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In the context of China's "Rural revitalization via digital commerce", this study explored the impact of the digital economy on farmers' income and the path mechanism of logistics development. On the basis of the panel data of 71 cities in the Eastern Economic Region of China from 2013–2021, this paper calculates the level of the digital economy and uses the level of logistics development as a moderating variable. Then, the basic transmission mechanism and the heterogeneous transmission mechanism are used to empirically analyze the impact of the digital economy on the income of farmers, exploring the nonlinear link between the digital economy and farmers' income. The analysis revealed that (1) the development of the digital economy has a significant positive effect on farmers' income. (2) The impact of the digital economy on the advancement of logistics development showed a delayed phenomenon. (3) The indirect effect of the digital economy on farmers' income growth also lagged. In this way, this study verified the practical significance of "Rural revitalization via digital commerce" and proposed corresponding recommendations for promoting the development of the digital economy and rural logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common prosperity is the core goal of rural revitalization, and the sustainable growth of farmers' income is an inevitable requirement. This study uses CLDS2014-2018 village- and family-level questionnaire data to reveal how the degree of village organization affects the sustainable growth of farmers' income, thus providing a reference for local government decision-making to promote the increase in farmers' income and narrow the income gap at the village level. The results show that the degree of village organization can significantly affect farmers' income, and the analysis results of the degree of formal organization are consistent with this. Specifically, for every 1% increase in the degree of village organization, the per capita household income will increase by 0.324%, among which, the wage income will increase by 0.226%, the operational income will increase by 5%, the property income will increase by 0.008%, and the transfer income will increase by 0.042%. The estimation results obtained by using instrumental variables are consistent, and the results are robust. At the same time, improving the degree of village organization can also significantly increase the proportion of farmers' non-agricultural income and narrow the income gap among farmers. On the impact of heterogeneity, it was found that the geographical distance between villages and county and township governments, as well as the political identity and education level of farmers, will affect the role of the degree of organization. The results of the mechanism analysis show that improving the degree of village organization is mainly achieved by promoting the circulation of agricultural land, socializing the service of agricultural machinery, and providing industrial and commercial capital to the countryside to increase farmers' income. The research revealed that the modernization of rural governance should be accelerated and the degree of village organization should be improved, especially the degree of formal organization, so as to build benign trust and a cooperative relationship between village committees and villagers and implement policies and measures that improve the income of farmers according to local conditions. At the same time, this will strengthen the publicity and education of party members to improve the proportion of rural party members and the education level of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low income is a common problem faced by farmers around the world. In order to promote agricultural development and increase farmers' incomes, China has implemented rural industrial revitalization (RIR). However, the following question remains unanswered: how does the RIR affect farmers' incomes? In this study, based on the theories of rural and development economics and panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2011 and 2020, an evaluation system consisting of four primary indicators and 10 secondary indicators was constructed. A dual fixed-effects model was used to measure the promoting effect of RIR on farmers' incomes. The results are as follows: The overall RIR level in China is rising; it significantly increases farmers' incomes and plays a more significant role in increasing income for low-income groups. RIR promotes agricultural scientific and technological progress, which further enhances the impact of RIR on farmers' incomes. Compared with the Midwest, the income-increasing effect is greater in the eastern region. The results of this study have important policy implications for implementing the RIR strategy and increasing farmers' income, and they provide a useful reference for similar countries or regions and global sustainable development. The innovations of this study include (1) exploring the mechanism of the impact of RIR on farmers' incomes by constructing a provincial-level RIR evaluation index system and (2) exploring the mechanism and policy implications of promoting the growth of farmers' incomes through industrial development, providing effective suggestions for solving farmers' incomes problems in countries or regions around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitating the sustained and stable growth of farmers' income is crucial for achieving sustainable development in forest regions. As an emerging driving force, the digital economy has demonstrated substantial potential in enhancing farmers' income and promoting regional economic prosperity in forest areas. Based on survey data from 1043 households across 10 counties in Guizhou Province, China, this study empirically examined the direct and indirect effects of digital economy participation on income growth among farmers in forest regions. The findings revealed that, first, participation in the digital economy significantly contributed to income growth for these households. This effect remained robust across various estimation methods, restricted sample tests, and when replacing dependent variables. Second, forestry management and its diversification played a mediating role in the relationship between digital economy participation and farmers' income. Participation in the digital economy indirectly influenced income growth by fostering forestry management activities and their diversification. Third, the heterogeneity analysis indicated that digital economy participation had a significant positive impact on the income growth of pure farming households, part-time farming households, and households that had previously escaped poverty. This discovery underscored the unique role of the digital economy in alleviating poverty and preventing its recurrence. The conclusions of this study provide essential theoretical and practical guidance for empowering forestry development through the digital economy and advancing the digital transformation of the forestry industry. More critically, this research presents a novel pathway for the deep integration of the digital economy with forestry, jointly fostering income growth for farmers in forest regions, which holds significant implications for achieving rural sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread attention has been paid to the continuous rounds of rising agricultural product prices in China since 2003. During this period, rising prices were affected by input costs and international market prices; therefore, the degree of benefits obtained by farmers from the rise in agricultural product prices has been questioned. However, limited studies have examined the effect and relationship between rising agricultural product prices and farmers' income. The purpose of the study was to provide empirical evidence on how the rise in agricultural product prices affects farmers' income and to understand the role of land and labor costs in this context using provincial data from 2003 to 2020. The findings reveal that there is a threshold effect on the impact of the rise in agricultural product prices on farmers' income. A moderate rise in agricultural product prices can increase farmers' income, but excessive price increases have an insignificant effect. The causes behind the price rise significantly influence farmers' income. An increase attributed to higher land and labor costs can improve farmers' income, whereas a rise driven by international market prices or the cost of agricultural production inputs is unlikely to benefit farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study uses field survey data from members of five farmer producer companies in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal and assesses the benefits of membership. The real income of member farmers increased by more than 30 per cent after joining farmer producer companies. The access to inputs like seeds, farm chemicals, and farm machines; to weather advisory and storage services; and also, to output markets, improved after joining farmer producer companies. The members were found to market 100 per cent of their produced food grains through farmer producer companies at minimum support prices. Member farmers were found to have stronger networks and greater temporal and informational efficiency. With nearly 40 per cent of members women, these farmer producer companies have emerged as instrumental in empowering them, improving their livelihood and incomes in the patriarchal and rural societal setup. However, even though these collectives are benefitting the rural economy, it was also found that more investment is needed to create local infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global rural decline, fostering endogenous momentum through rural transformation to increase farmers' incomes is a challenge that nations worldwide must address. This study utilizes the 2022 "China Rural Micro-Economic Data" to construct a multidimensional rural transformation index system at the village level, encompassing demographic, land, industrial, social, digital, and ecological transformations. This study evaluates the levels of rural transformation across 15 surveyed provinces in China. Furthermore, it empirically examines the impact of rural transformation on farmers' incomes, the underlying mechanisms, and the heterogeneity of different transformation models. The findings are as follows: (1) Coastal economically developed regions exhibit higher levels of rural transformation, while inland agricultural provinces show significant lag; (2) Rural transformation effectively promotes the upgrading of agricultural value chains, increases farmers' market participation, and enhances their access to financial services, thereby boosting farmers' incomes; and (3) The impact of different transformation models on farmers' incomes varies significantly; industrial, social, and demographic transformations contribute most prominently to income growth. While digital transformation shows some positive effects, it remains relatively limited. Land and ecological transformations have yet to demonstrate a significant positive impact on farmers' incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comprehensive Commercial Logging Ban Policy in all natural forests (CCLBP) as the strictest forest conservation measure brings uncertainty to the income of farmers engaged in forest land management. Therefore, clarifying the impact and heterogeneity of the CCLBP on farmers' income has become a significant issue of current concern. Based on county-level panel data from China covering the period 2000–2020, this study uses Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) to identify the impact of the CCLBP on farmers' income. The empirical results show that (1) the CCLBP has a significantly positive effect on farmers' income, with the policy leading to an increase in farmers' income of approximately RMB 411–582; (2) the impact of the CCLBP on farmers' income exhibits regional heterogeneity, with significant positive effects observed in Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, and Shaanxi, significant negative effects observed in Guangxi, and insignificant effects observed in other provinces; and (3) the CCLBP not only promotes the development of non-agricultural industries and labor mobility but also effectively reduces capital outflow, thereby increasing farmers' income. This study contributes to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms between the CCLBP and farmers' income, and it has significant practical implications for promoting the increase in farmers' income, narrowing the income gap among farmers, and achieving common prosperity. It can also provide valuable insights and guidance for global forest protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Payment for watershed ecosystem services (PES) has been applied to water conservation and poverty reduction in an increasing number of developing countries. This study evaluates the effect of payment for watershed ecosystem services on farmers' income in conservation intervention areas using a difference-in-differences model and a panel dataset that covers 18 countries in the Xin'an River Basin in China for fourteen consecutive years (2006–2019). The results show that PES programs increase farmers' income and that the poverty reduction effect is sustainable. The PES programs mainly increase the farmers' income in conservation intervention areas through two paths: triggering the transfer of agricultural labor and promoting agricultural restructuring. PES programs are pro-poor and more conducive to increasing the income of farmers in upstream regions and counties with lower levels of economic development. This paper reveals the specific role played by PES in promoting rural poverty reduction in developing countries, providing insights into alleviating the contradiction between poverty and watershed ecosystem protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancing agricultural carbon emission efficiency and farmers' income simultaneously is crucial for the sustainable progress of agriculture. Our study centered on 31 provinces and cities in China and investigated regional variances and the dynamic evolution aspects of coordinated development in farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency, utilising panel data from 2005 to 2021. The analysis revealed the following trends: Firstly, China's overall agricultural carbon emission efficiency was steadily increasing, mainly because of technological advancements. Secondly, the correlation between farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in China had notably improved from 0.318 to 0.775. Throughout the observation period, disparities in the levels of coordinated development were observed in various provinces with a diminishing fluctuation, indicating regional disparities as the primary instigator. Thirdly, the level of coordinated development highlighted positive clustering attributes, demonstrating an 'east high, west low' pattern; the evolution of coordinated development levels exhibited stability in maintaining the current status. This study holds significant value for developing countries in enhancing farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in a coordinated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary diversity is an important indicator used to measure family dietary quality and food safety status. Against the backdrop of the transformation of China’s agricultural production model from a diversified, small-scale approach to specialization, this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the complex interrelationship between crop specialization and dietary diversity. It employs a multi-method approach, integrating theoretical insights with empirical evidence. The analysis is based on a micro-survey of 866 rural households, utilizing mediation, moderation, and unconditional quantile regression model. The results indicated that crop specialization had a notable negative impact on dietary diversity, particularly among II part-time and mountainous households. Further analysis of the mechanisms involved reveals that income exerts a mediating effect, while education and market factors exert a moderating effect. Such factors may serve to mask or reduce the negative effects of crop specialization on dietary diversity. In the reality that the trend of production specialization is irreversible, government interventions to ensure dietary diversity and food security for rural households, particularly II part-time households and those in mountainous regions, can be implemented in three key areas: income support, education enhancement, and market access improvement.

Agricultural subsidy policy can improve the planting enthusiasm of rural households by increasing their income. It is of great significance to assess and summarise the effect of the soybean and cotton target price subsidy policy and to determine future policy direction. Using the national rural fixed-observation point socioeconomic survey data from 2009 to 2017, the study employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the impact of the target price policy (TPP) on rural household income in China. TPP had no significant impact on the total income of rural households. Specifically, TPP increased the farm income of rural households but simultaneously reduced the wage income and had no significant impact on the other income. Moreover, the impact of TPP on rural household income varied with the planting scale and income level; the effect of TPP was strong among the non-poor or scale operation rural households. TPP implementation affected rural household farm and wage income by affecting farmers' allocation of working time and cost input. Therefore, implementing TPP should consider farmers' participation in non-farm employment, further adjust the subsidy intensity and scope, and combine direct subsidies with the poverty reduction effect in poor areas. The contribution of this article is to explore the implementation effect of target price subsidy policies from the perspective of farmers' income, to deconstruct farmers' income, and explore the mechanism of policy action. This paper provides a theoretical basis and policy inspiration for China to improve and adjust the agricultural subsidy policy, mobilise farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate, and ensure national food security.

This paper explores how a region in a developing country can trigger and strengthen the positive impacts of the Internet on farmers' income, using the case of flower and tree industry cluster in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province, China. It finds that the combination of macro-level Internet popularization, micro-level Internet use, and local endowment conditions triggers the effect of the Internet on increasing farmers' income. The case also shows that the continuous enhancement of this effect is essentially because internal supply can adapt to the continuous online migration of external demand and make creative adjustments, thereby achieving the cumulative fit of internal supply and external demand. This study can provide empirical evidence from China for the digital dividend issue in rural areas of developing countries, and provide a reference for developing countries to promote the role of the Internet in empowering farmers and increasing their incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deep integration of the digital economy and agricultural development, agricultural digital transformation promotes agricultural production, and industrial upgrading and broadens sales channels to achieve the strategic goal of rural revitalization in China. To explore whether agricultural digitization can help farmers increase their income and what path can be achieved, this study is based on the theoretical framework of rural revitalization theory and digitization. Through a questionnaire survey of 1500 farmers in Hubei Province, the impact mechanism of agricultural digitization transformation on farmers' income is empirically studied. The empirical results show that the digital transformation of agriculture can promote the increase in farmers' income, and promote the increase in farmers' income by improving production efficiency, broadening sales channels, and promoting the upgrading of agricultural structure. At the same time, both production efficiency and sales channels form a chain double intermediary path with the upgrading of agricultural structure. Under the background of rural revitalization, this study provides theoretical references and guidance for further promoting agricultural digital transformation to increase farmers' income. The marginal contribution of this study is to construct a theoretical model of agricultural digitization to promote farmers' income increase, which has important theoretical reference and guiding significance for guiding the development direction of agricultural digitization and promoting farmers' income increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop insurance, as a crucial tool for agricultural risk management, holds significant importance in increasing farmers' income. This study analyzed the intrinsic relationship and mechanism between crop insurance, factor allocation, and pear farmers' income. Using field survey data from 1,337 pear farmers in Xixian and Weixian counties in China, we employed OLS regression models and mediation effect models to empirically investigate the direct and indirect impacts of crop insurance on pear farmers' income. Additionally, we examined the moderating role of agricultural cooperatives and group heterogeneity. The research findings revealed the following: (1) Although crop insurance increases agricultural expenses, it mitigates income losses due to disasters, ultimately leading to a net increase in pear farmers' income. (2) Crop insurance enhances agricultural labor and machinery inputs, and encourages pear farmers to adopt green production techniques, thereby boosting their income. (3) The beneficial impact of crop insurance on pear farmers' income is even more pronounced when farmers are members of cooperatives. (4) Heterogeneity analysis showed that for pear farmers who make individual decisions and have smaller land areas, crop insurance can increase their income, while its impact on farmers who make group decisions or have larger land areas is not significant. In conclusion, this study proposes to promote the development of crop insurance, deepen factor market-oriented reforms, support and guide the development of cooperatives, and pay attention to the heterogeneity among different groups of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the guaranteed and purchasing price policy on agronomic crop cultivation patterns were investigated under three scenarios in the Qazvin plain of Iran. In all scenarios, the surface under cultivation of water-saving products, especially wheat, decreased and on the contrary, the surface under cultivation of water-taking products, such as alfalfa and tomato, increased. The average income of farmers in the region increases under all scenarios; the lowest increase is related to the second scenario in which farmers' income rises by 7.5–7.7%, and the highest increase is related to the third scenario in which farmers' income rises by 8.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the vast majority of Chinese farmers' income comes from factor income. The distortion of factor market affects the sustainable growth of farmers' income and the optimization of income structure to a certain extent. The development of factor market is particularly important to solve the problem of increasing farmers' income. Based on the panel data of 28 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) in China from 1997 to 2021, this study constructs a spatial panel model to empirically analyze the spatial impact of the three major factor market distortions on Farmers' income growth. The results show that Chinese farmers' income has a strong spatial dependence, and there is a significant spatial correlation effect in different regions. There are serious market distortions, which have significantly hindered the growth of farmers' income. The distortion of China's factor market not only inhibits the growth of farmers' income in this region, but also has a significant negative spatial spillover effect. The distortion of factor market restricts the improvement of farmers' income in adjacent areas. In the future, we need to further straighten out the influencing factors and give full play to the income increasing efficiency of various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact on agricultural productivity and the livelihood of farmers in developing countries. Observed research sought to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the income of rice farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. 120 respondents were selected for this study using a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, Average treatment effects, and Likert scale were used to address the main objectives. Results showed that the COVID-19 lockdown affected the income of the rice farmers during and after the lockdown, with a 6% decrease in the income of rice farmers during the lockdown as compared to before the lockdown and a 17.7% decrease after COVID-19 lockdown as compared to during COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, inadequate funds, flood, and high cost of labor were found to be the highest barriers to mitigating the influence of COVID-19 on rice production. Performed study recommends that a well-structured and carefully planned response strategy be developed for situations like the COVID-19 pandemic, including the establishment of alternative income sources for farmers in the event of a future recurrence or similar crisis. Additionally, policies should be implemented to ensure adequate access to credit for rice farmers, supporting increased production and improving their overall income.

Widespread attention has been paid to the continuous rounds of rising agricultural product prices in China since 2003. During this period, rising prices were affected by input costs and international market prices; therefore, the degree of benefits obtained by farmers from the rise in agricultural product prices has been questioned. However, limited studies have examined the effect and relationship between rising agricultural product prices and farmers’ income. The purpose of the study was to provide empirical evidence on how the rise in agricultural product prices affects farmers’ income and to understand the role of land and labor costs in this context using provincial data from 2003 to 2020. The findings reveal that there is a threshold effect on the impact of the rise in agricultural product prices on farmers’ income. A moderate rise in agricultural product prices can increase farmers’ income, but excessive price increases have an insignificant effect. The causes behind the price rise significantly influence farmers’ income. An increase attributed to higher land and labor costs can improve farmers’ income, whereas a rise driven by international market prices or the cost of agricultural production inputs is unlikely to benefit farmers.

Developing green and low-carbon agriculture is an important and effective way to promote farmers' income growth. Given the country's "dual carbon" goal, the study of the impact of green and low-carbon agriculture on the income of farmers in ethnic minority areas is crucial for China to achieve the goals of socialist modernization and common prosperity. Taking Y Town, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province as an example, this paper uses the OLS regression method to empirically study the impact of green and low-carbon agricultural production methods on the income of farmers in ethnic minority mountainous agricultural areas based on the field survey data of 881 farmers. The regression results indicate that there is a positive correlation between green and lowcarbon agricultural production and the household income levels of farmers; adopting green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies can effectively promote the growth of farmers' household income. In addition, education level, health status, and the new rural social pension insurance have all had a significant effect on the income of rural households, however, due to the difficulty in establishing trust relationships, agricultural service outsourcing has reduced the household income level of farmers. As an example, the land transfer behavior in Y Town has no significant effect on increasing farmers' incomes. Finally, it is recommended to increase fiscal and financial support as well as effectively enhancing farmers' policy awareness and perception of green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies by improving farmers' general trust and institutional trust by strengthening farmers' agricultural education and skills training while cultivating technology-based farming. At the same time, it is necessary to break the geographical restrictions on land transfer scale and achieve moderate-scale land management while promoting the use and adoption of green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies, thereby improving agricultural production efficiency and product quality, and increasing the sustainable growth of farmers' income. The main contribution of this study is to expand the research scope of green and low-carbon agriculture to ethnic minorities and mountainous agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the impact of the expiration of the first round of subsidies in China’s sloping land conversion program (SLCP) on farmers’ income and subjective well-being (SWB) provides important empirical evidence for improving SLCP follow-up policies, improving farmers’ livelihood and formulating payment for ecosystem services (PES) in other developing countries. Based on cross-sectional data covering 473 farmers who participated in the first round of the SLCP in Hebei Province, China, this study uses an endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) and a mediation model to empirically investigate the impact of the expiration of the SLCP subsidy on farmers’ income and SWB. The main results are as follows. First, the expiration of the SLCP subsidy increased farmers’ overall income levels. Second, it decreased farmers’ SWB. Third, farmers’ income had a mediating effect on the relationship between the expiration of the SLCP subsidy and farmers’ SWB. Fourth, compared with high-income farmers, the expiration of the SLCP subsidy had a stronger negative impact on low-income farmers’ SWB, and the mediating effect of income was more obvious. Therefore, the relevant departments should broaden the number of income channels available to SLCP participants, strengthen their ability to earn income, promote the organic combination of the achievements of the SLCP and SLCP participants’ SWB, and improve SLCP follow-up policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Geographical indications (GIs) mitigate information asymmetry in agri-food transactions by providing consumers with origin and quality information. This paper explores the impact of GIs on rural development in China by examining agricultural output and farmers' income. Utilizing a large county-level dataset and comprehensive official GI information, this study estimates the impact of GIs on agricultural output and rural income using panel-fixed-effects models. The results reveal that GIs significantly boost agricultural added value and rural per capita disposable income. A series of methods, including difference-in-differences, propensity score matching with difference-in-differences, and double machine learning combined with difference-in-differences using random forests verify the robustness of the results. Moreover, by categorizing GIs based on product types, the analysis reveals heterogeneous effects of different GI categories on agricultural growth and income gains for farmers. The research findings in this paper offer valuable insights to inform policymaking aimed at advancing rural development, raising farmers' incomes, and promoting sustainable agri-food supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population urbanization is the core of new urbanization in China and is an important task in the long term. Based on mediation effect models, spatial panel data econometric models, and coupling coordination models, this study attempts to identify the direct and indirect effects of the proportion of rubber-planted areas and the indications of population urbanization using panel data of counties on Hainan Island, explaining the mechanism. The results show that rubber plantations dominated by state-owned farms weakly impacted farmers' income in 1992-2002 (first phrase), and the effects became positive in the period of smallholding expansions from 2003 to 2013 (second phrase) at a statistically significant level of 10%. However, the effects became negative between 2013 and 2020 (third phrase) due to the continuously low prices of natural rubber compared to the second phrase; the regions with higher share of rubber plantations had less local fiscal revenues per capita—especially in the third phrase—mainly because of the short industrial chain of rubber in producing regions. Shares of rubber-planted areas in the city or county (defined as rubber-planted intensity, RPI) were negatively related to proportions of staff in the non-private sector (SNS) and nonrural employees (NRE) compared to people with jobs and census registered population urbanization rates (PUR). The reversed connections between RPI and NRE became weaker over time; a 10-percentage point increase in PRI might have led to a 10.3-percentage point decrease in NRE in the first phrase, but it reduced to 3.3 percentage points in NRE with no statistical significance in the third phrase. Conversely, the negative correlation of RPI with SNS and PUR became stronger from the first to third phrase; the farmers' income and local fiscal revenue could ease the negative relationships between RPI and SNS or NRE, but they turned to enhance the relation of RPI with PUR in the second and third phrase. The evidence from Moran's I and Geary's c indices proved the existence of obvious spatial correlations in the distribution of natural rubber and farmers' income and indicated that GDP per capita and other variables are also spatially related. The estimated spatial panel data models with adjacent, geographical and economical distance matrices indicated that the direct influences of RPI on SNS, NRE, and PUR were almost negative in all phrases, but the spillover and total effects can be positive in some situations, such as in the second phrase with adjacent and geographical distance matrices of PUR; this means that an increase in rubber-planted areas may promote nonfarm job market of adjacent regions mainly due to rural labor mobility. The coupling coordination degrees between the intensity of rubber planted and population urbanization of Haikou and Sanya reach 0.96 and 0.87, respectively, in the second and third phrases—much higher than those of other regions. Compared to the first phrase, the margin of increases in the degrees of coupling coordination in the second and third phrases are reducing from the east to west in Hainan Island. The key routes to mitigate the negative links are to improve labor productivity and extend the industrial chain of natural rubber along with the nonfarm job creation, and Hainan's population urbanization should consider many other possible angles across the island.

In the context of global rural decline, fostering endogenous momentum through rural transformation to increase farmers’ incomes is a challenge that nations worldwide must address. This study utilizes the 2022 “China Rural Micro-Economic Data” to construct a multidimensional rural transformation index system at the village level, encompassing demographic, land, industrial, social, digital, and ecological transformations. This study evaluates the levels of rural transformation across 15 surveyed provinces in China. Furthermore, it empirically examines the impact of rural transformation on farmers’ incomes, the underlying mechanisms, and the heterogeneity of different transformation models. The findings are as follows: (1) Coastal economically developed regions exhibit higher levels of rural transformation, while inland agricultural provinces show significant lag; (2) Rural transformation effectively promotes the upgrading of agricultural value chains, increases farmers’ market participation, and enhances their access to financial services, thereby boosting farmers’ incomes; and (3) The impact of different transformation models on farmers’ incomes varies significantly; industrial, social, and demographic transformations contribute most prominently to income growth. While digital transformation shows some positive effects, it remains relatively limited. Land and ecological transformations have yet to demonstrate a significant positive impact on farmers’ incomes.

Research aims: Pranatamangsa calendar serves as a local wisdom genius to determine agricultural accounting for farmers' income. Design/Methodology/Approach: A qualitative method with an eco-phenomenology approach was used to reveal season markers. Research findings: Agricultural accounting presence through yield calculation embodies Farmer Exchange Value as income, with the use of pranatamangsa to increase harvest. This calculation is based on the calculation of planting costs to make the cost components that can be calculated, namely input and output costs to be managed by farmers as a formulation of farmer income, which is about costs paid (Ib) with prices received (It) added to the season factor as cost-revenue exchange rate determinants. Theoretical contribution/Originality: Agricultural accounting becomes an aspect based on concern for setting seasons. Disclosure or reporting of seasons through pranatamangsa agricultural accounting reports is the cost-revenue exchange rate as farmer income. Practitioner/Policy implication: The formulation that becomes farming income is multiplying the paddy production amount by the selling price of paddy per ton. The formulation considers the season factor as a determinant of harvest production. This formulation produces integrated, relevant agricultural accounting information based on season markers. Research limitation/Implication: It is necessary to further develop the results of public awareness as a form of the presence of agricultural accounting. Furthermore, research methods can use a positivist approach with harvest variable determinants. In addition, descriptive, causal, and qualitative studies can use ethnomethodology or phenomenology based on participant observation as a complete source.

We present representative survey data from 1,542 Swiss citizens. Data were collected across the three largest Swiss language regions (German, French and Italian) in autumn 2022. In the main part of the survey, we collected qualitative and quantitative data on their perception of agricultural policy goals and potential trade-offs. For this, participants were first asked to name the three most important agricultural policy goals. Next, they rated eight pre-defined agricultural policy goals for importance and how much budget they would allocate to the pursuit of each goal if they were to decide about the governmental budget or subsidies. For the goal conflicts, the eight goals were combined into 16 conflicting pairs, where participants were to decide which of the conflicting goals they preferred. Further, we collected information regarding who citizens considered as responsible for achieving agricultural policy goals. The survey was also used to collect personal information about the participating citizens including information such as gender, age, education level, place of residence or whether participant had (previous) work experience in agriculture and how they placed themselves regarding their political orientation on a left-right scale. We further collected behavioural data including diet, that is, meat consumption frequency and shopping behaviour, where we asked participants what attributes were important for them when buying food. At the end of the survey, we used existing and new scales to measure participants’ perception of farmers, meat commitment and their perception regarding animal welfare and environmental protection using the Ecological Welfare Scale. For this study, ethical approval was obtained from ETH Zurich ethical commission (application EK-2022-N-174).

Potato is a major food crop and characteristic industry in Dingxi City. On the basis of summarizing relevant documents, the development situation of potato industry in Dingxi City was expounded. From the perspective of rural residents per capita disposable income, through partial correlation test and path analysis method, the effect of increasing farmers' income on the development of potato industry was revealed. The potato market price had a significant positive correlation with the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and direct path coefficient was 0.517 1; the labor input had a significant negative correlation with the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and the direct path coefficient was -0.411 7. The influence of the total potato yield and the potato production cost was secondary to the potato market price, with the direct path coefficients of 0.140 6 and 0.097 2, respectively. Finally, It was proposed to further increase policy support, enhance the ability of industrial management organization to promote farmers' employment and income, strengthen scientific research and innovation, and explore the value of potato industry, so as to promote the development of potato industry in Dingxi City and increase farmers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population urbanization is the core of new urbanization in China and is an important task in the long term. Based on mediation effect models, spatial panel data econometric models, and coupling coordination models, this study attempts to identify the direct and indirect effects of the proportion of rubber-planted areas and the indications of population urbanization using panel data of counties on Hainan Island, explaining the mechanism. The results show that rubber plantations dominated by state-owned farms weakly impacted farmers' income in 1992-2002 (first phrase), and the effects became positive in the period of smallholding expansions from 2003 to 2013 (second phrase) at a statistically significant level of 10%. However, the effects became negative between 2013 and 2020 (third phrase) due to the continuously low prices of natural rubber compared to the second phrase; the regions with higher share of rubber plantations had less local fiscal revenues per capita--especially in the third phrase--mainly because of the short industrial chain of rubber in producing regions. Shares of rubber-planted areas in the city or county (defined as rubber-planted intensity, RPI) were negatively related to proportions of staff in the non-private sector (SNS) and nonrural employees (NRE) compared to people with jobs and census registered population urbanization rates (PUR). The reversed connections between RPI and NRE became weaker over time; a 10-percentage point increase in PRI might have led to a 10.3-percentage point decrease in NRE in the first phrase, but it reduced to 3.3 percentage points in NRE with no statistical significance in the third phrase. Conversely, the negative correlation of RPI with SNS and PUR became stronger from the first to third phrase; the farmers' income and local fiscal revenue could ease the negative relationships between RPI and SNS or NRE, but they turned to enhance the relation of RPI with PUR in the second and third phrase. The evidence from Moran's I and Geary's c indices proved the existence of obvious spatial correlations in the distribution of natural rubber and farmers' income and indicated that GDP per capita and other variables are also spatially related. The estimated spatial panel data models with adjacent, geographical and economical distance matrices indicated that the direct influences of RPI on SNS, NRE, and PUR were almost negative in all phrases, but the spillover and total effects can be positive in some situations, such as in the second phrase with adjacent and geographical distance matrices of PUR; this means that an increase in rubber-planted areas may promote nonfarm job market of adjacent regions mainly due to rural labor mobility. The coupling coordination degrees between the intensity of rubber planted and population urbanization of Haikou and Sanya reach 0.96 and 0.87, respectively, in the second and third phrases--much higher than those of other regions. Compared to the first phrase, the margin of increases in the degrees of coupling coordination in the second and third phrases are reducing from the east to west in Hainan Island. The key routes to mitigate the negative links are to improve labor productivity and extend the industrial chain of natural rubber along with the nonfarm job creation, and Hainan's population urbanization should consider many other possible angles across the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Agribusiness / Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uses Chinese rural household data to examine the relationship between environmental regulation and farmers' income. The study found that environmental regulation has the most apparent promotion effect on farmers' agricultural production income. However, the effects on self-employment and non-farm employment are insignificant. In addition, the increase in agricultural green total factor productivity is a channel for environmental regulation to promote agricultural production income. The stronger the farmers' awareness of environmental protection, the more significant the effect of environmental regulation on agricultural production income increase. In China, the effect of environmental regulations on farmers' income from agricultural production is most significant in the central region, followed by the eastern region. In the western region, environmental regulations do not affect agricultural production income. Finally, we discuss the different impacts of industrial and agricultural environmental regulations on farmers' income. Results show that agricultural environmental regulation affects agricultural production income. By contrast, industrial environmental regulations affect farmers' self-employment and non-farm income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study identifies determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation and evaluates their impact on households' welfare. In this study, we collected 175 cross‐sectional household data and employed a probit regression model to identify the determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation. The study estimates the impact of market participation on households' income and per capita consumption using the propensity score matching approach (PSM). Subsequently, the study used the endogenous switch regression (ESR) model to control sample selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity. ESR also evaluates the robustness of PSM outcomes. Results from PSM and ESR approaches suggest that vegetable market participation positively and significantly impacts smallholders' income and consumption expenditure. The study rejects the null hypothesis that vegetable market participation does not significantly impact farmers' welfare. Results show that vegetable market participation increases the farmers' monthly income and annual per capita consumption expenditure on average by Indian rupee (INR) 8360 and INR 26,410, respectively. Findings also indicate that household size, distance to market, off‐farm income, access to training, price information, vehicle ownership, and storage systems are critical determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation. Identified determinants may support policymakers in designing suitable agricultural marketing policies to reduce market entry barriers and motivate farmers for market participation. [EconLit Citations: Q13, D60]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government encourages coffee farmers to take organic coffee certification as a means to show a high production quality, and hence, a higher farmers’ income. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of such a certification on smallholder famers’ income. The study involves 60 randomly-selected smallholder farmers consisting of 30 organic coffee farmers from the robusta-producing Nunggal Roso Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan) in the Temanggung district of Central Java and 30 non-organic coffee farmers from the same district. Interviews were undertaken by use of a structured questionnaire in 2020. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed to analyse the mean-difference between the two groups of farmers. The results show that the two groups have no statistically-significant differences in gross income, total expenses, net income and return per working-person day (WPD). To ensure that organic certification means increased income for smallholder farmers, higher productivity, availability of price premiums and more effective government programs are recommended.

This paper examines the impact of high-standard basic farmland construction on farmers’ income in China using panel data at the provincial level from 2006 to 2021. The study aims to provide insights into the relationship between high-standard basic farmland construction and farmers’ income by employing a difference-in-differences model. The research background of this study is rooted in the importance of agricultural development and rural income improvement in China. As the agricultural sector plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and rural stability, it is essential to explore the effects of high-standard basic farmland construction on farmers’ income. The primary objective of this research is to estimate the impact of high-standard basic farmland construction on farmers’ income and to identify any heterogeneity in this relationship across different regions and income levels. By analyzing the baseline regression results, the study finds a significant positive effect of high-standard basic farmland construction on farmers’ income. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship, the study conducts further analysis on the impact pathways. The findings suggest that high-standard basic farmland construction enhances farmers’ income through improvements in agricultural production conditions, land transfer levels, and the cultivation of new agricultural management entities. Furthermore, the study explores the role of high-standard basic farmland construction in grain-producing and non-grain-producing regions. In grain-producing regions, high-standard basic farmland construction primarily increases farmers’ income from family-operated businesses. Conversely, in non-grain-producing regions, it predominantly boosts farmers’ income from wages and property. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of the impact of high-standard basic farmland construction on farmers’ income in China. The findings highlight the importance of promoting high-standard basic farmland construction for rural income improvement, with implications for agricultural policies and rural development strategies.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)