Search

In the article it is presented an evaluation of the Bulgarian food sector’s competitiveness on the European market for the period 2007 – 2022. The analysis of the competitiveness of the sector is based on a method of calculating three competitiveness indices – a production index, a value index and a general index of competitiveness. Based on the obtained results and their analysis, it is concluded that during the study period the competitiveness of the Bulgarian food sector is low on the European market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines aspects of the success of business models of Ukrainian enterprises on the European market. Through the prism of the analysis of successful exits and failures of Ukrainian companies, such as Grammarly, AgroPharm, Aurora, etc., the key factors that determine competitiveness at the international level are highlighted. The purpose of the article was to consider approaches to the definition of the concept of "business model" and to analyse the success of business models of Ukrainian enterprises in the European market through the prism of this. The economic, technological and international aspects of the success of business models of enterprises are considered. The analysis of cases of Ukrainian enterprises entering the European market allowed us to identify the key success factors during such an exit, revealing the importance of product quality, strategic marketing, social responsibility and flexibility in interaction with different cultural and economic conditions. The general conclusion emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to entering the European market and constant improvement of strategies to ensure sustainable success in the global business environment.

The research aimed to analyze the status of Egyptian agricultural exports of the most important vegetable crops to the European market through a competitive study of Egypt’s most important agricultural exports of potatoes and onions in the European Union markets. The research relied on the method of descriptive and quantitative analysis through various economic methods and models, relying on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization, Trade statistics website for international business development Trade map. The results of the study showed that by examining the relative importance of the value of Egyptian exports of the most important vegetable crops, the potato crop came in first place in terms of the value of Egyptian vegetable exports to European markets as an average for the period 2019-2022, which amounted to about 261 million dollars, representing about 47.74% of the average value of the total value of vegetable exports. Which amounted to about $547.21 million. While the onion crop came in second place with an average of about 223.38 million dollars, representing 40.82%, while the crops of garlic, peas, tomatoes, and eggplant came in third to sixth place with an average of about 3.82, 1.68, 1.19, and 0.85 million dollars, with a relative importance amounting to About 0.69%, 0.31%, 0.22%, 0.15% of the average total value of vegetable exports during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research attempts to study and analyze the political and economic repercussions of the Russian military operation in Ukraine by focusing on the policy adopted by the Algerian government, its official standpoint being oriented towards careful positioning between both conflicting sides in the European continent, emphasizing Algeria’s potential role in the European gas market being the third largest resource provider, as well as its need for European exports. The research concluded that despite Algeria’s affirmation of its ties with the Russian Federation, remained at the same distance between both conflicting parties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The new rules on data recently proposed by the European Union are offering a change of focus on the European regulation of data in Europe in the last few decades. Formerly, the focus of legislative activity was almost exclusively on the protection of citizen's rights. The European regulations that are currently being approved now focus their efforts on maximizing the value of digital data as an essential asset for the digitization of Europe. The current legislative proposal is to encourage the use of data due to the significant contribution they can make to the economy and society in the region. This balance between the protection of rights and freedoms and the increasing promotion of data sharing and the creation of a European data market represents a key legislative challenge for the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern conditions of the economic management, ensuring the marketing component of economic security, which is responsible for the demand for products in the market and the possibility of successful market activities of enterprises, is extremely important, especially in the context of activation of the process of the European integration of Ukraine, which will have huge transformational consequences for both the country and its business. The purpose of the article is to systematize the positive and negative consequences of the influence of the European integration process on the marketing component of the economic security of business in Ukraine as the central link of the national economic system. In the theoretical and methodological plane, the interpretation of the marketing component of the economic security of an enterprise from the point of view of individual authors was studied, which made it possible to formulate the authors' own elaboration as to the definition under study. Based on the use of the system approach, the possibilities and threats of the European integration of Ukraine regarding the impact on the marketing security of domestic enterprises in the context of the main elements of the marketing conception “4P” are considered: product, price, place (place in the market), and promotional. The opportunities and threats of European integration for the marketing security of domestic business in the context of the people element (people, consumers, and staff) are considered, and the advantages of market activity by domestic enterprises through the implementation of the European integration strategy by Ukraine are studied. The need for further implementation of pro-European reforms by Ukraine is determined for full-range use of the advantages of the European integration process by domestic business. A promising direction for further research is the improvement of marketing strategies and tactics used by domestic business in the conditions of functioning “up to European standards”.

Abstract Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are widely recognized in the world. More and more CHMs are becoming increasingly popular in the international markets. However, the quality control of CHMs is a significant issue for their acceptance and recognition in the international market. This review mainly focuses on the quality requirements for CHMs to enter the European Union (EU) market. Both Chinese and European regulations and quality controls are compared. Firstly, the EU medicinal regulatory system and relevant regulations were reviewed. Secondly, the key factors of the quality control of CHMs, including Chinese herbal drugs, extracts and products were compared with those of European herbal medicines in the EU market. Subsequently, three main registration routes for herbal medicinal products including Chinese herbal medicinal products entering the EU were introduced. Furthermore, the legal status of traditional Chinese medicine granules in the EU was also discussed. Through the comparison of the key quality factors for CHMs in China and the EU, the similarities and differences in terms of quality requirements and regulations are addressed, which provides a reference for the development of CHMs into the EU market.

This research investigates whether the US stock volatility index (S&P 500 index) has the forecasting ability to predict the volatility of CAC index (France), DAX index (Germany), and FTSE index (the UK) by employing a multivariate heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility jump (MHAR-RV-CJ) model. Our empirical results provide consolidated comparisons using univariate and multivariate models. The in-sample results show us the US volatility will improve the long-term volatility regression coefficient. Moreover, our proposed model, the MHAR-RV-CJ model, nearly surpasses all competing models at out-of-sample forecasting, indicating that considering the multivariate DCC-GARCH information between US-France, US-Germany, and US-UK stock markets and jump component structures can help to predict individual European stock market volatility. Unsurprisingly, several forecasting evaluation tests and further analysis (high/low volatility) confirm the robustness of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The 2010 European Declaration aimed at abandoning surgical castration and switching to alternative methods. With an intention to facilitate the internal trade, the European Union (EU) was initially in favor of a single alternative. Immunocastration, as an active vaccine against the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, was proposed as a potential solution. However, its market potential is not yet well understood. This study applied the method of scenario analysis to examine whether and under what conditions immunocastration could be the general solution sought by the EU. Specifically, it developed two extreme scenarios. Both scenarios suggest that it is unlikely that immunocastration will become a single solution for all producers in the EU. Painful castration of male piglets to avoid boar taint can potentially be replaced by three more ethical alternatives: entire male production in combination with a detection method, immunocastration (an active vaccination against the gonadotrophin-releasing factor, GnRF), and castration with pain relief (anesthesia and/or analgesia). With the aim of abandoning piglet castration and facilitating internal trade, the European Union (EU) was initially in favor of a single alternative. Immunocastration was proposed as a potential solution, but it has not yet been sufficiently assessed regarding its market potential. To address this point, this paper uses scenario analysis to examine whether and under what conditions immunocastration could be the general solution sought by the EU. The study constructs two extreme scenarios: one in which all uncertain elements negatively influence the growth of immunocastration; another in which all uncertain elements have positive influences. These scenarios provide insights into the variance in possible futures for the implementation of immunocastration. The results show that it is unlikely that immunocastration will become a single solution for all producers in the EU, because it is not the optimal solution for all types of EU pork production systems (i.e., cost-efficiency oriented, quality oriented, animal-friendly oriented, import dependent). Rather than debating and looking for evidence about which single method is the best for the entire EU, EU authorities are advised to allow the co-existence of all alternatives and to develop protocols for applying them in the pork industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customers’ attention to sustainability labels in fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs) has been increasing in the last decades, and the industry has adapted to this growing interest by adopting fish ecolabels. However, there is a growing interest to widen the sustainability concept to include the social and ethical information of the fishery and aquaculture industry and to go further from the voluntary approach on the labeling of these aspects in FAPs. For this reason, using data from 2021 Eurobarometer and using machine learning techniques, we disentangle the characteristics of the FAP buyers that consider the importance of environmental impact, ethical, and social information appearing on FAP labeling. The results confirmed that most of the consumers who consider environmental, social, and ethical aspects when buying FAPs also think that this information should be labeled. In line with other works, young, educated, and environmentally aware consumers in high-income countries are more likely to request this information in the FAP label. One interesting finding of the study relates with the asymmetric impact of the variables and the important group of respondents who do not consider these aspects but also advocate to include them in the FAP label. The study outcomes can be beneficial for policymakers to design future public policies regarding FAP labeling, as well as to be taken into consideration in the marketing policies of fishery and aquaculture producers and retailers.

Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are widely recognized in the world. More and more CHMs are becoming increasingly popular in the international markets. However, the quality control of CHMs is a significant issue for their acceptance and recognition in the international market. This review mainly focuses on the quality requirements for CHMs to enter the European Union (EU) market. Both Chinese and European regulations and quality controls are compared. Firstly, the EU medicinal regulatory system and relevant regulations were reviewed. Secondly, the key factors of the quality control of CHMs, including Chinese herbal drugs, extracts and products were compared with those of European herbal medicines in the EU market. Subsequently, three main registration routes for herbal medicinal products including Chinese herbal medicinal products entering the EU were introduced. Furthermore, the legal status of traditional Chinese medicine granules in the EU was also discussed. Through the comparison of the key quality factors for CHMs in China and the EU, the similarities and differences in terms of quality requirements and regulations are addressed, which provides a reference for the development of CHMs into the EU market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – to assess the integration and management of the formation and implementation of the competitive advantages of the Visegrad Four countries in the European market of information, computer, telecommunication (ICT) services based on their analysis in the individual market segments. Design/Method/Research approach - this study aims to determine the presence and nature of the competitive advantages of countries in the European ICT services market based on the calculation of export specialization indicators, to establish factors for their growth and effective implementation based on the results of structural, regressive, comparative analysis and synthesis. Findings. It has been suggested that the introduction of the European rules for market organization stimulated the building-up in the Visegrad Four countries of their competitive advantages in the European ICT services market through innovative investment resources, effective management of private, public sector and international investors and personnel. Practical implications. The accession of Eastern European countries to the European digital market and digital space requires a generalization of the experience of the Visegrad four countries and the identification of factors, directions and priorities of the national policy for the development of the ICT sector. Originality/Value. Scientific novelty of the study - based on the calculation of the comparative advantage index, different integration and effectiveness of managing the competitive advantages of the Visegrad Four countries, primarily the sphere of IC services to the European market (relatively high - in the Czech Republic due to state financing, moderate – in Poland due to financial support from the state, in Slovakia due to private investment in R&D, low – in Hungary), this situation requires a balanced innovation and investment strategy of the countries in the future, the training of a sufficient number of qualified IT specialists, stimulation of private investment in R&D and business cooperation with the sphere of knowledge by means of tax and administrative incentives, facilitating the transition of small and medium-sized businesses on the principles of economics 4.0. Paper type – empirical.

This research aims at investigating the effect of firms' environmental policies on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in order to catch capital markets' reaction towards corporate environmental commitment and effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions. We refer to the European market and analysed a sample of companies listed on the Stoxx Europe 600 Index during the timeframe 2014–2018. Our results show that capital markets have become particularly sensitive to environmental issues and therefore reward environmentally virtuous firms with a lower after tax WACC. We also argue that this effect is prominent for both high emitting and low emitting industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unsustainable production practices and increased demand for fish have aggravated negative social, ecological, and environmental impacts in fisheries and aquaculture. Measures to correct bad practices have mainly been introduced by private actors. However, there is increased demand for state intervention, particularly regarding trade regulations for fish and other agricultural products. Building on discussions about product differentiation through trade measures that favour sustainable products, this study looked at how sustainable and unsustainable fish has been distinguished in Switzerland. In interviewing experts in the fish trade and sales business in Switzerland, the research aimed at understanding the actors and forces that shape the concept of sustainable fish in the country. Results: Three ways of product differentiation for sustainable fish by private actors were identified in Switzerland: ecolabels, "Swiss produce", and recommendations in the form of a "consumer guide for fish". Currently, price is the main constraint on consumption of sustainable products in the country. Defining "sustainable fish" is challenging and subject to interpretation. All existing measures to differentiate sustainable from unsustainable fish products in Switzerland have shortcomings, particularly in terms of discrimination and inclusiveness. Fish ecolabels play a key role in product differentiation, but experts believe that they fail to accommodate all aspects of sustainability. Conclusion: Our findings imply that the Swiss state should play a more important role if it aims to fulfil the promise of article 104a of the Swiss Constitution, which seeks to foster sustainable production and cross-border trade relations that contribute towards this goal. Preferred trade treatment for sustainable fish products is a potential option to increase the production and consumption of sustainable fish. When designing measures for product differentiation, a careful choice is paramount to address sustainability in a holistic, inclusive, and transparent way and in order not to violate existing trade obligations. Due to similarities between the Swiss and other fish markets, we assume that governments in general and members of the European Union in particular must play an active role in shaping the definition and trade of sustainable fish products if they seek to comply with their sustainability commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1999, the European Union decided to go one step further and started the proc- ess of replacing national currencies with one common currency, called the Euro. Only eleven countries participated at the start; since then, six more have joined. Some countries, in particular the United Kingdom, have decided not to join, at least for the time being. The increase in European unemployment since 2007 is primarily due to the crisis, and it is reasonable to expect that the unemployment rate will eventually return to its pre- crisis level. This issue is likely to remain a hot one for some time to come.

Painful castration of male piglets to avoid boar taint can potentially be replaced by three more ethical alternatives: entire male production in combination with a detection method, immunocastration (an active vaccination against the gonadotrophin-releasing factor, GnRF), and castration with pain relief (anesthesia and/or analgesia). With the aim of abandoning piglet castration and facilitating internal trade, the European Union (EU) was initially in favor of a single alternative. Immunocastration was proposed as a potential solution, but it has not yet been sufficiently assessed regarding its market potential. To address this point, this paper uses scenario analysis to examine whether and under what conditions immunocastration could be the general solution sought by the EU. The study constructs two extreme scenarios: one in which all uncertain elements negatively influence the growth of immunocastration; another in which all uncertain elements have positive influences. These scenarios provide insights into the variance in possible futures for the implementation of immunocastration. The results show that it is unlikely that immunocastration will become a single solution for all producers in the EU, because it is not the optimal solution for all types of EU pork production systems (i.e., cost-efficiency oriented, quality oriented, animal-friendly oriented, import dependent). Rather than debating and looking for evidence about which single method is the best for the entire EU, EU authorities are advised to allow the co-existence of all alternatives and to develop protocols for applying them in the pork industry.

The aim of this study is to test whether financial risk disclosures required by IFRS 7 and Pillar 3 are value relevant for investors to support them in their investment decisions. The sample in the study consists of banks listed on the London, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, and Milan Stock Exchanges over an 8-year period, from 2007 to 2014. Based on the aforementioned standards, we built financial risk disclosure indexes and distinguished different risk categories, qualitative and quantitative, as well as credit, liquidity, and market risk. Our analyses confirm that there is a positive association between bank value and several categories of established risk disclosures. Furthermore, it suggests that disclosure adds value to more traditional risk value measures. Besides, our results suggest that investors pay attention to the strength of the bank authority when using risk disclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper investigates whether Southern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern markets under the Euro–Mediterranean Partnership (Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Malta, and Turkey) have become more financially integrated with the European stock market over time. The findings suggest that the Turkish equity market is moderately integrated with the European market, while the other economies exhibit weak financial integration with Europe, supporting the idea that the partnership appears to have no effect on enhancing inter-market linkages for these economies. Therefore, these markets would be good destinations for international investors seeking attractive investment opportunities to diversify their equity portfolios. Structural changes in the cross-market integration do exist, which may be considered as a guide for international equity portfolio diversification over different subperiods. In addition, there is evidence of an increasing trend in conditional correlations for Egypt and Turkey, to varying degrees, over time, notably during the post global financial crisis of 2007–2008, thus revealing herding behavior during this period. Overall, investors should be wary of the variation of equity market integration over time before engaging in an investment at the level of portfolio management and diversification. Policymakers must be aware of the remoteness of the current achievements of the Euro–Mediterranean Partnership from the targets set in terms of financial development and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of taxes and charges in road freight transport in the Slovak Republic and the selected European countries. The aim is to compare and evaluate the position of the Slovak carriers towards foreign ones when doing business in the common European market. The selected kinds of taxes and charges (or costs items) relate to different production factors of road transport undertakings (vehicles, drivers, road infrastructure). Also, the legislation on taxes and charges differs among individual countries and differences can be observed in the principles of taxation. The objective is to make a comprehensive objectified comparison when taking into account several selected taxes, charges and costs in road transport.

The automotive industry has come a long way since its starting with a horseless carriage in the 1860s. The automotive sector is regarded as an important driver of economic growth. The paper looks into the ongoing development in the automobile industry. The Asian market with its availability of large and cheap labor force and growing market has seen significant maturation, while the European market with its culture of research and innovation, and presence of major automobile companies have been able to draw growth from other parts of the globe, which has ultimately allowed them to maintain their stance in the market. There has been massive development in the automobile sector in recent years. But an increasing number of competitors, environmental laws and other multiple factors are affecting the industry. These factors need to be properly tracked as it plays a crucial role to predict the future market and helps in better understanding the automobile market to gain sustainable competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in transport is an important issue that should be taken care of by economic decision makers because of its impact on the price and distribution of products and thus have an impact on the competitiveness of the commodity in the global market. This affects the competitiveness of the product in the foreign market, as ensuring the timely distribution of the commodity in the right place according to the strategy followed by the exporting companies leads to wide negative results. Therefore, the research is concerned with studying the costs of transport in foreign markets and markets for which export is preferable to other markets, as well as the development of proposals for the establishment of new ports or open foreign markets in the outside world so, the problem of the study was researching the best ways in terms of distance, which in turn reflected on the cost of transport, through which the development of the foreign trade sector can be achieved through the transport model and then, the study aimed at identifying the best ways of transport through which transport costs between Egypt and European countries can be minimized, in addition to developing proposals to expand the establishment of ports between Egypt and European countries or to expand the current capacity of Egyptian ports. Or proposing the creation of new markets or increasing the current capacity in the European market in a number of key parts. The first part dealt with a theoretical framework on maritime transport in Egyptian foreign trade and European ports and their distance in nautical miles, and The second part dealt with the analysis of Egyptian European Agricultural exports and their spatial planning, the third part dealt with the prediction of the transport map for 2020 in the light of the strategy of sustainable agricultural development, and ultimately a mechanism for the development of foreign trade in the global market in the light of the transport sector. The study concluded the importance of the European market in accordance with the "2030 strategy in the future, the port capacity should be expanded, especially" Alexandria Maritime Port, an increase of 748 thousand tons per year "and Suez Maritime Port, an increase of 178 thousand tons per year." Egyptian imports in the world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the effect of securitization activity on relative credit quality employing a uniquely detailed dataset from the euro‐denominated syndicated loan market. We find that at issuance, based on observable characteristics, banks do not seem to select and securitize loans of lower credit quality. Following securitization, the credit quality of borrowers whose loans are securitized deteriorates more than those in the control group. We find that poorer performance by borrowers of securitized loans seems to be connected to banks' reduced monitoring incentives. Our results are supported by two additional methodologies and robust to controlling for predetermined borrower–lender matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to solve the managerial dilemma and answer the question: Should we engage in the process of reaching the CE mark for products? The advantages of the CE mark are the following: all technical barriers concerning export are eliminated, there is the possibility of achieving good competitiveness in the foreign market, if the product is of high quality, there is a possibility of equal cooperation with foreign companies, greater competitiveness and the domestic market are ensured. Difficulties: confronting with a complete and consistent assessment of compliance of all product performances - the 'moment of truth', the compliance assessment costs (may be high, thus increasing product on costs), inclusion of foreign notified body (price, language of correspondence).

A research purpose is the analysis of the European natural gas market environment and the modernization opportunities of the delivery system from Russia in connection with the current geo-economic changes. The main methods are the factorial approaches and the content analysis, which allows allocate and structure this sector’s driving forces.Export of the Russian natural gas on the European market still remains the dominating activity, in terms of the total amounts of deliveries, though over the last ten years its specific weight has been considerably reduced. The situation has sharply become aggravated both in connection with the "Ukrainian" crisis, and that of the European Union policy, which is taking the active measures for the gas supply system diversification. As a result of the conducted research it is proved that the Russian gas transportation system in the Arctic regions requires the strategic upgrade which shall go in two main directions.The first direction is the forming of the new pipeline schemes replacing the unreliable transit routes. The second direction is a rather innovative development of exploration and transportation of the liquefied natural gas which amount exceeds thirty percent in world export and in Russian has not yet reached ten percent.Scientific novelty of the received results consists in system approval of the opportunities of adaptation of Russian export deliveries to the market demand changes. The proposals of increase of the liquefied natural gas exploration in the Arctic regions and formation of the basic centers (special zones) have also a practical importance.

The theoretical part of this paper is focused on presenting the main strategies of internationalization that can be used by SMEs in order to diversify their markets and enhance their profitability. The empirical research is aimed at presenting and analysing statistics regarding the performance of Romanian SMEs in relation to the average of overall EU SMEs. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the activity and performance of Romanian SMEs in relation with SMEs from other European countries. A set of concrete recommendations are formulated for creating a better economic and legal environment for small and medium enterprises from Romania that have set the objective of extending on other European markets or are in the process of internationalization of their business.