Search

Background: Dental caries is still a major disease that affect the oral health of people in China. First permanent molars (FPMs) are the most caries-susceptible teeth among school-aged children. The aim of this study was to investigate the eruption and caries status of first permanent molars in children aged 6–7 years in Shijingshan District, Beijing, China, to provide information for oral health promotion. Methods : The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 6-7-year-old first grade children from public elementary schools in Shijingshan District, Beijing. Participants were invited to receive a clinical oral examination. The eruption status and caries experience of FPMs were recorded. Questionnaires assessing children's sociodemographic information and oral health-related behaviors were completed by the children's parents or guardians. Results: A total of 3,176 children, including 1,644 boys (51.8%) and 1,532 girls (48.2%) were included in the oral examination and questionnaire. Eruption status of FPMs was as follows: 37.5% fully erupted, 28.3% partially erupted, 34.2% not erupted. Girls had more erupted FPMs than boys (70.1% VS 61.8%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of dental caries in FPMs was 5.5% (174/3,176) in studied children. The mean decayed missing filled teeth score of FPMs was 0.11 and the mean decayed missing filled surface score of FPMs was 0.19. Binary Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that girls had more tooth decay than boys and father's educational background also associated with the caries experience of the studied children (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Around two-thirds of FPMs were fully erupted or partially erupted among children aged 6–7 years old in Shijingshan District, Beijing. Approximately 5% of the newly erupted FPM established dental caries. Effective intervention should be applied in this age group for oral health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillary canine impactions are a significant challenge for orthodontic and oral surgical practices. In this narrative review, we aim to evaluate surgical and orthodontic approaches for treating maxillary canine impactions, evaluate their effectiveness, and compare the two treatment modalities. We reviewed several studies on databases such as Google Scholar, PUBMED, and MEDLINE to update recent knowledge for canine impactions and their treatment. We reviewed and included studies that matched our research objectives, including orthodontic management, open and closed eruption techniques, and contact and tooth alignment surgery. Successful treatment results of canine impactions were reported increasingly in literature, and good clinical outcomes were observed in most cases. However, factors such as the severity of the impaction, patient age, and surgical experience were found to influence the choice of surgical technique and success rates. Complications associated with surgical management of maxillary canine impactions were also reported. These complications, which include tooth resorption, postoperative infection, ankylosis, and damage to adjacent structures, are generally rare but emphasize the importance of careful patient selection, surgical planning accuracy, and emphasis on diligent postoperative care. Findings highlight surgical procedures' effectiveness, outcomes, and challenges to help clinicians make informed decisions and improve patient care. The results underscore the importance of evidence-based decision-making and a multidisciplinary approach for successful clinical outcomes. Future research will focus on long-term stability, patient-reported outcomes, and exploring emerging techniques to further improve the management of maxillary canine impactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eruption of the unique Taketomi side volcano, located on Atlasov Island in the northern part of the Kuril Island arc, began underwater and ended on land. It happened before people's eyes and was, in essence, the formation of a new side volcano. The volcano that formed was studied in 1933–1936 by renowned Japanese scientists, and from 1946 to the present, by Soviet and Russian researchers. The Taketomi side volcano continues to amaze with its landscapes and is actively visited by numerous tourists. Unfortunately, there is still no single publication about people who, to one degree or another, have made a significant contribution to the study of this side volcano. This study is the first attempt to talk about them in lapidary form. In addition, available photographs show the destruction of the Taketomi structure starting in the 1950s until 2020, and for the first time, the existing inconsistencies cited in various publications that describe the eruption of this side volcano are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the propagation of ash during the paroxysmal eruption of Sheveluch Volcano which occurred April 10–13, 2023, and its impact on the water resources of the affected area. We characterize ash thicknesses at various population centers and describe the grain-size composition of the ash. We show that the propagation of ash plumes is primarily driven by the eruption dynamics, but atmospheric circulation actually controls the spatial distribution of deposit thickness. The water-soluble salts contained in the ash and the dynamics of their washing out under natural conditions have been determined. The water-soluble part of fresh ash is dominated by calcium and magnesium sulfates, sodium chloride, with minor amounts of chlorides and fluorides of aluminum, potassium, and ammonium. The first substances to be washed out from ashes are well-soluble chlorides, to be followed by sulfates. As time goes on, the total concentration of soluble salts is decreasing, and their qualitative composition changes: hydrogen carbonates of calcium, magnesium, and sodium begin to dominate. Several months after the eruption, the impact of the ashfall on water resources of the settlements, including open springs at the ground surface, was leveled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dental caries is still a major disease that affect the oral health of people in China. First permanent molars (FPMs) are the most caries-susceptible teeth among school-aged children. The aim of this study was to investigate the eruption and caries status of first permanent molars in children aged 6–7 years in Shijingshan District, Beijing, China, to provide information for oral health promotion. Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 6-7-year-old first grade children from public elementary schools in Shijingshan District, Beijing. Participants were invited to receive a clinical oral examination. The eruption status and caries experience of FPMs were recorded. Questionnaires assessing children’s sociodemographic information and oral health-related behaviors were completed by the children’s parents or guardians. Results A total of 3,176 children, including 1,644 boys (51.8%) and 1,532 girls (48.2%) were included in the oral examination and questionnaire. Eruption status of FPMs was as follows: 37.5% fully erupted, 28.3% partially erupted, 34.2% not erupted. Girls had more erupted FPMs than boys (70.1% VS 61.8%, P

Abstract The temporal evolution of dike volume can help elucidate its propagation dynamics, however, such an estimation is possible only when there are geodetic observations available along the dike path. Here it is shown that dike volume history during eight eruptions can be reconstructed from seismic moment release using high resolution earthquake catalogs. The critical volume needed for each dike to reach the surface is simulated and compared to the accumulated volume prior to eruption in order to infer fracture toughness, a measure of resistance to fracture. It is found that fracture toughness varies between 123–833 MPa m 1/2, with larger values corresponding to longer dikes. Resistance to fracture dominates over viscous dissipation when the dikes propagate through unfractured heterogeneous material with large rigidity contrast, or when there is dike segmentation. These results can be utilized for real time monitoring of dike growth, forecasting eruption volume, and for constraining analog or numerical models of dike propagation.

2023 marked the 50th anniversary of the 1973 Eldfell eruption on the island of Heimaey, Iceland. The eruption began unexpectedly at 1:50 a.m. on the 23rd of January 1973, creating a need to evacuate all 5300 residents to the Icelandic mainland by fishing fleet. The eruption is synonymous with the islanders’ fight to save their town by spraying cold seawater onto the advancing lava flows. Previous research has focussed on the physical volcanology and igneous petrology of the eruption and the wider Vestmannaeyjar Volcanic System; however, very little research has focussed on the social impacts of the eruption. Fieldwork identified how the 1973 eruption is remembered and commemorated by the residents of Heimaey both in public and private settings. Over 50 memorials are discussed, including artworks, sculptures, museum exhibitions, in-person events, and online digital repositories that highlight connections to the eruption itself and to life before the eruption. Interviews and surveys with the local community draw attention to the ongoing impacts of the eruption—for example, traumatic responses to hazard events such as the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010. A predominantly positive community narrative of the event has persisted for several decades. The narrative depends on the belief that no deaths were caused by the eruption, the successful rebuilding and recovery of the town, and the resilience of the residents. The last ten years, however, have seen a change in how the community discuss their experiences of the eruption, with a new focus on the loneliness, bullying, isolation, danger, and trauma experienced during the event. Ágrip Árið 2023 voru 50 ár liðin frá Eldfellsgosinu 1973 á Heimaey. Eldgosið hófst óvænt klukkan 01.50 þann 23. janúar 1973 og þurfti að flytja 5.300 íbúana til Íslands með fiskiskipaflota. Eldgosið er samheiti við baráttu eyjarskeggja við að bjarga bænum sínum með því að úða köldum sjó á hraunið. Fyrri rannsóknir hafa beinst að eðlisfræðilegri eldfjallafræði og bergfræði gossins og víðara eldfjallakerfi Vestmannaeyja, hins vegar hafa mjög litlar rannsóknir beinst að félagslegum áhrifum gossins. Vettvangsvinna leiddi í ljós hvernig eldgosið 1973 er minnst og minnst af íbúum Heimaeyjar bæði í opinberu umhverfi og einkaumhverfi. Fjallað er um yfir 50 minnisvarða, þar á meðal listaverk, skúlptúra, safnsýningar, persónulega viðburði og stafrænar geymslur á netinu sem draga fram tengingar við eldgosið sjálft og lífið fyrir gos. Í viðtölum og könnunum við nærsamfélagið er vakin athygli á viðvarandi áhrifum eldgossins, til dæmis áfallaviðbrögðum við hættulegum atburðum nútímans eins og Eyjafjallajökulsgosinu 2010. Aðallega jákvæð samfélagsfrásögn af atburðinum hefur verið viðvarandi í nokkra áratugi. Frásögnin byggist á þeirri trú að engin dauðsföll hafi orðið af völdum eldgossins, árangursríkri endurreisn og endurheimt bæjarins og seiglu íbúanna. Síðustu tíu ár hafa hins vegar orðið róttækar breytingar á því hvernig samfélagið fjallar um upplifun sína af eldgosinu, með nýrri áherslu á einmanaleika, einelti, einangrun, hættu og áföll sem urðu fyrir atburðinum.

Today, volcanic sulfur emissions into the atmosphere are measured spectroscopically from the ground, air and space. For eruptions prior to the satellite era, two main sulfur proxies are used, the rock and ice core records, as illustrated by Peccia et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103334). The first approach is based on calculations of the sulfur content of the magma, while the second uses traces of sulfur deposited in ice. Both approaches have their limitations. For glaciochemistry, the volcano responsible for a sulfur anomaly is often unknown and the atmospheric pathway by which the sulfur reached the ice uncertain. The petrologic method relies, too, on uncertain estimates of eruption size and a number of geochemical assumptions that are hard to verify. A deeper knowledge of processes occurring both within magma bodies prior to eruption, and within volcanic plumes in the atmosphere is needed to further our understanding of the impacts of volcanism on climate. Plain Language Summary: Volcanic emissions of sulfur gases during large eruptions can change the global climate. Today, advanced spectroscopic tools allow us to measure sulfur from the ground, air and space. But to understand the impacts of volcanic activity on climate back through history we need to estimate volcanic sulfur releases in other ways. Clues can be found in the pumice deposits found around a volcano and, perhaps more surprisingly, in the ice caps of the polar regions, which receive the eventual fallout from large eruptions. Both approaches have limitations that are addressed in a recent work by Peccia et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103334) and that are at the focus of our commentary. Key Points: The impact of volcanic activity on climate remains difficult to quantify for eruptions prior to the instrumental eraThe petrological and glaciochemical methods each provide answers, but are still fraught with large uncertaintiesWe need to further our understanding of the physicochemical processes occurring both within magma reservoirs and volcanic plumes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes on Io's surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground‐based telescopes. Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a ground‐based telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK‐VIS instrument on the Large Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io's trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK‐VIS images show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part of the long‐lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth‐based telescopes. The SHARK‐VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io's surface using adaptive optics at visible wavelengths. Plain Language Summary: A new instrument, called SHARK‐VIS, on the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, has obtained high spatial resolution, visible wavelength images of Io, the highly volcanic moon of Jupiter. Large multicolored plume deposits were imaged, revealing where the red deposit from a volcano named Pele was covered by another plume deposit from another volcano, named Pillan Patera, the site of a powerful eruption in 2021. SHARK‐VIS ushers in a new age in planetary imaging. Key Points: High resolution images taken with SHARK‐VIS at LBT reveal low and high albedo features obscuring a portion of Pele's red ring on IoThis new eruption deposit likely originated from a powerful eruption in August 2021 located at Pillan PateraSuch images provide a new imaging capability that yields vital context to other observations of planetary surfaces [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multiple observed caldera‐forming eruptions, the rock overlying a draining magma reservoir dropped downward along ring faults in sequences of discrete collapse earthquakes. These sequences are analogous to tectonic earthquake cycles and provide opportunities to examine fault mechanics and collapse eruption dynamics over multiple events. Collapse earthquake cycles have been studied with zero‐dimensional slider‐block models, but these do not account for the complicated interplay between fluid and elastic dynamics or for factors such as the heterogeneous fault properties and non‐vertical ring fault geometries often inferred at volcanoes. We present two‐dimensional axisymmetric mafic piston‐like collapse earthquake cycle models that include rate‐and‐state friction, fully‐dynamic elasticity, and compressible viscous fluid magma flow. We demonstrate that collapse earthquake intervals and magnitudes are highly sensitive to inertial effects, evolving stress fields, fault geometry, and depth‐varying fault friction. Given the consistent earthquake cycles observed in most eruptions, this suggests that ring faults can quickly stabilize and often become nearly vertical at depth. We use the well‐monitored 2018 collapse sequence at Kı̄lauea as a case study. Our model can produce many features of Kı̄lauea seismic and geodetic observations, except for a significant amount of interseismic slip, which cannot be readily explained with simple rate‐and‐state friction parameterizations. Plain Language Summary: Many large volcanic eruptions involve caldera collapse, where the rock above a magma reservoir abruptly subsides as the reservoir drains. Collapse can cause large earthquakes and repressurize the magma reservoir, creating a repeating cycle that helps sustain eruptions over days‐months. We develop computational models to understand the rock and magma interactions involved in collapse earthquake cycles, using data from the 2018 eruption of Kı̄lauea. The models can explain many geophysical measurements and show that collapse eruptions are very sensitive to fault geometry and spatially variable rock properties. However, standard friction models do not readily explain large amounts of fault slip measured between collapse earthquakes, suggesting that other complexities should be considered. Key Points: We develop 2D axisymmetric fully‐dynamic caldera collapse earthquake cycle models with rate‐and‐state friction and compressible fluid flowCollapse earthquake sequences are highly sensitive to fault geometry as well as heterogeneous stresses and frictionOur models fit geophysical data except large interseismic slip distances suggesting processes beyond simple rate‐and‐state friction parameterizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.

Introduction: A former study on orthopantomograms from young children with abnormal dental development (not canine ectopia) demonstrated that the tooth bud of the mandibular canine, compared to a stable longitudinal canine axis, could be located normally, anteriorly or posteriorly, with close relation to the first premolar. Aim: The aim of the present study is to analyse on orthopantomograms if the canine axis can demonstrate where the ectopic mandibular canine started tooth formation. Materials: The material consists of orthopantomograms with ectopic mandibular canines and presence of primary mandibular canines from 47 cases (29 cases 9–21 years old and 18 cases with unknown ages). The primary canines demonstrated from minor apical resorption to more severe apical resorption. Methods: Based on canine maturity, location of the canine axes and the interrelationships between the roots of the permanent canine and first premolar, the location from where the canine started tooth formation was determined. Canine maturity. Maturity stage below half root length and maturity stage above half root length revealed that 11 ectopic canines had less than half root length and 36 cases more than half root length. Canine axes. The canine axis, through the length of the primary canines Ax, is inserted on drawings of the orthopantomograms using the tracing programme Inkscape®. Interrelationship between roots. By visual inspection, the distance between the canine and first premolar was designated close distance, normal distance and extended distance. Results: The results are divided into 3 groups. Group 1: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located within the canine axis (6 cases). Group 2: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located posterior to the canine axis (36 cases). Group 3: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located anterior to the canine axis (5 cases). Conclusion: The study explained that the canine axis could divide cases of ectopic canines into three groups according to the location from where tooth formation starts. For getting closer to the pattern of the ectopic canine eruption, it is necessary to analyse series of orthopantomograms taken from the same individual over several years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the M1.1-class solar flare occurred on July 5, 2012, at UT. This event is unique in that a helioseismic perturbation was detected in it despite its low hard X-ray flux in the 25–50 keV energy band and its very soft hard X-ray spectrum. As a rule, most of the known sunquakes have been detected in solar flares with large hard X-ray fluxes at high energies (at least up to 100–300 keV). The event under consideration contradicts the popular hypothesis about the generation of sunquakes by beams of accelerated high-energy electrons. An analysis of the available RHESSI X-ray spectra shows that they can be explained in two ways. The X-ray spectrum in the 25–50 keV energy band is explained by a power-law distribution of accelerated electrons with an power-law index of 7–9 or by the presence of a superhot plasma with a temperature –60 MK. In both cases, we are dealing with electrons of relatively low energies that either were responsible for the sunquake generation or should be considered as a secondary (accompanying) phenomenon with respect to the true cause of the photospheric perturbation. The results of a joint analysis of the X-ray and microwave spectra are presented for the first time for a helioseismically active solar flare. Our analysis shows that the spectra in both ranges can be well explained by the emission of a superhot magnetized plasma and not by accelerated electrons with a soft spectrum. However, the explanation of the spectra when considering partially magnetically trapped accelerated electrons is also possible. We have estimated the parameters of the thermal plasma, accelerated electrons, and energy fluxes of various types. We analyze the dynamics of ultraviolet and X-ray emission sources. We also present an analysis of the magnetic field structure based on vector magnetograms and the nonlinear force-free coronal magnetic field extrapolation. We discuss the mechanisms for the generation of the helioseismic perturbation during the solar flare under consideration. An eruptive process could probably be both primary and secondary causes of the sunquake. The appearance of a superhot plasma in the corona could give rise to propagating thermal fronts into the lower layers of the solar atmosphere, where helioseismic waves are excited. Our analysis does not allow the possibility of the sunquake generation by accelerated electrons with a soft spectrum to be ruled out either. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very Long Period (VLP) signals with periods longer than 2 s may occur during eruptive or quiet phases at volcanoes of all types (shield and stratovolcanoes with calderas, as well as other stratovolcanoes) and are inherently connected to fluid movement within the plumbing system. This is supported by observations at several volcanoes that indicate a correlation between gas emissions and VLPs, as well as deformation episodes due to melt accumulation and migration that are followed by the occurrence of VLPs. Moment tensors of VLPs are usually characterized by large volumetric components of either positive or negative sign along with possibly the presence of single forces that may result from the exchange of linear momentum between the seismic source and the Earth. VLPs may occur during a variety of volcanological processes such as caldera collapse, phreatic eruptions, vulcanian eruptions, strombolian activity, and rockfalls at lava lakes. Physical mechanisms that can generate VLPs include the inflation and deflation of magma chambers and cracks, the movement of gas slugs through conduits, and the restoration of gravitational equilibrium in the plumbing system after explosive degassing or rockfalls in lava lakes. Our understanding of VLPs is expected to greatly improve in the future by the use of new instrumentation, such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing, that will provide a much denser temporal and spatial sampling of the seismic wavefield. This vast quantity of data will then require time efficient and objective processing that can be achieved through the use of machine learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Today, volcanic sulfur emissions into the atmosphere are measured spectroscopically from the ground, air and space. For eruptions prior to the satellite era, two main sulfur proxies are used, the rock and ice core records, as illustrated by Peccia et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103334). The first approach is based on calculations of the sulfur content of the magma, while the second uses traces of sulfur deposited in ice. Both approaches have their limitations. For glaciochemistry, the volcano responsible for a sulfur anomaly is often unknown and the atmospheric pathway by which the sulfur reached the ice uncertain. The petrologic method relies, too, on uncertain estimates of eruption size and a number of geochemical assumptions that are hard to verify. A deeper knowledge of processes occurring both within magma bodies prior to eruption, and within volcanic plumes in the atmosphere is needed to further our understanding of the impacts of volcanism on climate.

Abstract Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes on Io's surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground‐based telescopes. Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a ground‐based telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK‐VIS instrument on the Large Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io's trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK‐VIS images show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part of the long‐lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth‐based telescopes. The SHARK‐VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io's surface using adaptive optics at visible wavelengths.

Healthcare professionals often encounter the challenge of drug-induced skin eruptions in their daily practice. Typically, dermatologists are tasked with diagnosing these conditions, which can vary from common rashes to specific dermatoses. Our report highlights two patients who experienced a pityriasis rosea-like eruption due to systemic isotretinoin treatment for acne vulgaris [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mount Semeru eruption in 2020 and 2021 damaged 851 ha of productive land. Restoration of the affected lands requires information such as wide area, distribution, and eruption material characteristics. This community service aimed to provide a database as an overview of pyroclastic materials characteristics and elucidate potential-and-adaptive plants and microbes on post-Mt. Semeru eruptions. The volcanic ash contains significant elements (Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe) and minor elements (V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Re). Some of the plants that have survived post-eruption are annual shrubs and herbaceous plants such as grasses, so these plants can be used to restore the affected lands fertility after the Mt Semeru eruption. Based on economic evaluation and conditions in the field, the recommended adaptive plants are Pennisetum puparium and Musa paradisiaca. Both plants provide economic benefits for animal feed and farmers' income during post-eruption land recovery.

In 2022, volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands was increased. Alaid (Atlasov Island), Ebeko, Chikurachki (Paramushir Island) and Chirinkotan volcanoes (Chirinkotan Island, Northern Kuriles) were erupting. A summit effusive-explosive eruption occurred on the Alaid volcano from September till December: two lava flows 2.6 and 1 km long erupted along the southern slope of the volcano and at least 15 explosions occurred to a height of 2.5 to 6 km a.s.l. Ebeko Volcano, which has been dormant since December 2021, in June 2022 resumed the intense volcanic activity characteristic for recent years, characterized by frequent ash emissions. Over 7 months of volcano activity (from June till December 2022) more than 600 ash ejections were recorded, 253 of which were at a height of 3 or more km above sea level). By July, explosive activity increased sharply – 174 events were recorded (51 of them at a height of 3 or more km a.s.l.), which became the maximum value for the entire period of video observations carried out since October 2017. The Chikurachki volcano was characterized by an increased activity, in the period from January till October, at least 5 episodes of explosive activity were observed. Both single ejections and series of explosions to a height of 2–5 km a.s.l., as well as periods of relatively quiet emission of ash-gas mixture of various intensity were observed. On March 22, a single weak ash ejection (3 km a.s.l.) was recorded at the Chirinkotan volcano.

The results of field work at the active volcanoes Alaid and Ebeko, located in the northern part of the Kuril Island Arc, carried out in June−July 2023 are described. At Alaid volcano, the first survey of lava flows and fumarolic mineralization products of the 2022 eruption was carried out at various heights, including the summit, and geological sampling of the Taketomi cone and eruptive rocks of the eastern coast of Atlas Island was also conducted. An aerial photo and area temperature survey of the area occupied by the products of the 2022 eruption was undertaken at the summit of Alaid volcano using a high-precision quadrocopter equipped with a thermal imaging camera. At Ebeko volcano, mineral samples were taken from fumarole sites located on its eastern slope, and an aerial photo and area temperature survey were done.

The eruption of the unique Taketomi side volcano, located on Atlasov Islandin the northern part of the Kuril island arc, started underwater and ended on land. It happened before people’s eyes and was essentially the formation of a new volcano. The newly formed side volcano was studied by famous Japanese scientists in 1933–1936, and from 1946 to the present day by Soviet and Russian researchers. The Taketomi side volcano continues to amaze with its landscapes and is actively visited by numerous tourists. Unfortunately, there is still not a single publication about people who have made a significant contribution to the study of this side volcano. This work is the first attempt to tell about them. In addition, based on available photographs, the destruction of the Taketomivolcano edifice from 1950s to 2020 is shown and, for the first time, existing inconsistencies cited in various publications describing the eruption of the volcano are highlighted.

Abstract The mid-fifteenth century eruption of the Kuwae volcano (Vanuatu), known locally as the Tombuk eruption, is widely but not universally considered responsible for one of the three largest atmospheric sulphate events of the past millennium. Questions remain about its precise magnitude and global signature. This controversy reflects a lack of modern description and characterisation of the eruption at source. Through a comprehensive survey of the published and unpublished literature, we review the available historical, archaeological and volcanological evidence for the Kuwae eruption. All sources suggest an eruption with major impacts regionally. The eruption formed a submarine caldera, collapsing the former landmass of Kuwae and leaving two smaller adjacent islands, Epi and Tongoa. On other islands to the immediate south and north, volcanic impacts were variable, enabling survival of refugees from Kuwae, who later recolonised the remnant islands. This review raises hypotheses and questions to be tested through a new multi-disciplinary field research program that aims to establish the precise date and magnitude of the Tombuk eruption, allowing questions of global impact to be addressed with more confidence.

Volcanic eruptions can cause significant impacts on communities and infrastructure. There is an increasing need for effective risk assessments to inform decision-making and minimise the impact of volcanic hazards. Vulnerability models play a crucial role in these assessments, connecting the intensity of the hazard with the elements that are exposed to it, allowing for the calculation of potential impact or risk. There has been a large increase in the number of vulnerability models being developed for volcanic risk applications, and there is now a need to identify knowledge gaps for the field to take a strategic approach moving forward. This review aims to provide a high- level overview of the current state of volcanic vulnerability modelling and identify areas for future development. We evaluated 594 vulnerability models covering a range of elements and sectors, including buildings, critical infrastructure, transportation networks, agriculture, and human vulnerability. We reviewed the types of hazard intensity metrics and impact/risk metrics used in the models, modelling methodologies, underpinning data requirements, and uncertainty characterisation. A global clearinghouse for volcanic vulnerability models would be advantageous for the volcanic risk community to identify appropriate vulnerability models quickly and efficiently for their needs. As a first step towards such a clearinghouse, we have uploaded this volcano vulnerability model compilation to a repository and encourage additions/suggestions from the community on its future development. The results of this study will contribute to the advancement of the field and provide valuable insights for future research and development in volcanic risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although interdental papillae play an important role in cosmetic dentistry, there is no predictable surgical technique for reconstructing lost papillae. However, orthodontic measures are often appropriate and successful, provided proper diagnosis and mechanotherapy are applied. This article offers orthodontic alternatives that involve careful manipulation of tooth position to reconfigure the papilla to fill the gingival embrasure. Clinicians should analyze and determine the nature and direction of the tooth movement that will prove most beneficial in each situation, then correctly employ orthodontic mechanotherapy to obtain the desired outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the morphological features of gubernacular tract (GT) for erupting permanent mandibular canines at different ages from 5 to 9 years old with a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method. Methods The cone-beam CT images of 50 patients were divided into five age groups. The 3D models of the GT for mandibular canines were reconstructed and analysed. The characteristics of the GT, including length, diameter, ellipticity, tortuosity, superficial area, volume, and the angle between the canine and GT, were evaluated using a centreline fitting algorithm. Results Among the 100 GTs that were examined, the length of the GT for mandibular canines decreased between the ages of 5 and 9 years, while the diameter increased until the age of 7 years. Additionally, the ellipticity and tortuosity of the GT decreased as age advanced. The superficial area and volume exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The morphological variations of the GT displayed heterogeneous changes during different periods. Conclusions The 3D measurement method effectively portrayed the morphological attributes of the GT for mandibular canines. The morphological characteristics of the GT during the eruption process exhibited significant variations. The variations in morphological changes may indicate different stages of mandibular canine eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larvae of speckled emperor moths (Gynanisa maja) are important plant defoliators in savanna ecosystems of southern Africa and a valuable food resource for indigenous communities. Population explosions of G. maja larvae can negatively impact an area's primary productivity thereby altering herbivory patterns and associated ecosystem processes. Harvests of the larvae enhance socio‐economic livelihoods of local people by providing a source of protein and improving household incomes. We report on a population outbreak of G. maja larvae that occurred in south‐eastern Zimbabwe between December 2022 and January 2023 and discuss the ecological and social significance of the event. A total biomass weight of 5811 tons of G. maja larvae was estimated over the area of the outbreak and extensive defoliation was recorded in Colophospermum mopane trees. We could not associate the outbreak with any obvious environmental conditions and speculate that it may have been caused by subtle triggers that are not easily identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster events have become a national issue, one of the reasons is that Indonesia is crossed by a series of volcanoes, such as Merapi Volcano. It erupted back in 2010 and caused massive impact, especially at Kepuharjo Village, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. This research is intended to identify the capacity of community resilience due to the Merapi Volcano eruption at Desa Kepuharjo, Kabupaten Sleman. The study collects primary data from interviews and questionnaires from unit samples of Kepuharjo Village using simple random sampling techniques. The data collected from the modified version of the questionnaire were processed using scoring techniques and analyzed using descriptive frequency. The research revealed that the questionaire to capture capacity that generally employed are not fully compliant to be used at the research area. Overall, the questionaire able to capture to assess the capacity classification which are medium (the capacity achievement is comprehensive but not significant to reduce the impact of the disaster) and high ((the capacity achievement is comprehensive and there is a commitment between the government and the community). Kepuharjo Village is classified into classes of 3-5 with a percentage of 65%. Efforts to increase capacity have been carried out by the government, assisted by the community, both by establishing institutions, physical mitigation, and non-physical mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are currently no quantitative short-term eruption forecasts based on peer-reviewed and validated models that are operational for New Zealand's volcanoes. Specific forecasts produced for work-risk assessments are not generally publicised. During a volcanic crisis, eruption forecasts are demanded under high stress and time-restricted conditions. Many forecasting options exist but none are proven as universally viable, with testing and calibration limited to the hindcasting of specific events. Here, we compare the requirements of six methods with currently available data and monitoring capabilities at each of New Zealand's volcanoes to determine which methods are currently feasible, as well as those options that may be implemented with additional effort or equipment. In New Zealand, the major limiting factor in method selection is the low number of past instrumentally monitored eruptions. This data gap may be filled by carefully selected analogue data from a global volcano set and expert knowledge. Event trees and the failure forecasting method may be set up at most volcanoes with minimal effort, but the latter can only forecast eruption onset time. Expert interpretation is the only method available in New Zealand for any forecast output type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of instrumental observations carried out at observatories of the INTERMAGNET network and at the Wakkanai ionospheric sounding station were used to show that the vigorous effusion–explosion eruption of Shiveluch Volcano occurring on April 10, 2023 was accompanied by variations in the Earth's magnetic field, as well as by changes in the critical frequency of the ionospheric F 2 layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various trauma healing methods implemented in the Pronojiwo District of Lumajang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. This region has been selected due to the recurring eruptions of Mount Semeru over the past three years, starting in 2020. While the government has focused on evacuation strategies, shelter location, and infrastructure-related activities, this study concentrates on initiatives aimed at enhancing the mental health of evacuees housed in temporary shelters. Various trauma-healing techniques were employed, including motivational talks, games, educational activities, and singing. The research involved 2,489 refugees displaced by the Semeru eruption in December 2022, and a quantitative method was adopted with a sample of 215 respondents, comprising 105 children and 110 adults. The findings indicated that the respondents held diverse perspectives on the traumahealing methods provided. The specific adversities each respondent faced following the disaster significantly influenced their perceptions. Among children up to adolescence, activities such as games, singing, and cooperative learning were generally well-received. However, methods involving talks, storytelling, motivation, and profound communication were found to potentially exert a positive impact on adult to elderly respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity and dental caries are diseases that have a strong social impact. Being overweight and obesity during childhood are a risk factor for cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal diseases and other health problems in both children and adults. Aim: The aim of the study is to estimate the relationship between tooth eruption, tooth pathology and BMI in 7-8 year old Bulgarian children. Methods and Material: The present study observed 187 individuals. Oral and dental status were examined. The height was measured in a standing position with an anthropometer, weight was measured with an electric scale to the nearest 0.1 kg, and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The data was analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. The differences were considered statistically significant at p

Volcanic eruptions are natural disasters with significant environmental and societal impacts. Timely detection and monitoring of volcanic eruptions are crucial for effective hazard assessment, mitigation strategies, and emergency response planning. Remote sensing technology has emerged as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing the effects of volcanic eruptions. One of the challenges in remote sensing image processing is handling large data dimensions that are difficult to address using traditional methods. Machine learning approaches offer a suitable solution to tackle these challenges. Machine learning demonstrates increasing computational capabilities, the ability to handle big data and automation. This study aimed to compare different machine learning classification algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). The data utilized in this study was derived from Sentinel-2A Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) imagery, which was tested in areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung, Bali Province, in 2017. The results indicated that the GMM algorithm performed the best among the machine learning classifiers, achieving an Overall Accuracy (OA) value of 82.04%. It was followed by RF (78.86%) and KNN (77.55%). The areas affected by volcanic eruptions were determined by overlaying disaster-prone regions with areas mapped using the machine learning approach. The total affected area was measured as 29.89 km2, with an additional 3.31 km2 outside the designated zone. The findings of this study serve as a guideline for governmental entities, stakeholders, and communities to implement effective mitigation efforts for disaster risk reduction.

A wide variety of medications have been associated with lichenoid drug eruption. They present similarly or even identically to idiopathic lichen planus, both clinically and histologically. Lichenoid eruption has been associated with recombinant human growth hormone intake in two previous patients. Herein, we describe a young boy who developed a lichenoid eruption following growth hormone injection for dwarfism.

Mount Semeru is an active volcano and the highest on the island of Java with an altitude of 3726 meters above sea level (masl). The last major activity of Mount Semeru which occurred on 04 December 2021, there was an eruption or Hot Cloud Fall (GAP). According to the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG, 2021), the GAP in this incident was directed towards the southeast of Mount Semeru, namely Curah Kobokan with a glide distance of up to 11 km. The area affected by GAP is a small part of Malang Regency and Lumajang Regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of groundwater resources in the Rejali watershed after the eruption of Mount Semeru in 2021. This type of research is quantitative research. All data obtained is processed using the Pollution Index (IP) method listed in the Decree of the Minister of Environment Number: 115 of 2003 concerning Guidelines for Determining Water Quality Status. The groundwater quality parameters used are pH, BOD, DO, TDS, Fe, Mn, TSS, and COD. The results of this study are, the pollution index value in segments 1-3 is moderately polluted, and in segments 4-5 is lightly polluted.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of established mathematical regression models for estimating the age of Egyptian children, develop new models that would better match this population and to evaluate the validity and reliability of these new models. Results One thousand one hundred fifteen children ranging in age between 6–14 years participated in the study. Group I consisted of 1000 children; 513 (51.3%) children were of the age group 6–

Abstract The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts.

Abstract The eruption activity of Shinmoedake in the Kirishima volcanic group of Japan resumed in 2017–18, following a quiet period during 2011–17. Subplinian eruptions preceded lava effusion in 2011; however, no subplinian eruption occurred during 2017–18. Petrological studies and melt inclusion analyses were conducted to investigate the ascent and degassing of the magma to understand the cause of the different eruption styles. Chemical analysis of the melt inclusions from the 2011 eruption indicates that mafic magma with high volatile content (6.2 wt% H2O, 0.25–1.4 wt% CO2) ascended into the shallow felsic magma (1.9–3.7 wt% H2O, 0.025–0.048 wt% CO2) at depths of 5–6 km. Calculations indicate that the mafic magmas were of lower density (1717–1835 kg m−3) than the felsic magma (2264–2496 kg m−3) at 125 MPa and that the two magmas were mixed. The 2011 mixed magma with high volatile content (4.0 wt% H2O, 0.14–0.70 wt% CO2) had a bubble volume of approximately 50 vol% at 50 MPa, which is likely to have caused the subplinian eruption. The whole-rock and chemical compositions of the plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene phenocryst cores from 2018 and 2011 were similar, suggesting that the 2018 magma was a remnant of the 2011 magma. Chemical analyses of the groundmass from 2018 and the MELTS calculation indicate that the magma approached chemical equilibrium during 2011–18. Melt inclusion analyses and volcanic gas observation noted a lower bulk volatile content in the 2018 magma (2.1–3.0 wt% H2O, 0.087–0.10 wt% CO2) than that in the 2011 magma. Comparison of the degassed-magma volumes estimated from the S and Cl contents of the melt inclusions, SO2 flux and volcanic gas composition, and erupted-magma volume indicates that excess degassing has been occurring in the magma due to convection since February 2011, which may have decreased the volatile content of the magma. The relatively low volatile content meant that the 2018 magma could not erupt explosively and lava was instead erupted via effusion. Graphical Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and awareness levels of patients who have at least one impacted tooth and who had previously applied to the dentist. Study design: This study was conducted in patients aged 15 years and older who applied to Ordu University Faculty of Dentistry for routine examination and agreed to fill out the questionnaire form. A total of 325 people participated in the survey conducted to determine the awareness of patients applying to the faculty of dentistry about their existing impacted teeth. A Pearson's chi-square test was used for hypothesis testing when expected frequencies exceeded 5. Results: It was determined that 56.9 % (185) of the participants were aware of their existing teeth, while 43.1 % (140) were not aware. When the patients were evaluated according to the institutions they had visited, it was seen that the group who were most aware of the presence of impacted tooth were those who apply to the faculty of dentistry (74.4 %). The rate of being informed by dentists in the institutions that they had previously visited was higher in patients with university or post-university graduates (p

Volcanic eruptions can cause significant impacts on communities and infrastructure. There is an increasing need for effective risk assessments to inform decision-making and minimise the impact of volcanic hazards. Vulnerability models play a crucial role in these assessments, connecting the intensity of the hazard with the elements that are exposed to it, allowing for the calculation of potential impact or risk. There has been a large increase in the number of vulnerability models being developed for volcanic risk applications, and there is now a need to identify knowledge gaps for the field to take a strategic approach moving forward. This review aims to provide a high-level overview of the current state of volcanic vulnerability modelling and identify areas for future development. We evaluated 594 vulnerability models covering a range of elements and sectors, including buildings, critical infrastructure, transportation networks, agriculture, and human vulnerability. We reviewed the types of hazard intensity metrics and impact/risk metrics used in the models, modelling methodologies, underpinning data requirements, and uncertainty characterisation. A global clearinghouse for volcanic vulnerability models would be advantageous for the volcanic risk community to identify appropriate vulnerability models quickly and efficiently for their needs. As a first step towards such a clearinghouse, we have uploaded this volcano vulnerability model compilation to a repository and encourage additions/suggestions from the community on its future development. The results of this study will contribute to the advancement of the field and provide valuable insights for future research and development in volcanic risk assessment.

Abstract The larvae of speckled emperor moths (Gynanisa maja) are important plant defoliators in savanna ecosystems of southern Africa and a valuable food resource for indigenous communities. Population explosions of G. maja larvae can negatively impact an area's primary productivity thereby altering herbivory patterns and associated ecosystem processes. Harvests of the larvae enhance socio‐economic livelihoods of local people by providing a source of protein and improving household incomes. We report on a population outbreak of G. maja larvae that occurred in south‐eastern Zimbabwe between December 2022 and January 2023 and discuss the ecological and social significance of the event. A total biomass weight of 5811 tons of G. maja larvae was estimated over the area of the outbreak and extensive defoliation was recorded in Colophospermum mopane trees. We could not associate the outbreak with any obvious environmental conditions and speculate that it may have been caused by subtle triggers that are not easily identified.