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Introducing sustainability by a reduction in chemical input has added value to technology innovations, especially in the leather fatliquoring process. Major concern of sustainable leather fatliquoring process lies in factors like usage of natural oil, avoidance of hazardous substances and reduction in organic load to the environment. Due to their special features, such as their ease of preparation and environmental friendliness, Pickering emulsions and their applications have received significant attention in recent years. The present study reports a novel sustainable leather fatliquoring process by usage of hybrid particles (alumina coated with silica) stabilised Pickering emulsions as fatliquor instead of conventional sulphated oil based fatliquor. Eco fatliquoring agent with a particular choice of vegetable oil stabilised by hybrid alumina functionalised with silica (Al-O-SiO 2)/ hybrid nanoparticles through Pickering emulsion was reported. During the post tanning process, the uses of this developed fatliquoring agent causes a reduction in the 30% of fatliquoring agent input and 40% reduction in dye input. The presence of alumina nanoparticles resulted in an immediate improvement of the abrasion resistance, softness, and physical properties of the crust leather. Utilizing hybrid particles (Al-O-Si) as a stabiliser readily improves the uptake of other post tanning chemicals. Thus, the prepared fatliquoring agent suitably softened the leather and significantly improved the mechanical properties, light fastness, and fullness with the reduction in the pollution load. To divulge the sustainability of the fatliquoring process, the sustainability analysis for the developed product was analyzed and presented. As compared to the conventional fatliquoring process the E factor of the experimental process was estimated to be lower (at a value of 0.25) which indicates minimum emissions. Based on cost estimation, leather fatliquoring is economically viable when using the prepared fatliquoring agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, collagen hydrolyzate was obtained from bovine shaving wastes of leather production with the alkali hydrolysis reaction. Total amino acid, total carbon and total nitrogen amounts of liquid collagen hydrolyzate (CH) were determined. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of collagen hydrolyzate was performed. Obtained CH was emulsified with hydrogenated castor and amino functional silicone oils to prepare lubricating protein filler (LPF). Particle size and zeta potential of the LPF were analyzed. 10%, 15%, and 20% LPF was used in the retanning/fatliquoring process of chromium tanned bovine leathers. Performance characterizations of leathers treated with LPFs were carried out with tensile strength, tear strength, filling efficiency, light fastness, shrinkage, and denaturation temperature analyses. Moreover, bounded fat content in leather was also determined. Results showed the increased thermal stability, strength performance and good filling effect in leather by application of the prepared LPF. Consequently, LPF had a good potential as natural retanning/fatliquoring agent via achieving reuse of the solid leather wastes and providing satisfactory leather properties and cleaner production by one product itself.

"Fatliquor" is the most widely used wet chemical applied in the form of an emulsion at the end process of leather tanning. It keeps the leather soft, smooth, light, and heat fasting by preventing the fibrils from the aggregation and filling the voids. It pronounces most effectively on the softness, tensile properties, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. Here this review article represents different fatliquors, its formation, applications and contemporary developments, and new challenges in producing the environment-friendly fatliquors. Applications of new novel classes of multifunctional fatliquors with excellent surface activities, biodegradability, antifungal, antimicrobial properties which are the keys to the effective fatliquoring have been focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, collagen hydrolyzate was obtained from bovine shaving wastes of leather production with the alkali hydrolysis reaction. Total amino acid, total carbon and total nitrogen amounts of liquid collagen hydrolyzate (CH) were determined. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of collagen hydrolyzate was performed. Obtained CH was emulsified with hydrogenated castor and amino functional silicone oils to prepare lubricating protein filler (LPF). Particle size and zeta potential of the LPF were analyzed. 10%, 15%, and 20% LPF was used in the retanning/fatliquoring process of chromium tanned bovine leathers. Performance characterizations of leathers treated with LPFs were carried out with tensile strength, tear strength, filling efficiency, light fastness, shrinkage, and denaturation temperature analyses. Moreover, bounded fat content in leather was also determined. Results showed the increased thermal stability, strength performance and good filling effect in leather by application of the prepared LPF. Consequently, LPF had a good potential as natural retanning/fatliquoring agent via achieving reuse of the solid leather wastes and providing satisfactory leather properties and cleaner production by one product itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leather industry has been looking for alternatives to minimize its environmental impacts, including studies to reduce the pollution load of liquid effluents from the leather process. Although studies reducing the supply of chemicals have already indicated optimized offers of fatliquoring and retanning agents, the effect of the scale-up of these optimized conditions on effluents and the quality of the leather remains unknown. This study aims to reduce the pollution load of post-tanning effluents by reducing leather chemicals supply. Tests were performed on pilot and industrial scales, reducing the offer of retanners and fatliquors in two levels: 19% and 26%. The effluents were tested for pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, sulfate, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The leather was tested for organoleptic properties and physical-mechanical tests. The reduction of chemicals allowed the depletion of the raw wastewater pollution load. The leather obtained showed a quality within the established standards. Besides, post-tanning formulation costs were reduced by 24%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphoteric functional polymers containing anionic and cationic groups have the advantages of pH‐responsive function, self‐assembly, and anti‐polyelectrolyte effect, which have been diffusely applied in the healthcare industry, leather area, and so forth. Very recently, with the development of organic chrome‐free tanned ecological leather manufacturing technology, the anionic retanning and fatliquoring agents for traditional chrome tanning system have gradually lost their dominant position due to the weak interactions between positively charged collagen fibers and negatively charged wet finishing auxiliaries, resulting in a series of problems such as low dye uptake, uneven dyeing, and so forth. To address this issue, recent researches have been devoted to developing amphoteric polymers for leather retanning and fatliquoring processes. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the preparation and application of amphoteric materials for leather retanning and fatliquoring agents. With the perspective of their properties, current challenges, and outlook in the future, crafting functional and environmentally friendly amphoteric materials are further put forward. The development and application of amphoteric polymer wet finishing auxiliaries will greatly promote the integrated manufacturing of ecological leather, and further motivate the upgrading, transformation, and sustainable development of the traditional leather industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, collagen hydrolysate from bovine shaving wastes of leather production with the alkali hydrolysis reaction was emulsified with amino functional silicone oils to prepare lubricating natural polymer (LNP). Particle size and zeta potential of the LNP were measured. Prepared LNP was used in the fatliquoring step of chromium tanned bovine leathers. Contact angle of the leather surfaces with water were employed to study hydrophobicity of treated leather. The water absorption behavior of leather was determined by dynamic water resistance (penetrometer test) and static water resistance tests (kubelka water up-take). Performance characterizations of leathers were carried out with tensile strength, tear strength, filling efficiency and water vapour permeability (WVP) analyses. The contact angle measurements showed that the hydrophilic property of leather surface decreased after LNP treatment. Both dynamic and static water absorption behaviour was lowered while the WVP of leathers was not significantly affected negatively except of 20% LNP. Only 20% LNP application slightly decreased the WVP of leathers. Moreover, new lubricating agent provided satisfactory strength performance and good filling effect on leathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black coloured materials and consumer goods are known to be heating up more, because they absorb sun radiation more than light colours. This heating is a problem for the users for black automotive or motorcycle leathers and also for dark shoes and boots which are exposed to sun heat. Human vision system can distinguish visible colours between the wavelengths of 390-700 nm. So reflecting the sun radiation in the infrared area of radiation spectrum higher than 700nm, is a solution for heating problem without affecting the visible colour. For this reason IR reflective dyes and pigments are designed. A leading Leather Chemical Company has developed an IR reflecting dyeing system for leather keeping the dark coloured leathers cooler under sun radiation. Additionally in theory, fat and water content of leather affects its heating properties. In this study, effect of natural, synthetic and waterproof fatliquoring systems on heating properties of leathers coloured with IR reflective dyes and pigments are investigated.

In this work, an amidated hydroxylated ricinoleic acid (MRH) was developed from natural ricinoleic acid and commercially available thioglycerol and monoethanolamine by simple and efficient thiol-ene click and amidation reactions. The resulting MRH was subsequently used as an environmentally friendly, low-misting fatliquor for premium automotive interior leathers. In addition, theoretical speculations using molecular dynamics simulations and routine experimental methods for determining the misting resistance and the percentage of free oil in the MRH-treated leather were systematically investigated. The hydroxyl groups and the amide group within MRH are able to form firm chemical bonds with collagen fibers of the leather, as evidenced by higher E binding (122.84 kcal/mol) and lower diffusion coefficient (0.000095 Å2/ps) obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, the lower free oil content (11.42%), and the lower misting value (4.82 mg) of MRH-treated leather. Therefore, the MRH fatliquoring agent did not migrate out of the collagen fibers. Overall, bio-derived ricinoleic acid can be modified to enable the design of sustainable fatliquors for low-misting-value automotive upholstery leather. Furthermore, the fatliquoring effluent was also biodegradable, all of which contributed to a cleaner production of leather fatliquor. [Display omitted] • MRH was developed with ricinoleic acid by a simple and efficient thiol-ene click reaction and an amidation reaction. • A methodology was established to investigate the influence of MRH on the misting value of the fatliquored leather. • The low-misting fatliquor MRH was environmentally friendly and can be used for high-grade automotive interior leather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of research non manufacturing of waterproof leather for shoe upper is to find the best formula in producing waterproof cow hide leather for shoe uppers. Today, the tanners trying their best effort to fulfill the shoes. The research used salted raw cow hide 18 sides were utilized. Leather treatment process begining with soaking stage up to tanning stage and using the same formula in each treatment. In the fatliquoring stage, the treatment varied in the number of fatliquoring chemical material were 8,10, and 12 % respectively. Whereas, the amount of was silicon added in the dyeing process were 5,7.5, and 10 % respectively. The quality of the leather was physically examined accordance with testing method of ISO. 8782- 1998 € and DIN standard. The results performed that the best formula was sample with addition of fatliquoring 12 % and silicon5%.

The present work focused on the synthesis and characterization of two different nanosilica (named NS-1 and NS-2) particles for use with lubricant in fatliquoring leather. NS-1 was prepared in a base-catalyzed reaction at room temperature via a sol-gel-based eco-friendly approach, while NS-2 was synthesized using the bi-functional silane coupling agents in an acid-catalyzed medium at 60 °C. After the NS particles in different contents are added separately to the lubricant (coded NSL-1 and NSL-2), they were applied to leather as a nanosilica-filled lubricant for fatliquoring leather. NS-1 particles with an amorphous and spherical-shaped structure had better thermal stability (at 700–900 °C), a smaller particle size of 150 nm, and particle size distribution, and good wettability properties due to its lower contact angle of 29° than NS-2 particles. NSL-1 containing 10% uniform nanosilica particles was determined to provide well isolation and inter-fibrillar opening in fibrous structures by the SEM analysis. Compared to the others, NS-1- filled lubricant gave a good lubrication effect and exhibited enhancing better and strong the fibrous network structure of the leather consisting of very thin and tight collagen fibers. Also, the leathers treated with NS-1- filled lubricant showed that they can be exhibited better tensile strength, percentage extension, good touching, and fat uptake. The prepared NS particle via a greener sol-gel approach proved a filling effect on the leather and can be used for application in the leather industry as a lubrication agent due to their good properties. [Display omitted] • Fatliquoring is of great importance for leather production. • NS particles synthesized with an ecofriendly approach are mixed with the lubricant and applied to the leather. • Leathers treated with NSL show better physico-mechanical properties. • NSL can be a promising new fatliquoring agent in the leather industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the moisture absorption-desorption kinetics of leather, a natural collagen fibrous structure, by the application of Vickerstaff’s method that enables to determine the diffusion coefficient of dyes in fibres, to the diffusion coefficient of moisture in leather. Leather has been fatliquored and finished in order to evaluate the effect of these treatments on moisture diffusion. Samples were subjected to ascending and descending steps of relative humidity, to cause absorption/desorption of moisture in leather. The amount of moisture absorbed/desorbed is measured as regain (% odw). At each step, the final regain (at equilibrium) X, the half absorption/desorption time t1/2, the ratio X1/2/t1/2, being X1/2=X/2 that corresponds to the diffusion rate were calculated. Following Vickerstaff’s method, the maximum slope of the normalized absorption plot X(t)/X vs. √t enabled us to derive the square root of the apparent coefficient of diffusion DA which is based on the % of moisture absorbed/desorbed by a unit of sample mass per unit of time. Hysteresis depends on the water activity (RH%/100) of the environment and points out the energy at which the moisture absorbed at this humidity level is linked to the substrate. The higher the relative humidity, the lower the bonding energy of moisture. At lower water activities, the absorbed moisture is linked to collagen as primary water. The comparison of the regain in desorption Xd vs. regain in sorption Xa at different humidity levels yields the hysteresis at each humidity level: Hyst (%) - 100 * (Xd-Xa)ZXa. Fatliquors mainly affect the maximum sorption capacity of leather, decrease the size of the monolayer although they make the bonding energy ascend. Significant differences in the apparent diffusion coefficients between fatliquors have been observed. The highest coefficients were those of sulphited triglycerides of colza oil and sulphited fish oil, while the lowest were those given by the non fatliquored leather and that fatliquored by the combination of sulphited triglycerides of colza oil and fatty polymer. As regards the effect of finishing according to the relative humidity, finishing enhances the diffusion coefficient in the intermediate range of humidities between 30 and 65% while differences decrease at the extreme values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact angles of pure water, partially sulphated groundnut oil and different surfactant solutions on glass, Stainless Steel, Teflon and different other polymer surfaces have been measured. The contact angles of oil on various surfaces underwater and under different surfactant solutions were also measured. These two contact angles have been found to be linearly related with a slope close to 1. However, the underwater contact angles have been found to deviate significantly from the prediction based on Young's equations which have been attributed to the possible modifications of the surfaces underwater due to adsorption of surfactants. Based on the observed oil underwater contact angles, comparative efficiencies of fatliquoring have been obtained. Weight gain measurements in various fatliquoring solutions containing surfactants and oil have been carried out with the wet blue leather samples. The results show that the contact angle of oil underwater correlates well with the efficiency of leather wetting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this research was the application of compounds based on vegetable oils, not chemically modified, for leather fatliquoring. Emulsions were obtained by using mechanical mixing natural oils with emulsifiers. Oils were not chemically modified. Oils used in the study contain large amounts of double bonds which should provide a good binding to the fat in the leather. Properties of the obtained emulsions were defined, as well as those of fatliquored leather. Researches showed that the way in which emulsions are prepared influences their stability. It was also stated that properties of fatliquored leather (crust) with researched emulsions are similar to properties of crust treated with commercial products, among others, chemically modified natural fats. It seems that with fats with high iodine value, the softness of the leather is similar. Despite the fact, that unbound fat content in leather fatliquored with commercial products was higher than in leather fatliquored with vegetable fats with high iodine value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is a need for effective cleaner alternative emulsification methods for fats like tallow in aqueous dispersion using aqueous solvents like water. In the present study, ultrasound has been used as a tool for preparation of fatliquor emulsion using tallow fat, eliminating the conventional sulfation process with judicial use of emulsifying agents. The applicability has been examined by utilizing the emulsified fat in leather fatliquoring process. The effect of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power, amount of fat and amount of emulsifiers (anionic and non-ionic) has been studied and compared to control process (magnetic stirring at ∼60 °C). Thermal analysis of tallow as inferred from Differential scanning calorimetry and Thermo gravimetric analysis indicates high thermal stability up to 372 °C. Fat content in leather has been analyzed and the results show emulsions prepared using anionic emulsifier yielded better fat uptake in leather. Under optimized conditions ultrasound process yielded 81% and 87% fat emulsion as compared to 70% and 67% for control process using anionic and non-ionic surfactants respectively. Strength property analysis of leather fatliquored with tallow emulsion prepared with ultrasound is either better or comparable to that of control process. The emulsion stability of ultrasonically prepared fat emulsion has been found to be good. The results indicate that ultrasound could be effectively utilized even dispensing with external heating in the preparation of emulsion using tallow fat for leather fatliquor application or any other generic oils/fats treatment processes with potential scale-up options. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ester synthesized based on oleic acid, and isoamyl alcohol. The factors are affecting the output of the ester, such as temperature, molar ratios of selected components. Spectroscopic analysis is infrared of the ester. The ester is including available raw materials, and expands the range of natural leather fattening substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing green processes in wet finishing (including tanning, retanning, and fatliquoring) has become a big concern in the leather industry. Although the development of chrome-free tanning agents has made great contributions to the cleaner production of leather in recent years, the retanning and fatliquoring processes matched with this promising system still have many disadvantages, such as low compatibility, complex processes, and high pollution. Here, a novel multifunctional amphoteric polyurethane (RAWPU, an amphoteric polyurethane modified by ricinoleic acid) was synthesized and applied in the processing of chrome-free tanned leather. As a result, this product has not only the retanning characteristics of leather but also the lubrication characteristics of leather, thus integrating the traditional retanning and fatliquoring processes into one step. In addition, the hygienic performance of leather treated with RAWPU is better than that of the leather treated by commercial agents. More interestingly, compared with commercial agents which are nondegradable, RAWPU synthesized in this work easily degrades. This work is of great significance to the practical production of leather. [Display omitted] • RAWPU can highly match the promising green organic chrome free leather. • The application of RAWPU can intergrate the leather retanning and fatliquoring processes. • Most of the leather's key parameters were largely improved after RAWPU treatment. • The good degradability of RAWPU can further promote the cleaner production of leather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ultrasound is a sound wave with a frequency above the human audible range of 16Hz to 16kHz. In recent years, numerous unit operations involving physical as well as chemical processes are reported to have been enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation. There have been benefits such as improvement in process efficiency, process time reduction, performing the processes under milder conditions and avoiding the use of some toxic chemicals to achieve cleaner processing. These could be a better way of augmentation for the processes as an advanced technique. The important point here is that ultrasonic irradiation is physical method activation rather than using chemical entities. Detailed studies have been made in the unit operations related to leather such as diffusion rate enhancement through porous leather matrix, cleaning, degreasing, tanning, dyeing, fatliquoring, oil–water emulsification process and solid–liquid tannin extraction from vegetable tanning materials as well as in precipitation reaction in wastewater treatment. The fundamental mechanism involved in these processes is ultrasonic cavitation in liquid media. In addition to this there also exist some process specific mechanisms for the enhancement of the processes. For instance, possible real-time reversible pore-size changes during ultrasound propagation through skin/leather matrix could be a reason for diffusion rate enhancement in leather processing as reported for the first time. Exhaustive scientific research work has been carried out in this area by our group working in Chemical Engineering Division of CLRI and most of these benefits have been proven with publications in valued peer-reviewed international journals. The overall results indicate that about 2–5-fold increase in the process efficiency due to ultrasound under the given process conditions for various unit operations with additional benefits. Scale-up studies are underway for converting these concepts in to a real viable larger scale operation. In the present paper, summary of our research findings from employing this technique in various unit operations such as cleaning, diffusion, emulsification, particle-size reduction, solid–liquid leaching (tannin and natural dye extraction) as well as precipitation has been presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, power ultrasound has taken a significant place in chemical and physical activities of the process industries as an effective and non-polluting method of activation. Oil in water emulsions known as fatliquors are used for the lubrication of tanned leather fibres to get softness and also to improve the strength properties. In the present study, ultrasound has been used as a tool for the preparation of fatliquor emulsion for application in leather fatliquoring process. An emulsion is a fine dispersion of one liquid in another liquid. Sulphation is one of the common methods followed to prepare fatliquor emulsion where sulphuric acid is used. In the conventional process, emulsifying agent is also added to increase the stability of oil in water emulsions. The emulsifying agents generally used are chemicals or metal soaps. The potential use of ultrasound in the preparation of stable oil in water emulsions dispensing with sulphation process and with the minimum use of emulsifying agent has been studied and reported in this paper. This process enjoys the benefit of less pollution load in the form of chemical entities. The studies included the effect of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power and amount of oil used. Fatliquor emulsion prepared using ultrasound has been applied in leather fatliquoring process and the strength properties of the leathers were assessed. Emulsion particle size, which is another important parameter for diffusion through leather, has been measured using Laser Diffraction Technique. The stability of the ultrasonically prepared fatliquor emulsion has been found to be good. The results indicate that ultrasound could be effectively utilized in the preparation of non-ionic fatliquor emulsion eliminating sulphuric acid and impart required properties in leather. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Leather production requires several steps. Among the steps, beam house operations have the purpose of cleaning and preparing the hide structure to improve tanning. During these operations, the natural fats are removed, in order to prevent undesired reactions as well as to increase the reaction sites for tanning. The removal of natural fats has disadvantages: the fibers stick together, which makes the leather become stiff. To avoid this, after tanning the leather is submitted to a fatliquoring step. Fatliquoring makes the leather softer by adding an oil layer to the fibrils. The objective is to analyze quantitatively the fats removed from hides, to develop a way of reusing them in leather fatliquoring and to evaluate fatliquoring absorption. This study shows a way to use the natural fats removed from the skins in the beam house operations in the fatliquoring, thereby, transforming a waste stream into a valuable resource. This process integration can increase profitability and reduce environmental impacts, which are a large concern in the leather industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Comprehensive promotion of chrome-free organic tanning system has become an inevitable trend for cleaner production in leather manufacturing industry. However, the imbalance of interface charge between conventional anionic wet finishing material and organic tanned leather leads to poor quality of finished leather. Herein, a novel amphoteric polymer P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) as retanning and fatliquoring dual-functional wet finishing material was prepared by free radical polymerization using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) dodecyl ammonium bromide (C 12 DM) as raw materials in an aqueous system and further applied in TWS organic tanned leather. Comprehensive structural and performance characterization of P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) confirmed the presence of amphoteric groups and hydrophobic long chains in its structure. Number average molecular weight and isoelectric point were determined to be 6396 g mol−1 and 5.16, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties, morphology of the P (AA-AM-C 12 DM)-treated leather, and their reactivities to anionic dye were investigated. The effect of hydrogen bond and ionic bond, which resulted from reactions between the carboxyl groups, amide groups, cation N+ in P (AA-AM-C 12 DM), and the pendant amino groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups from collagen fibers, benefitted in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of crust leather and their reactivity to anionic dye. Moreover, P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) showed remarkable environmental benefits compared to the commercial fatliquor, by significantly promoting dye absorption as high as 96.57%. These findings provide a potential application of P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) to coordinate well with an ecological chrome-free organic tanning system, significantly promoting the cleaner production in the leather industry. [Display omitted] • P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) polymer with retanning and fatliquoring dual-function was prepared. • The preparation process was completed in an aqueous system. • P (AA-AM-C 12 DM) has remarkable environmental benefits by promoting dye absorption. • The polymer simplifies process, saves chemicals, and reduces wastewater discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dispersibility of layered double hydroxide(LDH) was improved by a simple aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment(AMOST) method. • MZBMSO/O-LDH composites significantly improved the thermal stability of leather. • The combustible gas product released during thermal decomposition of leather was significantly reduced. • The leather with excellent flame retardant was prepared and the safety of leather products was improved. High flammability has always been a limiting factor for leather products. Herein, a new strategy that chose zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil(ZBMSO) and aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment(AMOST) modified layered double hydroxide(O-LDH) were used to prepare flame retardant leather in this work. Firstly, O-LDH was prepared through acetone organic modified layered double hydroxide led to a better dispersion, then the modified zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil(MZBMSO)/O-LDH composites was obtained by used O-LDH and MZBMSO through in-situ method. Finally, MZBMSO/O-LDH composites were applied to the leather fatliquoring processing, and tested the flame retardant of leather. The thermal stability of leather was effectively improved with composites, and the combustible gas released during thermal decomposition of leather decreases obviously. Limit oxygen index (LOI) value of leather reached 28.3%, the smoke density value dropped 68% to 9.28%/min. The dispersion of LDH was improved by a simple aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment method and prepared the leather with excellent flame retardant, it reduced the release of toxic gases and improved the safety of leather products. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the manufacturing of leather from lambskins, skin degreasing is an important preliminary stage in which excess fats are removed. A new solvent-phase degreasing process, which leads to a complete recovery of extracted fats, has been studied and scaled up in our laboratory. In this paper, we study the characteristics of these extracted fatty substances that have not been reported previously. Extracted fats which, up to now, were considered waste, can be used. Different methods have been proposed for their possible utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]