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Purpose: This paper envisages potential determinants to foster available entrepreneurial strategies among dairy farmers in the Southern region of Punjab, Pakistan. Harnessing the potential of the dairy sub-sector for sustainable development is coupled with appropriate entrepreneurial strategies in developed countries. However, the entrepreneurial strategies among dairy farmers in low-income countries such as Pakistan are little researched. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper examines the potential determinants to foster available entrepreneurial strategies among dairy farmers in the Southern region of Punjab, Pakistan. We developed a classification scheme to explore different entrepreneurial strategies (e.g. reduction, continuance, expansion, diversification, and a combined expansion and diversification plan) practised by dairy farmers in the study area. Utilising original farm-level data (n = 273) of dairy farmers, we employed a multinomial logit model (ML). Findings: The ML estimates revealed that access to marketing channels, modern techniques, market information, and government support for dairy farmers significantly affect entrepreneurial strategies. Of these variables, access to agricultural extension services and access to alternate marketing channels attract farmers to expand their farming activities. From this perspective, the availability of marketing channels and access to agricultural extension services appears as the most promising policy option. Practical implications: Farmers' entrepreneurial abilities and strategies can be improved by enhancing the marketing structure and ensuring access to contemporary technology, agricultural extension services, and market knowledge. This will create beneficial synergies for the development of the dairy sub-sector and sustainable development in general. Theoretical Implications: The study classifies the farmers' entrepreneurial strategies into reduction, continuation, expansion, diversification, and both expansion and diversification. It explains the determinants of various entrepreneurial strategies fostering farmers' decision-making and provides contexts resistant to robust entrepreneurial strategies. Originality/Value: The result of this study may be of high interest to policymakers, dairy farmers, and other stakeholders within the dairy sector for designing effective entrepreneurial strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study collected data related to agricultural injuries, analyzed their causes, and suggested possible remedial actions. Few studies from developing countries have investigated this important topic. Such investigations are extremely important and are required to frame national policies. A well-designed structured form was developed to collect and evaluate data on agricultural incidents, their causes, the severity of injuries, and possible prevention methods. The authors followed a door-to-door survey methodology to collect data with the help of local village leaders. Less educated and older adults in the age group 31 to 45 years were more prone to agricultural incidents (p <.05). The mean age of the victims was 35.02 years (95% CI 32.7 to 37.3); 124 (91.18%) of the victims were men; and 21 (15.4%) of the cases were fatal. Tractor rollovers caused most of the deaths. Chaff cutters were responsible for most of the incidents that required amputation. Eighteen (45%) of the chaff-cutter incidents occurred in the evening between 3:00 PM and 6:00 PM, and 12 (30%) of these incidents occurred due to fatigue. The authors strongly recommend that rollover protective structures (ROPS) for tractors and seat belts should be made mandatory in India. Public guidelines emphasizing mandatory higher education for farmers and a model curriculum for both schools and colleges that focuses on the safety of rural populations should be developed. Special training should be provided on the safe operation of machinery and a definitive work – rest schedule should be followed to prevent fatigue and protect agricultural workers from incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure of farm machinery components is an undesirable event that often occurs during field operations and becomes a crucial problem facing rice farmers in Riau Province. The purpose of the research is to investigate the component type and failure frequency and find out the root causes of the component failures for selected farm machinery used by small rice farmers. The survey was carried out in three regencies of the province namely Kampar, Siak, and Indragiri Hulu from June to July 2022. The data were collected from personally interviewing 30 machine operators and 10 mechanics. Five types of farm machinery were selected for study, including mouldboard plows, rotary tillers, four-wheel tractors, rice transplanters, and combine harvesters. The machines have often experienced breakdowns on the field due to the failure of one or more components/parts. Mouldboard plows had the most component failures with 137 cases, followed by rotary tillers with 85 cases, and four-wheel tractors with 57 cases. There were 34 and 43 cases of component failures for rice transplanters and combine harvesters, respectively. The root causes of component failures were poor field conditions (30%), ignoring maintenance (22%), intensive use of machinery (21%), improper storage (14%), and unskilled operators (13%). The results recommend that machine operators must keep the work area clean before beginning operation, conduct regular maintenance, store farm machines inside and keep them clean from dust and filth, have the necessary training and experience to help reduce failures, and run their machines precisely at the maximum power levels to prevent needless strain and early failure.

This study investigated adoption and determinants of adopting the bed planter developed by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and the impacts on productivity and farm income in the Rajshahi and Faridpur districts of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected during 2019 from 41 adopters and 80 non-adopters using a multi-stage random sampling technique. On average, the adoption rate of the BARI bed planter was 15%. Socio-economic characteristics such as farm size, farming experience, training, and extension contacts significantly differed between adopters and non-adopters. A probit model showed that farmer experience, extension contacts, and farmers' club membership were key variables influencing the likelihood of BARI bed planter adoption. Policy recommendations based on these results include modifying current extension approaches and increasing investment in farm machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual value of agricultural tractors plays a pivotal role in the financial viability of agribusiness enterprises. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of comprehensive studies concerning the prognostication of both retail and wholesale residual values specific to agricultural tractors within the context of Western Europe. This research introduces an innovative methodology for assessing the residual worth of agricultural tractors, with particular consideration given to the substantial pricing discrepancies between retail and wholesale transactions. Leveraging publicly available auction data, we develop a polynomial regression model aimed at forecasting the intricate relationship between retail and wholesale residual values. Notably, the model demonstrates an exceptional robustness, surpassing previous research endeavors, as evidenced by a remarkably low root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.0159 and a combined adjusted coefficient of determination (RSqAdj) of 0.9997. The findings of this study offer invaluable insights into a diverse array of stakeholders, empowering them to make well-informed decisions regarding machinery specifications, investment strategies, and asset disposal choices, thereby facilitating optimal financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of harvesting tools and equipment for horticultural crops has significantly shaped agricultural practices over time. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the journey from historical methods to modern innovations in harvesting technology. The intricate interplay between technological advancements and horticultural practices is explored, highlighting pivotal developments that have revolutionized crop harvesting. Starting with traditional methods employed in the past, we delve into the challenges faced by early horticulturists and the ingenious solutions they devised. The review then transitions to the contemporary landscape, showcasing cutting-edge tools that have emerged through scientific breakthroughs and engineering ingenuity. Noteworthy advancements in machinery design, automation, and precision techniques are discussed, illustrating their profound impact on crop yield, labor efficiency, and overall sustainability.Key insights into the integration of robotics, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence in modern harvesting equipment are presented, underscoring their potential to further optimize horticultural practices. The paper also addresses the importance of ergonomic considerations and environmental concerns in shaping the future of harvesting tools. Through a comprehensive examination of historical roots and present-day innovations, this review provides a panoramic view of the evolution of harvesting tools and equipment for horticultural crops. By tracing this trajectory, we gain a deeper understanding of how technological progress continues to reshape and enhance the dynamics of crop harvesting, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and productive agricultural systems.

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the incidence, injury characteristics, and outcomes of patients presented to a Level I adult trauma center in Fargo, North Dakota, with farm machinery injuries (FMI). We performed a retrospective review of the trauma registry of Sanford Medical Center Fargo (SMCF) between January 2010 and December 2020. We compared admission characteristics of FMI admissions to non-FMI admissions, identified the types of machinery that are most commonly associated with FMI, and described the nature of these injuries by severity, anatomical site, type, age, sex, and length of stay (LoS). Injury severity was evaluated using Injury Severity Score (ISS). Findings indicated that FMI admissions had a higher mean ISS, longer ICU LoS, and a higher mortality rate than non-FMI admissions. The leading cause of fatal and non-fatal FMI in this region are tractors. Males experience 91.2% of tractor injuries, and individuals 65 and over account for nearly 53% of all tractor injuries (n = 18). Males accounted for all deaths, tractor and otherwise. The "other machinery" category was the second most common category and accounted for 50% of female patients. Additionally, 24.5% of all FMI are related to machine maintenance. The findings from this study indicate that FMI injuries represent a significant problem in the upper Midwest. Older, male farm workers experience a higher incidence of tractor-related injuries, and all tractor-related deaths occurred in individuals 65 years of age and older. These results underscore the need for further investigation into aging-related farm safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual value of agricultural tractors plays a pivotal role in the financial viability of agribusiness enterprises. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of comprehensive studies concerning the prognostication of both retail and wholesale residual values specific to agricultural tractors within the context of Western Europe. This research introduces an innovative methodology for assessing the residual worth of agricultural tractors, with particular consideration given to the substantial pricing discrepancies between retail and wholesale transactions. Leveraging publicly available auction data, we develop a polynomial regression model aimed at forecasting the intricate relationship between retail and wholesale residual values. Notably, the model demonstrates an exceptional robustness, surpassing previous research endeavors, as evidenced by a remarkably low root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.0159 and a combined adjusted coefficient of determination (RSqAdj) of 0.9997. The findings of this study offer invaluable insights into a diverse array of stakeholders, empowering them to make well-informed decisions regarding machinery specifications, investment strategies, and asset disposal choices, thereby facilitating optimal financial performance.

This study describes the gender sensitivity principles to be applied in the development of genderfriendly farm machinery. The study was conducted in selected agricultural agencies such as the Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech), Philippine Sino-Center for Agricultural Technology (PhilSCAT) at Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, and Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) at Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Furthermore, to assess the opinion of the end users of the agricultural machinery, the study was conducted on endorsed areas that adopted these technologies. The result shows that the engineers of PhilMech, PhilSCAT, and PhilRice have seldom exposure to gender-related topics, and some exhibits unfamiliarity with other terminologies used. The engineers' sex, age, and civil status were revealed to be significant in their exposure to gender-related topics. Generally, men farmers are more exposed to the identified agricultural machinery than women farmers who remain uninformed about controlling agricultural machinery. Today, women farmers are hindered by information and equipment accessibility. Gender disparity in the agricultural sector remains a problem but farmers agreed that there must be machinery that can be easily manipulated by women which is pushbutton, lightweight, height considerate, easy to fix, riding type, and economically affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to agricultural tractor ergonomics, vibration is one of the most important factors to consider. However, little research has been done to evaluate this parameter and its impact on workers’ health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to fabricate a portable vibration measurement unit (PVMU) based on an Arduino microcontroller and a vibration sensor (accelerometer ADXL335). The PVMU performance was tested in combination with a commercially available three-axis USB vibration measurement device (VB10). Furthermore, the vibration measurements were used to calculate the tractor driver’s whole-body vibration load according to ISO 2631-1 along three perpendicular axes (X, Y, and Z) during soil tillage using a disk harrow under different tillage speeds of 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 km/h at a tillage depth of 15 cm in a sandy loam soil. Performance tests of the PVMU and the commercially available three-axis USB vibration meter (VB10) revealed a highly significant level of agreement based on a correlation coefficient of 0.9822. It was found that the vibration level increases with increasing tillage speed. The highest vibration level, 0.80 m/sec2, was observed in the vertical direction (Z-axis) at a tillage speed of 7.0 km/h. The lowest vibration level, 0.12 m/sec2, was observed in the lateral direction (Y-axis) at a tillage speed of 4.0 km/h. The dominant frequency range of vibration transmitted to the tractor seat was found to be between 2.04 Hz and 20.14 Hz. The daily exposure values that is, A (8) determined during this study to assess the health hazards due to vibration for tractor drivers ranged from 0.01 m/sec2 to 0.06 m/sec2 lower than the recommended exposure action value (EAV) limit that is, 0.5 m/sec2. This means that there is no health risk for the driver during the soil tillage using a disk harrow plow. The PVMU proposed in this study is very reliable and can be used as a vibration assessment tool for other agricultural tractor-implement combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the local and international collaboration of farm machine-making between Argentines and Americans. These collaborative interactions provide insight into the multiplicity of design, invention and innovation at the local and international level. Drawing on nearly 100 oral histories, collective memory, more than 60,000 invention patents in a newly created data set, and visual and material culture, the collaborative approach of designer-users and manufacturers/makers demonstrate that the long, arduous task of tinkering and collaborating required participants to believe that building machinery was meaningful, important work. Second, it shows that local oral tradition and community culture mattered to the making of local technology and taking it to the international stage.

The paper presents investigation of the temperature and heating velocity during rebuilding (reconditioning) of worn-out agricultural machinery parts by automatic electric arc weld deposition. The temperature has been measured in a control section located at exact distance from the deposited coatings in order to study heating in areas of the parts which don't need to be treated. The obtained graphical results for the specified parameters are used to select an appropriate scheme for the implementation of the process, from the point of view of reducing the thermal influence on the rebuilt machine parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve problems such as the lack of real-time data in agricultural machinery management, the difficulty in real-time machine operation supervision and the asymmetry of machine service information, an intelligent remote management platform was developed in this research. Firstly, five design principles of a specialized remote agricultural machinery management system: specialization, standardization, cloud platform, modularity and openness were proposed. Based on these principles, a customizable general-purpose intelligent remote management system for agricultural machinery based on intelligent sensing technology, Internet of Things technology, positioning technology, remote sensing technology and geographic information system was designed. Practical modules, including agricultural machinery information-based and location-based services using WebGIS, real-time monitoring and management of machinery operation, basic information management of farmland, basic information management of crops in the field, dispatching management of machinery, subsidy management of machinery, order management of machinery operation were designed and implemented in the platform for users of government agencies, agricultural machinery corporations, machine operators, and farmers. Besides, some key technologies of the platform under the current technical background, including the calculation method of the working area with low-precision GNSS positioning receivers, the analysis of anomality data during the processing of GNSS positioning data, the machine scheduling algorithm development, the integration of sensors were focused， analyzed and implementd. The idea of building the machinery management platform with each individual field as the building block was developed. It can be predicted that the agricultural machinery operation management platform would gradually change from simple operation management to field-level comprehensive management. The research and development of this platform can not only solve current machinery management problems, but also provide basic functions for development of similar machinery management platforms.

The purpose of the study was to describe the nature, magnitude, causes, and economic impact, and also to evaluate risk estimates of agricultural incidents occurring during 2012–2013 in Madhya Pradesh, India. The study was carried out in 360 villages in 9 districts of Madhya Pradesh namely Datia, Shivpuri, Balaghat, Barwani, Indore, Jhabua, Narshigpur, Satna, and Bhopal. A total of 92 793 agricultural workers participated in a survey of agricultural incidents. Of 21 agricultural incidents, 14% were fatal and 86% non-fatal in nature. The agricultural incident rates were 0.23/1000 agricultural worker per year and 0.2/1000 agricultural machines per year. The annual monetary loss due to deaths in agricultural incidents in Madhya Pradesh was estimated to be Rs. 16 935.4 lakhs. The economic loss due to agricultural incidents is more severe that resulted in significant loss to the workers due to absence from work. Hence, it is important to map down the cause and taking preventive measures to reduce the losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobic coating with ceramic, as nanotechnology, is widely used to protect metal in different industries, but it has not yet tested with agricultural tools. Nickel chrome plating is defined and used process to protect metals too, but it has a common use. So, this work discusses the effect of two types of coating techniques on wear reduction on normal chisel plough shares. First coating technique was using nanotechnology inform of SI14-200 micron (0.2 mm) high density hydrophobic and ceramic coating. Second coating technique was using the galvanizing process by treating the shares with nickel chrome plating. Both techniques were applied for chisels’ shares made from medium carbon DIN C-45 steel (AISI 1045/ JIS S45C). All treated shares were operated for 40, 80 and 120 hours to observe wear characteristics and it was compared to the control untreated shares. Weight loss of chisel plough shares and dimensional wear loss percentages were recorded as dependent parameters. Shares treated with hydrophobic and ceramic coating gave promising results during first 40 working hours with average weight loss values of 0.49% because of the lower abrasive action and friction of coated materials. While, weight loss values obtained by using chisel plough shares without treatment were the highest at all working hours. Control chisel shares gave the highest differences in dimensions in mm. The lowest differences in dimensions obtained when using shares treated with hydrophobic and ceramic coating, where, average differences between original and final dimensions at six different points along with shares width and length were 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1 mm after using the shares for 40 working hours. At higher working hours, 80 and 120 h, the better values either for weight loss or for differences in dimensions achieved by shares treated with nickel chrome plating. Cost of treating shares with nickel chrome plating is higher than using hydrophobic and ceramic coating but it gives long working life, lower required drawbar pull forces and better performance for chisel shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisation is a key input in modern agriculture, while it accounts for a large part of crop production costs, it can bring considerable farm benefits if well managed. Models for simulated machinery costs, may not replace actual cost measurements but the information obtained through them can replace a farm’s existing records, becoming more valuable to decision makers. MACHoice, a decision support system (DSS) presented in this paper, is a farm machinery cost estimator and break-even analyzer of alternatives for agricultural operations, developed using user-driven expectations and in close collaboration with agronomists and computer engineers. It integrates an innovative algorithm developed for projections of machinery costs under different rates of annual machine use and work capacity processing, which is crucial to decisions on break-even machinery alternatives. A case study based on the comparison of multiple alternatives for grape harvesting operations is presented to demonstrate the typical results that can be expected from MACHoice, and to identify its capabilities and limitations. This DSS offers an integrated and flexible analysis environment with a user-friendly graphical interface as well as a high level of automation of processing chains. The DSS-output consists of charts and tables, evidencing the differences related to costs and carbon emissions between the options inserted by the user for the different intensity of yearly work proceeded. MACHoice is an interactive web-based tool that can be accessed freely for non-commercial use by every known browser.

The objective of this study is to estimate technical efficiency of farm machinery manufacturers in Central India. The statistical test for the presence of technical inefficiency has been performed using stochastic frontier production model. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been used to identify existing returns to scale in farm machinery manufacturing units. The slacks-based DEA has been used to estimate input excess and output shortfall in the manufacturing system. Results indicate that out of the total variation, 69% was due to technical inefficiency in the manufacturing system, whereas 31% was due to stochastic errors. The estimated radius of stability was varied from 0 to 1.74 and the classification (efficient and inefficient manufacturers) was found robust against data alteration within the estimated radius of stability. The results showed that a manufacturer has to increase annual turnover by INR 40.7 million to become efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile farm machinery operators are at a high risk of injury when entering (ingress) and exiting (egress) the cabs of such machinery due to slips and falls. Safety organizations and equipment manufacturers have delivered a consistent message: operators are to egress machines facing in, toward the access path, and maintain three points of contact at all times. This study used a laboratory-based model of a mid-sized agricultural tractor to determine adherence to best practices for safety and the effect of acute wholebody vibration exposure on compliance. The majority of 19 experienced operators (16 male, 3 female) performed machinery egress facing out from the cab because descending while facing in toward the machine took 2.5 s longer. Maintaining at least three points of contact during egress was observed for only approximately 30% of egress duration, but was as high as approximately 41% for participants who self-selected the facing-in orientation. Exposure to 1 h of whole-body vibration did not change points of contact behavior nor trial duration when performing egress while facing out. Overall, the model cab used in this study had safety features similar to a real-world machine, indicating that there may be opportunities in access path or cab door design to promote increased points of contact use. Future work is needed to accurately assess three-dimensional movement patterns and external forces for disease and injury risk models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers in Bhutan trend to own agricultural machineries though the individual area under farm mechanization is not enough. Hiring out or in of farm machineries as a business enterprise need to be advocated. Therefore, an effort was made in this study to generate some parameters regarding farm machinery business at farm level based on practical experience. Bhutanese Government has endorsed some users' parameters including cost and return which are used to guide the custom rates for different machineries for farmers and service providers. The study's objective was to generate different empirical formula for different farm machineries which shall help to propose varying custom hiring rates based on the projected operation days based on the government endorsed parameters. It is also to ascertain whether the present rates charged by Farm Machinery Corporation Limited bring a positive return to its custom hiring business for different machines. The study revealed that the operation cost of farm machinery includes both fixed cost and variable cost. Cost, return and break-even data for different farm machineries give a confident opinion for the owners and Farm Machinery Corporation Limited (FMCL) to take up the hiring scheme as a profitable business. The custom hiring rate also gives a good guide on the custom hiring rates to be charged based on the operating days in the country. On endorsed hiring rates and parameters by government, FMCL shall be able to make a huge profit annually especially on tractors and mini combine harvesters as compared to other machineries by Nu 0.51M and 0.39 M respectively. All other machines are also making a profit annually under the government endorsed parameters. However, there is also an opportunity to reduce the custom rates to bring down the overall cost of cultivation of respective crops using the machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An image processing system for agricultural spreader calibration was developed. • This automatic tool uses a specific mat that simulates calibration standards rules. • Tests were performed with several image acquisition conditions and 2 types of granules. • The average accuracy was 0.75 ± 0.75% for fertilizer and 2.12 ± 1.68% for wheat. • The accuracy and robustness justify its use to support spreader pattern calibration. An Automatic Calibration of Fertilizers (ACFert) system was developed, for use with centrifugal, pendulum or other types of broadcast spreaders which distribute dry granular agricultural materials on the top of the soil. The ACfert is based on image processing techniques and includes a specially designed mat, which should be placed in the ground for spreaders calibration. A set of images acquired outdoor by a standard device (simple camera) is used to extract information about the spreader distribution pattern. Each image is processed independently, providing as output two numerical values for each grid element present in the image – the number of fertilizers/seeds counted, and its numerical label. The performance of ACFert was evaluated for automatic granules detection using a set of manual counting measurements of nitrate fertilizer and wheat seeds. A total of 185 images acquired with two mobiles devices were used with a total of 498 quadrilateral elements observed and analysed. The overall mean absolute relative error between counting and computed by the ACFert system, were 0.75 ± 0.75% for fertilizer and 2.12 ± 1.68% for wheat. This near real-time calibration tool is a very low cost system that can be easily used on field, providing results to support accurate spreader calibration in near real time for different types of fertilizers or seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mechanization of agriculture drastically increases labour productivity in crop production, playing a major role in industrialization by freeing up workforce for industry and services. These historical processes are well studied, but there is much less knowledge on their environmental implications, particularly the carbon footprint. In this work, we aimed to reconstruct the complete historical process of mechanization in Spanish agriculture at the national scale, estimating the carbon footprint of traction through a life cycle assessment approach. The assessment includes greenhouse gas emissions from working animals and feed production, and accounts for the historical changes in the energy efficiency of the industrial production of machinery and fuels. The results reveal an increase in the carbon footprint of traction from 3.1 Pg CO 2 e yr−1 in 1900 to 11–12 Pg CO 2 e yr−1 in the 1970s and 1980s, decreasing to 7–8 Pg CO 2 e yr−1 in 2010–2014. Area-based emissions ranged 185–242 kg CO 2 e ha−1 yr−1 in 1900–1933, when the practical totality of traction was animal, and 503–540 kg CO 2 e ha−1 yr−1 in the 21st century, when animal traction had almost completely disappeared. Product-based emissions were similar at the beginning and at the end of the study period, as the productivity growth offset the area-based emissions growth. The results show a large peak in emissions during the main decades of the mechanization process. Thus, the large savings observed in the last three decades start from a very high emission level. The carbon footprint of traction could be reduced by mimicking the logic of traditional organic systems but still benefiting from modern technological efficiency, through the self-production of the fuel. Our analysis, however, shows that a simple shift to biofuels may actually increase greenhouse gas emissions and consume a large share of the current agricultural output. Therefore, its combination with significant reductions in fuel and feed demand would be necessary to achieve its mitigation potential. Highlights • Detailed reconstruction of inventory data on animal and mechanical traction. • Animal traction emissions depend on species mix and feed emission factor. • Higher greenhouse gas emissions in mechanized systems. • Highest emissions during the transition from animal to mechanical traction. • Self-produced biofuels could contribute to mitigation but also increase emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]