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In this research, it has been tried to determine Imam al-Darimi's ethical aspect based on his sunan. Muhaddis see hadiths as a criterion that guides human behavior. In this sense, a Muslim person who obeys the Prophet, remaining in an inner awareness can control his/her behavior. Thus, this helps people to get rid of bad habits that prevent his/her from progressing in terms of morality. Therefore, when dividing the research of hadith, determining the rulings and choosing the hadiths, it reflects an Islamic perspective on the life that a Muslim should have. The moral personality of Imam al-Darimi is revealed in his views and secret messages about the merfû and mewkûf narrations in the introduction section. al-Darimi has established his moral system on these principles. After the necessary analyzes were made, the contents were divided into various sections. In the first stage of the research, the author was in endeavor to prevent us fromreturning to the morality of ignorance, and he is interested in psychological motives in order to place the love of the Prophet in our hearts and to highlight the beautiful example in our lives. In the second stage, he is interested in the source of Islamic morality, the sound reasons that would lead to good morals and ethical principles that appear in the stanle sources in the Qur’an and Sunnah. In the third stage, he emphasizes the importance of knowledge including morality and points out the importance of following the scholars and their path. In the fourth stage, he talks about intentions, the inner face of morality, and the necessity of doing action in accordance with knowledge. In the fifth stage, he warns against moral contradictions such as disobeying the Prophet and following the lust and avoid heresy. In the sixth stage, he talks about the morality of scholars. In the research, it has been concluded that knowing and placing moral values in the soul is not enough, that there must be an emotional engine that pushes these emotions towards the will to place them. It is a mistake to establish the divine decrees coming from the Book and the Sunnah without directing the emotions to Allah and His Messenger. For this reason, al-Darimi has associated moral values with decrees based on hadiths and narrations. The existence of the best moral examples in the person of the Prophet indicates that it is possible to apply every good morality that Islam calls. Islamic ethics is a science of religion based on established evidence in the Qur'an and Sunnah. For this reason, there is no room for change in the moral provisions of Islamic law for any purpose and under any circumstances. The chaos that can be experienced in terms of morality occurs due to the disobedience of following the Sunnah and method of the Prophet. Islamic sciences constitute an important element of moral cornerstones and Allah has ordered these cornerstones before words and actions. Ethical behavior in Islam is about inner feelings. Therefore, the main thing in an action is the intention and the reason that leads to the action. Ethics in Islam does not only consist of ideas and theory, but also includes action and behavior. The main purpose is not to know the rules theoretically, but to apply the known theory. The people of knowledge are those who should be qualified with what science requires in terms of morals and deeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical and legal problems of organ transplantation are numerous. The donor must be fully and properly informed about all elements regarding the transplantation, and especially about the possible consequences resulting from the removal of tissues and organs, which is an essential ethical problem. Aim: The aim of this research was to determine the attitude of health professionals and the general population in Montenegro towards some of the legal and ethical aspects of organ donation. Material and methods: The research was conducted with the consent of the Ethics Committee of the Clinical Center of Montenegro, in Podgorica number 03 / 01-1504. The sample was formed by random selection and consisted of 400 adult citizens of the city of Podgorica. The research included 200 health workers employed at the Clinical Center of Montenegro in Podgorica and 200 adult citizens of the city of Podgorica. Results: The majority of health workers (84.6%) state that the donor should be the one who gives consent for organ donation for life. Similarly, the vast majority (76%) of the general population believe the same. The largest percentage of participants, more than a third, in both groups, believe that using organs for the wrong purposes is sometimes possible, while almost a quarter of respondents said they did not believe it could happen. The difference in the opinion of health workers and the general population on this issue was not statistically significant (p = 0.522). Conclusion: From our research it can be concluded that both groups of respondents generally believe that the guarantee that organs will be used for the right purposes is the most important factor in organ donation and that the donor is the one who will give consent for living organ donation. The proposed measures need to create a strategy to increase confidence that organ donation will be done only for the right purposes, both in the general population and among health professionals.

Background: The pandemic caused by Sars-cov-2 has generated multiple sustained efforts for its identification, characteristics and mobility of the disease that to date has repercussions worldwide. Given this need, it is necessary to have updated information considering transparent research processes. Method: a critical review of the current literature on COVID-19 research. Conclusions: It is essential to have ethical procedures in the different phases of research that can go beyond personal interests and that guarantee the preservation of people's welfare in the reduction of possible damage to health globally, adequate procedures in the collection of information that is not built to the measure of the researchers, to avoid involuntary segregation of the participants and that this leads to a reduction of significant damage due to implicit biases that are generated by poor planning that pursues the scoop instead of social good.

Abstract Background This paper examines the ethical aspects of organ transplant surgery in which a donor heart is transplanted from a first recipient, following determination of death by neurologic criteria, to a second recipient. Retransplantation in this sense differs from that in which one recipient undergoes repeat heart transplantation of a newly donated organ, and is thus referred to here as “reuse cardiac organ transplantation.” Methods Medical, legal, and ethical analysis, with a main focus on ethical analysis. Results From the medical perspective, it is critical to ensure the quality and safety of reused organs, but we lack sufficient empirical data pertaining to medical risk. From the legal perspective, a comparative examination of laws in the United States and Japan affirms no illegality, but legal scholars disagree on the appropriate analysis of the issues, including whether or not property rights apply to transplanted organs. Ethical arguments supporting the reuse of organs include the analogous nature of donation to gifts, the value of donations as inheritance property, and the public property theory as it pertains to organs. Meanwhile, ethical arguments such as those that address organ recycling and identity issues challenge organ reuse. Conclusion We conclude that organ reuse is not only ethically permissible, but even ethically desirable. Furthermore, we suggest changes to be implemented in the informed consent process prior to organ transplantation. The organ transplant community worldwide should engage in wider and deeper discussions, in hopes that such efforts will lead to the timely preparation of guidelines to implement reuse cardiac organ transplantation as well as reuse transplantation of other organs such as kidney and liver.

Assurance of a statistical and clinical significance to results of a clinical trial in the era of evidence based medicine is a complex analysis starting from establishing of end-points, hypothesis to be verified, risks α and α of type I and type II errors, and expected improvements of effects, measured by difference - Δ in selected endpoints. Ethic - nonethic in calculation of the number of subjects was discussed until now in context of "statistical risks" and in context of certitudes of conclusions from the point of view of inovator company, of investigator and finally of regulatory authorities. Patient is never entering in formulas. Paper put in evidence that critical factor in determining the size of experimental lots is the difference Δ, expected additional effect of the new treatment. Or, this factor is established mainly by Inovator Company and principal investigator and imply less the statisticians. So that long time passionate dispute between statisticians concernig the sample size remain mainly an academic problem. Actual decisions are established by company financial resources and regulatory authorities' rigid rules. Final conclusion is that the essential ethical aspect, connected with the risk of patients is ignored by all stakeholders of clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, or even months, Polish scholars have gradually become more and more interested in moral capital. Generally, they have addressed this issue without going into much detail. Building on the latest publications which describe moral capital, this paper thoroughly explores the issue of the social and economic significance of moral capital. As a result, moral capital will be presented from two complementary points of view, namely sociological and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, or even months, Polish scholars have gradually become more and more interested in moral capital. Generally, they have addressed this issue without going into much detail. Building on the latest publications which describe moral capital, this paper thoroughly explores the issue of the social and economic significance of moral capital. As a result, moral capital will be presented from two complementary points of view, namely sociological and economic.

Background: Advances in neuroscience and neurotechnology provide great benefits to humans though unknown challenges may arise. We should address these challenges using new standards as well as existing ones. Novel standards should include ethical, legal, and social aspects which would be appropriate for advancing neuroscience and technology. Therefore, the Korea Neuroethics Guidelines were developed by stakeholders related to neuroscience and neurotechnology, including experts, policy makers, and the public in the Republic of Korea., Method: The guidelines were drafted by neuroethics experts, were disclosed at a public hearing, and were subsequently revised by opinions of various stakeholders., Results: The guidelines are composed of twelve issues; humanity or human dignity, individual personality and identity, social justice, safety, sociocultural prejudice and public communication, misuse of technology, responsibility for the use of neuroscience and technology, specificity according to the purpose of using neurotechnology, autonomy, privacy and personal information, research, and enhancement., Conclusion: Although the guidelines may require a more detailed discussion after future advances in neuroscience and technology or changes in socio-cultural milieu, the development of the Korea Neuroethics Guidelines is a milestone for the scientific community and society in general for the ongoing development in neuroscience and neurotechnology., Competing Interests: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (© 2023 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.)

Price decision making in a marketing program framework creatings is a complicated and delicated part of marketing management, especially to keep in sight culminating of mass external factors. In a market economies price policy as a marketing mix instrument rarely is regulated by the law, which opening the ethical aspect questions of price decision making process. The ethics in the price decision making means consideration of the inner law of the individual (marketing managers and/or consumers), whose irreverence does not entail any juridical sanctions, rather its application is sanctioned by the self - awareness. The acception and stability of the ethical aspect price decision making are determined by the characteristic of selected marketing environment.

How should an individual contribute to the public good? Conversely, how does the public help the individual? We should analyze and alleviate conflicts in community clouds. Covert channels in the access matrix are caused by conflicts between public values and a private sense of values. We cannot control the information leaks from the covert channels by using only access control. We believe that the community cloud system should emphasize harmony between public values and a private sense of values. We interpret the access matrix as follows: The acts of the individual are generalized and symbolized by an access matrix that describes the access operations of the subject. We propose a multiagent system embodying the concept of swarm intelligence to analyze the covert channels that arise. Each agent has a group target and an individual target. The group target and an individual target include targets for generation of access and restriction of access. The system does not have any principle of universal control. Instead, an agent's interactions are guided by metaheuristics for achieving targets. The social order of the whole society is made from the agents' interactions related to the group value target, group game target, an individual value target, and an individual game target. The conceptual framework and multiagent system presented here are intended to support people. If the covert channel problem can be solved, it will become possible for people to use community clouds safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media pressure has made this subject front-page news again, along with the French National Consultative Bioethics Committee’s submission and opinions expressed by a French Senate Committee and the French Academy of Medicine. A definition of the term “surrogate pregnancy“ is followed by a discussion of the legal, ethical and medical aspects. With respect to legal issues, the question of the double reification of mother and child is raised — Denmark, Greece, Romania and the United Kingdom are the only European countries where surrogate pregnancies are legal. Ethical issues related to autonomy, justice, and beneficence/ non-maleficence are discussed. The author emphasizes the importance of ensuring the surrogate mother is fully informed of her obligations and the various problems that may arise during the pregnancy. These are all difficult issues but if justice is to prevail it would appear necessary to change the law in question, as the alternative means that those who can afford it will continue to exploit women from countries where the practice has become a veritable commercial venture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was the assessment of the influence of ethics or the lack of medical ethics on everyday gynaecological practice, particularly the usefulness and purpose of detecting genetic irregularities in the first and second trimester and abortions. Material and methods: A sample of 164 gynaecological doctors was encompassed by the study. A questionnaire survey was applied as an independent empirical procedure on the basis of the theory of attitudes and the following questionnaires: WCQ (The Ways of Coping Questionnaire) -- Folkman, Lazarus, Dukiel -- Scheier & Weintraub, as the authors own adaptation of that instrument for the requirements of the study. Results: In response to the question on the purpose of performing prenatal diagnostics in detecting genetic irregularities in the first and second trimester -- 35% of physicians were against such diagnostics if it served abortion, 60% supported the test even if in consequence an abortion was carried out, whereas 5% had no stance on the matter. The problem of physicians' approach to abortion for so-called "social reasons" was also studied. Over half, as many as 51% of physicians were against abortion in any form whatsoever, including pharmacological abortions; 45% agreed to abortion and 4% had no opinion. The veracity of ethical motivations was also measured: approx. 4%, refrained from expressing their support of either position; 29% stated that a physician, although they do not perform abortions themselves, should indicate other possibilities of performing the abortion and as many as 67% thought that the indication of a place or a person who performs abortions is obvious. Conclusions: The results of the survey indicate the differences in the attitudes of physicians towards the diagnosis of prenatal tests, especially the ones revealing genetic defects and lethal disease. There are two ambivalent patterns of behaviour: one group of physicians opt for delivering every child without any exceptions, but the other one is for destroying deformed foetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]