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The accessibility of credit to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by commercial banks in Nigeria is influenced by internal and external factors. This study evaluates the combined impact of these factors on SMEs' growth, using data spanning 1990 to 2023. The findings reveal that internal factors, such as bank size, interest rate, liquidity ratio, and credit risk, significantly and positively affect SMEs' credit accessibility, with a coefficient of 0.039110 at a 5% significance level (p-value = 0.0254). Conversely, external factors, including cash reserves, exchange rates, and inflation rates, demonstrate an insignificant and negative influence, with a coefficient of -0.014003 (p-value = 0.2757). These results highlight the crucial role of internal determinants in enhancing credit accessibility for SMEs, thereby driving their growth in Nigeria. Policymakers are advised to focus on refining monetary policies, particularly cash reserve requirements, to improve SME financing. This study contributes to the discourse on SME growth by emphasizing the significance of commercial banks' internal factors while acknowledging the limited role of external elements in facilitating credit accessibility for SMEs in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The surface expression of enhanced geothermal heat fluxes above an active hydrothermal system causes a surface thermal anomaly (ΔΌ. The thermal anomaly is expressed by the difference between the temperature within the heated zone (Th) and the temperature of non-heated surfaces (T0). Given that the resulting thermal anomaly at the surface is of extremely low magnitude (1°C-5°C at Vulcano, Italy), it is extremely sensitive to overprinting by external factors, namely, meteorological influences on surface temperature variation, such as solar heating, wind and rain. Methods: To test the sensitivity of the surface to external drivers, we installed two surface temperature measurement stations within the Vulcano's Fossa crater, one inside the thermal anomaly and one outside (separation = 50 m), with a weather station co-located with the T0 station. Time series of Th and T0 were collected for 2020, when the Vulcano Fossa hydrothermal system was at a low and stable level of activity so that external drivers would have been the main influences on Th and T0, and hence also ΔT To test for divergence from normality in terms of diurnal and seasonal variations in Th and T0, and the role of external factors in causing abnormality, we used the deep learning engine DITAN: a domain-agnostic framework to detect and interpret anomalies in time-series data. Results: During the year, DITAN found 16 cases of two types of meteorological events: intense low-pressure systems and high-intensity rainstorms (cloudbursts). Passage of 13 abnormal low-pressure systems were detected (10 between February and May, and three in December), with three abnormal rainstorm events (all in December); all three being coincident with the abnormal low pressure events. We find just two abnormalities in the time series for of Th and T0, both of which coincide with passage of abnormal low-pressure systems, and neither of which coincide with abnormal rain events. We conclude that diurnaland annual heating and cooling cycles, subject to normal meteorological inputs and at a surface above a geothermal-heated source, are immune to anomalous behaviour to the external (meteorological) variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tahfiz education in Malaysia has undergone significant development since its official establishment in 1966, growing alongside other educational streams with the establishment of 1,245 tahfiz centres by September 2021. Despite facing challenges in the past, tahfiz institutions have maintained their position within the community, attributed to various contributing factors. This article aims to analyse the external factors influencing parents' inclination towards tahfiz education for their children. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected and analysed from 485 respondents among parents of tahfiz students, representing 20 tahfiz institutions across Malaysia. The findings reveal six key external factors driving parental interest in tahfiz education, including facilities, security, reputation and promotion, curriculum and co-curriculum, location and environment, and financial capabilities. Notably, facilities and curriculum/cocurriculum factors emerge as the most significant contributors to parental preference for tahfiz institutions. The former encompasses teaching, learning, and accommodation facilities, crucial for ensuring a conducive learning environment, while the latter emphasises the institutions' ability to foster excellent moral values, clear educational objectives, and a systematic memorisation syllabus. Moreover, co-curricular activities play a vital role in enhancing student talent, alleviating stress, and nurturing innovation interests. Consequently, tahfiz institutions and relevant stakeholders must prioritise improvements in facilities and curriculum/cocurricular activities, aligning with the advancements in educational technology under Education 4.0. This endeavour is pivotal in empowering tahfiz education nationally and internationally, contributing to the delivery of quality education and nurturing a righteous community (khayr ummah). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient temperature, top oil temperature, and load are the three main parameters based on which the hot spot transformer temperature can be calculated. The operating temperature is of great importance for the transformer, not only in determining its power but also during the period of operation, because the increase of temperature causes deterioration of the characteristics of the insulation system, mainly in the windings and insulation oil. This paper focuses on hot spot temperature estimation based on calculation and measurement data. In this case, IEC and IEEE standards, Susa's and Swift's model, and MATLAB/Simulink are used for the validity of the improved thermal model that analyzes the effect of wind velocity. The thermal performance was improved after incorporating wind velocity. As a reference, it was analyzed at 16:00 (h), when the load is a maximum of 1.18 p.u., at the same ambient temperature, a reduction of the temperature of the hot spot was observed by 10°C lower or 9 % compared to the measured hot spot. The estimated hot spot temperature data are compared with measured data of a power transformer in operation. The proposed model has been validated using measurement data from a 31.5 MVA, 110/10.5 kV, Ynyn0d5 power transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bajo tribe is a tribe that lives on the coast and sea and leads a nomadic life from one area to another. As time goes by, some Bajo people who initially remained silent are now starting to open up to the social unrest that is occurring in their environment. As a maritime community, the Bajo tribe tends to choose to avoid conflict, including in terms of development participation. Infrastructure development in Bajo residential areas often presents problems with psychological disorders. This research examines the role of psychological empowerment in encouraging development participation in the Bajo Soropia ethnic community in the Konawe Regency. The research sample was 251 Bajo people who were determined using Proportional Cluster Random Sampling. Data collection through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. After the data was collected, data analysis was carried out using the MCMI IV application and continued with descriptive statistics using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). It was found that psychological factors have a significant influence on community involvement in regional development projects. Key factors include self-confidence, motivation, and understanding of the role of development. The study also identifies external elements such as government support and access to resources, and highlights their impact on empowerment and participation. These findings provide valuable insights for crafting inclusive development policies and underscore the importance of psychological empowerment in engaging marginalized indigenous communities. In a broader context, this research provides valuable insight into the motivations of marginalized communities to be more actively involved in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The surface expression of enhanced geothermal heat fluxes above an active hydrothermal system causes a surface thermal anomaly (ΔT). The thermal anomaly is expressed by the difference between the temperature within the heated zone (Th) and the temperature of non-heated surfaces (T0). Given that the resulting thermal anomaly at the surface is of extremely low magnitude (1°C–5°C at Vulcano, Italy), it is extremely sensitive to overprinting by external factors, namely, meteorological influences on surface temperature variation, such as solar heating, wind and rain.Methods: To test the sensitivity of the surface to external drivers, we installed two surface temperature measurement stations within the Vulcano’s Fossa crater, one inside the thermal anomaly and one outside (separation = 50 m), with a weather station co-located with the T0 station. Time series of Th and T0 were collected for 2020, when the Vulcano Fossa hydrothermal system was at a low and stable level of activity so that external drivers would have been the main influences on Th and T0, and hence also ΔT. To test for divergence from normality in terms of diurnal and seasonal variations in Th and T0, and the role of external factors in causing abnormality, we used the deep learning engine DITAN: a domain-agnostic framework to detect and interpret anomalies in time-series data.Results: During the year, DITAN found 16 cases of two types of meteorological events: intense low-pressure systems and high-intensity rainstorms (cloudbursts). Passage of 13 abnormal low-pressure systems were detected (10 between February and May, and three in December), with three abnormal rainstorm events (all in December); all three being coincident with the abnormal low pressure events. We find just two abnormalities in the time series for of Th and T0, both of which coincide with passage of abnormal low-pressure systems, and neither of which coincide with abnormal rain events. We conclude that diurnal and annual heating and cooling cycles, subject to normal meteorological inputs and at a surface above a geothermal-heated source, are immune to anomalous behaviour to the external (meteorological) variations.

This study analyzed the relationship between characteristics of annual tree ring time series and the intensity of attacks on forest stands by forest insects. Using tenets of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem (which is widely used in physics), time series parameters are proposed that can help to assess the susceptibility of a forest stand to insect pests. The proposed approach was applied to evaluate differences in parameters of tree ring widths among outbreaks of the pine looper, Siberian silk moth, and spongy moth. A comparison of trees characteristics between outbreak locations and undamaged forest stands (control) showed that the tested parameters statistically significantly differed between the outbreak locations and control stands and can be used to assess the risk of pest outbreaks in forest stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug abuse is considered a serious social problem, especially among youth. Those who successfully survive such behaviors, especially in high-risk locations, must have underlying factors worth learning. This research focuses on youth who can avoid using and abusing drugs in high-risk areas. The main objectives are to identify protective factors (PF) that successfully protect youth in high-risk locations and to examine the presence of risk factors (RF) in that particular community. Data were collected through ten focus group discussions (FGD) with youth participants who lived within identified hot spot high-risk areas of drug abuse. Each group contains five participants, which makes up a total of fifty youth participants. The FGDs were audio-recorded, followed by the transcribing process and the thematic data analysis. The finding shows that themes for protective and risk factors are divided into internal and external factors. Internal protective factors are represented mostly by religious knowledge and practice, followed by selfassertiveness. External protective factors are denoted by positive family influences, positive peer influence, and knowledge of drug abuse. On the other hand, internal risk factors epitomize the feeling of curiosity, lack of religious knowledge and practice to release pressure and stress, lack of effective coping skills, and seeking fun. External risk factors embody negative peer influence, lack of parenting skills, negative family influence, and negative neighborhood environment and occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water-coal interaction is an important factor affecting the water quality of coal mines. Using the analysis methods of continuous chemical extraction and leaching test, the existing forms of 10 heavy metal elements in coal were analyzed, the average dissolution concentrations of heavy metal elements in the process of water-coal interaction were quantified, and the internal and external factors affecting the dissolution of heavy metal elements in coal were sorted out. The results show that ① Hg and Cr in coal mainly exist in the residual fraction; the main existing forms of Mo are residual fraction and oxidisable fraction; the main existing forms of Ni, Cu, Co, Zn and Cd are residual fraction, oxidizable fraction and mild acido-soluble fraction; the main existing forms of As and Pb are residual fraction, oxidisable fraction and reducible fraction. ② The heavy metal elements in descending order of average dissolution concentration are Zn (25.73 μg·L-1), Cu(25.21 μg·L-1), Ni(18.12 μg·L-1), Cr(13.22 μg·L-1), Co(8.10 μg·L-1), Mo(4.31 μg·L-1), As( 0.77 μg·L-1), Cd (0.60 μg·L-1), Pb (0.50 μg·L-1), Hg(<0.10 μg·L-1). ③ The internal factors affecting the dissolution of heavy metal elements in coal, include element content, occurrence state and speciation, coal acid production performance, water Eh, etc.; the external factors include oxygen exposure condition, duration of water-coal interaction, etc. Under the combined influence of internal and external factors, the dissolution characteristics of heavy metal elements in coal in different regions are significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings has been widely discussed in academia and is linked to corporate financial performance. However, the underlying mechanism between ESG rating events and firm innovation in developing countries has not been effectively explored. Taking Chinese A-share non-financial listed companies from 2009 to 2020 as research samples, this paper empirically studies the mechanism of ESG rating events affecting corporate innovation of listed companies. The findings are as follows :(1) ESG performance and ESG rating events with high financial investment behavior can promote corporate innovation; (2) The industrial structure, the level of property rights protection and the level of regional financial development are the main external environmental factors affecting the previous conclusion; (3) Firm scale effect and capital reservoir effect are the main internal firm factors affecting the first conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercooling has the advantage of maintaining the freshness of foods without a phase transition. However, it is hard to sustain the supercooled state. Static temperature control, one of the various supercooling technologies, is used for stable supercooling storage. In this experiment, the effect of following external factors in maintaining the supercooled state of foods was investigated. Three main parameters had an effect on the supercooled state of food: (1) properly setting the lower-temperature limit of the supercooling algorithm, (2) slow cooling to the target temperature, and (3) minimizing temperature fluctuation. Accordingly, the following stepwise cooling algorithm for pork loin was designed: a lower-temperature limit of −3.0 °C and a storage period = 36 h followed by a lower-temperature limit of −3.5 °C for 24 h. The samples conserved at −3.0 °C displayed a 100% supercooled state. Physicochemical properties including drip loss, cooking loss, texture, color, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and total aerobic count (TAC) of pork loin were analyzed. The drip loss values of the supercooled meat samples were lower than those of the superchilled ones. Furthermore, TVBN and TAC of the treated samples were not significantly different from those of the fresh samples (p > 0.05). In conclusion, supercooling storage extended the freshness and quality of pork loin better than refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern conditions, one of the external factors - the spread of coronavirus infection-negatively affects the functioning of banks, the real sector ofproduction, consumption, causing credit risk, manifested both in banks and in their borrowers-legal entities, individuals. The purpose of the study is to develop tools for studying the impact of an external factor - a general pandemic on the level of credit risks of Russian banks and to justify the directions of their regulation by the credit risk manager. The study expands the theoretical understanding of the essence of credit risk based on the factor approach, taking into account the influence of this external factor, identifies general changes in the composition and structure of the income of the Russian population - the main criterion that determines the magnitude of credit risks in the context of a general pandemic, identifies the main measures of credit risk management aimed at improving the quality of the loan portfolio and reducing the impact offluctuations in the income of the population in the context of a global pandemic.

ABSTRACT This study aims to give empirical evidence on the development of research on financial distress in Indonesia. We identified articles with a cause-effect relationship where financial distress was used as the dependent variable. This study analyzed twenty-eight articles about financial distress, obtained from eighteen nationally accredited journals indexed under Sinta 2. We classified articles based on the research variables used, then analyzed them by using the charting field method. This study found that internal factors such as financial condition and corporate governance are used more often than external factors such as inflation, exchange rate, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in research about financial distress in Indonesia. Moreover, some variables gave inconsistent results and should be studied further to find such inconsistencies. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris tentang studi perkembangan financial distress di Indonesia. Kami mengidentifikasi artikel yang memiliki hubungan sebab akibat dimana financial distress ditempatkan sebagai variabel dependen. Penelitian ini menganalisis dua puluh delapan artikel tentang financial distress yang berasal dari delapan belas jurnal nasional terakreditasi dan terindeks Sinta 2. Kami mengklasifikasikan artikel berdasarkan variabel penelitian yang digunakan, kemudian melakukan pendekatan pemetaan (charting field). Studi ini menemukan faktor internal seperti kondisi keuangan dan tata kelola perusahaan lebih sering digunakan dibandingkan dengan faktor eksternal seperti inflasi, nilai tukar dan produk domestic bruto (PDB) dalam penelitian financial distress. Selain itu, terdapat beberapa variabel yang menunjukkan ketidakkonsistenan terhadap financial distress. Sehingga, perlu dilakukan pengkajian mendalam untuk mengetahui penyebab ketidakkonsistennya variabel-variabel tersebut.

Lung cancer is a cancer with the fastest growth in the incidence and mortality all over the world, which is an extremely serious threat to human's life and health. Evidences reveal that external environmental factors are the key drivers of lung cancer, such as smoking, radiation exposure and so on. Therefore, it is urgent to explain the mechanism of lung cancer risk due to external environmental factors experimentally and theoretically. However, it is still an open issue regarding how external environment factors affect lung cancer risk. In this paper, we summarize the main mathematical models involved the gene mutations for cancers, and review the application of the models to analyze the mechanism of lung cancer and the risk of lung cancer due to external environmental exposure. In addition, we apply the model described and the epidemiological data to analyze the influence of external environmental factors on lung cancer risk. The result indicates that radiation can cause significantly an increase in the mutation rate of cells, in particular the mutation in stability gene that leads to genomic instability. These studies not only can offer insights into the relationship between external environmental factors and human lung cancer risk, but also can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of lung cancer.

The need for financial information is an important component of economic development. The auditor is the party that guarantees that the financial statements are maintained credibility. However, many cases show the misuse of financial statements. This study aims to determine the effect of internal and external factors on auditor independence. This study used a Purposive Sampling as the sampling method, which is by taking a sample from the population-based on certain criteria (Sugiyono, 2013). This study used a sample of the auditor who has experience working in the KAP for at least 1 year. The type of data used is primary data in the form of a questionnaire. This study proves that the length of the auditor's relationship influences auditor independence. While this study does not prove that the provision of non-audit services, Competition among KAP, Large size of KAP, Audit period, and Relativism influence the independence of auditors.

Several articles have appeared about the popular Hirak in Algeria, mainly in French. On the occasion of the third anniversary of Hirak, Siyasat Arabiya dedicates a special issue to it, in which some of the most important themes of Hirak are discussed. This issue is based on the fundamental idea that Hirak was the scene of a conflict of narratives and counter-narratives. The contributions in the special issue aim to analyse and deconstruct these narratives in order to explain and understand their underlying meanings and political stakes through different but integrated approaches. This special issue contains five contributions. The first examines the changes and dilemmas of Algerian security politics in a turbulent regional context and internal mobility; the second analyses the meaning of history and identity in the midst of movement; the third addresses the question of the political economy of democratic transition; the fourth discusses the role of external factors; and the fifth and final contribution, which is a translation, examines the Algerian Hirak abroad, particularly in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Purpose of this paper to analyze relation between internal factorsconsist of CAR, ROA, ROE, NPF, BOPO and external factors consist of Inflation, Interest rate, exchange rate that influence Islamic Rural Bank financing to Small Medium Enterprises. Design/Method/Approach: This paper use financing SME data from Islamic Rural Bank, internal and external factor from Islamic Rural Bank in 2010-2018. The paper use vector autoregression if stasioner in level an use vector error correction model of stasioner and cointegration in first difference. Use IRF and VD analysis to predict in the future. Findings: Results indicate that inflation, interest rate, NPF and BOPO have long term effect in SME financing an in short term only NPF influencing in SME financing. Originality/Values: Islamic finance industry one of industry that very important, this paper adds to understand Islamic finance industry which has received limited attention. Novelty in this paper use SME financing in Islamic rural bank, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate.

This research aims to determine the internal and external conditions of Wawasan Newspaper based on SWOT analysis in maintaining market share in Semarang. This uses descriptive research type with quantitative approach through three stages of strategy formulation, namely: the input stage, the matching stage, and the decision-making stage. In the first stage, IFE (Internal Factor Evaluation) and EFE (External Factor Evaluation) matrices are used. In the second stage, the IE Matrix (internal-External) and the SWOT Matrix (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) are used. In stage three, QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix) is used. The results of this study are: In the first stage, the results of the IFE (Internal Factor Evaluation) matrix obtained a weighted score of 2.356, while the results of the EFE (External Factor Evaluation) matrix resulted in a weighted score of 2.18. In the matching stage, IE (Internal-External) Matrix of the company is in a stable position. Marketing strategies that are feasible to use are market penetration and product development. In the decision-making stage, an alternative strategy that can be implemented in Wawasan Newspaper namely market penetration with a TAS of 4.406 is obtained.

Purpose:This study aims to analyses of the influence of the external and internal factors on medium and small micro Enterprise financing in Indonesia Islamic Bank exsternal factors consist of inflation, BI Rate and Exceng Rate, while the internal factors consists of ROA, CAR, BOPO, FDR and NPF. Design/Method/Approach: The analysis technique used in this study is multiple regression with OLS approach. The data used this study are monthly data from 2014-2018. Data obtained from OJK and Bank Indonesia reports. Findings: The finding results of this study, change in macroeconomic conditions (external factor) will indirectly have an impact on the internal conditions od Islamic Bank and will have an impact on intermediation function, especially for the MSME sector, while partially the factors that influence MSME financing are only in inflation and Exceng rates, CAR, BOPO, NPF. FDR and BI Rate does not affect MSME financing because Islamic Bank do not use the interest system but instead use the profit sharing system. Originality/Values: The main contribution of this study to industry platetrs, Islamic bank and policy makers. Islamic bank must make more efferts to provide financing for MSME. Islamic Banks must be innovative and creative in creating and offering new products related to financing to MSME.

Supercooling has the advantage of maintaining the freshness of foods without a phase transition. However, it is hard to sustain the supercooled state. Static temperature control, one of the various supercooling technologies, is used for stable supercooling storage. In this experiment, the effect of following external factors in maintaining the supercooled state of foods was investigated. Three main parameters had an effect on the supercooled state of food: (1) properly setting the lower-temperature limit of the supercooling algorithm, (2) slow cooling to the target temperature, and (3) minimizing temperature fluctuation. Accordingly, the following stepwise cooling algorithm for pork loin was designed: a lower-temperature limit of −3.0 °C and a storage period = 36 h followed by a lower-temperature limit of −3.5 °C for 24 h. The samples conserved at −3.0 °C displayed a 100% supercooled state. Physicochemical properties including drip loss, cooking loss, texture, color, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and total aerobic count (TAC) of pork loin were analyzed. The drip loss values of the supercooled meat samples were lower than those of the superchilled ones. Furthermore, TVBN and TAC of the treated samples were not significantly different from those of the fresh samples (p > 0.05). In conclusion, supercooling storage extended the freshness and quality of pork loin better than refrigerated storage.

Traffic accidents represent a social, health and political challenge in every country. Urban environments are characterized by intense traffic flows on the network, where different conditions resulting in interactions between motorised and non-motorised transport constantly occur, potentially increasing the risk of accidents. Although road accidents are considered as random events in space and time, a highly detailed analysis may establish correlations between road accidents and external factors (road infrastructure, traffic conditions, weather conditions, land use). This paper considers the impact of external factors on road accidents involving pedestrians in the City of Zagreb, which required an analysis of accident blackspots. The research conducted in this paper puts an emphasis on relations between external factors and accident blackspots involving pedestrians. The results can be used in planning pedestrian infrastructure and improving road safety.

This study focuses on the effect of dividend payouts, internal and external factors on stock prices of corporate banking sub-sector. Based on core capital, banking companies in Indonesia are categorized into 4 BUKU (Commercial Bank Based on Business Activities). The findings of this study show that BUKU 4 (its core capital >= IDR. 30 billion) provides annual dividend payouts. Its dividend per share, dividend yield, and dividend payout ratio are higher than BUKU bank group 1, 2, and 3. This study also analyzes the effect of dividend payout, Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), inflation rate, interest rate, and Rupiah exchange rate (REER) on the stock prices of 31 banking companies indexed in IDX from annual data over the period of 2013 to 2017. Dividend payout and NIM have a positive and significant effect on stock prices. Panel data regression analysis found that the interest rate has a negative significant effect on stock prices. Meanwhile, the OLS regression test (dummy variable) found that NPL has a negative significant effect on stock prices.

The purpose of this research was to identify the internal and external factors of MSMEs to map and formulate the right strategy required to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Kampoeng Tahu Tinalan, Kediri. This was qualitative and descriptive research and the snowball non-probability sampling method was used to collect primary data through questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGD). The data were analyzed using the SWOT analysis method. The results showed that these MSMEs' strengths are associated with their quality soybeans, high processing capacity and production efficiency, labor skills and affordable product prices. Meanwhile, their weaknesses are their conventional marketing, business legality constraints, less desirable tofu products, lack of investors' trust, poor productivity, easiness to imitate and deficient management systems. The opportunities for MSMEs have encouraged product peculiarities, tourism, proper waste management and educational support from universities in Kampoeng Tahu. Therefore, the deficit strategy W-T is more suitable for MSMEs in Kampoeng Tahu Tinalan. Its implementation aids MSMEs in avoiding and overcoming external threats associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is one of the most important food sources for human nutrition. The chemical composition of milk varies depending on many factors and may influence its nutritional value and safety. Metabolomics has recently become one of the major approaches applied to understand the chemical profiles and dynamic changes in milk products. The increase in the application of metabolomics in milk studies is, in large part, due to the development of high-throughput and high-sensitivity instruments and efficient chemometrics. This review focuses on the changing metabolites in milk, which are relevant to both the inherent factors, such as cow breed, dairy animal species and lactation stage, and external factors, including diet, season, geographic origin, disease, processing and storage stability. Additionally, the applications of candidate biomarkers for milk authentication are reviewed. The candidate biomarkers identified in previous studies are listed in this review. Also, some metabolites, which could be used as robust biomarkers, such as choline, citrate, valine, hippuric acid, 2-butanone, lactate and some fatty acids, for milk quality, traceability and safety studies are summarized. Challenges for this scientific field are also addressed. • The metabolomics application for milk characterization is reviewed. • Candidate milk biomarkers in relation to inherent factors, are summarized. • Candidate milk biomarkers in relation to external factors, are reviewed. • The biomarker applications on milk quality, traceability and safety are listed. • Abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to predict the influence model of external and internal factors of a company, starting a company's financial performance on the competitiveness of companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample of this research is 35 companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2016 to 2018. This research is used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) based on component or variance based analysis known as Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of this study concluded that external factors affect the company's financial performance and company competitiveness. Internal factors also affect the company's financial performance and competitiveness but the influence of both external factors and internal factors respectively are not able to mediate the financial performance of the company's competitiveness

Section (c) of Article 1 of compulsory insurance act of 2016, put under the law any accident caused by vehicles due to fortuitous events. In legal writings generally fortuitous events considered as force majeure, but this notion of fortuitous events with a lot of compulsory insurance act articles does not seem compatible. Hence, the question arises that "fortuitous events" in the compulsory insurance law, what does it mean and what is its impact? Review of legal writings show that, according to some French lawyers, Force Majeure and Fortuitous Event (Cas Fortuit), have different meaning but, in the writings of our law, such a conceptual distinction was known verbal argument and both, has studied as Force Majeure in general meaning. However, the use of such distinction between force majeure and fortuitous event is very revealing for unambiguous interpretation of compulsory insurance act of 2016. In order to illustrate the effect of this distinction, in the first part of this article, the concept of fortuitous event in general and specific and deficiencies of application of this concept is analyzed, so that in the second part, concept of fortuitous event and its effect is considered in the compulsory insurance act.

The primary purpose of this study is to create a thermal model of a photovoltaic module which is usable under real climatic conditions in the Central Europe region. The system for temperature measurements of the photovoltaic module was designed and built at the Department of Physics SUA in Nitra. The climate data utilized in the present study were obtained from a weather station. The measurements were performed during the summer on PV modules. The results obtained indicate that the response of the module temperature is dynamic with changes in irradiance and module temperature, particularly during the periods of fluctuating irradiance. Mathematical descriptions of the obtained time-temperature and time-irradiance relations were made on the basis of the experimental results obtained. A second-degree polynomial function was established for every graphical relation obtained with relatively high coefficients of determination. The temperature model of PV modules was generated after fitting the experimental results to real dependencies and correlation analysis values.

The Islamic banking industry in Indonesia had experienced rapid growth since the government passed the Islamic banking law in 2008. Although growing fast but the market share of Islamic banking was still low. To increase the market share of Islamic banking, it was necessary to encourage Islamic banking performance. One of the performances of Islamic banking investigated in this study was profitability. We examined the profitability of Islamic banking using both internal and external factors. The method used to estimate the profitability of Islamic banking was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) method with monthly data. The estimation results showed that both internal and external factors affect the profit of Islamic banking. Asset, FDR, efficiency, and NPL affect profitability. An important variable affecting profitability were the bad financing (NPF). While the external factor influencing the profit of Islamic banking was the exchange rate and inflation. The implication of this result was that Islamic banking must be able to manage well the bad financing. Since NPF also depends on macroeconomic conditions, the government must be able to manage macroeconomic performance well such as stabilizing the exchange rate.

The negative impact of economic crisis in Asia to internal financial decision included investment decision, financing decision, and dividend decisions. This condition is loser if external factors such as inflation rate, interest rate, and exchange rate are not supported. Negative free cash flow including Economic Value Added and Market Value Added, depreciation of stock return indicate financial distress and reduction of shareholder wealth. The research used of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the hypotheses are: • The influence of Inflation Rate (IR), Interest Rate, and Exchange Rate are significant to External Factor. • The influence of Return on Equity (ROE), Fixed Asset Utilization (FAU), Capital Intensiveness (CI), Inventory Intensiveness (II), Receivable Intensiveness (RI), Margin Ratio (MR), Asset Profitability Ratio (APR) are significant to Investment Decision. • The influence of Financial Leverage (FL), Short Term Liquidity (STL) and Cash Position (CP) are significant to Financing Decision. • The influence of Plowback Ratio (PR) and Return On Fixed Asset are significant to Dividend Decision. • The influence of Economic Value Added (EVA) and Market Value Added (MVA) are significant to Free cash flow. • The influence of Price Earning Ratio (PER), Dividend Yield (DY), and Capital Gain Yield (Cap.G) are significant to Stock Return. The results of this research are significant influence to external factors, internal financial decision, free cash flow, and stock return; but inventory and receivable intensiveness, dividend yield are not significantly.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polysaccharides from natural products play multiple roles and have extensive bioactivities in life process. Bioactivities of polysaccharides (e.g., Lentinan, Schizophyllan, Scleroglucan, Curdlan, Cinerean) have a close relation to their chain conformation. Compared to other types of polysaccharides, the conformation of β-glucan has been studied more. The major research methods of conformation of polysaccharides from natural products (Congo red experiment, circular dichroism spectrum, viscosity method, light scattering method, size exclusion chromatography, atomic force microscope), corresponding experimental schemes, and the external factors affecting polysaccharide conformation were reviewed in this paper. These research methods of conformation have been widely used, among which Congo red experiment and viscosity method are the most convenient ones to study the morphological changes of polysaccharide chains. • The major research methods of polysaccharide conformation currently widely used were reviewed from a big perspective. • For each method, not only the basic principle was introduced, but also the experimental scheme was provided for reference. • Readers can quickly get a comprehensive understanding of the research methods of polysaccharide conformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste management, recycling, and reuse are three main topics of pro-environmental behavior studies. • The determinant of pro-environmental behavior can be divided into two categories: external factor and internal factor. • Psychological factors play more important roles in the mechanism of pro-environmental behavior. This review paper discusses determinants of pro-environmental behavior on Resources Conservation and Recycling from 1987 to 2017. The main factors which influence pro-environmental behavior include both external and internal factors—specifically, demographic variables and psychological factors. The main purpose of this work is to review the literature (i.e., published studies) regarding the impact, relations, and mutual effects on pro-environmental behavior of each group of factors. Identifying the determinants of pro-environmental behavior is helpful when formulating the most appropriate and effective policies for improving the public's behavior toward protecting the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introductory to Accounting is one of the compulsory courses to be enrolled by non-accounting students in most of higher learning institutions in Malaysia. In trying to increase their passing rate, students pre-conceive accounting to be difficult, unpleasant and unattainable has become a major challenge for accounting educators. This paper aims to examine non-accounting students' perception towards introductory accounting course in Borneo Region, particularly in University of Malaysia Sabah (UMS). UMS is one of two public university in the Island of Borneo in Malaysia. The study focused mainly on aspects of program structure, assessment and external factor. In total, 409 non-accounting students involved in this study. Our preliminary finding suggests that, appropriateness of content in syllabus, load of assignment and the inclusion of both management and financial accounting into one course is perceived to be acceptable. Meanwhile, for the assessment factor, the clarity and level of difficulty to understand the final examination question, time allocated during final examination, assessment to be matched with the course outcome, final examination formats and marks allocated address no impacts against their perceived perceptions. External factors of financial, family, facilities and transportation problems revealed no importance in determining student's perception of introductory accounting course. Students are generally still in favour with the assessment and program structure of introductory accounting course. At the same time, external factor has become insignificant in influencing their decision to perceived accounting course as acceptable or not in their learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Sumberdaya manusia, teknologi informasi, pengendalian intern akuntansi, komitmen organisasi, pemahaman akuntansi, faktor eksternal terhadap kualitas informasi laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah. Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2010 tentang Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan berbasis akrual, laporan keuangan pemerintah harus memenuhi 4 karakteristik kualitatif/kualitas informasi berikut: relevan, andal, dapat dibandingkan, dapat dipahami. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 83 Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah, terdiri dari Dinas dan Badan di Kabupaten Bengkalis, Kabupaten Siak, dan Kota Pekanbaru dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada 166 orang responden, meliputi kepala subbagian keuangan dan pegawai penatausahaan keuangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS versi 21 dengan teknik analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sumberdaya manusia, teknologi informasi, pengendalian intern akuntansi, pemahaman akuntansi dan faktor eksternal secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap kualitas informasi laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah, sedangkan komitmen organisasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas informasi laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah. Hasil pengujian secara simultan menunjukkan bahwa Sumberdaya manusia, teknologi informasi, pengendalian intern akuntansi, komitmen organisasi, pemahaman akuntansi dan faktor eksternal secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kualitas informasi laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah.

The objectives of present study were to formulate development strategies for dairy goat' farms that capable of supporting goat's milk agribusiness. Three medium scale dairy goat farms located in Bogor Regency which has population of more than 100 heads and has established more than 10 years were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected during February to May 2014. The design of this study was based on descriptive qualitative approach (rapid appraisal approach). Data were analized using internal factors evaluation (IFE) and external factors evaluation (EFE), strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, and grand strategy matrix. It was revealed that dairy goat farms in Bogor Regency were located in quadrant I in SPACE matrix, which was on the aggressive strategy. Dairy goat farms have many resource advantages, despite facing various threats. The Grand Strategy Matrix analysis showed that dairy goat farms were in quadrant I. Dairy goat farms were in an excellent position to take advantage of the opportunities, overcome internal weaknesses and avoiding multiple external threats. The best strategies to be selected for dairy goat farms were market penetration and product development.