161 results on '"evacuation strategy"'
Search Results
2. Optimizing Urban-Scale Evacuation Strategies Through Disaster Victim Aggregation Modification
- Author
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Reza Asriandi Ekaputra, Seong-Hoon Kee, and Jurng-Jae Yee
- Subjects
City-scale evacuation ,evacuation strategy ,ensemble clustering ,machine learning ,pedestrian evacuation ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
As urban areas continue progressing into more complex development, urban areas become more vulnerable to disaster. Therefore, there is growing interest in investigating disaster response processes considering population distribution variation within urban regions. This study explores the unsupervised machine learning methods, K-means, DBSCAN, and introduces a novel Ensemble Clustering, which is compared to the established grid-based method as a framework for aggregating disaster victims in determining evacuation strategies. The Ensemble Clustering method combines the K-Means clustering strengths in dividing disaster victim distribution into globular cluster distribution. DBSCAN supports it as a robust outlier identification for disaggregating the irrelevant member as an individual. Subsequently, the clustering effectivity is evaluated by simulating the evacuation scenarios in the evacuation simulation, and the performance is compared to the traditional grid-based method. Combining the machine learning method and the evacuation simulation can be a framework for the decision-making process during a disaster. The results show that the Ensemble Clustering outperforms the traditional grid method, ensuring a faster completion time.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Contemporary Fire Safety Engineering in Timber Structures: Challenges and Solutions.
- Author
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Zang, Xiaowei, Liu, Wei, Wu, Dali, Pan, Xuhai, Zhang, Wei, Bian, Haitao, and Shen, Ruiqi
- Subjects
- *
FIRE prevention , *FIRE protection engineering , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *STRUCTURAL engineering , *SKYSCRAPERS , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *HISTORIC buildings - Abstract
As environmental conservation and sustainability gain prominence globally, modern timber structures are receiving increased focus. Nonetheless, the combustible nature of timber raises significant fire safety concerns. This review explores the recent advancements in fire safety engineering for timber structures, emphasizing both contemporary high-rise buildings and historical timber constructions. It covers topics like inherently safer design principles, fire risk prediction, and evacuation methodologies. The review emphasizes the criticality of selecting suitable materials, structural design, firefighting systems, and advanced sensor technologies for early fire detection. Additionally, we analyze and compares various evacuation strategies, offering insights into the challenges and future directions for fire safety in modern timber structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Emergency evacuation of urban underground commercial street based on BIM approach
- Author
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Xiaojuan Li, Chen Wang, Mukhtar A. Kassem, and Kherun Nita Ali
- Subjects
Urban underground commercial street ,Fire dynamic simulator ,Personnel evacuation simulation ,Evacuation strategy ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Urbanization has led to increased construction of underground buildings to overcome limited surface space. However, safety concerns in urban underground commercial buildings have become a major issue due to frequent accidents. Ensuring safe evacuation in densely populated underground commercial buildings is crucial. This study focuses on the safe evacuation of an urban underground commercial street A in Fuzhou City. A simulation framework based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) is proposed, integrating the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and BIM. The framework overcomes limitations in fire dynamic simulators. Using a BIM model, the study analyzes the risk of each fire protection area and selects the most unfavorable area for simulation. PyroSim technology is employed to study the entire fire development process in the underground commercial street under three different fire scenarios. The analysis includes evacuation stair travel time and personnel available safe evacuation time (TASET). By comparing the results, the study optimizes building layout design and identifies factors affecting personnel evacuation efficiency. The simulation outcomes aim to minimize casualties and property losses, contributing to fire safety management in urban underground commercial streets.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Analysis of human behavior in case of fire inside a high-rise building: effect of risk perception and Individual's location
- Author
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Mousavi, Seyed Yaser and Kariminia, Shahab
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Contemporary Fire Safety Engineering in Timber Structures: Challenges and Solutions
- Author
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Xiaowei Zang, Wei Liu, Dali Wu, Xuhai Pan, Wei Zhang, Haitao Bian, and Ruiqi Shen
- Subjects
timber structures ,fire safety ,inherently safer design ,char layer ,evacuation strategy ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
As environmental conservation and sustainability gain prominence globally, modern timber structures are receiving increased focus. Nonetheless, the combustible nature of timber raises significant fire safety concerns. This review explores the recent advancements in fire safety engineering for timber structures, emphasizing both contemporary high-rise buildings and historical timber constructions. It covers topics like inherently safer design principles, fire risk prediction, and evacuation methodologies. The review emphasizes the criticality of selecting suitable materials, structural design, firefighting systems, and advanced sensor technologies for early fire detection. Additionally, we analyze and compares various evacuation strategies, offering insights into the challenges and future directions for fire safety in modern timber structures.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Numerical Study on Evacuation Evaluation and Strategy of Theater with Rotating Auditorium.
- Author
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Xiong, Kang, Weng, Miaocheng, Liu, Fang, and Lu, Yuhan
- Subjects
AUDITORIUMS ,CIVILIAN evacuation ,FIRE prevention ,DESIGN protection ,PROBLEM solving - Abstract
In recent years, more and more theaters with rotating mechanisms have been built and used, such as theaters with rotating auditoriums. The rotation mechanism in this type of building may lead to the uncertainty of evacuation distances and routes, which undoubtedly poses a higher challenge to performance-based fire protection design. Taking the revolving auditorium theater as an example, this paper proposes a systematic method to solve the problem of randomness in evacuation scenarios. The numerical simulations based on FDS and Pathfinder were carried out, and two improved evacuation strategies for theaters with rotating auditorium were proposed. The results show that the blockage of evacuation exits is an important factor affecting the success of evacuation and the evacuation time. In addition, the establishment of emergency evacuation stairs and rotating auditoriums can effectively reduce the evacuation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The effects of dynamic multi-hazard risk assessment on evacuation strategies in chemical accidents.
- Author
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He, Zhichao, Shen, Kaixin, Lan, Meng, and Weng, Wenguo
- Abstract
• A risk-based method for evacuation planning in chemical accidents is presented. • Cumulative individual risk is used as the evaluation index for evacuation strategy. • Multi-hazard characteristics and domino effects are considered in this method. • The method can decide whether to evacuate or shelter-in-place after an accident. • This method can be applied in the development of emergency response strategies. With the agglomeration and complication of the chemical industry, the multi-hazard and dynamic characteristics have become new challenges for chemical safety management and loss prevention research. As an important topic of safety research in chemical industries, the evacuation strategy also needs to be improved according to the new characteristics of chemical accidents. Here we propose a method for evacuation strategy development in chemical accidents based on dynamic and multi-hazard risk assessment. This method adopts the cumulative individual risk as the evaluation indicator for the optimal evacuation strategy. This method can dynamically consider the multi-hazard characteristics and domino effects of chemical accidents during the evacuation. A multi-hazard chemical accident that happened in Xiangshui, China in 2019 is taken as a case study to show the effects of risk assessment results on evacuation strategy development. The case shows that a reasonable time period for shelter-in-place after the occurrence of the primary accident can reduce the cumulative individual risk in the evacuation process. It is expected that this paper can provide guidance and reference for loss prevention in chemical industries, and can also provide useful tools for the management of emergency response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Emergency evacuation of urban underground commercial street based on BIM approach.
- Author
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Li, Xiaojuan, Wang, Chen, Kassem, Mukhtar A., and Nita Ali, Kherun
- Abstract
• A BIM based simulation framework for fire emergency evacuation simulation. • Using PyroSim technology to analyze the influencing factors. • Considering the impact of fire products on evacuation. • Setting three scenarios to ensure the reliability of the study. • Focus on safe evacuation under the most unfavorable conditions. Urbanization has led to increased construction of underground buildings to overcome limited surface space. However, safety concerns in urban underground commercial buildings have become a major issue due to frequent accidents. Ensuring safe evacuation in densely populated underground commercial buildings is crucial. This study focuses on the safe evacuation of an urban underground commercial street A in Fuzhou City. A simulation framework based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) is proposed, integrating the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and BIM. The framework overcomes limitations in fire dynamic simulators. Using a BIM model, the study analyzes the risk of each fire protection area and selects the most unfavorable area for simulation. PyroSim technology is employed to study the entire fire development process in the underground commercial street under three different fire scenarios. The analysis includes evacuation stair travel time and personnel available safe evacuation time (TASET). By comparing the results, the study optimizes building layout design and identifies factors affecting personnel evacuation efficiency. The simulation outcomes aim to minimize casualties and property losses, contributing to fire safety management in urban underground commercial streets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Influence factors on the passenger evacuation capacity of cruise ships: Modeling and simulation of full-scale evacuation incorporating information dissemination.
- Author
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Yue, Yue, Gai, Wen-mei, and Deng, Yun-feng
- Subjects
- *
CIVILIAN evacuation , *CRUISE ships , *SHIP models , *INFORMATION dissemination , *SIMULATION methods & models , *PASSENGER ships - Abstract
The passenger evacuation capacity (PEC) of a cruise ship is a pivotal guarantee for quickly and safely evacuating all personnel on a damaged ship during an emergency. A general framework of the agent-based evacuation model is proposed in this study to simulate the entire process of cruise ship evacuation. The total evacuation time, duration of Level of Service (LOS) lower than E, effective flow rate of the escape route, density of the muster station, and usage rate of the lifeboat/life raft are used as the five evaluation indicators to quantify the PEC of cruise ships, thus providing a reference for the optimization analysis of evacuation procedures. With this framework, the PECs under different evacuation strategies of a cruise ship were evaluated in the context of ship heeling to capsizing for the Yangtze Gold 1. Evaluation results show that the increase of heeling angle when the evacuation order is issued does not affect the perception time of the first 90% of evacuees, but significantly increases the total evacuation time after more than 20°. Moreover, the degree of regional congestion is affected by several factors, including the assignment of muster stations, evacuation in batches, the place of obtaining life jackets, the heeling angle, the difference of escape route flows, and other factors. The results of this study provide PECs under different strategies as references for specific accident scenarios and evacuation targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
11. Experiment, model, and simulation of the pedestrian flow around a training school classroom during the after-class period.
- Author
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Xie, Chuan-Zhi, Tang, Tie-Qiao, Zhang, Bo-Tao, and Xiang, Heng-Jun
- Subjects
- *
PEDESTRIANS , *FLOW simulations , *CIVILIAN evacuation , *SEARCHING behavior , *CLASSROOMS - Abstract
In China, training schools are ubiquitous, where heterogeneous pedestrian flow (which consists of adults and children) widely occurs during the after-class period. In this paper, we develop a fine grid cellular CA model to describe the pedestrian behaviors (e.g., pick-up behavior, searching behavior, matching behavior, waiting behavior, leading behavior, and following behavior) at a training school during the after-class period and explore the effects of the special behaviors on each pedestrian's movement in and around a classroom. To describe the heterogeneous pedestrian flow accurately, (i) some questionnaire surveys are designed to extract some features of adult's and child's movement, and (ii) some video experiments are conducted to estimate/calibrate some parameters of interest in the proposed model. Finally, some strategies are designed to enhance the evacuation efficiency and the operational efficiency of training school. The numerical results indicate that the proposed model can reasonably match with reality, and the proposed strategies can enhance the evacuation efficiency and the operational efficiency of training school. The results can help the administrators to effectively manage the pedestrian evacuation at training school during the after-class period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Effect of the Starting Time Delay on the Confluence Pattern During Staircase Evacuation of a Multi-story Building
- Author
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Cheng, Han, Zhuang, Yifan, Luo, Lin, Huang, Danyan, Ni, Yong, Yang, Lizhong, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, and Arezes, Pedro Miguel Ferreira Martins, editor
- Published
- 2019
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13. 学术报告厅人员安全疏散策略及设计优化研究.
- Author
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周 明, 谭伟健, 刘 晨, and 陈东华
- Abstract
Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Numerical Study on Evacuation Evaluation and Strategy of Theater with Rotating Auditorium
- Author
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Kang Xiong, Miaocheng Weng, Fang Liu, and Yuhan Lu
- Subjects
evacuation ,fire simulation ,evacuation simulation ,building fire ,evacuation strategy ,Building construction ,TH1-9745 - Abstract
In recent years, more and more theaters with rotating mechanisms have been built and used, such as theaters with rotating auditoriums. The rotation mechanism in this type of building may lead to the uncertainty of evacuation distances and routes, which undoubtedly poses a higher challenge to performance-based fire protection design. Taking the revolving auditorium theater as an example, this paper proposes a systematic method to solve the problem of randomness in evacuation scenarios. The numerical simulations based on FDS and Pathfinder were carried out, and two improved evacuation strategies for theaters with rotating auditorium were proposed. The results show that the blockage of evacuation exits is an important factor affecting the success of evacuation and the evacuation time. In addition, the establishment of emergency evacuation stairs and rotating auditoriums can effectively reduce the evacuation time.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Real-Time Evacuation Strategy Based on Cell-Inspired Simulation Model.
- Author
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Niu, Yunyun, Kong, Detian, Zhang, Yongpeng, and Xiao, Jianhua
- Abstract
During the evacuation process in an emergency, the route conditions usually change instantaneously, which makes routing selection a challenging work. To describe dynamic changes in the evacuation environment, this work proposes a real-time evacuation strategy based on a comprehensive route constraint in the framework of a cell-inspired simulation model, intelligence decision P system (IDPS). In our model, the comprehensive route constraint is formed to describe more complex road condition information including the total distance, congestion state, and unreliability of the route. Meanwhile, the IDPS model has been further improved in both the knowledge base description and the decision-making ability. Experiments are conducted to simulate five different scenarios in a fire evacuation. The results show that the evacuation strategy with a comprehensive route constraint has a significant improvement in the evacuation efficiency and has higher robustness. Which kind of route condition should be emphasized more in different evacuation scenarios is also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Online Strategies for Evacuating from a Convex Region in the Plane
- Author
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Li, Songhua, Xu, Yinfeng, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Xiao, Mingyu, editor, and Rosamond, Frances, editor
- Published
- 2017
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17. Agent-based modeling and simulation of urban evacuation: relative effectiveness of simultaneous and staged evacuation strategies
- Author
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Chen, X., Zhan, F. B., and Taylor, Simon J. E., editor
- Published
- 2014
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18. Model Case Study
- Author
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Ronchi, Enrico, Nilsson, Daniel, Milke, James A., Series editor, Ronchi, Enrico, and Nilsson, Daniel
- Published
- 2014
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- View/download PDF
19. On-Line Strategies for Evacuating from a Convex Region in the Plane
- Author
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Wei, Qi, Tan, Xuehou, Jiang, Bo, Wang, Lijuan, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Zhang, Zhao, editor, Wu, Lidong, editor, Xu, Wen, editor, and Du, Ding-Zhu, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Strategies for Evacuating from an Affected Area with One or Two Groups
- Author
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Wei, Qi, Shi, Yuan, Jiang, Bo, Wang, Lijuan, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Kobsa, Alfred, Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Sun, Xian-he, editor, Qu, Wenyu, editor, Stojmenovic, Ivan, editor, Zhou, Wanlei, editor, Li, Zhiyang, editor, Guo, Hua, editor, Min, Geyong, editor, Yang, Tingting, editor, Wu, Yulei, editor, and Liu, Lei, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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21. Evacuation of Hospitals and Other Health-Care Organizations
- Author
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Downey, Erin and Bierens, Joost J.L.M., editor
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- 2014
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22. 基于背景场的粒子群优化多出口疏散策略.
- Author
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张丽杰, 刘建昌, and 谭树彬
- Subjects
- *
PARTICLE swarm optimization , *PEDESTRIANS , *DISTANCES - Abstract
In view of the crowd evacuation exit selection strategy question of complex buildings, this paper focuses on the cognitive difference of pedestrians in the synthetic shortest distance. The mixed distance strategy is established by introducing the distance factor and density factor, and combined with the modified background field modeling rules. The exit selection strategy is integrated into the particle swarm updating mechanism, and the exit selection strategy based on particle swarm optimization with background field is established. The evacuation performance of exit selection strategy is simulated by numerical experiments. The experimental results reveal the mechanism of group movement in multi-exit buildings, and reflect the dynamic adjustment performance of the evacuation strategy. The simulated evacuation process verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the multi-exit selection of the mixed distance strategy in group evacuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. An improved TOPSIS method for metro station evacuation strategy selection in interval type-2 fuzzy environment.
- Author
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Mei, Yanlan and Xie, Kefan
- Subjects
- *
TOPSIS method , *MULTIPLE criteria decision making , *SOFT sets , *URBAN growth , *STATISTICAL decision making - Abstract
With the constant growth of urban construction, metro station has being playing an increasingly important role in the public transportation system. To ensure the safe operation and the safety of the people, it is necessary to analyze how to select a suitable evacuation strategy while emergency event occurs in a metro station. The evacuation strategy selection can be regarded as a multiple criteria group decision making problem, which involves some conflict evaluation criteria. This paper presents an improved TOPSIS method to handle the evacuation strategy selection problem of metro station based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Firstly, the TOPSIS method in interval type-2 fuzzy environment is introduced. Then the evacuation strategy selection model and the calculation steps for metro station in emergency situation are constructed. Finally, a numerical example about the evacuation strategy selection along with a sensitivity analysis about the parameters and a comparison analysis with Chen's research is provided to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation strategies under limited visibility.
- Author
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Wang, Peng and Cao, Shuchao
- Subjects
- *
PEDESTRIANS , *COMPUTER simulation , *MATHEMATICAL models , *CIVIL engineering , *SOCIAL forces - Abstract
Abstract Evacuation process under limited visibility is different from that under good visibility. To investigate the evacuation efficiency under limited visibility, different evacuation strategies including walking along the wall (S 1), following the average movement direction (S 2) and following the average position (S 3) are proposed in this paper. Performances of these strategies under different visibilities, densities and exit widths are compared based on a revised social force model. Simulation results show that strategy S 1 is more effective at low densities while strategy S 2 and S 3 are more efficient at high densities. It is noted that strategy S 2 outperforms S 3 under the same condition. In addition, strategy S 1 is not sensitive to the change of exit width due to the movement mode of walking along the wall, while the following strategies (S 2 and S 3) have a better performance under the wide exit condition. The evacuation time for different proportions of pedestrians adopting one strategy in the mixed strategy situation is investigated and the optimal mixture proportion is also discussed. This study provides a new insight into the effect of different evacuation strategies on pedestrian evacuation, which is helpful for evacuees or organizers of public events to make an efficient evacuation plan under limited visibility. Highlights • A revised social force model is introduced in this study. • Different evacuation strategies under limited visibility are proposed. • Performances of different strategies are compared by simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Strategies of Groups Evacuation from a Convex Region in the Plane
- Author
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Xu, Yinfeng, Qin, Lan, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Fellows, Michael, editor, Tan, Xuehou, editor, and Zhu, Binhai, editor
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Strategy evolution of panic pedestrians in emergent evacuation with assailants based on susceptible-infected-susceptible model
- Author
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Yunyun Niu, Detian Kong, Jieqiong Zhang, Jianhua Xiao, Bo Yuan, and Yulin Chen
- Subjects
Information Systems and Management ,Operations research ,Computer science ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Panic ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Pedestrian ,Social dilemma ,Computer Science Applications ,Theoretical Computer Science ,Sensitivity test ,Artificial Intelligence ,Control and Systems Engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,medicine.symptom ,0503 education ,Game theory ,Software - Abstract
Panic pedestrian evacuation in emergent situations with assailants is of great practical significance. Although game theory have been applied to analyze pedestrians’ decision making in pedestrian evacuation, there are fewer works addressing strategy evolution of panic pedestrians in emergent evacuation with assailants. To fill this gap, this paper built a new model for emergent evacuation with assailants (called EEA-SIS) based on Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible model (SIS). In our model, pedestrians’ decision-making is guided by game theory models . Pedestrian-relationship network is built to indicate pedestrians’ interaction. The process of changing evacuation strategy between cooperation and defection is indicated through the SIS model on this pedestrian-relationship network. Experiments are conducted on four different social dilemmas related to four evacuation scenarios. The simulation results show that with the evolution of pedestrian-relationship network, the evolution trend of different types of pedestrians’ strategies has changed significantly. A sensitivity test is carried out to investigates the influence of panic value on the strategy evolution of pedestrians and show the possible behavior changes of them. Several useful results are obtained for safety management. Finally, comparison experiments show that both evacuation time and casualty in our model are less than those in the classical agent-based model for all evacuation scenarios.
- Published
- 2021
27. Experiment, model, and simulation of the pedestrian flow around a training school classroom during the after-class period
- Author
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Chuan-Zhi Xie, Heng-Jun Xiang, Bo-Tao Zhang, and Tie-Qiao Tang
- Subjects
Class (computer programming) ,021103 operations research ,School classroom ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Training (meteorology) ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Pedestrian flow ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design ,Modeling and Simulation ,0103 physical sciences ,Mathematics education ,Psychology ,010301 acoustics ,Software ,Period (music) - Abstract
In China, training schools are ubiquitous, where heterogeneous pedestrian flow (which consists of adults and children) widely occurs during the after-class period. In this paper, we develop a fine grid cellular CA model to describe the pedestrian behaviors (e.g., pick-up behavior, searching behavior, matching behavior, waiting behavior, leading behavior, and following behavior) at a training school during the after-class period and explore the effects of the special behaviors on each pedestrian’s movement in and around a classroom. To describe the heterogeneous pedestrian flow accurately, (i) some questionnaire surveys are designed to extract some features of adult’s and child’s movement, and (ii) some video experiments are conducted to estimate/calibrate some parameters of interest in the proposed model. Finally, some strategies are designed to enhance the evacuation efficiency and the operational efficiency of training school. The numerical results indicate that the proposed model can reasonably match with reality, and the proposed strategies can enhance the evacuation efficiency and the operational efficiency of training school. The results can help the administrators to effectively manage the pedestrian evacuation at training school during the after-class period.
- Published
- 2021
28. Development of a radiological emergency evacuation model using agent-based modeling
- Author
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Yujeong Hwang and Gyunyoung Heo
- Subjects
Geographic information system ,Operations research ,NetLogo ,business.industry ,Computer science ,TK9001-9401 ,Traffic model ,Evacuation strategy ,Evacuation model ,Toolbox ,Cellular automaton ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Agent-based modeling ,Radiological weapon ,Emergency evacuation ,Emergency plan ,Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,business ,computer ,Radioactive material ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
In order to mitigate the damage caused by accidents in nuclear power plants (NPPs), evacuation strategies are usually managed on the basis of off-site effects such as the diffusion of radioactive materials and evacuee traffic simulations. However, the interactive behavior between evacuees and the accident environment has a significant effect on the consequential gap. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a method that can control and observe such interactions by establishing agents (i.e., the evacuees) and patches (i.e., the accident environments). In this paper, a radiological emergency evacuation model is constructed to realistically check the effectiveness of an evacuation strategy using NetLogo, an ABM toolbox. Geographic layers such as radiation sources, roads, buildings, and shelters were downloaded from an official geographic information system (GIS) of Korea, and were modified into respective patches. The dispersion model adopted from the puff equation was also modified to fit the patches on the geographic layer. The evacuees were defined as vehicle agents and a traffic model was implemented by combining the shortest path search (determined by an A ∗ algorithm) and a traffic flow model incorporated in the Nagel-Schreckenberg cellular automata model. To evaluate the radiological harm to the evacuees due to the spread of radioactive materials, a simple exposure model was established to calculate the overlap fraction between the agents and the dispersion patches. This paper aims to demonstrate that the potential of ABM can handle disaster evacuation strategies more realistically than previous approaches.
- Published
- 2021
29. Discussion
- Author
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Ronchi, Enrico, Nilsson, Daniel, Milke, James A., Series editor, Ronchi, Enrico, and Nilsson, Daniel
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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30. An improved online evacuation strategy from a convex region on grid networks.
- Author
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Zhang, Guiqing, Cheng, Yongxi, and Qin, Lan
- Abstract
This study considers an evacuation problem where an evacuee tries to escape to the boundary of a convex affected area on a grid network. The boundary is unknown to the evacuee and cannot be identified until reaching an arbitrary point of it. We propose an online evacuation strategy with a competitive ratio less than 17.5, which improves the previously best result of 19.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Numerical assessment of hazard in compartmental fire having steady heat release rate from the source.
- Author
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Sanjay, Vatsal and Das, Arup Kumar
- Abstract
The fire ignited due to air conditioner (A/C) malfunctioning is studied numerically for a single room, two rooms with interconnection, two interconnected rooms with attached corridor and a two-storeyed building with stairs. Coupled finite difference and finite volume based open source solver, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is used for domain discretization and solution of governing equations. Heat release rate per unit area (HRRPUA) is varied in the single room case and temperature and visibility contours are studied to determine HRRPUA corresponding to maximum hazard, judged based on available safe evacuation time (ASET) calculation. Further, positions of air conditioners, at a prescribed HRRPUA, are varied in two interconnected rooms to obtain the case with maximum ASET. Evacuation strategy is discussed and the maximum number of persons who can be safely evacuated from the accident site is calculated followed by the variation in the position of doors in the case with inter-connected doors attached with a corridor. Soot flow pattern and flame contours are also observed for each of the above cases. At the end, fire breakout is simulated in a two-storeyed building with stairs and having the room configuration based on the maximum ASET value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Simulation Research on Fire Evacuation of Large Public Buildings Based on Building Information Modeling
- Author
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Mengkai Chen, Fawen Chong, Xiao Xu, Juma Nzige, and Fuyu Wang
- Subjects
Transport engineering ,Building information modeling ,Stairs ,Work (electrical) ,Elevator ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Fire Dynamics Simulator ,Emergency evacuation ,Evacuation strategy ,business ,Fire evacuation - Abstract
Reasonable evacuation strategies are important in reducing casualties in the event of a fire. In this work, we conduct a simulation of a fire evacuation of a large public building based on the building information modeling technology to find the best evacuation strategy. We identify the tolerance limit of evacuees in case of a fire as the basis of the simulation using the fire dynamics simulator software. The following four evacuation strategies are proposed and simulated: stratified evacuation only by stairs, stratified evacuation mainly by stairs and supplemented by fire elevators, holistic evacuation only by stairs, and holistic evacuation mainly by stairs and supplemented by fire elevators. The case study of a college canteen shows that if 10% of evacuees (mainly elderly people who walk slowly and children who take up less space) are instructed to evacuate via fire elevators and the other 90% of evacuees (young men and women who move fast) use the stairs, the evacuation time can be reduced to a minimum. Some improvements in the design drawing result in the enhanced efficiency of the proposed strategy. The findings of this work are of great significance for the optimization of the structural design of large public buildings and provide some references for emergency evacuation.
- Published
- 2021
33. Retracing evacuation strategy: A virtual reality game-based investigation into the influence of building’s spatial configuration in an emergency
- Author
-
Dajana Snopková, Ondřej Kvarda, Vojtěch Juřík, Pavel Ugwitz, Petr Kubíček, Zdeněk Stachoň, and Jiří Hladík
- Subjects
Environmental Setting ,Spatial configuration ,Isovist ,Computer science ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,021107 urban & regional planning ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Virtual reality ,Legibility ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design ,010104 statistics & probability ,Human–computer interaction ,Modeling and Simulation ,11. Sustainability ,Game based ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,0101 mathematics ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Space syntax - Abstract
During evacuation, individual navigation behavior is often dictated by the legibility of evacuation signs and the environmental setting itself. People tend to follow previously-used and known route...
- Published
- 2021
34. Real-Time Evacuation Strategy Based on Cell-Inspired Simulation Model
- Author
-
Detian Kong, Yunyun Niu, Yongpeng Zhang, and Jianhua Xiao
- Subjects
Operations research ,ComputingMethodologies_SIMULATIONANDMODELING ,Process (engineering) ,Computer science ,Biomedical Engineering ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Bioengineering ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Knowledge-based systems ,Robustness (computer science) ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business.industry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Computer Science Applications ,Constraint (information theory) ,Knowledge base ,State (computer science) ,Emergencies ,Routing (electronic design automation) ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Biotechnology - Abstract
During the evacuation process in an emergency, the route conditions usually change instantaneously, which makes routing selection a challenging work. To describe dynamic changes in the evacuation environment, this work proposes a real-time evacuation strategy based on a comprehensive route constraint in the framework of a cell-inspired simulation model, intelligence decision P system (IDPS). In our model, the comprehensive route constraint is formed to describe more complex road condition information including the total distance, congestion state, and unreliability of the route. Meanwhile, the IDPS model has been further improved in both the knowledge base description and the decision-making ability. Experiments are conducted to simulate five different scenarios in a fire evacuation. The results show that the evacuation strategy with a comprehensive route constraint has a significant improvement in the evacuation efficiency and has higher robustness. Which kind of route condition should be emphasized more in different evacuation scenarios is also analyzed.
- Published
- 2021
35. Measuring Human Behaviour Using Head-Cave
- Author
-
Sun, Chengyu, De Vries, Bauke, Dijkstra, Jan, Dong, Andy, editor, Moere, Andrew Vande, editor, and Gero, John S., editor
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Analysis of human behavior in case of fire inside a high-rise building: effect of risk perception and Individual's location
- Author
-
Seyed Yaser Mousavi and Shahab Kariminia
- Subjects
Risk perception ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Forensic engineering ,020101 civil engineering ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Psychology ,0201 civil engineering ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Fire accident - Abstract
PurposeThe main purpose of this research is to achieve the evacuation strategy of people in high-rise office buildings. This purpose is achieved by identifying the individuals' behaviors during a fire accident and the relationship between these behaviors and their risk perception.Design/methodology/approachThe method of this study is mixed-methods type. The first stage was carried out using the qualitative method and descriptive phenomenology and the analyses were done using the Colaizzi method, and the second stage was carried out using the quantitative method of field descriptive survey type whose analyses were conducted through SPSS software.FindingsThe results reveal that the individuals attempting evacuation from the upper floors above the fire level were mostly injured and the ones who remained in the building and got help from fire fighters were rescued. At the end, the study goes on to suggest the stay-in-place approach with regards to the behaviors formed in individuals, closed plan of architectural design, lack of suitable fire extinguishers as well as inappropriate individual trainings.Research limitations/implicationsLack of similar research in the field of fire in Iran caused bottlenecks such as lack of cooperation of relevant organizations in the path of the research. Another factor that limited the present research was the determination of people trapped in fire. In this case, those who were present in the incident had to be chosen and the questionnaire was completed based on their opinions. This limited the research for reasons such as the relocation of some people from buildings or their death.Practical implicationsThe practical results of this research can be used in reviewing the rules and regulations of high-rise building fire code. By properly compiling the regulations of high-rise building codes based on this research, human injuries in fire hazards can be greatly prevented. Due to the collapse of the Plasco building in Iran and the creation of inappropriate memories in the minds of people of high-rise buildings, with the construction of buildings based on the rules and regulations in accordance with the fire code, the construction market as well as the sale and purchase of such buildings will flourish and numerous financial and job turnovers are created in the field of this type of buildings.Originality/valueThis study is innovative in determining appropriate evacuation strategy that are related to the individuals' risk perception in high-rise buildings, as well as achieving results to review the rules and regulations of high-rise office buildings based on the high-rise building fire code.
- Published
- 2021
37. Simulation investigation on crowd evacuation strategies for helping vulnerable pedestrians at different stages of egress
- Author
-
Yunhe Tong and Nikolai Bode
- Subjects
Pedestrian dynamic ,Evacuation strategy ,Geology ,Building and Construction ,Vulnerable pedestrians ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Safety Research ,Social force model - Abstract
In emergencies, evacuations move pedestrians to safety. Extensive research has investigated strategies that can improve evacuation efficiency of pedestrian crowds in various contexts. However, most of this research considers pedestrians as homogeneous agents and the question of how vulnerable pedestrians can be supported in evacuations has not been convincingly resolved. Here, we focus not only on pedestrians with the same characteristics but also on vulnerable pedestrians defined by moving at a lower speed or being located further away from exits. We investigate strategies for helping these vulnerable pedestrians in three evacuation stages: the pre-evacuation stage where vulnerable pedestrians can respond to incidents quickly, the response stage where vulnerable pedestrians can be preferentially assigned to exits in the case of limited exit resources, and the evacuation phase where we place an obstacle in front of the exit. Our simulation results indicate that the effectiveness of these strategies depends on crowd characteristics and contexts (e.g., crowd size and pedestrian initial distribution), and different strategies may have other consequences, such as making pedestrians experience a higher accumulated force or walk longer distances. We found that only in some cases machine learning methods including kernel naïve Bayes and Linear SVM can predict which strategy will work best based on the initial distribution of pedestrians, suggesting that at least sometimes it may be possible to select strategies based on observed conditions. Our work highlights the importance of context and heterogeneous populations when developing strategies for evacuations and may thus be helpful for crowd safety and evacuation management.
- Published
- 2023
38. Factors Affecting Adoption of Emergency Evacuation Strategies in High-Rise Office Buildings
- Author
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Muhammad Firdaus Anuar, Timothy Kurannen Baaki, Zahiriah Yahya, Nur Farhana Azmi, and Farid Wajdi Akashah
- Subjects
Emergency management ,business.industry ,Evacuation strategy ,System safety ,Building and Construction ,Occupational safety and health ,Urban Studies ,Business continuity ,Argument ,Architecture ,Emergency evacuation ,Operations management ,Business ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,High rise - Abstract
This study examined the evacuation strategies employed in high-rise buildings as well as determined factors influencing decision making in employing evacuation strategies in four selected high-rise buildings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Through a case study evaluation involving interviews with facility/building managers, walk through observations of the case studies and analyses of evacuation exercise reports, the study found that total evacuation was the most practiced evacuation strategy with occasional phased evacuation at one of the case studies. The study identified reliable emergency response, building characteristics/fire safety features, and evacuation exercise as the most important factors influencing decision making in employing evacuation strategies. Occupant characteristics was found to be the least important factor. The argument is that, efficient emergency response, passive and active fire safety systems, and evacuation exercise routines mean that challenges posed by the characteristics of occupants could be overcome. This paper gives new insights on factors influencing decision making in employing suitable evacuation strategies. This would benefit stakeholders e.g. building owners, facility managers, health and safety managers when drafting business continuity plans.
- Published
- 2020
39. Fibonacci helps to evacuate from a convex region in a grid network.
- Author
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Qin, Lan and Xu, Yinfeng
- Abstract
This study considers an evacuation problem where the evacuees try to escape to the boundary of an affected area, which is convex, and a grid network is embedded in the area. The boundary is unknown to the evacuees and we propose an online evacuation strategy based on the Fibonacci sequence. This strategy is proved to have a competitive ratio of 19.5, which is better than the best previously reported result of 21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Simulation investigation on crowd evacuation strategies for helping vulnerable pedestrians at different stages of egress.
- Author
-
Tong, Yunhe and Bode, Nikolai W.F.
- Abstract
In emergencies, evacuations move pedestrians to safety. Extensive research has investigated strategies that can improve evacuation efficiency of pedestrian crowds in various contexts. However, most of this research considers pedestrians as homogeneous agents and the question of how vulnerable pedestrians can be supported in evacuations has not been convincingly resolved. Here, we focus not only on pedestrians with the same characteristics but also on vulnerable pedestrians defined by moving at a lower speed or being located further away from exits. We investigate strategies for helping these vulnerable pedestrians in three evacuation stages: the pre-evacuation stage where vulnerable pedestrians can respond to incidents quickly, the response stage where vulnerable pedestrians can be preferentially assigned to exits in the case of limited exit resources, and the evacuation phase where we place an obstacle in front of the exit. Our simulation results indicate that the effectiveness of these strategies depends on crowd characteristics and contexts (e.g., crowd size and pedestrian initial distribution), and different strategies may have other consequences, such as making pedestrians experience a higher accumulated force or walk longer distances. We found that only in some cases machine learning methods including kernel naïve Bayes and Linear SVM can predict which strategy will work best based on the initial distribution of pedestrians, suggesting that at least sometimes it may be possible to select strategies based on observed conditions. Our work highlights the importance of context and heterogeneous populations when developing strategies for evacuations and may thus be helpful for crowd safety and evacuation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Tsunami Impact Assessment and Evacuation Strategy for Grand Sable Village, Mauritius, Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS)
- Author
-
Abdel Isker Mudhawo and Suresh Ellappa Subramani
- Subjects
Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Impact assessment ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,General Engineering ,Information system ,Evacuation strategy ,business ,Geology - Published
- 2020
42. Tsunami-induced traffic evacuation strategy optimization
- Author
-
Zhenning Li, Hao Yu, Guohui Zhang, David T. Ma, and Xiaofeng Chen
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Operations research ,Injury control ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,05 social sciences ,Poison control ,Transportation ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Flow network ,Research findings ,Minimax ,Tabu search ,0502 economics and business ,Vehicle routing problem ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Environmental Science ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
An optimal traffic evacuation strategy is of practical importance to minimize potential devastating damages caused by tsunamis. In this study, we developed a tsunami-induced, network-wide traffic evacuation optimization strategy. A hierarchical evacuation structure is established to guide vehicle routing decisions. At the first stage of evacuation, the optimization objective is to minimize the maximum evacuation time for all the individual evacuees from affected areas to temporary shelter zones to satisfy their primary safety needs within the shortest time periods. At the second stage of evacuation, the optimization objective aims to minimize the total evacuation time of all the evacuees from temporary shelter zones to safe zones. The lexicographic minimax optimization and Tabu search techniques are adopted to obtain a unique solution. Numerical examples are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model based on a real transportation network in Honolulu, Hawaii. The proposed evacuation strategy contributes to the state of the art by innovatively balancing the evacuation safety priority and the evacuation efficiency in the hierarchical evacuation structure. The research findings are helpful for decision makers to develop optimal tsunami-induced, network-wide traffic evacuation strategies.
- Published
- 2019
43. Determining effective evacuation strategies based on WiFi data in Buildings: An exploratory data-driven and agent-based evacuation modeling approach
- Abstract
Evacuation strategies are critical in preventing casualties during emergency evacuations in buildings. As large-scale gatherings and high crowd densities in buildings occur more often, the need of relevant and effective evacuation strategies emerges. However, the domain of research that tries to identify possible ways to improve evacuation, i.e. prescriptive domain, is underlooked. Several studies successfully improve evacuation by optimizing existing evacuation scenarios in buildings. A shortcoming of these studies is that they often focus on one strategy and scenario in particular. Therefore, one should opt for a more generic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of evacuation strategies under different circumstances. A way to mitigate uncertainties in evacuation is by using data. Recent studies use a data-driven approach, in which data is used as an input to calibrate and enhance the evacuation strategy. A promising source of data is WiFi data. WiFi data captures movement patterns of building occupants and can be translated to population and building characteristics. Therefore, WiFi data offers the creation of evacuation scenarios in which evacuation strategies can be practically tested. This study aims to (1) evaluate the efficiency of evacuation strategies in buildings under different circumstances, and (2) determine effective evacuation strategies given WiFi data as an input. Therefore, this study presents a new exploratory agent-based approach to evaluate evacuation strategies, and moreover, presents an approach to incorporate input data to practically test evacuation strategies in a given building. To do so, this study used three methodological approaches, namely ExploratoryModeling and Analysis (EMA), Agent- Based Modeling (ABM) and Data Mining. EMA is used to experiment with the created agent-based evacuation model. EMA addresses the effect of uncertainties on the evacuation time, and if evacuation strategies are effective and robust in different circumst, Engineering and Policy Analysis
- Published
- 2021
44. Determining effective evacuation strategies based on WiFi data in Buildings: An exploratory data-driven and agent-based evacuation modeling approach
- Abstract
Evacuation strategies are critical in preventing casualties during emergency evacuations in buildings. As large-scale gatherings and high crowd densities in buildings occur more often, the need of relevant and effective evacuation strategies emerges. However, the domain of research that tries to identify possible ways to improve evacuation, i.e. prescriptive domain, is underlooked. Several studies successfully improve evacuation by optimizing existing evacuation scenarios in buildings. A shortcoming of these studies is that they often focus on one strategy and scenario in particular. Therefore, one should opt for a more generic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of evacuation strategies under different circumstances. A way to mitigate uncertainties in evacuation is by using data. Recent studies use a data-driven approach, in which data is used as an input to calibrate and enhance the evacuation strategy. A promising source of data is WiFi data. WiFi data captures movement patterns of building occupants and can be translated to population and building characteristics. Therefore, WiFi data offers the creation of evacuation scenarios in which evacuation strategies can be practically tested. This study aims to (1) evaluate the efficiency of evacuation strategies in buildings under different circumstances, and (2) determine effective evacuation strategies given WiFi data as an input. Therefore, this study presents a new exploratory agent-based approach to evaluate evacuation strategies, and moreover, presents an approach to incorporate input data to practically test evacuation strategies in a given building. To do so, this study used three methodological approaches, namely ExploratoryModeling and Analysis (EMA), Agent- Based Modeling (ABM) and Data Mining. EMA is used to experiment with the created agent-based evacuation model. EMA addresses the effect of uncertainties on the evacuation time, and if evacuation strategies are effective and robust in different circumst, Engineering and Policy Analysis
- Published
- 2021
45. Evacuating from an Unknown Affected Area.
- Author
-
Wei, Qi, Tan, Xuehou, Jiang, Bo, and Wang, Lijuan
- Subjects
- *
CONVEX functions , *BOUNDARY value problems , *COMPUTER networks , *ROBOT control systems , *ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *ECONOMIC competition - Abstract
We consider the problem of evacuating some people from an unknown convex region. The people do neither have information about the region boundary nor their positions. We seek competitive strategy that achieves a competitive ratio of the evacuation path over the shortest path. In the scenario of general plane, we propose a strategy SOP for one group, and prove that its competitive ratio is 19.64. And we propose a 14.37-competitive strategy STP for two groups. Also, we present efficient strategies in the scenario of grid network. Furthermore, our strategies can be used for guiding the robot to search the boundary of an unknown region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Evacuation experiments in a virtual reality high-rise building: exit choice and waiting time for evacuation elevators.
- Author
-
Andrée, Kristin, Nilsson, Daniel, and Eriksson, Joakim
- Subjects
BUILDING evacuation ,FIRE escapes ,SKYSCRAPERS ,VIRTUAL reality ,ELEVATORS - Abstract
The egress strategy in high-rise buildings has traditionally been based on the sole use of stairs for evacuation. However, it is becoming more common to include evacuation elevators in the egress strategy in high-rise buildings. Traditionally, evacuation elevators have not been allowed as an evacuation route, and people have been instructed to not use elevators in case of fire. This means that people might still not consider evacuation elevators even if they are designed to be safe in case of fire. Even if people choose evacuation elevators, they might not be willing to wait very long for an elevator to arrive. Virtual reality (VR) experiments were conducted to study exit choice and the waiting time for evacuation elevators in high-rise buildings. The experiment was performed in a VR lab with a VR model of an existing high-rise building. Results suggest that a simple way-finding system using green flashing lights can influence people to more likely choose the elevator as their first evacuation choice. The results also show that the general trend is that people wait for either a limited time (<5 min) or a long time (>20 min). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Modelling and finding optimal evacuation strategy for tall buildings
- Author
-
Abbas Rajabifard, Cheng Cheng, Mohsen Kalantari, and Mitko Aleksandrov
- Subjects
Architectural engineering ,Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Discharge rate ,Routing (hydrology) ,Building evacuation ,Stairs ,021105 building & construction ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Safety Research ,Tower ,050107 human factors - Abstract
The construction of many tall buildings has brought increased interest in building regulations for timely evacuation. The 9/11 terrorist attacks and the recent fire event in Glenfell Tower in London raise concerns about the effectiveness of evacuation strategies of tall buildings. Thus, a method for finding an optimal evacuation strategy for tall buildings was proposed enabling people to use the available egress components in an optimal way. The introduced method took into consideration the stochastic nature of people’s behaviour, modelling the randomness in decisions of people, and the capacities of egress components. The considered building evacuation procedure required using stairs, evacuation lifts, and refuge floors, where a state-of-the-art evacuation process was modelled. The results indicated that the problem should be considered as multi-objective taking into account the total evacuation time, and the number of people waiting on their floors to start the evacuation in the building. As a case study, a 56-story building with 5400 people was tested, which resulted in a complete evacuation within the period of one hour. Also, the equations for modelling the pre-movement time of people for office buildings were identified enabling the calculation of discharge rate of people during evacuations in tall buildings. The explained modelling approach and subsequent analyses are useful for building designers and should be utilised to examine evacuation design performance of any tall building.
- Published
- 2019
48. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation strategies under limited visibility
- Author
-
Peng Wang and Shuchao Cao
- Subjects
Physics ,Visibility (geometry) ,Evacuation plan ,Mode (statistics) ,Process (computing) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Evacuation strategy ,Pedestrian ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Strategy ,0103 physical sciences ,Social force model ,010306 general physics ,Simulation - Abstract
Evacuation process under limited visibility is different from that under good visibility. To investigate the evacuation efficiency under limited visibility, different evacuation strategies including walking along the wall (S1), following the average movement direction (S2) and following the average position (S3) are proposed in this paper. Performances of these strategies under different visibilities, densities and exit widths are compared based on a revised social force model. Simulation results show that strategy S1 is more effective at low densities while strategy S2 and S3 are more efficient at high densities. It is noted that strategy S2 outperforms S3 under the same condition. In addition, strategy S1 is not sensitive to the change of exit width due to the movement mode of walking along the wall, while the following strategies (S2 and S3) have a better performance under the wide exit condition. The evacuation time for different proportions of pedestrians adopting one strategy in the mixed strategy situation is investigated and the optimal mixture proportion is also discussed. This study provides a new insight into the effect of different evacuation strategies on pedestrian evacuation, which is helpful for evacuees or organizers of public events to make an efficient evacuation plan under limited visibility.
- Published
- 2019
49. Development of a technique for establishing a pseudo tunnel length
- Author
-
Futoshi Tanaka, Kazuki Fukaya, and Khalid Moinuddin
- Subjects
Smoke ,Convective heat transfer ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Evacuation strategy ,Mechanics ,Laboratory scale ,Ceiling (cloud) ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,Road surface ,Heat transfer ,Environmental science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Scale model - Abstract
In the case of a tunnel fire, it is likely that the evacuation path of some of the tunnel users will be obstructed by the cloud of smoke that falls to the road surface of the tunnel. It is important to be able to predict the falling point of the ceiling jet smoke resulting from the fire for improving evacuation strategy. However, a considerably long tunnel is required for examining the distance traveled by the smoke generated in full and model scales fire experiments. It is often difficult to satisfy this requirement while performing fire experiments at laboratory scale. The objective of this study was to develop a new technique for examining the smoke falling phenomenon by using a model scale tunnel with insufficient length. In the new technique, a cooling apparatus was introduced to simulate heat transfer from smoke to tunnel walls. If the amount of convective heat absorbed by the cooling apparatus with length Lc is equivalent to the amount of convective heat lost by the heat transfer to the tunnel walls while the smoke flowed through the distance Ls under a tunnel ceiling, the cooling apparatus with length Lc can be equivalent of a tunnel length Ls. We denote the tunnel length simulated by the cooling apparatus by a pseudo tunnel length. A series of fire experiments were conducted using a 1:10 scale model tunnel with a length of 12 m. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of the technique for simulating a pseudo tunnel. Experimental results showed that a tunnel with a length of 18.6 m can be simulated by a 12 m tunnel using the new technique proposed.
- Published
- 2019
50. Child behavior during evacuation under non-emergency situations: Experimental and simulation results
- Author
-
Tie-Qiao Tang, Ren-Yong Guo, Liang Chen, Hai-Jun Huang, and Ziqi Song
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Group (mathematics) ,Computer science ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Group behavior ,Evacuation strategy ,02 engineering and technology ,Emergency situations ,Cellular automaton ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Hardware and Architecture ,Modeling and Simulation ,Obstacle ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Software ,Simulation - Abstract
Child behavior during evacuation, as a critical problem that has not been fully explored and understood, is investigated in this paper, through conducting a group of experiments and developing a cellular automaton (CA) model. The video recordings have revealed several typical patterns of child behavior related to distance, obstacle and congestion level. The group behavior, as well as the waiting and playing behavior in a group, have been observed. Then, a CA model is proposed to describe the movement of children with and without group behavior. Through numerical simulations, the ability of the model to reproduce the behavior observed in the experiments is verified. The results also show that the child group behavior has significant negative effect on evacuation time. This study helps to improve the evacuation strategy for children, the internal layout and exit arrangement for buildings where many children congregate.
- Published
- 2019
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