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Background. Studies devoted to the analysis of the odontological features of paleoanthropological material and modern population reveal epochal changes in dental structures, as well as ethnic and specific features of the population of individual regions. The study of odontological structures of different epochs allows to obtain information about the reduction and its speed, as well as the prevalence of dental anomalies in individual regions. Aim. To identify the changeability of the values of the dimensional parameters of maxillary teeth of the population of the city of Krasnoyarsk, taking into account the time vector. Materials and methods. The current odontometric study was conducted on the modern population of Krasnoyarsk (n=331), the craniological material of the Pokrovsky Necropolis (XVII century, n=73), and the Vsekhsvyatskiy Necropolis (XVIII­–XIX centuries, n=50). The study was carried out on mesiodistal (MDcor) and vestibulo-oral (VOcor) crown diameters. The modules of teeth crowns (mcor) and the average module of dental crown (mcor M(1-3) (according to the modules of molar crowns) were calculated to characterize the dimensional parameters of teeth crowns in each group in order to determine the general characteristics of the absolute size of the teeth in the jaw. Results. Both in female and male samples, the reduction of mesio-distal and vestibulo-oral diameters of some teeth, and accordingly, the reduction of teeth-crown module was revealed. The reduction of maxillary teeth-crown module among the population of Krasnoyarsk of the XVII–XIX is more marked among women. The crown module of right maxillary canine (13 tooth) reduced by 6.41% among women and 3.03% among men by the XXI century. The crown module of 23 tooth reduced by 6,43 % and 2,77% among women and men respectively. Significant reduction of teeth-crown dimensions and modules of teeth 25, 26, 27 by 4,62%, 3,17 % and 1,55% is typical for women, whereas this tendency is not specific to men. Conclusions. The analysis of the variability of maxillary teeth-crown modules confirmed the ongoing processes of teeth reduction. The obtained dimensions of the average maxillary teeth-crown module reveal the microdontia in females and mesodontia in males.

Since the 9/11 attacks and the war on terrorism is the Middle East the scene of the various conflicts and problems that cast their shadow not only on the affected Arab countries, but also on many countries worldwide. From an imagological point of view, this article outlines the image of the Arabs based on three narrative texts: Das Tier, das weint (2004) (The Animal that cries) by the German Writer Michael Kleeberg, Die Nächte auf ihrer Seite (2015) (The Nights on Her Side) by the German Writer Annika Reich and Staub (2018) (Dust) by the German Writer Svenja Leiber. The article aims to answer the following questions: why do the three works present the Arab world? And how do these narrative texts cross the boundaries between the literary fictionalized world and the reality? In order to answer these questions, the term "Imagology" and its tasks are concisely outlined. Subsequently, the contents of the three works will be explained in chronological order, because they deal with the image of the Arab World through epochal changes. Finally, the works will be analyzed in the light of the social and political changes, that influence the images of the Arab World in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of anthropometric materials collected from three regions of Kalmykia as well as morphological characteristics, somatologic features, epochal changes of morphological attributes. Sub-ethnic groups of Kalmyks, both men and women, can be differentiated with a different degree of certainty regarding body length and weight, transverse skeletal dimensions, chest, waist, shoulder and arm proportions, skinfold thickness, head and face dimensions. Men from Buzava ethnic group have the largest body size - i.e. macrosomia, the Derbets are characterized by microsomia and the Torghuts in their somatic status occupy intermediate position. A similar tendency in body dimensions can be observed among women, except body length among Buzava women. According to the head and face dimensions the subgroups differentiate as follows: the largest head size was observed among Buzava Kalmyks while the Derbets have larger values of cephalic index and the Torghuts are characterized by the lowest values of cephalic index. Buzava men have the widest faces while the Torguts the narrowest. The Derbet women have wide cheekbones and smaller faces. Secular variations of body length and head dimension over the past 40 years are common to all ethnic subgroups of Kalmyks and may be explained by different reasons - the influence of social and economic factors, acceleration and miscegenation processes.

The combined influence of tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and Pacific Ocean (TPO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability is studied in the context of mid-1970s regime shift. The rainfall pattern on the various stages of monsoon during the developing and decaying summer of El Niño is emphasized. Analysis reveals that ISMR anomalies during El Niño developing summer in epoch-1 (1950-1979) are mainly driven by El Niño forcing throughout the season, whereas TIO SST exhibits only a passive influence. On the other hand in epoch-2 (1980-2009) ISMR does not show any significant relation with Pacific during the onset phase of monsoon whereas withdrawal phase is strongly influenced by El Niño. Again the eastern Indian Ocean cooling and westward shift in northwest Pacific (NWP) cyclonic circulation during epoch-2 have strong positive influence on the rainfall over the central and eastern India during the matured phase of monsoon. ISMR in the El Niño decaying summer does not show any significant anomalies in epoch-1 as both Pacific and Indian Ocean warming dissipate by the summer. On the other hand in epoch-2 ISMR anomalies are significant and display strong variability throughout the season. In the onset phase of monsoon, central and east India experience strong negative precipitation anomalies due to westward extension of persistent NWP anticyclone (forced by persisting Indian Ocean warming). The persistent TIO warming induces positive precipitation anomalies in the withdrawal phase of monsoon by changing the atmospheric circulation and modulating the water vapour flux. Moisture budget analysis unravels the dominant processes responsible for the differences between the two epochs. The moisture convergence and moisture advection are very weak (strong) over Indian land mass during epoch-1 (epoch-2) in El Niño decaying summer. The changing moisture availability and convergence play important role in explaining the weakening of ENSO monsoon relation in the recent years. The local TIO SST forcing and NWP circulation are prominent forcing factors for the interannual variability of ISMR during epoch-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]