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The persistence of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in secondary root canal infections necessitate effective antimicrobial approaches utilizing natural compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Aceh patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) against Enterococcus faecalis. The maceration method was employed for extraction and phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results indicated a total extract yield of 17.25% and significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. The active compounds in the extract were primarily sesquiterpenes and fatty acids, with patchouli alcohol as the most prominent. The MIC value was 12.5%, suggesting the potential of Aceh patchouli extract as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections. This study has the potential to make Aceh's indigenous Pogostemon cablin Benth. plant as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections leading to safe and effective treatments that minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using marine resources, especially marine seaweeds, offers a clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly approach. The present study deals with the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Sargassum wightii ethanol extract and their biological applications. The as-prepared sample was calcined at 500℃ for 5 h. Synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with element mapping, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The UV–vis absorption peak showed 370 nm with a band gap value of 3.36 eV. The XRD study illustrated the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. The DLS measurement indicated a stable size of 187.10 nm, with a ZP value demonstrating high stability at − 49.39 mV. TEM images displayed the morphology of spherical, hexagonal, anisotropic and triangle shapes and revealed their average sizes are 20.51 nm, 27.08 nm, 23.54 nm, and 31.75 nm, respectively. The 5 mg ZnO concentration exhibited antibacterial efficiencies against B. megaterium (38.53%), B. subtilis (38.53%), S. pneumoniae (27.76%), K. pneumoniae (36.26%), S. dysenteriae (39.80%), and P. vulgaris (48.02%), compared to the standard ciprofloxacin. In addition, ZnO NPs tested on the cancer cell line MCF-7 showed an IC50 value of 78.33 µg/mL. Overall, utilizing S. wightii ethanol extract for ZnO NP synthesis offers potent antibacterial and anticancer benefits. Marine seaweeds offer the potential for stable ZnO NP synthesis and biomedical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin hygiene is essential to prevent infections caused by microorganisms, particularly bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The skin acts as a protective barrier for the body and can serve as an entry point for pathogenic bacteria. The use of soap, especially liquid soap and antibacterial soap, has become increasingly popular in society due to its effectiveness in cleansing the skin and preventing infections. However, there is a growing trend toward seeking natural alternatives to synthetic chemical products. One plant with potential antibacterial properties is the Seven-Leaf Needle (Pereskia bleo). This study aims to explore the benefits of ethanol extract from this leaf through phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity testing, in line with the rising interest in traditional medicine as a natural solution. The results of this research are expected to provide insights into the potential of Pereskia bleo as a natural antibacterial agent to support skin health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Asarum heterotropoides and Asarum sieboldii are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about how they differ in terms of essential oil (EO) and ethanol extract (EE) content and composition. Moreover, the effect of various geographical locations on the essential oil (EO), ethanol extract (EE), and asarinin content of different Asarum samples remains unknown. We tested four root-drying methods, i.e., soil removal and shade drying (P1), water washing and shade drying (P2), and water washing and drying at 30 °C (P3) and 40 °C (P4). We used LC-MS and GC-MS to investigate these differences. We also investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of EO and EE. Results: Overall, the EO, EE and asarinin contents of the analysed samples were 19.21–51.53 μL.g−1, 20.00–45.00 μL.g−1, and 1.268–2.591 mg.g−1, respectively. P1 treatment yielded the lowest volatile oil content compared to the other three treatments. GC-MS analysis revealed 78 EO components. Among the six major EO components, eucarvone, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, and methyl eugenol were higher in A. heterotropoides than in A. sieboldii. However, the latter had a higher myristicin content. LC-MS analysis identified 888 EE components in roots and leaves of A. heterotropoides and A. sieboldii; 317 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified. EO and EE showed a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of swelling and an increase in the inhibition rate of drug concentration on acetic acid writhing in mice. Asarum EO proved to be more effective than EE in the pharmacodynamic study. Conclusions: We conclude that Asarum species show inter- and intra-specific differences in EO and EE content and composition, which may influence the pharmacodynamics of Asarum root extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a high demand for natural agrochemicals to control postharvest phytopathogens in fruit. In this study, the Colletotrichum magnum strain was isolated from Maradol papaya fruits showing symptoms of anthracnose, identified based on its morphological characteristics and confirmed by an analysis of its 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequence. The antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts from Acacia pennatula, Acalypha gaumeri, Bonellia flammea, Calea urticifolia and Croton chichenensis was evaluated against Colletotrichum magnum by agar dilution bioassay at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1 and recording mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), sporulation inhibition (SI) and spore germination inhibition (SGI) were recorded. The extracts that caused MGI of C. magnum by more than 30% were re-evaluated. It was concluded that the aqueous and ethanol extracts from B. flammea stem bark were the most effective in the MGI (91.53–94.49%), SI (99.32–99.65%), and SGI (91.65–100%) of C. magnum at a 3% (w/v) concentration. A serial dilution of the aqueous extract of B. flammea demonstrated that 2.35% and 3% (w/v) were highly effective against C. magnum in vitro, and both concentrations were randomly applied to postharvest Maradol papaya fruit by dip. The results found that both concentrations caused an anthracnose disease severity of 0.92–0.97% in papaya fruits, which was lower than the commercial fungicide Tecto 60®. The aqueous extract from B. flammea stem bark represents a promising opportunity for developing a natural biopesticide to effectively control anthracnose in papaya fruits induced by C. magnum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antiprotozoal effects as well as chemical profile of ethanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa (Rubiaceae) (HDE) and Scutellaria barbata (Lamiaceae) (SBE). Methods: Dried whole plants collected in Vietnam were extracted with ethanol (30 and 96 %) by maceration for 4 weeks. The resulting extracts obtained after evaporating the solvent were stored in a refrigerator at 4 oC. Mouse carrageenan-induced inflammation and mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were used to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities, respectively, while ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis was used to determine antiprotozoal effects. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to analyze the chemical profiles of the extracts. Results: All the extracts manifested anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The HDE exhibited significantly higher in vitro anti-inflammatory activity than SBE (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in vivo antiinflammatory activity was higher in SBE compared to HDE. Both extracts exhibited antiprotozoal effects. The 96 % ethanol extract of both plants were more active than the 30 % ethanol extracts. Analysis by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS revealed the presence of chrysin, apigenin and apigenin derivatives, naringenin, wogonin, quercetin and quercetin derivatives, as well as scutellarin. Conclusion: The HDE and SBE extracts from Vietnam exhibit significant in vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activities and in addition, antiprotozoal activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. These plants, therefore, are potential sources of antiprotozoal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal effect of powder extracts of different coloured radish seeds against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (Gülizar F1, susceptibile to root-knot nematode) under controlled conditions. Extractions were obtained from radish seeds of different colours (white, black, red, yellow) by using ethanol and acetone solvents. The experiment was carried out using 2, 4 and 6 g powder/plant application of the extracts in the pot. The experiment was set up in a random plot design with 5 replication for each radish seed extract and concentration. Radish seed powder was applied one week after nematode inoculation (1000 M. incognita eggs). After 50 days, the number of galls and egg masses on the roots were counted. It was determined that radish colour, extraction solvents and concentrations of extracts differed significantly for their nematicidal effects. The mean number of galls and egg masses was found to be 56 units in the negative control. Compared to the negative control, all treatments and concentrations decreased the number of galls and egg masses. The number of galls and egg masses was lower in acetone extract than in ethanole extract. The nematicidal effect was higher in yellow and red radish seeds powder application. The highest nematicidal effect was determined at 6 g powder/plant application. While the mean number of galls was 1.4 unit in the yellow seed powder application at a concentration of 6 g/plant of the extract prepared with acetone solvent, it was found to be 3.0 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The number of egg masses was 1.0 unit in the yellow seed powder application, while it was 2.8 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The acetone extract of radish seed powder can be used as an alternative to chemicals in the root-knot nematodes control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physalis angulata Linn. (Ciplukan) is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in subtropical and tropical regions. Most studies focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Many studies also reported its therapeutic potential for treating cancer, malaria, hepatitis, rheumatism, liver problems, and tumors, but few studies have reported its anti-fibrosis activity. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential of P. angulata as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory that may be correlated with its anti-fibrosis action. Methods: In our study, we treated 3T3-L1 and TGF-β-induced 3T3-L1 cells with an ethanol extract of P. angulata. We then monitored the cell's response, evaluated the antioxidant activity using an MTT assay, and observed the cells' migration using the cell scratch assay. We used RT-PCR to determine the expression of HIF-1α and IL-6 on TGF-β-induced 3T3-L1 cells. Results: The ethanol extract of P. angulata showed antioxidant activity and promoted cell proliferation on 3T3-L1 cells. Interestingly, the extract inhibited the migration of TGF-β-induced 3T3-L1 cells. Further analysis revealed that the extract could inhibit HIF-1α expression and suppress IL-6 expression on TGF-β-induced 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of P. angulata showed antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Both activities are associated with the antifibrotic activity of P. angulata's ethanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Justicia adhatoda is a potential source of natural medicine. In Ayurveda this plant is known as the ‘Vasaka’ that is well known medicinal plant which is used in treatment of various disorders. Given the well-established reputation of Justicia adhatoda as a medicinal plant, a phytochemical screening was performed to further investigate its composition and potential applications. Results: In the present study, we evaluate the preliminary phytochemical, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant activity of Justicia adathoda. During the present investigation, the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sterols, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins compounds were established in J. adhatoda leaves. FT-IR analysis was performed to identify the various functional groups of the biomolecules found in the ethanolic leaf extract of the plant. Different wave numbers which correspond to different functional groups such as are present in J. adhatoda leaves having the presence of Hydroxyl group, Alcohols, Amides, Alkanes Aldehydes, Alkenes, Carboxylic acids, Aromatic compounds, Nitriles, Alkyl and Aryl halides. The results revealed that, J. adhatoda contains phytocompounds like phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, etc. The results obtained from FTIR analysis are significant with the result of preliminary qualitative analysis. Antioxidant capacity was measured by Phosphomolybdenum method assay and Reducing power assay. From the results, it can be seen that the extract possessed a reducing capacity similar to the ascorbic acid and both of them showed an increase in absorbance. The plant extract possess good antioxidant activity and compared with the standard ascorbic acid. Hence the study could be saying that this plant has good efficacy of antioxidants. Conclusions: This study confirms the presence of medicinally important compounds like phytochemicals in J. adhatoda. The results could be saying that this plant has good efficacy of antioxidants and further research is needed to isolate, purify, and characterize them. This could lead to the development of new drugs or therapies based on these natural compounds.

Eceng gondok is a weed plant that lives in shallow water areas. The aim of this research was to determine the burn wound healing activity of an ethanol extract of Eceng gondok leaves. The study utilized 28 male mice with burn injuries as test animals, dividing them into 4 groups. We gave a gel containing an ethanol extract to the 10% group. The 0% group received a gel base; the positive control group received Bioplacenton® gel; and the negative control group received no treatment. For 14 days, we administered treatment to all treatment and control groups once a day and measured the burn wound's diameter using the Morton method every two days. Data shown were significant differences between the 10% extract group and the positive control groups. The concentration that is effective in burn wound healing is 10%, with the smallest wound diameter and the largest healing percentage.

Objective: To study the protective effect and mechanism of ethanol extract from Paeonia suffruticosa seed on photoaging of HaCaT cells induced by UVB. Method: The anti-photoaging active ingredients in the ethanol extract of Paeonia suffruticosa seed were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and the photoaging cell model was established by stimulating HaCaT cells with UVB. Cell viability was determined by the multiple table tournament (MTT) method. The effect of ethanol extract from Paeonia suffruticosa seed on cell migration was detected by cell scratch assay. The related cytokines affecting senescence such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-22 (IL-22), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tansforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) experiment, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) were used as indicators to study the anti-photoaging activity and mechanism of Paeonia suffruticosa seed ethanol extract at different concentrations on HaCaT cells. Results: The top five components with the highest content were 1-stearoylglycerol (10.73%), erucamide (3.17%), 5-[(2R,3S)-6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3-yl]benzene-1,3-diol (2.20%), α,α-trehalose (1.90%) and albiflorin (1.45%). After treatment with different concentrations of Paeonia suffruticosa seed ethanol extract, the viability of HaCaT cells was above 80%. The concentration of 6.25 μg/mL of Paeonia suffruticosa seed ethanol extract showed no significant cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells. Both the concentrations of 12.5 μg/mL (H group) and 6.25 μg/mL (L group) of Paeonia suffruticosa seed ethanol extract could inhibit the migration ability of HaCaT cells. The H group significantly reduced the levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-22, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in cells (P

In order to exploit new botanic fungicide, the antifungal activities of the ethanol extracts of stem-leaf and rhizoid of P. commune were studied by the mycelia growth rate method and the spore germination method based on the determination of their mycelia growth inhibition rates, spore germination inhibition rates and median inhibition concentration values (EC50) on B. cinerea, F. solani f. sp. batatas, F. solani and A. brassicicola. The results showed that the antifungal activities of the ethanol extracts of P. commune against the four plant pathogenic fungi were extremely significant (P

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a plant contains various compounds that has potential as anticancer drugs. Secondary metabolites of jackfruit leaves are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins. A typical flavonoid compound group in the Artocarpus genus, namely artocarpin, is able to kill cancer cells through apoptosis. Not many have conducted cytotoxicity research and apoptosis induction of ethanolic extracts from jackfruit leaves, especially against WiDr colon cancer cells. Therefore, this study aims to study the cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction of ethanolic extracts of jackfruit leaves against WiDr colon cancer cells. The research was conducted by cytotoxicity test using the MTT assay. Apoptosis test was done using double staining method with AO/PI dye. The treatment was conducted at various concentrations of ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves, doxorubicin as positive control, and DMSO as solvent control. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) and continued using Tukey HSD Post Hoc test. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves was not toxic to WiDr cells with an IC50 740.43 μg/mL, but could significantly reduce cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves could also induce apoptotic cell death at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Based on these results, ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves has little potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.

Objectives: Dyslipidemia has currently become a major health challenge that still opens for safer and more effective modes of treatment. The plant Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. (pandan) has been indicated to contain active ingredients that interfere with the pathological pathway of dyslipidemia. The aim of the study was to test the effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract on lipid and proinflammatory profiles in a rat dyslipidemic model. Methods: Dyslipidemia was induced by administration of high-fat feed for 8 weeks. Treatments (vehicle, the reference drug simvastatin at 1.8 mg/kg, and extract at 200, 300 or 600 mg/kg) were given for 4 weeks following the completion of induction. Results: Significant post-treatment decreases in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels in groups receiving all doses of extract and simvastatin were observed. Similar results were also found in regards to proinflammatory cytokines levels. Pandan extracts significantly lowered the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB p65. Characterization of metabolite contents of the extract confirmed the presence of the previously suggested active alkaloids pandamarilactonine-A and B. Conclusion: Taken together, results of the present study implied the ameliorating effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract in dyslipidemic condition which is potential for opening an avenue in combating this essential component of metabolic disorder.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Previous studies have shown that the ethanol extract of Sophora moorcroftiana seeds (EESMS) possesses an antiproliferative effect on several tumors in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the impact of EESMS on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell proliferation. Methods The proliferation and apoptotic effects of HeLa cells treated with EESMS were evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Single-cell level atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to detect the mechanical properties of HeLa cells, and proteomics and bioinformatics methods were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EESMS. Results EESMS treatment inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by blocking the G0/G1 phase, increasing the expression of Caspase-3 and affecting its mechanical properties, and the EESMS indicated no significant inhibitory effect on mouse fibroblasts L929 cell line. In total, 218 differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and eight differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various cellular and biological processes. Conclusion This study provides a perspective on how cells change through biomechanics and a further theoretical foundation for the future application of Sophora moorcroftiana as a novel low-toxicity chemotherapy medication for treating human cervical cancer.

Introduction: stelechocarpus burahol (Kepel) is a plant that grows naturally in Indonesia and belongs to the Annonaceae family. Evaluation of the toxicity of this plant extract is very important to support further research. Stelechocarpus burahol contains flavonoid compounds, which act as antimicrobials and provide protection. Additionally, flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that provide anti-inflammatory effects. Contraceptives suitable for men and women must be able to prevent fertilization, be inexpensive, and have no side effects. Therefore, natural medicinal plants are needed as contraceptive agents (CA) because they are safe, inexpensive, have antioxidants, and are anti-inflammatory. The Brine Shrimp Toxicity Assay of the ethanol extract of this plant has been tested. Methods: A true experimental design was used, with samples consisting of 6 groups, and each group consisting of 10 live nauplii. The extract concentrations were 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1000 ppm. Ten live nauplii were added to each concentration, and the final volume was adjusted to 1 ml using artificial seawater (35 ppt). The negative control bottle contained 1 ml of artificial seawater, while the positive control bottle contained 50% ethanol in seawater. After 24 hours, all bottles were examined with a flashlight/magnifying glass, and the number of surviving nauplii was counted. The experiment was repeated three times, and data were represented as Mean±SD. Results: The ethanol extract of Stelechocarpus burahol fruit (EESB) tested for its toxicity to brine shrimp had a lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) value of more than 1000 ppm (2787.225 ppm). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of kepel fruit did not cause toxicity to brine shrimp. Therefore, the ethanol extract of kepel fruit can be considered for further research with acute, subacute, and antifertility tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanol extracts from Gnaphalium uliginosum L. derived from freshly harvested plant biomass, including stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Two methods were used in the experiments: agar well diffusion and double serial dilution. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with different temperature regimes (25 °C, 45 °C, and 75 °C) and the ultrasonic method at various powers (63–352 W) for different durations (5 and 10 min). It was found that the 70% ethanol extract obtained through the ultrasonic experiment at 189 W power for 10 min and at 252 W power for 5 min had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the maceration method. The most sensitive components of the extracts were the Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis and the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora spp., with MIC values of 156 μg/mL. Among the fungi, the most sensitive were Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani (MIC values in the range of 78–156 µg/mL). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts using the diffusion method established the presence of a growth suppression zone in the case of C. michiganensis (15–17 mm for flowers, leaves, and total biomass), which corresponds to the average level of antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that G. uliginosum has potential as a source of biologically active compounds for agricultural use, particularly for developing novel biopesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica L.) has become increasingly popular due to its potent antioxidant capacity and health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial characteristics, and mechanism of finger lime extract. The finger lime extracts were obtained from the fruit of the Australian finger lime by the ethanol extraction method. The antibacterial activity of the extract was examined by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro, as well as by assessing variations in the number of bacteria for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to identify the antibacterial compounds of the extract. The antibacterial mechanisms were investigated by assessing cell permeability and membrane integrity, and the bacterial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas citri, and CLas. Among the six strains evaluated in vitro, B. subtilis showed the highest susceptibility to the antimicrobial effects of finger lime extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the tested microorganisms varied between 500 and 1000 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was proven effective in suppressing CLas in vivo, as indicated by the lower CLas titers in the treated leaves compared to the control. A total of 360 compounds, including carbohydrates (31.159%), organic acid (30.909%), alcohols (13.380%), polyphenols (5.660%), esters (3.796%), and alkaloids (0.612%), were identified in the extract. We predicted that the primary bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects of the extract were quinic acid and other polyphenols, as well as alkaloids. The morphology of the tested microbes was altered and damaged, leading to lysis of the cell wall, cell content leakage, and cell death. Based on the results, ethanol extracts from finger lime may be a fitting substitute for synthetic bactericides in food and plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Madhuca longifolia is an evergreen tree distributed in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. This tree is commonly known as Mahua and is used in traditional medicine. It was demonstrated that ethanol extract from the bark of M. longifolia possessed potent cytotoxic activity towards two melanoma cell lines, in contrast to aqueous extract that exhibited no activity. Apart from being selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells (with no activity towards non-cancerous fibroblasts), the studied extract induced apoptosis and increased reactive oxygen species generation in melanoma cells. Additionally, the use of the extract together with dacarbazine (both in non-toxic concentrations) resulted in the enhancement of their anticancer activity. Moreover, the pretreatment of melanoma cells with M. longifolia extract potentiated the activity of a low dose of dacarbazine to an even higher extent. It was concluded that ethanol extract of M. longifolia sensitized human melanoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. It can therefore be interesting as a promising source of compounds for prospective combination therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica (neem) and Psidium guajava (guava) are well known therapeutic plants used to manage various diseases. Hence, this paper is an assessment of phytochemical, antimicrobial and haematological activity of synergistic ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Psidium guajava against selected enteric pathogens using standard procedures. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoid and phenols in the plants. The ethanolic extract of the leaves were active against the organisms, with Salmonella having the highest zone of inhibition and Staphylococcus aureus having the least zones of inhibition at all concentrations tested. There was no significant weight change (p>0.05), toxicity nor mortality recorded for the period. The results of the haematological parameters for the experimental rats showed increases in red blood cells and haemoglobin; and decrease in white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study established that the synergistic effect of ethanol extract of the plant leaves could be a possible source of novel broad spectrum medicine for treating diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lygodium microphyllum is an invasive plant with various pharmacological activities, but information on its toxicity is limited. Therefore, this study aims to determine the toxic effects of acute oral administration of-ethanol extract of Lygodium microphyllum (ELM) in mice. Female mice (n = 30) were divided into six groups, namely; Negative control (KN), ELM 1 (300 mg/kg BW), ELM 2 (625 mg/kg BW), ELM 3 (1250 mg/kg BW), ELM 4 (2500 mg/kg BW), and ELM 5 (5000 mg/kg BW). ELM was administered as a single oral dose. The number of deaths, and signs of toxicity were observed at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 min, then every 24 h for 14 days. Body weights were measured every 2 days for 14 days. On day 15, the mice were sacrificed and vital organs were harvested for the measurement of organ index. Histological examination of the liver was done according to standard procedure. No death and no sign of toxicity was recorded in the mice within 14 days following ELM administeration. The body weights of the mice did not change significantly (p > 0.05) after ELM administeration. There were no significant differences in the relative organ indices of the kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs, brain, intestines, and liver among the various groups. Histological examination of the liver showed mild to moderate changes in liver architecture following treatment with ELM. Overall, ELM may be regarded as practically non-toxic (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg BW), and relatively safe on acute oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae Chlorella sp. grows in the seas of South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, information on the chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of this species from this region is still limited. Therefore, this research aims to explore the chemical contents and biological activities of Chlorella sp. The sample was collected from the Kali Biru and Nambo waters, Kendari. The microalgae were isolated by the agar plating technique and extracted by ethanol. Chemical content was analyzed by phytochemical screening, Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), Total Phenolics Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoids Contents (TFC). Biological activities evaluation includes antioxidant, toxicity, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial. Antioxidant potency was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Toxicity and cytotoxicity properties were analyzed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays against Breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Antimicrobial potency was tested towards E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. The result showed that ethanol extract of Chlorella sp. (EEC) contained phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids which were supported by LC-MS/MS data, TPC and TFC with value 150.33 and 33.18 mgGAE.g-1 extract. Seven of ten identified major compounds caused this extract to have antioxidant and anticancer including xanthin, 1,1-Diethyl-3-oxo-2-triazanolate, Azelaic acid, ruspolinone, 6-keto prostaglandin F1a and glycol stearate. In general, the biological activity of EEC is less active than the positive controls for each assay. However, the EEC is more potential to be developed as antioxidant such as sunscreen and anticancer especially breast cancer with IC50 value 151-200 ppm and 100-500 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sargassum and Padina ethanol extracts contain secondary metabolites that have effects as antiseptic, antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and astringent which are useful in the wound healing process. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of wound plasters of ethanol extracts Sargassum polycystum and Padina australis on the time of closure of incision wounds in mice (Mus musculus). Method: This study used an experimental method of post test only controlled group design type to compare the effectiveness of wound plasters of ethanol extracts Sargassum polycstum and Padina australis on wound healing in mice (Mus musculus). Results: The results showed the average speed of incision wound healing, Padina australis extract wound plaster had the fastest time of 6.6 days followed by Sargassum polycstum extract wound plaster 7.8 days and control 12 days Conclusion: Giving ethanol extracts of Sargassum polycstum and Padina australis can be used as an alternative in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) is one of the medicinal plants on Nias Island that is used to treat many symptoms including cough, fever and diarrhea. Empirical data of this plant suggests that these medicinal benefits can be attributed to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties, as well as the total flavonoids contained within it, but research on this is still limited. Adenostemma lavenia (L.) was extracted with ethanol, while the antibacterial properties were measured using the disc method. Antioxidant testing was conducted with the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-2picrihydrazyl) inhibition method. Total flavonoids were assessed using a modified AlCl3 method with a quercetin standard. Antibacterial test results of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus and Shigella sonnei with mean inhibition were 8.76 ± 0.44, 8.13 ± 0.72, 8.77 ± 0.45, 6.47 ± 0.54, 7.77 ± 0.60, 7.33 ± 0.44, 12.06 ± 0.60 respectively. IC50 was 59.844 ± 3.36 ppm. Total flavonoids were 13.566 ± 0.021 mcg/g. The results of the antibacterial test of the ethanolic extract of Adenostemma lavenia (L.) were classified as moderate. The antioxidant activity and total flavonoids were in the high category, which can be attributed to the capture of free radicals to overcome disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Previous studies have shown that the ethanol extract of Sophora moorcroftiana seeds (EESMS) possesses an antiproliferative effect on several tumors in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the impact of EESMS on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell proliferation. Methods: The proliferation and apoptotic effects of HeLa cells treated with EESMS were evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Single-cell level atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to detect the mechanical properties of HeLa cells, and proteomics and bioinformatics methods were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EESMS. Results: EESMS treatment inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by blocking the G0/G1 phase, increasing the expression of Caspase-3 and affecting its mechanical properties, and the EESMS indicated no significant inhibitory effect on mouse fibroblasts L929 cell line. In total, 218 differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and eight differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various cellular and biological processes. Conclusion: This study provides a perspective on how cells change through biomechanics and a further theoretical foundation for the future application of Sophora moorcroftiana as a novel low-toxicity chemotherapy medication for treating human cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) and gandarusa leaves (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) are considered medicinal plants that can be used as natural male contraceptives. Papaya seeds contain alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, and papain. Meanwhile, the gandarusa leaves contain flavonoids. These compounds have the function of antifertility for men. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) ethanol extracts, gandarusa leaves (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.), and its combination on motility, viability, and morphology of male mice spermatozoa (Mus musculus) most effective decrease concentration on motility, viability, and morphology of male mice spermatozoa (Mus musculus). This research was an experimental study. The samples of this study were 18 male mice with a body weight of 20-30 grams, aged 3-5 months, and were divided into six groups. The treatments given were control, papaya seed ethanol extract, gandarusa leaves ethanol extract, and its combinations to concentrations of P1 Na CMC1%, P2 (papaya seed 100mg/kgW), P3 (gandarusa leaf 50mg/kgW), P4 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 50:50 mg/kgW), P5 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 50:100 mg/ kgW), P6 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 100:50 mg/kgW). The extract was given for 35 days. On the 36th day, the mice were dissected to take their epididymis to observe the spermatozoa's quality (motility, viability, morphology). Those observations used a light microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. This study resulted differences in P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6 towards motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa (p< 0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that both single and combination ethanol extracts of papaya seeds and gandarusa leaves could reduce the motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa of male mice, and the effective dosage in reducing motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa is P3 gandarusa leaves 50mg/kgW.

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide problem. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the evaluation of plants and fungi with antibacterial activity against various infectious agents. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.) Kotl. et Pouzar (Polyporaceae) fruiting body was studied. Activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method. L.officinalis ethanol extract showed high activity against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, as well as moderate activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Listeria monocytogenes were not sensitive to ethanol extract of the fruiting body of L.officinalis.

The leaves extract of Rourea coccinea was fractionated, following the bioguided method, to give one phenolic compound named 1-caffeoylquinic acid lactone (1-CQL) (1), isolated from this plant for the first time, and the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of stigmasterol (2). The structure of these compounds was determined. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) for antisalmonella activity was up to 2000 µg·mL-1 for extract and fractions, and up to 500 µg·mL-1 for compound 1. The half-inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values against Plasmodium falciparum PfDd2 was 92.56 µg·mL-1 for extract and 31.24 to 77.21 µg·mL-1 for fractions. Compound 1 exhibited on the same strain an antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 value of 8.58 µg·mL-1. These results justify the use of this plant in Beninese pharmacopeia for the treatment of several diseases such as malaria.

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Armillaria sp. are traditional edible medicinal mushrooms with various health functions; however, the relationship between their composition and efficacy has not yet been determined. Here, the ethanol extract of liquid-cultured Armillaria ostoyae mycelia (AOME), a pure wild Armillaria sp. strain, was analyzed using UHPLC-QTOF/MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. The obtained extract affects various metabolic pathways, such as JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT. The extract also contains important compounds such as 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl] benzamide, isoliquiritigenin, and 7-hydroxycoumarin. Moreover, the extract targets key proteins, including EGFR, SCR, and IL6, to suppress the progression of gastric cancer, thereby synergistically inhibiting cancer development. The molecular docking analyses indicated that the main compounds stably bind to the target proteins. The final cell culture experimental data showed that the ethanol extract inhibited MGC-803 gastric cancer cells. In summary, our research revealed the beneficial components of AOME for treating gastric cancer and its associated molecular pathways. However, further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety in gastric cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tephrosia bracteolata Guill. & Perr. (Fabaceae) has been used crudely in Nigeria for the treatment of diabetes. This study was carried out to determine the antidiabetic activity, possible mechanism of action through the inhibition of the activities of a-amylase and a-glucosidase, and also to establish its safety. Sub-chronic toxicological studies involved distributing Wistar rats into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group one served as control and received 5 mL/kg distilled water while groups 2 to 4 received 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Tephrosia bracteolata (EETB) respectively for 30 days. Food and water intake, and body weight of the rats were monitored for 30 days after which, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected for biochemical and haematological analysis. The organs were also harvested for histopathological examination. EETB exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on both a-amylase and a-glucosidase. The extract had IC50 values of 92.76 and 71.09 µg/mL for a-amylase and a-glucosidase respectively. These values were higher than that of the standard drug - acarbose which had IC50 values of 83.13 and 64.58 µg/mL for a-amylase and a-glucosidase respectively. The subchronic toxicity revealed that EETB had no significant (p > 0.05) effects on the biochemical and haematological parameters, and the organs of the rats. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that EETB has antidiabetic activity and possible mechanism of action through the inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase enzymes. It can also be accepted that is safe due to anecdotal reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The plant known as white mulberry, or Morus alba L., has several uses and is employed in traditional medicine in many different cultures. The objectives of this study are to determine the total phenolic component and antioxidant levels of the methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of Morus alba L. (White mulberry). Methods: Using the techniques of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Iron ion that decreases antioxidant power), and CUPRAC (Copper ion that reduces antioxidant capacity), the antioxidant activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. leaves were examined. Additionally, the Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) technique was used to evaluate the total phenolic content of the ethanol and methanol extracts. To determine the antioxidant capacity of extracts, reference samples were used to prepare various concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µg/mL. The extract's equivalent antioxidant capacity was determined using sample concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL. Results: The methanol and ethanol extracts of the leaves of the Morus alba L. (White mulberry) plant were found to have the greatest level of phenolic compounds at the 500 µg/mL concentration of extracts. It was determined that the Trolox Eq value of methanol extract was higher in the DPPH, FRAP and FCR methods, and the Trolox Eq value of the ethanol extract was higher in the CUPRAC method. Conclusion: The possible folk medicinal application of Morus alba L. is supported by this study. Determining the precise mechanisms of action of the extracts, the best extraction technique, the ideal dosage, and any possible adverse effects is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease, but most of its current treatments come with a high risk of side effects. As one of the world's top three beverages, tea has a traditional history of being used as a treatment for skin conditions due to its high safety profile, anti-inflammatory and other properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-psoriasis effects of ethanol extracts of black tea, green tea and white tea from southeastern China. The compositions of the tea extracts (TEs) were first determined by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS and then genetic analysis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunocompetence assays were performed. Imiquimod was used to establish a mouse model of psoriasis-like dermatitis and treating with the extracts to examine their efficacy. A total of 88 chemical components, mainly phenols and organic acids, were identified from the TEs. These TEs ameliorated skin damage and they all reduced the expression of cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α. By analyzing the genes, TEs may affect the inflammatory signaling pathway by regulating the metabolic changes. In addition, TEs can significantly scavenge ROS, NO, and inhibit cellular inflammation. In conclusion, this study examined the inhibitory effects of three TEs on psoriasis and their potential as nutritional supplements for the treatment of skin inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize the fermentation process of Radix Ranunculi ternate via microbial fermentation and analyze the changes in the contents of the main components, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacities of the extract before and after fermentation. Methods: The solid-state fermentation process was optimized using single-factor tests and the response surface method, with the yield of the alcohol extract of R. ternate as an evaluation index. Results: The best fermentation process was optimized using solid-state endophytic fungus fermentation technology as follows: strain addition ratio of Chaetomium globosum/Fusarium equiseti = 1:1, fermentation for 5 d, sieve size of 40 mesh, liquid/material ratio of 0.8:1 mL·g−1, fermentation temperature of 31 °C, and inoculation amount of 7.5%. Under the optimized conditions, the contents of the water-soluble extract and total polysaccharides decreased by 12.71% and 12.95%, respectively. In the fermentation, the contents of the ethanol-soluble extract, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, organic acids, and total amino acids of the fermented R. ternate increased by 19.77%, 57.14%, 79.67%, 14.29%, 17.63%, and 3.82%, respectively. The scavenging rate for DPPH, ABTS+, and ·OH free radicals and inhibitory rate for α-amylase of the fermented R. ternate also increased by 19.02%, 14.17%, 7.53%, and 34.54%, respectively, compared with the unfermented R. ternate. Conclusions: Solid-state fermentation opens new avenues for the development and application of R. ternate as a natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica (neem) and Psidium guajava (guava) are well known therapeutic plants used to manage various diseases. Hence, this paper is an assessment of phytochemical, antimicrobial and haematological activity of synergistic ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Psidium guajava against selected enteric pathogens using standard procedures. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoid and phenols in the plants. The ethanolic extract of the leaves were active against the organisms, with Salmonella having the highest zone of inhibition and Staphylococcus aureus having the least zones of inhibition at all concentrations tested. There was no significant weight change (p>0.05), toxicity nor mortality recorded for the period. The results of the haematological parameters for the experimental rats showed increases in red blood cells and haemoglobin; and decrease in white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study established that the synergistic effect of ethanol extract of the plant leaves could be a possible source of novel broad spectrum medicine for treating diseases.

Background:Asarum heterotropoides and Asarum sieboldii are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about how they differ in terms of essential oil (EO) and ethanol extract (EE) content and composition. Moreover, the effect of various geographical locations on the essential oil (EO), ethanol extract (EE), and asarinin content of different Asarum samples remains unknown. We tested four root-drying methods, i.e., soil removal and shade drying (P1), water washing and shade drying (P2), and water washing and drying at 30 °C (P3) and 40 °C (P4). We used LC-MS and GC-MS to investigate these differences. We also investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of EO and EE. Results: Overall, the EO, EE and asarinin contents of the analysed samples were 19.21–51.53 μL.g−1, 20.00–45.00 μL.g−1, and 1.268–2.591 mg.g−1, respectively. P1 treatment yielded the lowest volatile oil content compared to the other three treatments. GC-MS analysis revealed 78 EO components. Among the six major EO components, eucarvone, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, and methyl eugenol were higher in A. heterotropoides than in A. sieboldii. However, the latter had a higher myristicin content. LC-MS analysis identified 888 EE components in roots and leaves of A. heterotropoides and A. sieboldii; 317 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified. EO and EE showed a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of swelling and an increase in the inhibition rate of drug concentration on acetic acid writhing in mice. Asarum EO proved to be more effective than EE in the pharmacodynamic study. Conclusions: We conclude that Asarum species show inter- and intra-specific differences in EO and EE content and composition, which may influence the pharmacodynamics of Asarum root extracts.

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Oxygen is an essential regulator for normal aerobic metabolism in humans and animals, oxidative stress and energy metabolism during hypoxia may be related to hypoxia-related diseases. Gentiana straminea Maxim (G. straminea), a natural Tibetan herb with exerts several biological effects, was used to study the anti-hypoxia effects of its ethanol extract. Three extract methods were employed to evaluate the best extraction methods. Male Kunming specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were randomly divided into blank control, model (hypoxia), positive (propranolol 30 mg/kg + hypoxia), and three G. straminea ethanol extracts dose groups (10, 5 and 2.5 g/kg respectively + hypoxia), administered intragastrically once a day for 14 consecutive days. After that, multiple hypoxia experiments were conducted including soda lime normobaric hypoxia test, sodium nitrite poisoning test, isoproterenol poisoning test, and acute cerebral ischemic hypoxia test. Subsequently, the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) in mice liver were measured; while SOD and MDA contents and activity of T-AOC, CAT, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) in mice brain were evaluated. In the results, G. straminea ethanol extract markedly enhanced hypoxia tolerance in mice. It attenuated hypoxia-induced oxidative stress by reducing MDA levels (in liver and brain), and elevating SOD (in liver and brain), T-AOC and CAT (in liver). Furthermore, pre-treatment with G. straminea ethanol extracts significantly increased ATP content, up-regulated the activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, PK, and PFK in hypoxia mice brain. In conclusion, this research demonstrated the anti-hypoxia activity of ethanol extract of G. straminea, which may be related to increased energy metabolism. Our findings provide a basis for investigating hypoxia-related diseases and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are many natural products which have the potential of ameliorating the deterioration in health due to aging. Some of the natural products are in the form of ethanol extract which is frequently difficult to develop into viable products for oral consumption. The use of solid carriers as an excipient to adsorb the extract is a cost-effective and feasible technique. Methods: Ethanolic extraction of Alpinia galanga was performed and preformulation studies were conducted to assess the extract. Organoleptic and physicochemical evaluations were conducted, and five established pharmaceutical excipients namely β-cyclodextrin, corn starch, carrageenan, gum arabic and microcrystalline cellulose, were formulated into granules with the A. galanga extract. The flow properties of the resulting granules, the compatibility of the granule components and the release of the marker compounds were assessed. Results: The ethanolic extract of A. galanga was sticky and bitter, and adsorption onto the five different solid carriers gave varying results. Granules formed with β-cyclodextrin, corn starch and carrageenan were subjected to flow studies and the highest flowability was shown by the granules fabricated with corn starch. No incompatibility was detected from the thermal profiles of the individual components and the granules. Release studies showed that formulation into granules using corn starch has increased release of the marker compounds by 3-4 folds. Conclusions: Solid carriers can improve the capability of a plant extract to be processed into viable products, and can facilitate the production of a batch for preclinical and clinical tests in the local industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many medicinal plants are now being chosen because the treatment is safer and cheaper. Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham is a plant with many pharmacological activities and is efficacious; its safety has not been studied. Acute oral toxicity evaluation followed Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines using the fixed dose method. The evaluation began with a preliminary test, then a primary test with three groups: a 2000 mg/Kg BW dose test group, a 5000 mg/Kg BW dose test group, and a control group. The results of visual observations, haematological and clinical examinations, and histological examination of organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs and heart) showed no toxicity in the animals, and they did not die during testing. The findings of this study support the safety of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham leaf ethanol extract, which did not produce harmful results in acute toxicity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine has been a fertile source of revealing lead novel molecules which are then subjected to investigations using the techniques of the modern drug discovery. The objective of the study was to evaluate variations in serum biochemical parameters of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Asparagus laricinus roots. The powdered plant roots material was dissolved in distilled water to prepare 2%, 10% and 20% concentration. For the second extraction. the material was also dissolved in ethanol and the increasing concentrations were controlled by varying the volumes of the solution administered. 54 Sprague Dawley rats (180g - 250g), were divided into two groups of 24 and 30 rats for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous group was further divided into four subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed ad libitum for eight weeks to 0%, 2%, 10% and 20% extracts. The ethanolic group was divided into five subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed for two weeks (via gavage) to increasing doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day extracts and a control (unexposed) group. Ethanol extracts were administered daily over a period of two weeks through gavage and the control group was administered water through gavage as well. Blood samples were collected from the rats for biochemical testing. Biochemical tests were done for CHOL, BUN, CREA, ALP, AST and ALT as indicators of any possible damage to the tissue of organs, including the liver, kidney and spleen. Comparison of treatment groups (n=6) and controls (n=6) across all ethanol extracts showed significant differences in the starting median change in weight at the 200g/kg/day dosages as well as weight at 400g/kg/day, even though AST and ALT have high SEM values. The median change in weight remained slightly below 50g over the entire two-week period of experimentation. Biochemical results could not show any patterns in abnormalities although we observed statistically significant results on few parameters. In conclusion, the toxicological evaluation of Asparagus laricinus extracts may be considered relatively safe when given orally, as it did not produce any remarkable biochemical adverse effects in both the male and female Sprague Dawley rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed Lavandula stoechas flower extract's impact on Isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Five groups of five rats each were used. Group I received 1 ml/kg normal saline orally for 13 days, Group II received 10 ml/kg normal saline orally, Group III received 200 mg/kg Lavandula stoechas extract orally, Group IV received 400 mg/kg Lavandula stoechas extract orally, and Group V received 10 mg/kg Metoprolol orally. On days 14 and 15, Group I received 0.5 ml/kg subcutaneous normal saline, and Groups II to V received 85 mg/kg Isoprenaline subcutaneously. On day 16, rats were weighed, and cardiac blood samples were collected. Serum was analyzed for total protein, triglycerides, and cardiac enzymes (cardiac injury markers). Rats were sacrificed, and heart tissues were histologically examined. Results showed significant serum marker enzyme reductions (p < 0.01) in Lavandula stoechas-treated rats. Total protein and triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) decreased, and heart weight-to-body weight ratio (p < 0.05) decreased in Lavandula stoechas-treated rats. Histopathology confirmed the extract's protective effect. In conclusion, Lavandula stoechas flower extract offers protection against Isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face cream is a treatment cream used to treat facial skin. One of the natural plant ingredients that can be used as an active substance in cream preparations is soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) which have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate cream preparations from soursop leaf ethanol extract as well as the antioxidant activity of face cream preparations. Soursop leaves were extracted by maceration using a 96% ethanol solvent. Cream preparations in physical quality evaluation include organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spread power, sticking power, centrifugation, determination of emulsion type, and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method at λ 511,5 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results that organoleptic cream preparations had color differences. The pH of FI, FII, and FIII creams had an average yield of 6,0-6,6 and were homogeneous. All creams had a viscosity value of 49950 cPs and scatter power at 5,2-5,7 cm. FI, FII, and FIII creams fixed power test with an average value of 26,5-46,5 and physically stable at centrifugation tests with cream emulsion type of O/W. Based on the antioxidant activity, the facial creams of ethanol extract from soursop leaves of FI (3%), FII (5%), and FIII (7%) had IC50 values of 80,64, 46,06, and 10,91 ppm respectively. So this study concluded that the facial cream of ethanol extract from soursop leaves at FI, FII, and FIII meet the physical stability requirements based on organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, scatter power, clinging power, centrifugation, and emulsion type tests. FI cream had strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 80,64 ppm), then FII and FIII had very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 46,06 and 10,91 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are pathogenic bacteria causing various infectious diseases in humans and animals. Currently, herbal ingredients are widely used as antibacterial agents to combat bacterial infections due to their lower side effects, compared to chemical drugs. One such plant with medicinal promise as an antibacterial agent is the oregano plant (Oregano vulgare). It contains substances, such as tannin, flavonoids, carvacrol, thymol, and saponin. Therefore, the current study was conducted to regularly compare the in vitro antibacterial potential of ethanol extract essential oil oregano (Oregano vulgare) on K. pneumonia and S. aureus. In this research, the diffusion method using discs was employed to observe the inhibition zones, while the dilution tube method was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract and essential oil of oregano against the test bacteria. The bacterial treatment group received the test material at concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively in terms of zone inhibition and MIC values. According to the disc diffusion test, the essential oil of oregano demonstrated greater efficacy as an antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae at a concentration of 100%, resulting in an average inhibition zone of 18 mm. Conversely, for S. aureus, a concentration of 1.5% of the essential oil exhibited higher effectiveness, yielding an average inhibition zone of 30 mm. Based on the MIC values, the essential oil was more effective as an antibacterial for K. pneumonia at a concentration of 0.2% (2 mg/mL), while for S. aureus it was more effective at a concentration of 0.19% (1.9 mg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]