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Digital technologies offer a quick and convenient method of communicating across distance, but there are unique benefits to engaging in forms of delayed communication. Long-distance letter writing in the early nineteenth century was often a slow business, and one that Romantic poet, John Keats, capitalised on. In particular, the letter provided Keats with a means of managing the reality of his circumstances when he was faced with inexorable loss and tragedy. In the period of time leading up to the death of his brother, Tom, in 1818, Keats exploited the specific cultures and forms of letter writing to generate a unique consolation for himself and his family members; as he confronted the reality of his own death two years later, the letter played a similarly crucial role in managing his feelings of loss and grief. Letter writing, during these difficult periods, presented Keats with a unique dichotomy: the letter kept him grounded in the cruel reality of his situation while often functioning as a singularly effective means of managing it. How the specific cultures of letter writing and disease intersect, and how Keats's imaginative epistolary narratives coalesce with the increasingly urgent facts of consumption and death, will be examined here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is the first complete publication of the letters of Alexander Pleshcheyev (composer, poet, playwright, member of the Arzamas Society) to Vasily Zhukovsky for 1809–1814. During this period, Pleshcheyev was one of the closest poet’s friends, aware of all his personal and creative affairs. The lack of Zhukovsky’s letters to him, lost in the later fire of the estate house in Bolshaya Chern, makes Pleshcheyev’s letters the most valuable source of Zhukovsky’s scientific biography of the early period (before he departed from his native lands). In 1809–1814, Zhukovsky spent a lot of time on the road, leaving and returning to Muratovo, where his love for Maria Protasova attracted him. The article presents Pleshcheyev and his wife, Anna Ivanovna, as the most active participants in the unsuccessful attempts to arrange a desirable marriage for Zhukovsky and Maria. It is worth noting that Pleshcheyev’s letters help publishers of the poet’s epistolary to solve the most complicated issues related to these movements and his relationships with relatives and friends. Also, these Alexander Pleshcheyev’s letters contain pivotal dates for determining the time of the creation of Zhukovsky’s “home” humorous poems, which have conditional dating in some printed publications. The letters containing messages and postscripts by V.I. Gubarev, S. Moreau de la Meltier, O.P. Bouquillon, and others give a comprehensive idea of the life of the hospitable Pleshcheyev house.

The study of the epistolary of Ukrainian archaeologists today is an important component of such a promising direction of scientific research as the history of archaeology. The purpose of this study is to publish and introduce into scientific circulation the letters of Oleksandr Bodyanskyi (1916–1992) to Viktor Petrov (1893–1969), two famous Ukrainian archaeologists. The designated ego-sources illustrate the peculiarities of the communication of the nation’s intellectual leadership in the conditions of the authoritarian Soviet system. The main milestones of their personal and professional biographies are outlined against the background of an era full of contradictions and historical cataclysms. Their participation in the Dnibrobudov expedition (1927–1932) led by D. Yavornytskyi was noted. The archeographic publication of four letters from 1964–1967 from the funds of the Central State Archives of the Museum of Literature and Arts of Ukraine (Kyiv) was carried out. This source complex combines private, public and professional components. For the history of domestic archeology, the details of the researches in the territories of the Steppe Ukraine of ancient eras from the Neolithic to Kyivan Rus’ are of interest The main attention is paid to the debatable issues of the study of Chernyakhiv archaeological culture. The common foundations in the worldview principles of O. Bodyanskyi and V. Petrov are shown — Ukrainian-centricity, love for nature, non-acceptance of any lack of freedom, a cautious attitude to current civilizational challenges (nuclear threat, etc.). The letters record the peculiarities of the scientific environment of Ukrainian archaeologists, the regularities of their practical scientific and organizational activities, internal competition and interpersonal relationships, provide evaluation judgments about the personal traits and scientific achievements of prominent domestic archaeologists, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the relationship between V.G. Korolenko and M.A. Protopopov and their controversy over the heritage of N.K. Mikhailovsky. This controversy unfolded at a transitional moment in the history of “Russian Wealth,” when Korolenko became the main face of the magazine and had to establish himself as a leader. The article examines an early attempt to publish a revealing article by Protopopov about Mikhailovsky, proposed to A.S. Suvorin in 1898, in this context. The critic was refused, but later used it in an obituary about Mikhailovsky, in which, with all the objectivity, there was indifference to the memory of the deceased. Korolenko remembered how much Mikhailovsky did for the writer and objected to Protopopov from the point of view of everyday ethics. In his response, Protopopov claimed that he first criticized Mikhailovsky in 1878: this was the first critical article about Mikhailovsky from a friendly camp. He refuted accusations that for a quarter of a century he accumulated resentment against Mikhailovsky. After that, Korolenko did not continue the polemic. The article introduces into scientific circulation previously unpublished diary entries by Protopopov on the margins of his book “Literary Critical Characteristics” (1896), as well as his letter to Suvorin, revealing Protopopov’s identity.

The article examines the problem of reminiscences from the works of the medieval Persian poet Saadi in the non-fiction texts of Ivan Bunin in the source studies aspect, using the principle of historicism and the method of comparative analysis. The objects of consideration were the letters and journalistic texts of the writer relating to 1910–1935, the subject was the images, sayings, maxims of Saadi reflected in them. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the sources of reminiscences from Saadi’s works, specifically their translated editions in Russian and the main European languages. The study found that, firstly, Bunin used as sources of Saadi’s texts not only the “classical” translations of books “Bustan” (1257) and “Gulistan” (1258), which appeared by the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, but also related to one degree or another scientific, popular science and fiction literature by the poet’s creative work. Secondly, in Bunin’s epistolary and journalism, borrowings from Saadi’s works were subjected to quite significant creative processing.

This article presents a historical and literary analysis of the epistolary review by the peasant poet Nikolai Klyuev (1884—1937) of the dramatic poem ‘Pugachev’ (1922) by S. A. Yesenin. The review, contained in a letter dated January 28, 1922, has been characterized in literary studies as an “enthusiastic greeting.” However, the authors argue that Klyuev’s evaluation of Yesenin’s poem contains “dark places,” specifically his deliberate omission of the imagist poetics of ‘Pugachev’ and his seemingly unmotivated comparison of Yesenin’s dramatic poem with Pushkin’s tragedy ‘Boris Godunov’. The authors demonstrate that Klyuev believed that ‘Pugachev’, which reflects Yesenin’s rapid growth as a poet, was the result of his connection to the traditions of folk poetry rather than the product of the imagist school. Klyuev’s judgment that Yesenin’s poem was “more necessary and desirable than ‘Boris Godunov’” may appear illogical and paradoxical at first glance, but the authors emphasize that his epistolary review expresses only his personal relationship with the younger poet and does not evaluate the literary merits of the two works. The book ‘Pugachev’, which was sent to Vytegra along with the letter, became a sign of trust from the donor, a gift, a tangible expression of love and friendship from the addressee, and evidence of the spiritual and creative devotion of the student to his teacher. For Klyuev, who sought to restore his relationship with Yesenin, ‘Pugachev’ was “more necessary and desirable” because its content resonated with the idea of sacrificial service to his people, which is a recurring theme in Klyuev’s work.

In this paper, I return to the concept of epistolarium, proposed by Stanley (2004) and to how this notion finds in the idea of the letter as an act (LEJEUNE, 2008), a place/non-place of its forms and nonspecificity. Thus, I discuss the development of an e-pistolary by indigenous peoples, through a critical analysis of the letters published in the website/archive “As cartas dos povos indígenas ao Brasil” (Letters of the indigenous peoples to Brazil). Initially, I define what I call indigenous e-pistolary, and how its organization differs from epistolary archives of renowned writers. I do so to defend the idea that the letters written by the indigenous people are the new letters of Brazil: a path to a discussion about indigenous postal art and the place of their letters in Brazilian literature and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with peculiarities of a writer's experience of long-term illness, the influence of the disease on rhythm, lifestyle and creativity, based on Lesia Ukrainka's letters of 1883-1913 to relatives, friends, acquaintances, artists, and public figures. It is found out that the internal picture of the disease has been reflected in the letters with the help of the system of writer's diverse experience, feelings, and emotions. According to the epistolary, Lesia Ukrainka perceived the disease as a yoke, captivity, which prevented her from being proactive, from taking an active part in cultural, artistic, publishing and translation activities. At the same time, the disease built up a discipline, purposefulness of the writer, who worked hard at her educational and intellectual level, in such way cognized her capabilities, outlining the prospects of creativity. The article reveals peculiarities of the disease, changes in the writer's well-being, focuses on creativity as an active resistance to the disease, as a way of achieving self-esteem. The culture of work and rest, attention to the sick body, her scrupulosity in the performance of medical procedures contributed to the creation of acceptable conditions for creative work, which performed a therapeutic function in the life of the writer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The image of Antonio Salieri is recreated based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. The author, relying on memoir literature, archival documents and journalistic sources, substantiates his own position regarding A. Salieri's contribution to the world artistic treasury and artistic higher education, the expediency of researching his heritage at the current stage. A wide range of primary sources little-known in scientific circulation are used, which allow us to reveal the image of Antonio Salieri - a musician, composer, teacher, theater director, rector of the central art institution of higher education in Europe in the 19th century - the Vienna Conservatory. The concept of A. Salieri's involvement in the early death of is refuted Mozart. The aim consists in recreating the image of Antonio Salieri based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. The tasks of the research are the analysis of primary sources on this issue and the identification of modern approaches to Antonio Salieri's contribution to the world artistic treasury. Research methods. The methodology of the author's research is based on the content-comparative method, which allows you to determine the reliability of one or another source, the ratio of traditionally established and non-traditional vision of the image of a prominent representative of his era - Antonio Salieri. Reconstruction was also used - to reproduce the events of the era at the turn of the 18 - 19th centuries within the scope of the research. Research results: The development of the pedagogical heritage of A. Salieri in the activities of his students and followers is shown; the creative portrait of Y.N. Hummel, who, thanks to the Maestro, mastered vocal art, Italian musical terminology, music theory and solfeggio, choral singing and conducting, orchestration, pedagogical skills, combined "Salierian" classicism and his own romanticism. The achievements of Fortunata Valzel-Franchetti as a singer, artist and teacher are analyzed, and it is shown how the vocal-pedagogical school of A. Salieri came to Ukraine through her. Conclusion. The analysis of primary sources - correspondence, diaries of Antonio Salieri and his students, made it possible to find out the significance of the Maestro's creative heritage for subsequent eras, to recreate his image based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. 27 archival cases were presented for consideration, which gave an opportunity to understand how domestic scientists, artists and publicists treated Antonio Salieri throughout the 20th century, so often they turned to his creative heritage. After careful analysis of these materials, it can be said that their assessment was very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article through Anselm of Aosta's Letter 97 brings to the reader, the idea that Anselm's epistolary today can be understood as virtual letters: SMS or messages on social networking sites. The theme of the Letter 97 is presents evil not as something or not-something, but as almost something. With his itinerary, Anselm not only re-elaborated Augustine's thought, but also opened the door for a new interpretation that after centuries, that is, today, becomes interesting because of its freedom and perspectives. By the means of language Anselm opens the horizon to the eyes of today's reader that stretches to ontological perspective. In this sense, the evil that is almost-something opens an infinite possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the first time that the letters of Yury Nikandrovich Verkhovsky to Georgy Ivanovich and Nadezhda Grigorievna Chulkov are published in their entirety. This correspondence, which lasted almost 30 years, represents a significant source of knowledge about the history of Russian modernism: among those mentioned are A.A. Blok, V.I. Ivanov, A.M. Remizov, M.A. Tsiavlovsky, M.A. Zenkevich, A.S. Dolinin, Yu.N. Tynyanov, A.A. Akhmatova, A.N. Tolstoy, and many others. Particular letters are related to particular events of the cultural life: the poetry book series of the “Academia” publishing house; the famous “case of a monkey tail,” which has induced the rift in the literary world; Verkhovsky’s work on the commentary to the collected works of Y.A. Baratynsky; the attempts to publish the prose experiments of the prominent archaeologist B.L. Bogayevsky; the receptions of the lost novels of A.D. Skaldin. Especially noteworthy are materials to the letters author’s own life history: the article reveals the circumstances of the publication, existence, and reception of the collection of his poems “Sun in captivity,” the longstanding publication attempts of his D. Bocaccio’s “Ninfale fiesolano” translation, the subtleties of his work for the State Academy of Artistic Sciences and ”Great Soviet Encyclopedia,” teaching at the Higher State Literary Courses — and the chain of domestic and worldly problems comparably essential to his biography, which were set out in detail in the messages to one of the rare confidants. Letters are accompanied by comprehensive historical and literary commentary.

This article examines the German poem inserted in Leah Goldberg's debut novel Mikhtavim minesi'ah medumah (Letters From an Imagined Journey 1936/37). I argue that the novel serves as a framework through which Goldberg can momentarily become a German poet, stretching the limits of her Jewish subjectivity and of the monolingual Hebrew literary sphere. Whereas studies have addressed the intertextual references in Goldberg's novel, scholarly discussions have failed to attend Goldberg's German poem, overlooking her non-Hebrew poetic voice and the literary genealogy to which she ascribes herself. To understand this moment, I attend Ruth's intercultural relations with Erich Kästner and Rainer Maria Rilke, whom she quotes over the course of her travels. In so doing, Goldberg points to Ruth's imagined literary genealogy while putting herself into this tradition as a way to form her voice as a German poet. Written by the protagonist, the poem is recalled and recited in German by Shnithalel, Ruth's friend from India. This German poem, I argue, offers a key to understanding Goldberg's prose as a dialogic mode of writing that grapples with Jewish subjectivity and voice, emerging poetically between self and other (Ich and Sie) and interlinguistically between Hebrew and German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the marked increase in the use of digital technologies during the recent pandemic, the article reconsiders the concept of social telepresence, in the sense of interpersonal connection at a distance, locating it in the longue durée and within media studies. It reminds the reader that, for centuries, when people were separated from one another by the force of various circumstances, including pandemics, they resorted to technologies at their disposal to experience telepresence, long before the term itself was coined by scholars. Foremost among these has been the epistolary, a vitally important interpersonal media largely overlooked by media and telepresence researchers. Rather than competitively evaluating the performance of various technologies, the article proposes a framework to compare them, along with the practices of social telepresence, in the course of history. This comparative program employs the following criteria: embodiment, synchronicity, the space of the encounter, the ontology of entities other than humans actuated by telepresence and the social preferences for different forms of telepresence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyzes the letters of 1857–1858 by Demian Kochubey (1786–1859), a high-ranking official in St. Petersburg, to his relative Hryhorii Galagan (1819–1888), a public figure, both of whom belonged to the top local nobility of Left-bank Ukraine. The main theme of these important epistolary texts is the preparation for the abolition of serfdom. This example demonstrates the significant information potential of epistolary materials for the study of emancipatory projects. In particular, from this source we learn about the ideological and moral preconditions of Emancipation reform, from French liberal political economy to Christian humanism, and see the breadth of specific problems facing supporters of peasant emancipation, such as the financial possibilities of the state to ensure the redemption of landed estates for peasants, the principles of peasant land tenure in the post-reform period, the establishment of positive interaction between landlords and peasants after their emancipation for the economic prosperity and avoidance of social conflicts. It is argued that relying on epistolary materials will contribute to the cultural and anthropological understanding of the «emancipation projects» of Ukrainian public figures in the mid-nineteenth century. The need to continue the publication of epistolary materials for further in-depth study of the preparation and implementation of the Emancipation reform was emphasized.

Love, Simon (2018) is an American comedy-drama film directed by Greg Berlanti and based on Becky Albertalli's novel Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda (2015) about the email correspondence between Simon and another male student from his high school. Digital correspondence and Simon's voiceovers form the backbone of the storytelling. Comparing the book and the film, with a particular focus on the written form of communication and the narrator's inner voice, one can observe differences between the textual and visual forms, especially when considering the narrative line. This paper examines how the novel as a text centered on digital correspondence is transformed in the film adaptation. The paper aims to reveal how the role of the narrator changes from novel to film in the context of Plato's mimesis and diegesis. The similarities and differences between the use of text through the narrative line are analyzed within the scope of adaptation theory and poststructuralist textual analysis, and the transformation of mimetic and diegetic epistolary storytelling into diegetic and non-diegetic speeches, sounds and visuals in the film universe. As a result, it has been revealed that the film has mega-textual features in the context of adaptation and correspondence, that it has been adapted to the film without losing the characteristics of the story through intertextuality, that it stands at a point of transmission, that it successfully visualizes the anonymity in correspondence, and that it carries the plot and the identity of the characters to the visual dimension.

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the voice-over text functions as a way to embody the film discourse of a documentary film that recreates the image of M. Gorky during the last ten years of his life. The material of the study was the correspondence of M. Gorky in 1924–1927 with writers, where his attitude to the transformations in the Soviet Union and work on the story “The Life of Klim Samgin” were discussed. In order to restore the amount of material underlying the script, work was carried out to decipher the sounding voice-over text, the addressees of the letters, the dating of the correspondence were established, and the fragments included in the voice-over text were compared with the full text of the letters. As a result of the study, it was proved that the voice-over text, considered in the history of documentary cinema as an auxiliary element of the video sequence, in the film by S. Aranovich and B. Dobrodeev acts as the main semantic element of the narrative, built on the principle of editing fragments of the epistolary, arranging them according to the problem-thematic principle with a violation of the chronology of correspondence. The most important feature of the documentary discourse of the film is the combination within one episode of fragments of quotations from M. Gorky’s letters to different addressees, which is dictated by the author’s concept of the image of the writer as a tragic personality who turned out to be a hostage of the myth created about him as a proletarian writer, a defender of the Bolshevik ideology.

Empathy towards the physical suffering of the other seems to not be a common experience in 17th century. Mistreatments of the body, considered as a low topic in the culture of the time, were rather represented by comic literature. The comic tonality is also present in epistolary writings, whether by literary convention or the affirmation of a social posture of impassivity. It is therefore interesting to observe, in the letters in which Madame de Sévigné relates the various phases of the repression of the Breton revolt of the “bonnets rouges”, the ambivalent signs of empathy. Her comic style evolves throughout the chronicle, moving from derision to irony and humour, that induce the reader to read between the lines: he (or she) can hear indignation and compassion under the guise of a joke. This exemple may disturb a historical vision based on “objective documents” that would take for granted the insensitivity of Ancien Régime.

The article analyzes the correspondence of E. G. Polonskaya and K. A. Fedin, members of the literary group Serapion Brothers, formed in Petrograd in 1921. The short but bright period of the existence of the association is still of interest to many researchers. Particularly relevant is the study of documentary sources, which make it possible to fi ll in the factual gaps in the history of both the Serapion fraternity itself and the relationships of its individual members. The author of the article draws on previously unpublished materials from the archive of K. A. Fedin and on their basis considers how the theme of Serapion is refl ected in the epistolary of Polonskaya and Fedin of 1925–1968. Of a particular interest is Polonskaya’s letter of 1925: written during the active work of Serapion Brothers, it refl ects the current view of the author on the events of the literary life of the 1920s. The bulk of the correspondence covers the period of the late 1950s – early 1960s. At this time, Polonskaya begins to work on her memoirs, some of which she dedicates to the Serapion Brothers: Konstantin Fedin and Mikhail Zoshchenko. She fi rst publishes them in 1963 in the Academic Proceedings of the Tartu State University. The manuscript sent to Fedin for review before publication becomes for the correspondents the starting point of a conversation about the uniqueness of the memoir genre, about the revival of interest in the Serapions, and about future research. The recurring theme of all letters is the feeling of belonging to the Serapion fraternity, friendly support over the years and the signifi cance of this for each of them.

This article examines letters written by formerly enslaved settlers in Liberia during the mid-nineteenth century to examine two aspects of the afterlives of slavery. Manumitted settlers in Liberia, as formerly enslaved people, connected to audiences in the United States in different ways from freeborn settlers, who were more likely to make multiple transatlantic voyages, or had commercial connections with the United States. In this afterlife of slavery in Liberia, the letter writers examined here relied on relationships with their former enslavers to remain connected to kin and community in the United States. In a second evocation of afterlives, these letters show how settlers' conceptualizations of home pressed beyond both the United States and Liberia. For them, "home" was reunification with family–a family that could only be made whole through a belief in a shared spiritual afterlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the current research on the letter to Colossians. It proposes the status quaestionis of the most significant interpretations concerning the identity of the addressees, archaeological research, epistolary introduction, Christology and theology of the letter. Comparative studies of the cities in the Lycus Valley suggest that the recipients of the letter were people scattered throughout the region, but unlike Laodicea and Hierapolis, only the humblest city in the valley was mentioned in the initial greetings. Numismatics and epigraphy highlight Colossae's secondary role. However, since the tell of ancient Colossae had not yet been excavated, scholars await further archeological evidence. Regard ing the epistolary introduction, current studies focus on the understanding of hope and the use of memory. The various attempts made to identify the opponents and the error of Colossians illustrate the methodological difficulties in studying the letter. For a suitable historical reconstruction of Paul's opponents, they may need a more balanced approach, distinguishing thoroughly both the historical situation and rhetorical situation. The exegetical-theological studies on the Christological Hymn of the last twenty years are fewer in number than those of a socio-historical nature. However, among the former, those that focus on the rhetoric and argumentation theory offer a holistic perspective more suited to understanding the letter. Rhetorical studies on the Christological Hymn of Col 1:15-20 have made it possible to overcome the one-sided perspective based on the correction of a possible heresy contained in the letter. Recent rhetorical and theological studies have also contributed greatly to identifying the features of the Christological μυστήριον. The study of the Christology of universal lordship has helped researchers to clarify the distinctive aspects of the letter's soteriology and eschatology. If diachronic exegesis has multiplied the hypotheses about the composition of the letter, the synchronic approach has offered a better articulated perspective on the mystery of Christ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos para Investigacion de la Literatura Hispanica is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Espanola and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review discusses the online phenomenon of Dracula Daily , an internet substack that emails users sections of the epistolary novel Dracula in real-time, rearranged chronology. It examines the unique appeal of Dracula for virtual dissemination, examines how the epistolary format changes the context in virtual form, how readers read online, community reading, and whether or not the success of Dracula Daily can be replicated with other classic novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article for the first time publishes in full four letters of the Ukrainian philologist, folklorist, writer Opanas Vasyliovych Markovych (1822–1867) to Hryhoriy Pavlovych Galagan (1819–1888), one of the most influential landowners of the Left-bank Ukraine and a prominent public figure. Opanas Markovych is one of those representatives of the Ukrainian intellectual community of the middle of the 19th century, whose contribution to the development of National culture has not been yet appreciated. The publication of Opanas Markovych`s correspondence with Hryhoriy Galagan is intended to deepen the understanding of the outlook and ideological priorities and life practices of this person and contribute to an understanding of how the system of networking of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the middle of the 19th century. The letters, dating from 1856–1858, are evident behind a number of issues relevant both personally for the author and the addressee, as well as for the circle of liberally minded Ukrainian nobility, to which these people belonged. Ethnographic search, the recording and publication of Ukrainian song folklore, the appearance of the works of Marko Vovchok, and the discussion of Panteleimon Kulish’s novel “The Black Rada” are the leading themes of the epistolary. References to the family life of the correspondence participants create a domestic-historical context of their communication attention should be paid to the fact that the letters are written in Ukrainian, so in this regard, their publication is important for a wide range of scholars of humanities. Therefore, their publication is important for a wide range of scholars of humanities – not only historians, but also philologists, specialists in sociolinguistics and others. The language of the letters, with a large number of folk idioms, using archaic grammatical forms, represents the way of the Ukrainian literary language in the 19th century.

The image of P. A. Stolypin, who was burdened by the task of agrarian changes in the country, still remains the object of the “arguments of the parties”. As a rule, one of the arguments ‘for’ or ‘against’ Stolypin’s agrarian policy is drawn from the content of L. Tolstoy’s letters of 1907-1909 to the reformer and his only reply. All these letters date to the most intense period of the land “revolution” in the sovereign state, which only started half a century after serfdom had been abolished. The current epistolary situation is really indicative because it reveals the views and aspirations of the two most prominent fi gures of the beginning of the 20th century, who had diff erent opinions on the solutions of the most signifi cant issue for Russia – the one of the land. The author of the present paper has a goal to study the epistolary sources anew, to sort through the essence of the program attitudes of each of the participants of the epistolary communication, and, where practicable, fi gure out the history of how these attitudes had been formed; reveal the ethical, psychological and intonation texture of the letters, which should facilitate the recreation of the more precise idea of the personalities of the writer and the politician, as well as the atmosphere of the epoch. Equally wishing well-being to their compatriots, separately L. N. Tolstoy and P. A. Stolypin were convinced that the way off ered by each of them was the only way to achieve this well-being, which is demonstrated in the letters, as well as the speeches of the Prime Minister at the State Duma. The confrontation of the sender and the addressee was supported by the opponents and advocates of Stolypin’s reforms. L. Tolstoy, arguing for the abolition of land ownership, for the introduction of the “single tax”, by the strength of his infl uence on the contemporaries objectively hindered the historically reasonable innovations, proposed by the head of the government, who considered it necessary to discontinue the commune and to encourage the working peasant, by making him the owner of the land. The letter refl ects the dramatic intensity of the reform implementation process and the dramatic state of their initiator and leader.

The article discusses the ways and methods of implementing the plan of St. Theophan to compose the Gospel story according to the four canonical books of the evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The creative history of the book is restored on the basis of St. Theophan’s letters to the Athos monk Arseny (Minin) and N. V. Elagin, as well as the bishop’s articles “Lessons from the deeds and words of the Lord and God and our Savior Jesus Christ” and “Instructions according to which everyone can compose a consistent Gospel story from the four Gospels by himself.” An analysis of the four-part structure of the book is undertaken. As an example of St. Theophan’s deep reading of the gospel text, the stories about the calling of fishermen by the Lord, about His visit to the house of Martha and Mary and the farewell conversation with the disciples are considered. A kind of inserted episode of creative history was revealed — St. Theophan’s editing of the famous three-volume work of the same name by Archpriest Pavel Matveevsky. The main feature of St. Theophan’s work, in comparison with the other Gospel stories, consists in the distribution of events into periods and departments, not so much by the time of their accomplishment, but by place.

In Unspooling die Gramgewinde: Writing with Gunta Stölzl on Grief-threads and Grief-portals Indira Allegra considers the anatomy of the textile to contain more than warp and weft but to contain portals also—spaces between threads which are places of activity for both the maker and the viewer of the cloth. Allegra explores these Grief-portals as die Gewindeportale where losses which the weaver has experienced during the making of the cloth can be drawn through as Grief-threads or die Gramgewinde. By introducing these terms, Allegra begins theorizing spaces between threads within the field of textiles. Adjacent to this study is the analysis of Stölzl's work within the frame of losses she experienced throughout her life. Allegra turns to Mel Y. Chen's work on animacies and Sarah Ahmed's work on phenomenology to establish the Grief-portal and the Grief-thread as being active participants in the production of Stölzl's textiles. Through close readings of Stölzl's letters to her brother, Allegra establishes the context for the artist's experiences of loss while making upholstery fabric samples in Zurich, "Slit Tapestry Red/Green," "Damast," and "Pflanzenornament." Allegra uses an epistolary praxis to demonstrate how Grief-portals in Stölzl's textiles draw Grief-threads from the author's own body regarding loss of the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on one of the most interesting Romanian literary epistolary, An Epistolary Novel, by I. Negoițescu and Radu Stanca, both members of Literary Circle of Sibiu. The re-editing of the correspondence of the two writers completes, where possible, the collection of letters, but also passages censored in the first edition. It also offers an interesting research core for Romanian literary studies from the perspective of so-called memory studies and life writing. The epistolary „novel” is, in fact, a „bildungsroman,” as Negoițescu characterized it, and also a fresco of the Romanian literary life from 1943 until 1961, with the related cancans, with the little mischief and chicanery, with the obstacles to be overcome in the editorial and the artistic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines information flows between England and the Maghreb – how news was witnessed, gathered, mediated and distributed – to understand how English-speaking expatriates in the Maghreb influenced public perceptions of the other. Using little-known manuscript material and printed news about the Maghreb, I argue that expatriates were instrumental in the detailed, up-to-date and largely polemic-free coverage in seventeenth-century English periodical news, and key players in the contest over representations of European news in the Maghreb. By exploring the everyday processes that governed communication, the paper offers new insight into reciprocal and productive Anglo-Maghrebi interactions in the era of Mediterranean corsairing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences stores a correspondence between a famous French writer André Gide and a renowned soviet Orientalist scholar, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Fyodor Rosenberg (1867–1934). Part of the correspondence is kept in the Parisian library Jacques Doucet. In 1921, the University of Lyon published the epistolary in French (in total 338 letters). The correspondence covers a long period from 1896 to the date of death of the Russian academic. This letters allow to contemplate the spiritual world of two outstanding cultural figures of the fin de siècle, as well as to see once again how the revolution in Russia influenced the mindset and the way of life of academic life. The fact that the epistolary lacks a number of letters is mainly explained by the 1917 Revolution. Only a short collection of letters dates back to the 1920s (when Rosenberg was a senior research curator at the Asiatic Museum, now the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences), while the early 20th century is broadly represented in the correspondence. Social and political reality becomes more and more catastrophic as it invades that highly estheticized, sometimes explicitly Pre-Raphaelite-like universe into which Rosenberg, a refined expert in both Eastern and Western-European cultural traditions, would like to withdraw. “Beautiful Italy” occupies a significant place in the letters. Rosenberg’s deep emotions connected with his being a homosexual are also an important part of the epistolary. The edition is prepared by Nikol Dziub, professor at the University of Upper Alsace (UHA). The introductory note and an extensive pageby- page commentary provide a comprehensive view of the reality, cultural landmarks, and personalities that appear in the correspondence.

Giacomo Casanova spent the last part of his life in Dux, Bohemia, as the librarian of the Count of Waldstein. There, he began to write his memories, a work which – unlike his previous ones – determined his inclusion in the canon of Seventeenth-century authors. Such recognition, however, arrived only much later, when the Histoire de ma vie was published in prestigious book series such as «I Meridiani» and «La Bibliothèque de la Pléiade». The aim is to retrace some of the most important steps and milestones that lead to this posthumous success, and to have a better understanding of the last few years of the knight of Seingalt.

The publication based on André Mazon's letters to Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and Kateryna Hrushevska, which were deposited in their family fund in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, clarifies the peculiarities of the relationship between French and Ukrainian intellectuals. The methodological basis is the interdisciplinary approach. At the same time, methods of philosophical, general scientific and concrete-historical nature played an important role. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural-functional systematic analysis of historiographical facts, comparative-historical method and the method of critical analysis of documentary material based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. Scientific novelty. A.Mazon's letters to M.Hrushevskyi and K.Hrushevska are published for the first time. Conclusions. The epistolary covers little-known contacts between French and Ukrainian scholars. It was established that the direct reason for the correspondence was A.Mazon's interest in Ukrainian science and culture, as well as M.Hrushevskyi's attempts to spread his historiographical ideas in France by translating the Essay on the History of the Ukrainian People. The letters of the beginning of the 20th century are devoted to these questions. During the years of emigration, the Ukrainian scientist, with the mediation of his French colleague, popularized in Western Europe the publishing products of the Ukrainian Sociological Institute headed by him. In the second half of the 1920s, correspondents raised the issue of book exchange and formation of the Ukrainian collection in the library of the Institute of Slavic Studies in Paris. Along with this, the problem of K.Hrushevska's scientific trip to European academic centers, as well as to the French capital, was discussed. The content of the published epistolary allows us to draw conclusions about the long-standing friendly relations between the two scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay interprets Machiavelli's famous letter to Francesco Vettori in terms of a play-element that runs across his works. The letter to Vettori is a masterpiece of epistolary form, but beyond its most memorable passage, where Machiavelli recounts his evening in study, it has not received much scholarly attention. Reading the letter in its entirety is to discover Machiavelli's account of an eclectic political education and the pleasures of playing with others. Machiavelli's letter speaks to a basic ludicity in his political thinking, in which play is not opposed to the serious, and diverse play forms can be thought together. Hans-George Gadamer's Truth and Method, Johan Huizinga's Homo Ludens, and Roger Caillois's Man, Play, and Games provide resources for reconstructing this play-element in Machiavelli's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two letters written by Immanuel of Rome, the fourteenth-century poet and thinker from Italy. Using new manuscript evidence, as well as a new comparative lens, the essay challenges traditional ideas about Immanuel's timeline and intellectual affiliations. Considering a discovery of an older version, a reexamination of a freestanding letter believed to have been part of the Maimonidean debate between Zerahiah of Barcelona and Hillel of Verona shows that Immanuel was not involved in this dispute over the proper application of philosophy and science to biblical exegesis. Having no known addressee, Immanuel's invective letter addresses a scholar's reliance on foreign wisdom, but the most interesting part of the letter is the concluding invective couplet. While scholars had identified the freestanding letter as an indication of Immanuel's involvement in the Maimonidean controversy, this article contends that such involvement is far more evident in a rhetorical letter embedded in Mahberot Immanuel , Immanuel's poetic anthology. The embedded fictional letter, addressed to Joab, challenges a poet, teacher, and ersatz scholar, as Immanuel derides his inability to appreciate allegorical readings of the Bible and his lack of a philosophical education. Using allusions to his own allegorical readings of biblical verse, Immanuel lampoons Joab as an Ashkenazic Jew, in his traditionalist exegetical sensibilities as well as in his inability to compose mellifluous verse. The article concludes that Immanuel was deeply attuned to the nuances of late medieval debates over the relationship between philosophy and Torah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the correspondence of philologist Arturo Costa Álvarez and its importance in the process of legitimization and professionalization of his philological work. The archive, preserved in the Public Library of the National University of La Plata, reveals the intellectual networks and strategies used by Costa Álvarez in the debate about the national language in the 1920s in Buenos Aires. The article also mentions the institutional change of the library and the interest in preserving Costa Álvarez's books. Additionally, it highlights the importance of studying the correspondence of linguists and philologists for linguistic historiography. Arturo Costa Álvarez's correspondence consists of 10 boxes and approximately 800-850 letters, with senders ranging from 1899 to 1929 and cities such as Buenos Aires, Madrid, Berlin, and Santiago de Chile. The article analyzes the correspondence of Arturo Costa Álvarez, a prominent Argentine intellectual of the 20th century. It also mentions important reviews of his book "Nuestra lengua" by Ernesto Quesada, Selva, and Monner Sans. The text presents a series of letter exchanges between Arturo Costa Álvarez and various recipients, including Menéndez Pidal, Castro, Navarro T., Suárez Calimano, and Vega Belgrano. It also mentions the dispute over the monopoly of linguistic authority between local and foreign agents, as well as criticisms of the Menéndez Pidal school. The text refers to a series of letters written in 1926 by Arturo Costa Álvarez, in which a controversy related to the dialogue that Darnet wanted to establish in a magazine is discussed. Costa Álvarez decides to publish Darnet's response without knowing Korn's opinion, but adds an editorial note that minimizes the importance of the interlocutor. The article discusses Amado Alonso's responses to Costa Álvarez's public attacks in the magazine Síntesis in 1929. Alonso published an article titled "About the late Costa Álvarez" that coincided with Costa Álvarez's sudden death, which generated criticism towards Alonso. The article proposes a journey through Costa Álvarez's correspondence to analyze his process of legitimization and professionalization in the field of philology in Buenos Aires in the 1920s. The text provides a list of bibliographic references related to the topic of philology and linguistics in Argentina. [Extracted from the article]

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The Anglo‐Venetian Giustiniana Wynne, Countess of Rosenberg Orsini, best known for her novel Les Morlaques (1788), had epistolary relations with friends from the Veneto as well as across Europe and is therefore part of the network of the European Republic of Letters. Attached to her homeland, the Republic of Venice, and also a cosmopolitan, she took advantage of her personal network to develop an authorial identity. After a bio‐bibliographical overview, I trace how a woman of letters created herself through the relational economy manifest in the letters addressed to William Beckford, Aurelio Bertola, and Elisabetta Mosconi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corpus of letters of D.S. Merezhkovsky and Z.N. Gippius to K.I. Chukovsky is published for the first time, which allow us to reconstruct the little-known story of the relationship between the writers-Godseekers and the critic- feuilletonist. Even in the absence of reciprocal letters, the epistolary is of great historical and literary interest, especially its first part, which documents the initial stage of Merezhkovsky’s personal communication during his first Parisian emigration with the young Chukovsky, as well as the circumstances and conditions for the emergence of their friendly interaction. The second part confirms the factual accuracy of Chukovsky's revolutionary diaries and is of great importance for the reconstruction of the biography of Merezhkovsky pre-emigration period.

The article analyzes the main types of oral and written communication on the material of different functional styles of the Ukrainian language. The research methodology consists of both the main methods of functional stylistics and its partial and concrete-practical methods, namely: functional, complex, semantic, comparative methods, multifaceted analysis and the method of direct observation. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of linguistic communication by means of the Ukrainian language on the example of official-business, epistolary and conversational-domestic styles in a comparative aspect. Achieving this goal involves a number of tasks: 1) to outline the features of construction, placement of details, language tools of business letters; 2) to study the structure and linguistic richness of Lesya Ukrainka’s letters; 3) identify typical and different linguistic and stylistic means of business and private letters; 4) analyze the features of messages transmitted using instant messaging programs Viber and Telegram; 5) to investigate the influence of gender on the features of language means of various forms of written communication. The role of Lesya Ukrainka is determined in expanding the communicative boundaries of the Ukrainian language, in particular on the metaphorization of speech, the introduction of vocabulary, which belongs to the spoken, dialectal or obsolete, in the texts of letters, which can serve as a model for restoring halfforgotten but extremely important for establishing trusting, friendly and warm interpersonal relationships, communication practices in the modern world. The author’s attitude to the use of feminism to denote positions, professions, titles is formed. Such innovations are not always motivated, because according to the new version of the “Ukrainian spelling” they are somewhat complicated in the way of creation. It has been proven that the main tool of communication is language, so it is extremely important for each communicant to master its culture in general and business communication in particular. Language is a kind of mirror of culture, which reflects not only the real world, but also the social identity of the people, its national characteristics, traditions, morals, value system and more. Language as a means of communication preserves cultural heritage in vocabulary, grammar, phraseology, in various forms of oral and written communication. In addition, it is a means of communication between generations, that forms a personality through a kind of vision of reality, embedded in the linguistic picture of the world, as well as transforms individuals into an ethnic group, creates a nation. Over the centuries of its existence, the Ukrainian language has created various forms of language units that serve to adequately convey information, preserving the national traditions of Ukrainian culture. Each functional style of the Ukrainian language has specific language tools for covering events and concepts depending on the circumstances of communication, its purpose, taking into account the characteristics of communicators. In general, the problem of generalization of Ukrainian language experience in both business and informal relations is solved, which is especially important in modern conditions of narrowing personal and expanding written forms of establishing and maintaining contacts at all levels of human relations, including official business and private correspondence.