2020-2022) at a psychiatric tertiary care center, we assessed and mitigated food waste using evidence-based measures. We conducted systematic food wastage audits over three years (2020-2022) in May and June, each lasting four weeks. Costs were analyzed comprehensively, covering food, staff, infrastructure, and disposal. Environmental impact was assessed using Umweltbelastungspunkte (UBP) and CO2e/kg emissions, alongside water usage (H2O - l/kg). Results: Economic losses due to food wastage were substantial, primarily from untouched plates and partially consumed dinners, prompting meal planning adjustments. Despite a >3% increase in meals served, both food waste mass and costs decreased by nearly 6%. Environmental impact indicators showed a reduction >20%. Vegetables, salad, and fruits constituted a significant portion of waste. Overproduction minimally contributed to waste, validating portion control efficacy. Conclusion: Our study highlights significant economic and environmental losses due to hospital food waste, emphasizing the importance of resource efficiency. The strategies outlined offer promising avenues for enhanced efficiency. The decrease in food waste observed over the three-year period underscores the potential for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth's ecosystems. The fast‐changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human‐induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human‐induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two‐step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life‐history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real‐time monitoring of rapid, human‐induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state‐of‐the‐art genomic tools. The implications of fast‐evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) occur in remnant natural populations throughout San Francisco Bay (SFB), California, United States, where managers have been working to restore oysters since 2002. Environmental conditions vary substantially along the estuarine gradient in the bay, such that oysters are exposed to different stressors in different locations and years. We monitored oysters that naturally recruited to experimental restoration substrates over 10 years at two sites on this gradient. We found that recruitment rates and adult densities varied over time and had different trajectories at the study locations. We found gradients in predation, space competition, and physical stressors between sites and along a tidal elevation span that corresponded with differences in adult densities. We documented mass mortality resulting from an extreme low‐salinity event at one site and subsequent recovery later that year. Our results, combined with data from natural populations at multiple sites, suggest that restoration outcomes within SFB could be improved by building and strengthening a connected portfolio of sites that are not simultaneously exposed to the same stressors. We recommend siting restoration projects across locations that represent a range of environmental conditions but that are sufficiently close for larval exchange. Unlike typical restoration approaches that use site selection to identify the best locations, the portfolio approach, just like the economic investment principle, would employ a diversity of environmental conditions. Because these environmental conditions can change over time, this approach can reap the greatest rewards over the long run precisely because of that diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: “Scarring in utero” posits that populations exposed to injurious stressors yield birth cohorts that live shorter lives than expected from history. This argument implies a positive historical association between period life expectancy (i.e., average age at death in year t) and cohort life expectancy (i.e., average lifespan of persons born in year t). Tests of the argument have not produced consistent results and appear confounded by autocorrelation, migration, and access to medical care. Here we test whether, as predicted by scarring in utero, sex-specific period and cohort life expectancy appear positively related among Swedes born from 1751 through 1800. If scarring has ever influenced longevity, we should detect signals of its effects in these cohorts because, unlike other populations with known life span, they aged in place and unlikely benefitted from increased access to efficacious medical care. Methods: We use Box–Jenkins methods to control autocorrelation and measure associations. Results: Contrary to the scarring hypothesis, we find an inverse association between period and cohort life expectancy. Our findings imply that, among males, variation in injurious stress on the population predicted changes in cohort life span ranging from a gain of approximately 67 weeks to a loss of about 45 weeks of life and among females from a gain of approximately 68 weeks to a loss of about 38 weeks of life. Conclusion: Epidemiologists trying to understand and explain temporal variation in cohort life expectancy should view the scarring argument with greater skepticism than currently found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a lack of understanding of children's experience in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) environment. Additionally, pediatric patients may experience post-PICU syndrome following discharge. Thus, we aimed to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of a tool specifically for use with children in the PICU. According to Brislin's Model, the Intensive Care Unit Environment Stress Scale (ICUESS) was translated both forward and backward and adapted cross-culturally. A total of 210 PICU patients were selected from four hospitals in XXX to analyze the final translated version of the questionnaire, the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stress Scale (PICUESS). Content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to assess the validity, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability analysis. For PICUESS, seven of 42 items were modified. Content validity was high (overall = 0.96, item validity = 0.8 to 1.0). Exploratory factor analysis revealed eight common factors (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin = 0.857, significant Bartlett's test). The results of the CFA indicate that the scale model fits well across the 8 factors. The entire scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.934). The overall split-half reliability was 0.935. The Chinese version of PICUESS demonstrates good reliability and validity, making it suitable for assessing pediatric patients' perceptions of the PICU environment. The PICUESS can assist healthcare professionals in providing personalized environment care for PICU patients. It has the potential to serve as a tool for further testing and international comparisons of pediatric patients' perceptions of the PICU environment. • Children's experiences in the intensive care unit remain poorly understood. • This study adapted the Chinese version of the PICU Environmental Stress Scale. • The Chinese PICUESS questionnaire exhibited high reliability and validity. • PICUESS is a promising tool for assessing environmental stress in PICU patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant health monitoring is essential for understanding the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic) on crop production, and for tailoring plant developmental and adaptive responses accordingly. Plants are constantly exposed to different stressors like pathogens and soil pollutants (heavy metals and pesticides) which pose a serious threat to their survival and to human health. Plants have the ability to respond to environmental stressors by undergoing rapid transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming at different cellular compartments in order to balance growth and adaptive responses. However, plants' exceptional responsiveness to environmental cues is highly complex, which is driven by diverse signaling molecules such as calcium Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormones, small peptides and metabolites. Additionally, other factors like pH also influence these responses. The regulation and occurrence of these plant signaling molecules are often undetectable, necessitating nondestructive, live research approaches to understand their molecular complexity and functional traits during growth and stress conditions. With the advent of sensors, in vivo and in vitro understanding of some of these processes associated with plant physiology, signaling, metabolism, and development has provided a novel platform not only for decoding the biochemical complexity of signaling pathways but also for targeted engineering to improve diverse plant traits. The application of sensors in detecting pathogens and soil pollutants like heavy metal and pesticides plays a key role in protecting plant and human health. In this review, we provide an update on sensors used in plant biology for the detection of diverse signaling molecules and their functional attributes. We also discuss different types of sensors (biosensors and nanosensors) used in agriculture for detecting pesticides, pathogens and pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As humans, we aspire to healthy aging and ideally reaching our maximal lifespan. That, however, requires optimizing resilience to stressors and minimizing exposure to factors that accelerate aging. Understanding the complexities of aging processes involves characterizing the causal bases of physical, physiological, and cognitive deficits that accumulate over time, eventually culminating in reduced functionality and decreased resistance to disease and environmental stressors. Both the progression of age-related conditions and onset of diseases are affected by environmental stressors; however, the basis for increased susceptibility remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the actions of some environmental stressors, such as endocrine disruptors, can alter both developmental and aging processes, contributing to lifelong issues with inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. This manuscript focuses on the comparative biology and evolution of aging and longevity. The status of an array of animal models and potential for specific geroscience translational applications is addressed by asking these questions. What animal models are currently available for aging and translational geroscience? What are the key roadblocks and barriers for studies of healthy aging, and how might specific animal models be useful? Are research tools available? Which vertebrate animal models can specifically address targeted questions in human aging processes? Can information be synthesized for a range of vertebrate species to identify suitable animal models for addressing specific research questions in geroscience, especially relative to basic physiological function, timing and trajectory of disease progression, effects of environmental stressors, and potential for regenerative medicine? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global food systems in recent years have been impacted by some harsh environmental challenges and excessive anthropogenic activities. The increasing levels of both biotic and abiotic stressors have led to a decline in food production, safety, and quality. This has also contributed to a low crop production rate and difficulty in meeting the requirements of the ever-growing population. Several biotic stresses have developed above natural resistance in crops coupled with alarming contamination rates. In particular, the multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria and some other plant pathogens has been a hot topic over recent years since the food system is often exposed to contamination at each of the farm-to-fork stages. Therefore, a system that prioritizes the safety, quality, and availability of foods is needed to meet the health and dietary preferences of everyone at every time. Methods: This review collected scattered information on food systems and proposes methods for plant disease management. Multiple databases were searched for relevant specialized literature in the field. Particular attention was placed on the genetic methods with special interest in the potentials of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins technology in food systems and security. Results: The review reveals the approaches that have been developed to salvage the problem of food insecurity in an attempt to achieve sustainable agriculture. On crop plants, some systems tend towards either enhancing the systemic resistance or engineering resistant varieties against known pathogens. The CRISPR-Cas technology has become a popular tool for engineering desired genes in living organisms. This review discusses its impact and why it should be considered in the sustainable management, availability, and quality of food systems. Some important roles of CRISPR-Cas have been established concerning conventional and earlier genome editing methods for simultaneous modification of different agronomic traits in crops. Conclusion: Despite the controversies over the safety of the CRISPR-Cas system, its importance has been evident in the engineering of disease- and drought-resistant crop varieties, the improvement of crop yield, and enhancement of food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global pollution escalates, plants increasingly encounter microplastic and metal contaminants in their habitats, posing severe challenges to their growth, physiology, and overall health. This review delves into the transformative potential of nanotechnology in bolstering plant resilience against such pollutants. Nanoparticles, with their unique properties, present promising strategies to protect plants from microplastic-induced physical obstruction and chemical toxicity, as well as from heavy metal stress. In the backdrop of mounting environmental stressors, nanoparticles can play a pivotal role in enhancing the uptake, sequestration, and detoxification processes in plants. By understanding the intricate mechanisms through which nanoparticles act, researchers can potentially develop targeted applications to mitigate the detrimental effects of microplastics and heavy metals. This exploration not only brings to the fore the immediate benefits of using nanoparticles but also underlines the need for a comprehensive assessment of their environmental impact to ensure sustainable applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic is experiencing a rapid temperature increase, four times faster than lower-latitude regions, disproportionately affecting rural, coastal, and Indigenous communities. These areas confront multiple urgent climate challenges. Adaptation strategies encompass out-migration, community relocation, and enhancing resilience, yet research in this critical area is notably limited, particularly for the most vulnerable communities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of environmental stressors and contextual factors influencing migration decisions in the North American Arctic. While migration is primarily driven by job opportunities, education, healthcare, cultural, and infrastructural factors, factors such as family, culture, safety, subsistence life, and community ties strongly influence residents to stay. The study reveals a lack of clear evidence for climate-driven migration at the individual/household level, but it underscores well-documented community-level relocations. Two major challenges in studying Arctic climate migration are identified: the complexity of migration and the uniqueness of Arctic climate change. Recommendations include considering migration typology, disentangling climate drivers from contextual factors, and addressing data limitations through systematic collection, integration, and creative use of traditional and nontraditional data. The paper underscores the importance of establishing partnerships with local communities to achieve a holistic understanding of factors driving migration or immobility, ensuring research outcomes are connected to addressing community challenges. This review lays the groundwork for empirical research on Arctic migration and community adaptation, aiming to comprehend the challenges faced by these communities and explore potential solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world. However, it has natural resources, and if they are managed under sustainable development principles, it can overcome its current problems. In the present socio-economic status, soil is one of its most important resources and must be protected from pollution and degradation. This review identifies and discusses the main soil quality stressors, namely soil fertility; deforestation and its sources: agriculture, timber harvesting, charcoal production, and uncontrolled fires; mining activities, manly gold artisanal explorations, and industrial open-pit coal mining; and solid wastes management. The sustainable use of natural resources is mandatory for future generations to continue to profit from this nature-based wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, age-related multifactorial degenerative disease of diarthrodial joints marked by impaired mobility, joint stiffness, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. Among other risk factors, such as genetics and age, hyper-physiological mechanical cues are known to play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease (Guilak in Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 25:815–823, 2011). It has been shown that post-mitotic cells, such as articular chondrocytes, heavily rely on methylation at CpG sites to adapt to environmental cues and maintain phenotypic plasticity. However, these long-lasting adaptations may eventually have a negative impact on cellular performance. We hypothesize that hyper-physiologic mechanical loading leads to the accumulation of altered epigenetic markers in articular chondrocytes, resulting in a loss of the tightly regulated balance of gene expression that leads to a dysregulated state characteristic of the OA disease state. Results: We showed that hyper-physiological loading evokes consistent changes in CpGs associated with expression changes (ML-tCpGs) in ITGA5, CAV1, and CD44, among other genes, which together act in pathways such as anatomical structure morphogenesis (GO:0009653) and response to wound healing (GO:0042060). Moreover, by comparing the ML-tCpGs and their associated pathways to tCpGs in OA pathophysiology (OA-tCpGs), we observed a modest but particular interconnected overlap with notable genes such as CD44 and ITGA5. These genes could indeed represent lasting detrimental changes to the phenotypic state of chondrocytes due to mechanical perturbations that occurred earlier in life. The latter is further suggested by the association between methylation levels of ML-tCpGs mapped to CD44 and OA severity. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that hyper-physiological mechanical cues evoke changes to the methylome-wide landscape of chondrocytes, concomitant with detrimental changes in positional gene expression levels (ML-tCpGs). Since CAV1, ITGA5, and CD44 are subject to such changes and are central and overlapping with OA-tCpGs of primary chondrocytes, we propose that accumulation of hyper-physiological mechanical cues can evoke long-lasting, detrimental changes in set points of gene expression that influence the phenotypic healthy state of chondrocytes. Future studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review articulates critical insights into the nexus of environmental stressors and their health impacts across diverse species, underscoring significant findings that reveal profound effects on both wildlife and human health systems. Central to our examination is the role of pollutants, climate variables, and pathogens in contributing to complex disease dynamics and physiological disruptions, with particular emphasis on immune and endocrine functions. This research brings to light emerging evidence on the severe implications of environmental pressures on a variety of taxa, including predatory mammals, raptorial birds, seabirds, fish, and humans, which are pivotal as indicators of broader ecosystem health and stability. We delve into the nuanced interplay between environmental degradation and zoonotic diseases, highlighting novel intersections that pose significant risks to biodiversity and human populations. The review critically evaluates current methodologies and advances in understanding the morphological, histopathological, and biochemical responses of these organisms to environmental stressors. We discuss the implications of our findings for conservation strategies, advocating for a more integrated approach that incorporates the dynamics of zoonoses and pollution control. This synthesis not only contributes to the academic discourse but also aims to influence policy by aligning with the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. It underscores the urgent need for sustainable interactions between humans and their environments, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ensuring global health security. By presenting a detailed analysis of the interdependencies between environmental stressors and biological health, this review highlights significant gaps in current research and provides a foundation for future studies aimed at mitigating these pressing issues. Our study is significant as it proposes integrative and actionable strategies to address the challenges at the intersection of environmental change and public health, marking a crucial step forward in planetary health science.

Abstract When analyzing health data in relation to environmental stressors, it is crucial to identify which variables to include in the statistical model to exclude dependencies among the variables. Four meteorological parameters: temperature, ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, and vapor pressure and four outdoor air pollution parameters: ozone ( $$\text{O}_3$$ O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide ( $$\text{NO}_2$$ NO 2 ), particulate matter ( $$PM_{2.5}$$ P M 2.5 , $$PM_{10}$$ P M 10 ) were studied on a daily basis for Baden-Württemberg (Germany). This federal state covers urban and rural compartments including mountainous and river areas. A temporal and spatial analysis of the internal relationships was performed among the variables using (a) cross-correlations, both on the grand ensemble of data as well as within subsets, and (b) the Local Indications of Spatial Association (LISA) method. Meteorological and air pollution variables were strongly correlated within and among themselves in time and space. We found a strong interaction between nitrogen dioxide and ozone, with correlation coefficients varying over time. The coefficients ranged from negative correlations in January (−0.84), April (−0.47), and October (−0.54) to a positive correlation in July (0.45). The cross-correlation plot showed a noticeable change in the correlation direction for $$\text{O}_3$$ O 3 and $$\text{NO}_2$$ NO 2 . Spatially, $$\text{NO}_2$$ NO 2 , $$PM_{2.5}$$ P M 2.5 , and $$PM_{10}$$ P M 10 concentrations were significantly higher in urban than rural regions. For $$\text{O}_3$$ O 3 , this effect was reversed. A LISA analysis confirmed distinct hot and cold spots of environmental stressors. This work examined and quantified the spatio-temporal relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions and recommended which variables to prioritize for future health impact analyses. The results found are in line with the underlying physico-chemical atmospheric processes. It also identified postal code areas with dominant environmental stressors for further studies.

Microalgae is a sustainable tool for carbon capture and bioprospecting due to its unique characteristics, but its scale-up application has been hindered by different challenges. This study alluded to the potential for overcoming existing barriers and easing the application of microalgae-based solutions in carbon capture technologies. The mechanisms by which different bioengineering techniques enhance the photosynthetic efficiency, carbon fixation pathways, and stress tolerance in microalgae, leading to carbon capture, were also explored. These bioengineering techniques were deciphered towards scale-up cultivation of microalgal resources and application in carbon capture. The success of scale-up applications was linked to the implementation of metabolic and genetic engineering strategies. These strategies tend to enhance the economic and environmental feasibility of microalgae-based carbon capture technologies. The engineering of microalgae stress responsive mechanisms was shown to improve biomass productivity and resilience of microalgae. The pathway towards the eradication of issues related to the technical feasibility of microalgae scale-up application in carbon capture was identified. The study buttressed the role of policy and regulatory frameworks in enhancing the feasibility of microalgae usage as a tool in scale-up carbon capture. But to ascertain a scale-up application of microalgae-based technology for carbon capture, research direction should focus on the use of bioengineering techniques to ease the integration of microalgae systems into industrial processes.

The demand for macadamia nut production worldwide has led to increased use of pesticides and chemicals for pest and disease control. Reservoirs in these macadamia farming sectors are at risk, since these chemicals can enter and contaminate the water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, subsequently negatively affecting aquatic organisms. The current study investigated macroinvertebrate colonisation and succession associated with two macadamia orchards and two communal area reservoirs. The potential effects of stressors from these land uses was tested for and compared using stone substrates over a 6-week period. Stone substrates from both reservoir types were abundantly colonised over time and the total macroinvertebrate taxa and abundance showed an increasing trend across the sampled weeks, with macadamia orchards having the highest number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Strong ecological succession was observed across reservoirs, with the initial succession of early colonisers - i.e., Chironominae (collectorgatherers), Ostracoda (collector-filterers) and Anax sp. (predator) within communal area reservoirs, and Chironominae, Ostracoda and Radix natalensis (scrapers) in macadamia orchard reservoirs - followed by predatory colonisers such as Gyrinidae larvae, Trithemis sp. (macadamia orchard reservoirs), and Ranatra sp. (communal area reservoirs). Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly across sites and weeks, with no similarity being observed for communities across the different reservoirs. Redundancy analyses further highlighted 11 sediment chemistry variables (i.e., pH, resistivity, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, Fe and S) which were significantly related to macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, sediment variables were found to be better predictors of macroinvertebrate community structure in macadamia orchard reservoirs than communal area reservoirs. Consequently, we concluded that differences in colonisation ability among taxa and environmental stressors were important factors driving succession. These results add to the understanding of the macroinvertebrate colonisation processes and environmental stressors within agricultural landscapes, which can aid in the development of conservation management of freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Climate change and global warming has led to changes in water-quality parameters, which in turn have negative consequences for zooplankton. Aims: To investigate the effects of various environmental stressors (pH, temperature, photoperiod, and food concentration) on the tropical freshwater microcrustacean Moina micrura. Methods: The study examined the effects of these stressors on survival (lifespan), reproduction (days to first brood, number of broods, and total offspring), growth (individual size and total moulting), physiology (heart rate), and sex-switching effects (total male offspring). Key results: Significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the total offspring, individual size, and heart rate of M. micrura were observed when exposed to acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 9) conditions. Conversely, higher water temperatures (31°C) and longer light exposure (20 h) were found to increase total offspring and heart rate in M. micrura. Furthermore, male offspring were produced only under conditions of food scarcity (no food supply and 1 × 102 cells mL−1). Conclusions: Climate change has a significant effect on the life-history traits of M. micrura , a tropical cladoceran species. Implications: Vital insights that can guide policymakers and practitioners in developing more effective strategies to safeguard and preserve tropical freshwater aquatic habitats, especially those of zooplankton species. To explore climate effects on tiny aquatic life, we delved into how changes in water conditions affect Moina micrura , a small freshwater creature. Results showed that extreme pH harms the offspring and slows the heartbeat of this species, but warmth and longer daylight boost the numbers. Interestingly, M. micrura produces more males when food is scarce. This research informs strategies to protect these creatures in our tropical waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ever-growing body of literature evidences the protective role of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) against a plethora of mostly physical stressors in prokaryotic cells. To date, most of the research done involved bacterial strains isolated from habitats not considered to be life-challenging or extremely impacted by abiotic environmental factors. Polar region microorganisms experience a multitude of damaging factors in combinations rarely seen in other of Earth's environments. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation was to examine the role of PHAs in the adaptation of psychrophilic, Arctic-derived bacteria to stress conditions. Arctic PHA producers: Acidovorax sp. A1169 and Collimonas sp. A2191, were chosen and their genes involved in PHB metabolism were deactivated making them unable to accumulate PHAs (ΔphaC) or to utilize them (Δi-phaZ) as a carbon source. Varying stressors were applied to the wild-type and the prepared mutant strains and their survival rates were assessed based on CFU count. Wild-type strains with a functional PHA metabolism were best suited to survive the freeze–thaw cycle — a common feature of polar region habitats. However, the majority of stresses were best survived by the ΔphaC mutants, suggesting that the biochemical imbalance caused by the lack of PHAs induced a permanent cell-wide stress response thus causing them to better withstand the stressor application. Δi-phaZ mutants were superior in surviving UV irradiation, hinting that PHA granule presence in bacterial cells is beneficial despite it being biologically inaccessible. Obtained data suggests that the ability to metabolize PHA although important for survival, probably is not the most crucial mechanism in the stress-resistance strategies arsenal of cold-loving bacteria. Key points: • PHA metabolism helps psychrophiles survive freezing • PHA-lacking psychrophile mutants cope better with oxidative and heat stresses • PHA granule presence enhances the UV resistance of psychrophiles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When analyzing health data in relation to environmental stressors, it is crucial to identify which variables to include in the statistical model to exclude dependencies among the variables. Four meteorological parameters: temperature, ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, and vapor pressure and four outdoor air pollution parameters: ozone ( O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ), particulate matter ( P M 2.5 , P M 10 ) were studied on a daily basis for Baden-Württemberg (Germany). This federal state covers urban and rural compartments including mountainous and river areas. A temporal and spatial analysis of the internal relationships was performed among the variables using (a) cross-correlations, both on the grand ensemble of data as well as within subsets, and (b) the Local Indications of Spatial Association (LISA) method. Meteorological and air pollution variables were strongly correlated within and among themselves in time and space. We found a strong interaction between nitrogen dioxide and ozone, with correlation coefficients varying over time. The coefficients ranged from negative correlations in January (−0.84), April (−0.47), and October (−0.54) to a positive correlation in July (0.45). The cross-correlation plot showed a noticeable change in the correlation direction for O 3 and NO 2 . Spatially, NO 2 , P M 2.5 , and P M 10 concentrations were significantly higher in urban than rural regions. For O 3 , this effect was reversed. A LISA analysis confirmed distinct hot and cold spots of environmental stressors. This work examined and quantified the spatio-temporal relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions and recommended which variables to prioritize for future health impact analyses. The results found are in line with the underlying physico-chemical atmospheric processes. It also identified postal code areas with dominant environmental stressors for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Environmental factors are considered abiotic stressors when they negatively affect the integrity and welfare of fish. In aquaculture, many stressors occur under intensive fish farming (e.g., poor water quality, handling, crowding, and transportation). Abiotic chronic stress results in higher mortality and disease incidence, lowering fish growth and affecting aquaculture production systems' performance. Feeding strategies can alleviate abiotic chronic stress in fish. Novel ingredients possess nutrients that confer antioxidant potential, improve the immune system, and reduce cortisol in blood plasma, the primary hormone in stress conditions. This management of chronic stress by alternative feeding is a sustainable form of obtaining food for human consumption, considering the animal welfare in intensive production systems. Alternative ingredients such as animal by-products, bacteria, fungi, and insect meal are described and discussed in this review as an alternative to mitigate fish chronic stress in aquaculture. Aquaculture has become one of the most attractive food production activities as it provides high-quality protein for the growing human population. However, the abiotic chronic stress of fish in intensive fish farming leads to a detrimental condition that affects their health and somatic growth, comprising productive performance. This work aims to comprehensively review the impact of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish somatic growth, metabolism, and antioxidative capacity under environmental/abiotic stressors. The documental research indicates that ingredients from rendered animal by-products, insects, bacteria as single-cell proteins, and fungal organisms (e.g., yeast, filamentous fungus, and mushrooms) benefit fish health and performance. A set of responses allows fish growth, health, and survival to remain unaffected by feeding with alternative ingredients during chronic environmental stress. Those ingredients stimulate the production of enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and selenoproteins that counteract ROS effects. In addition, the humoral immune system promotes immunoglobulin production (IgM) and cortisol plasmatic reduction. Further investigation must be carried out to establish the specific effect by species. Additionally, the mixture and the pre-treatment of ingredients such as hydrolysates, solid fermentations, and metabolite extraction potentialize the beneficial effects of diets in chronically stressed fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a global crisis with severe consequences for public health. There have been negative impacts on people’s quality of life and mental health due to various stressors arising in this context, such as physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges. Noteworthy among these are the indirect effects of health measures, especially social distancing and confinement, which have significantly altered people’s daily lives and social activities, producing high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. This study proposes developing and validating a cross-sectional scale called the “Environmental Stressors Scale (ECSS-20)” to address the need to measure the impact of environmental stressors during confinement. The scale, which has been validated following ethical and methodological guidelines, consists of four dimensions: economic stressors (EE), social activities (SA), habitability (H), and exposure to virtual media (EMV). A pilot study (n = 113) and a main study (n = 314) were applied. The results showed that the instrument has a reliable and valid structure, with satisfactory internal consistency and factorial validity. Likewise, gender invariance tests supported its suitability for its applicability to women and men. Overall, the ECSS-20 is a valuable instrument for assessing the impact of confinement and improving the understanding of people’s subjective experiences in this situation. Future research could further develop its applicability in different contexts and populations to better understand its usefulness and psychometric properties.

BackgroundFood plays a dual role in promoting human health and environmental sustainability. Yet, current food systems jeopardize both. Food waste poses a major global challenge due to its significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. Healthcare facilities generate the largest amounts of food waste compared to other forms of catering provision. Food waste correlates with environmental unsustainability and diminished patient satisfaction, compounding the prevalent challenge of hospital malnutrition and contributing to suboptimal patient outcomes.Materials and methodsIn a three-year interventional study (2020-2022) at a psychiatric tertiary care center, we assessed and mitigated food waste using evidence-based measures. We conducted systematic food wastage audits over three years (2020-2022) in May and June, each lasting four weeks. Costs were analyzed comprehensively, covering food, staff, infrastructure, and disposal. Environmental impact was assessed using Umweltbelastungspunkte (UBP) and CO2e/kg emissions, alongside water usage (H2O - l/kg).ResultsEconomic losses due to food wastage were substantial, primarily from untouched plates and partially consumed dinners, prompting meal planning adjustments. Despite a >3% increase in meals served, both food waste mass and costs decreased by nearly 6%. Environmental impact indicators showed a reduction >20%. Vegetables, salad, and fruits constituted a significant portion of waste. Overproduction minimally contributed to waste, validating portion control efficacy.ConclusionOur study highlights significant economic and environmental losses due to hospital food waste, emphasizing the importance of resource efficiency. The strategies outlined offer promising avenues for enhanced efficiency. The decrease in food waste observed over the three-year period underscores the potential for improvement.

Background Global food systems in recent years have been impacted by some harsh environmental challenges and excessive anthropogenic activities. The increasing levels of both biotic and abiotic stressors have led to a decline in food production, safety, and quality. This has also contributed to a low crop production rate and difficulty in meeting the requirements of the ever-growing population. Several biotic stresses have developed above natural resistance in crops coupled with alarming contamination rates. In particular, the multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria and some other plant pathogens has been a hot topic over recent years since the food system is often exposed to contamination at each of the farm-to-fork stages. Therefore, a system that prioritizes the safety, quality, and availability of foods is needed to meet the health and dietary preferences of everyone at every time. Methods This review collected scattered information on food systems and proposes methods for plant disease management. Multiple databases were searched for relevant specialized literature in the field. Particular attention was placed on the genetic methods with special interest in the potentials of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins technology in food systems and security. Results The review reveals the approaches that have been developed to salvage the problem of food insecurity in an attempt to achieve sustainable agriculture. On crop plants, some systems tend towards either enhancing the systemic resistance or engineering resistant varieties against known pathogens. The CRISPR-Cas technology has become a popular tool for engineering desired genes in living organisms. This review discusses its impact and why it should be considered in the sustainable management, availability, and quality of food systems. Some important roles of CRISPR-Cas have been established concerning conventional and earlier genome editing methods for simultaneous modification of different agronomic traits in crops. Conclusion Despite the controversies over the safety of the CRISPR-Cas system, its importance has been evident in the engineering of disease- and drought-resistant crop varieties, the improvement of crop yield, and enhancement of food quality.

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. It discusses the environmental and agronomic factors that influence the chemical composition and biological activity of cannabis extracts. The authors highlight the complexity of the cannabis plant and the various secondary metabolites it contains. They emphasize that environmental stressors and agronomic practices, such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, can significantly impact the chemical profile of cannabis extracts. The editorial also mentions several research studies that have investigated the effects of these factors on the composition of cannabis extracts, providing valuable insights for researchers and farmers in the cannabis and hemp industry. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds extracted from Gracilaria gracilis cultivated in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system by different extraction solvents and to investigate the potential capacity of the extracts in cellular systems against environmental pollutants. The global yields, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activity were assessed on G. gracilis by DPPH radical scavenging activity, comparing the antioxidant extraction efficiency of the different solvents (ethanol 80%, acetone 70%, N-hexane, and water). Ethanol extract, granted by the highest extractive yield and antioxidant capacity, was tested in vitro in the Sparus aurata fibroblast (SAF-1) cell line to evaluate its protective role against oxidative stress induced by the chemical flame retardant 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). The results demonstrate that the cells pretreated with G. gracilis extract were protected against oxidative stress and had improved cell viability, cellular antioxidant defense system, and cell cycle control, as demonstrated by the gene expression on some biomarkers related to the cell cycle (p53) and oxidative stress (nrf2, sod, and cat). These results confirm that bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds cultivated in IMTAs could contribute to producing high-value ingredients that are able to counteract environmental stressors, for the growth of the marine biobased industrial sector and the expansion of new value chains.

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) has received limited attention in terms of genetic research. However, genomic techniques hold promise for decoding the stone pine genome and contributing to developing a more resilient bioeconomy. Retrotransposon and specific genetic markers are effective tools for determining population-specific genomic diversity. Studies on the transcriptome and proteome have identified differentially expressed genes PAS1, CLV1, ATAF1, and ACBF involved in shoot bud formation. The stone pine proteome shows variation among populations and shows the industrial potential of the enzyme pinosylvin. Microsatellite studies have revealed low levels of polymorphism and a unique genetic diversity in stone pine, which may contribute to its environmental adaptation. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses uncover the genetic and molecular responses of stone pine to fungal infections and nematode infestations, elucidating the defense activation, gene regulation, and the potential role of terpenes in pathogen resistance. Transcriptomics associated with carbohydrate metabolism, dehydrins, and transcription factors show promise as targets for improving stone pine's drought stress response and water retention capabilities. Stone pine presents itself as an important model tree for studying climate change adaptation due to its characteristics. While knowledge gaps exist, stone pine's genetic resources hold significant potential, and ongoing advancements in techniques offer prospects for future exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Escalating prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus has necessitated urgent exploration into the fundamental mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance emergence, particularly in relation to its interaction with environmental stressors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental stressors prior to antibiotic exposure on the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus. Methods: We used Raman spectroscopy and flow cytometry to measure prior stress-induced phenotypic alterations of S. aureus, and identified the association between phenotypic shifts and the antibiotic resistance. Results: The results revealed a multifaceted relationship between stressors and the development of antibiotic resistance. The stressors effectuate distinct phenotypic diversifications and subsequently amplify these phenotypic alterations following antibiotic treatments, contingent upon the specific mode of action; these phenotypic shifts in turn promote the development of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. This study's findings demonstrated that the presence of pre-stress conditions triggered an augmentation of resistance to vancomycin (VAN), while concurrently attenuating resistance to norfloxacin. Marked shifts in Raman peaks associated with lipids and nucleic acids demonstrated correlations with elevated survival rates following VAN treatment. Conclusion: Consequently, these observations indicate that pre-stress conditions "prime" bacterial cells for differential responses to antibiotics and bear significant implications for formulating clinical therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial ecosystems encompass a vast and vital component of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. The effect of increased anthropogenic dominance on terrestrial communities defines major challenges for ecosystem conservation, including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, species invasions and extinctions, and disease spread. Here, we integrate fossil, historical, and present-day organismal and ecological data to investigate how conservation paleobiology provides deep-time perspectives on terrestrial organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems impacted by anthropogenic processes. We relate research tools to conservation outputs and highlight gaps that currently limit conservation paleobiology from reaching its full impact on conservation practice and management. In doing so, we also highlight how the colonial legacies of conservation biology and paleobiology confound our understanding of present-day biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and conservation outlooks, and we make recommendations for more inclusive and ethical practices moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Several fishes of the family Poeciliidae are commonly produced in ornamental aquaculture and also used for pest control, leading to their introduction in numerous countries. Many of these species exhibit tolerance and invasiveness, as exemplified by Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866). This report documents the presence of X. maculatus in a Caribbean coastal stream in Venezuela. Quizandal Creek has experienced significant human intervention in its lower drainage and channel area. In the final segment of the creek the fish were captured using hand nets and beach seines. The specimens were transported alive to the laboratory for evaluation and subsequently preserved according to standard methods and later were cataloged in the fish collection. 16 males ♂ and 8 females ♀ (16.6-29.4 mm SL. CPUCLA-3630) from the Quizandal Creek, part of the coastal drainage of the Borburata River, were analyzed. This is the first report on the occurrence of Xiphophorus maculatus in natural environments of Venezuela. These coastal streams are situated in a zoogeographic transition zone between regional freshwater ichthyofaunas that have a limited number of species, primarily secondary and amphidromous, which could be susceptible to the presence of introduced species. Xiphophorus fish demonstrate the ability to thrive in highly degraded environments, promoting their dispersion and amplifying the impact on the habitat and local fish, particularly small endemic fish, such as the Rivulidae and Poeciliidae.

Seed protection is a key element in plant survival and plant dispersion. In hazelnuts, shell lignification begins from the tip to the basal scar. Therefore, hardening time is a race between seed survival against environmental stress. While new pests and stochastic weather events are increasing, fundamental shell lignification features are missing in the common Segorbe cultivar. In this purpose, progress of lignification was studied using hardness and morphological changes in fresh and dried Segorbe hazelnuts collected weekly in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The growing degree days (GDD) were calculated for key lignification process stages. In dried hazelnuts, the lignification process causes morphological deformation lead to belted hazelnut symptoms. Lignification increased progressively from week 22 (1353.6 GDD) to week 26 (1353.6 GDD). Shell length was 48–84% of their final size. The shell was fully lignified at week 27 with a kernel size of 4.99±0.32 mm. In fresh nuts, shell size increased from 83 to 92%, and hardening increased by a factor of 2.85, reaching 21 kgf, between weeks 25 and 26 (2272.8 GDD), with a kernel size of 4.75±2.05 mm. Lignification occurs in four weeks. When kernel size is ~5 mm, and shell growth ends, a hard wall protects the kernel from stressors. Belted hazelnut symptoms, reflected in the ratio of lignified and shriveled shell parts, and shell hardness, are discussed in the context of the susceptibility of Segorbe cultivars to environmental stressors.

Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world. However, it has natural resources, and if they are managed under sustainable development principles, it can overcome its current problems. In the present socio-economic status, soil is one of its most important resources and must be protected from pollution and degradation. This review identifies and discusses the main soil quality stressors, namely soil fertility; deforestation and its sources: agriculture, timber harvesting, charcoal production, and uncontrolled fires; mining activities, manly gold artisanal explorations, and industrial open-pit coal mining; and solid wastes management. The sustainable use of natural resources is mandatory for future generations to continue to profit from this nature-based wealth.

Plant health monitoring is essential for understanding the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic) on crop production, and for tailoring plant developmental and adaptive responses accordingly. Plants are constantly exposed to different stressors like pathogens and soil pollutants (heavy metals and pesticides) which pose a serious threat to their survival and to human health. Plants have the ability to respond to environmental stressors by undergoing rapid transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming at different cellular compartments in order to balance growth and adaptive responses. However, plants’ exceptional responsiveness to environmental cues is highly complex, which is driven by diverse signaling molecules such as calcium Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormones, small peptides and metabolites. Additionally, other factors like pH also influence these responses. The regulation and occurrence of these plant signaling molecules are often undetectable, necessitating nondestructive, live research approaches to understand their molecular complexity and functional traits during growth and stress conditions. With the advent of sensors, in vivo and in vitro understanding of some of these processes associated with plant physiology, signaling, metabolism, and development has provided a novel platform not only for decoding the biochemical complexity of signaling pathways but also for targeted engineering to improve diverse plant traits. The application of sensors in detecting pathogens and soil pollutants like heavy metal and pesticides plays a key role in protecting plant and human health. In this review, we provide an update on sensors used in plant biology for the detection of diverse signaling molecules and their functional attributes. We also discuss different types of sensors (biosensors and nanosensors) used in agriculture for detecting pesticides, pathogens and pollutants.

Abstract Tilapia production in Ghana has been hit with episodes of stress and pathogen-induced mass fish kills which have anecdotally been linked to the culture of illegally imported Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. This study was thus set up to comprehensively assess the stress tolerance of the GIFT strain and a native strain of Nile tilapia (the Akosombo strain) following exposures to hyperthermic and hypoxic stressors. In a series of experiments, oxygen consumption (MO2), aquatic surface respiration (ASR), thermal limits and hypoxia tolerance were assessed. The effects of these stressors on haematological parameters were also assessed. The GIFT strain was less tolerant of hypoxia and performed ASR at higher O2 levels than the Akosombo strain. Under progressive hypoxia, the GIFT strain exhibited higher gill ventilations frequencies (fV) than the Akosombo strain. The thermal tolerance trial indicated that the Akosombo strain of O. niloticus has higher thermotolerance than the GIFT strain and this was reflective in the higher LT50 (45.1℃) and LTmax (48℃), compared to LT50 and LTmax of 41.5℃ and 46℃ respectively. These results imply that it is crucial to consider how the GIFT strain performs under various environmental conditions and changes during culture. Particularly, raising the GIFT strain of Nile tilapia in earthen ponds rich in phytoplankton and subject to protracted episodes of extreme hypoxia may have a detrimental physiological impact on its growth and welfare.

A more profound comprehension of various facets of biodiversity is essential for advancing sustainable governance of biodiversity and its associated ecosystem services. In this study, we delved into the composition of beta diversity within macroinvertebrates communities in the Thousand Islands Lake catchment area. Subsequently, we investigated the factors influencing the diverse facets of macroinvertebrates alpha and beta diversity, and ultimately employed structural equation modeling to analyze the pathways through which both regional environmental factors, like climate and land use, and local environmental variables collectively impact distinct facets of alpha and beta diversity within the ecosystem. Our results showed that (i) taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversities were primarily determined by turnover, while functional beta diversity is predominantly determined by nestedness; (ii) alpha and beta diversity are primarily influenced by spatial variables, with local environment and climate ranking the second, and land use explaining the lowest proportion according to the results of variance partitioning; (iii) alpha diversity is mainly affected by regional variables, especially climatic factors (precipitation) while beta diversity is more affected by local variables, especially hydrological factors (depth) revealed by the structural equation modeling. These results offer compelling evidence that biodiversity composition, ecological drivers, and the specific pathways of influence vary across different scales. Future studies of macroinvertebrates could focus on different facets of alpha and beta diversity as well as consider the effects of environment variables at different scales, which would provide new insights into potential patterns of community associations.

With rapid industrialization, urbanization, and climate change, the impact of environmental factors on human health is becoming increasingly evident and understanding the complex mechanisms involved is vital from a healthcare perspective. Nevertheless, the relationship between physiological stress resulting from environmental stressors and environmental disease is complex and not well understood. Chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as air and water contaminants, pesticides, and toxic metals, has been recognized as a potent elicitor of physiological responses ranging from systemic inflammation to immune system dysregulation causing or progressing environmental diseases. Conversely, physiological stress can exacerbate susceptibility to environmental diseases. Stress-induced alterations in immune function and hormonal balance may impair the ability to detoxify harmful substances and combat pathogens. Additionally, prolonged stress can impact lifestyle choices, leading to harmful behaviors. Understanding the link between physiological stress and environmental disease requires a systematic, multidisciplinary approach. Addressing this complex relationship necessitates the establishment of a global research network. This perspective discusses the intricate interplay between physiological stress and environmental disease, focusing on common environmental diseases, cancer, diabetes, and cognitive degeneration. Furthermore, we highlight the intricate and reciprocal nature of the connection between physiological stress and these environmental diseases giving a perspective on the current state of knowledge as well as identifying where further information is necessary. Recognizing the role of physiological stress in environmental health outcomes will aid in the development of comprehensive strategies to safeguard public health and promote ecological balance.