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This review presents the main modern ideas about the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in teleost fishes and about the genes encoding key enzymes, desaturases and elongases, involved in this process. The authors summarized basic information about the set of elongases and desaturases genes and the features of their functioning in the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, as the most studied and valuable commercial salmon species. The data can be used when conducting research to improve and modify the biotechnology of fish farming with the possibility of targeted regulation of lipogenesis (primarily to control the content of essential FAs) in their body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bamboo is an important nontimber forestry product worldwide, while growth, development and geographic distribution of bamboo are often affected by abiotic stresses. Fatty acid desaturases have important roles in regulating plant abiotic stress tolerance, especially low-temperature. However, there is no report on genome-wide of FAD genes in bamboo under abiotic stresses. Results: A toltal of 43 PeFAD genes were identified in moso bamboo genome, which were unevenly located in 17 scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PeFAD genes were divided into 6 groups and ADS/FAD5 group was absence in momo bamboo, and gene structure and histidine-motifs remained highly conserved in each group. The expansion of PeFAD genes was mainly caused by tandem and segmental duplications of SAD/FAB2 group. We also identified 59 types of miRNAs targeting PeFAD genes. RNA-seq data indicated that PeFAD genes were transcribed in various organs/tissues with different degrees, and responded to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, including cold, salt, drought, SA, ABA, BR, NAA and GA. Co-expression analysis under cold stress showed that PeCBF3 might directly bind the promoter of top cold-responsive PeSLD1 gene that contained LTR cis-element and DRE core element. The qRT-PCR assay also validated the expression pattern of PeSLD1 and its upstream regulatory gene PeCBF3. Conclusion: In this study, we performed comprehensive genome-wide survey of PeFAD genes in moso bamboo and analyzed their expression patterns in various tissues and organs, and under abiotic stresses and phytohormones treatment. The qRT-PCR assay validated the cold inducibility of PeSLD1 and PeCBF3. This work showed critical roles of PeFAD genes in abiotic stresses responses. This is the first report on genome-wide analysis of PeFAD genes in moso bamboo, which will provide critical gene resources for molecular breeding of stress-toleranct moso bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is essential for plant growth and development and plant defence response. Although flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oil and fibre crop, but its FAD gene remains understudied. This study identified 43 LuFAD genes in the flax genome. The phylogenetic analysis divided the FAD genes into seven subfamilies. LuFAD is unevenly distributed on 15 chromosomes, and fragment duplication is the only driving force for the amplification of the LuFAD gene family. In the LuFAD gene promoter region, most elements respond to plant hormones (MeJA, ABA) and abiotic stresses (anaerobic and low temperature). The expression pattern analysis showed that the temporal and spatial expression patterns of all LuFAD genes in different tissues and the response patterns to abiotic stresses (heat and salt) were identified. Subcellular localisation showed that all LuFAD2‐GFP were expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. RT‐qPCR analysis revealed that LuFAD2 was significantly upregulated under cold, salt and drought stress, and its overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced cold tolerance genes and reduced ROS accumulation. This study offers key insights into the FAD gene family's role in flax development and stress adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbances in the fatty acid lipidome are increasingly recognized as key drivers in the progression of various brain disorders. In this review article, we delve into the impact of Δ9 fatty acid desaturases, with a particular focus on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), within the setting of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and brain repair. Over the past years, it was established that inhibition or deficiency of SCD1 not only suppresses neuroinflammation but also protects against neurodegeneration in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This protective effect is achieved through different mechanisms including enhanced remyelination, reversal of synaptic and cognitive impairments, and mitigation of α-synuclein toxicity. Intriguingly, metabolic rerouting of fatty acids via SCD1 improves the pathology associated with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, suggesting context-dependent benign and harmful effects of SCD1 inhibition in the brain. Here, we summarize and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying both the beneficial and detrimental effects of SCD1 in these neurological disorders. We explore commonalities and distinctions, shedding light on potential therapeutic challenges. Additionally, we touch upon future research directions that promise to deepen our understanding of SCD1 biology in brain disorders and potentially enhance the clinical utility of SCD1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) is a commonly utilized medicinal crop with various applications in the treatment of different diseases. Two particularly noteworthy nutrients in seabuckthorn fruit are seabuckthorn oil and flavonoids. In recent years, seabuckthorn oil has attracted considerable attention due to its perceived benefits for beauty and healthcare. Consequently, there is a clear need for further research into seabuckthorn oil. While numerous studies have been conducted on the regulation of oil by the FAD2 gene family, there is a paucity of literature examining the molecular mechanism of FAD2 gene involvement in seabuckthorn oil regulation. Accordingly, two FAD2 genes have been identified in seabuckthorn, which are classified differently and perform distinct functions. Both genes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Following transient expression in seabuckthorn fruits, it was observed that HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 were capable of influencing the synthesis of α-linolenic acid, with HrFAD2-1 additionally demonstrated to facilitate the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid. All of the aforementioned genes have been observed to promote jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis. The heterologous transformation of Linum usitatissimum demonstrates that both HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 are capable of promoting plant growth. The HrFAD2-1 gene was observed to significantly increase the content of major fatty acids in Linum usitatissimum Linn seeds, whereas the HrFAD2-3 gene appeared to be primarily involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. In conclusion, a preliminary investigation into the functions of the HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 genes in fatty acid synthesis was conducted. This revealed that HrFAD2-1 is closely associated with oleic acid synthesis and acts as a negative regulator. Furthermore, our findings will provide a foundation for subsequent investigations into the fatty acid synthesis pathway in Hippophae rhamnoides oil, offering a theoretical basis for subsequent studies at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Symplocos paniculata , a woody oil plant, has garnered attention for its oil-rich fruit, which exhibits potential for both oil production and ecological restoration endeavors, thereby presenting substantial developmental value. However, the comprehension of the distinctive oil biosynthesis and deposition strategies within the fruit's various compartments, coupled with the tissue-specific biosynthetic pathways yielding optimal fatty acid profiles, remains in its infancy. This investigation was designed to delineate the tissue specificity of oil biosynthetic disparities and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings within the fruit mesocarp and seeds of S. paniculata , employing lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses. The results revealed that oil biosynthesis within the fruit mesocarp commences approximately 40 days prior to that within the seeds, with a concomitant higher lipid content observed in the mesocarp, reaching 43% as opposed to 30% in the seeds. The fruit mesocarp was found to be enriched with palmitic acid (C16:0) and exhibited a harmonious ratio of saturated, monounsaturated, to polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA: MUFA: PUFA=1:1:1), in stark contrast to the seed oil, which is predominantly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 90% of its total FA content. Microstructural assessments have unveiled divergent oil deposition modalities; the fruit mesocarp oils are predominantly sequestered within oil cells (OC) and a spectrum of lipid droplets (LD), whereas the seeds predominantly harbor uniformly-sized LD. The expression patterns of pivotal genes implicated in oil biosynthesis were observed to be markedly contingent upon the tissue type and developmental stage. Notably, the light-responsive fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene demonstrated preferential transcription within the fruit mesocarp. In contrast, genes pivotal for carbon chain elongation, such as 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase A (FATA), and desaturation, typified by Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) and Fatty Acid Desaturase (FAD), were noted to be more robustly transcribed within the seeds. Furthermore, isoenzyme gene families integral to the assembly of triacylglycerol (TAG), including long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs), and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPATs), exhibited pronounced tissue specificity. This research endeavors to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms that oversee oil biosynthesis within both seed and non-seed tissues of oilseed-bearing plants with entire fruits. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork and offer technical scaffolding for future targeted cultivation of woody oil plants, with the ultimate aim of augmenting fruit oil yield and refining FA compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptation of marine fish to freshwater environments includes prodigious examples of rapid evolution.Given the scarcity of ω‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) in freshwater, we expect selection to be strong on fish transitioning to freshwater habitats and yet the underlying ecological causes of genomic and phenotypic differentiation are poorly understood for traits associated with lipid content and composition. Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus have repeatedly colonized, and adapted to, freshwater habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. These freshwater populations often show elevated copy number of the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (FADS2), which increases the biosynthetic capacity of LC‐PUFA. The starkly lower content of LC‐PUFA in freshwater compared to marine prey, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), likely imposes strong positive selection on freshwater fish for either increased biosynthesis or greater dietary acquisition of LC‐PUFA. The recently colonized and relatively undisturbed threespine stickleback populations in postglacial coastal lakes of southern Greenland offer an exceptional opportunity to study how variation in the copy number of FADS2 is related to abiotic and biotic conditions of lakes and their morphometry. As expected, given its position on the stickleback X chromosome, we found strong sexual dimorphism in FADS2 copy number in all populations (19 freshwater, 1 marine and 1 brackish), and an increased dimorphism in some freshwater populations. We also found that FADS2 copy number was negatively correlated, for both males and females, with the abundance of copepods, which are a DHA‐rich food source in the zooplankton community. Overall, our results suggest that the prey community context of lakes might influence the process of metabolic adaptation of marine fish colonizing freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds have become increasingly popular among health-conscious consumers owing to their high content of ω-3 fatty acids, which provide various health benefits. Comprehensive chemical analyses of the fatty acids and proteins in chia seeds have been conducted, revealing their functional properties. Recent studies have confirmed the high ω-3 content of chia seed oil and have hinted at additional functional characteristics. Scope This review article aims to provide an overview of the botanical, morphological and biochemical features of chia plants, seeds and seed mucilage. Additionally, we discuss the recent developments in genetic and molecular research on chia, including the latest transcriptomic and functional studies that examine the genes responsible for chia fatty acid biosynthesis. In recent years, research on chia seeds has shifted its focus from studying the physicochemical characteristics and chemical composition of seeds to understanding the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms that contribute to their nutritional benefits. This has led to a growing interest in various pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and agricultural applications of chia. In this context, we discuss the latest research on chia and the questions that remain unanswered, and we identify areas that require further exploration. Conclusions Nutraceutical compounds associated with significant health benefits, including ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, have been measured in high quantities in chia seeds. However, comprehensive investigations through both in vitro experiments and in vivo animal and controlled human trials are expected to provide greater clarity on the medicinal, antimicrobial and antifungal effects of chia seeds. The recently published genome of chia and gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR, facilitate functional studies deciphering molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis and metabolic pathways in this crop. This necessitates development of stable transformation protocols and creation of a publicly available lipid database, mutant collection and large-scale transcriptomic datasets for chia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcriptomes from stem-inoculated Scots pine saplings were analyzed to identify unique and enriched H. annosum transcripts in the early stages of infection. Comparing different time points since inoculation identified 131 differentially expressed H. annosum genes with p-values of ≤0.01. Our research supports the results of previous studies on the Norway spruce–Heterobasidion annosum s.l. pathosystem, indicating the role of carbohydrate and lignin degradation genes in pathogenesis at different time points post-inoculation and the role of lipid metabolism genes (including but not limited to the delta-12 fatty acid desaturase gene previously reported to be an important factor). The results of this study indicate that the malic enzyme could be a potential gene of interest in the context of H. annosum virulence. During this study, difficulties related to incomplete reference material of the host plant species and a low proportion of H. annosum transcripts in the RNA pool were encountered. In addition, H. annosum transcripts are currently not well annotated. Improvements in sequencing technologies (including sequencing depth) or bioinformatics focusing on small subpopulations of RNA would be welcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon abiotic stress or senescence, the size and/or abundance of plastid-localized plastoglobules and cytosolic lipid droplets, both compartments devoted to neutral lipid storage, increase in leaves. Meanwhile, plant lipid metabolism is also perturbed, notably with the degradation of thylakoidal monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and the accumulation of neutral lipids. Although these mechanisms are probably linked, they have never been jointly studied, and the respective roles of plastoglobules and lipid droplets in the plant response to stress are totally unknown. To address this question, we determined and compared the glycerolipid composition of both lipid droplets and plastoglobules, followed their formation in response to nitrogen starvation, and studied the kinetics of lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves. Our results demonstrated that plastoglobules preferentially store phytyl-esters, while triacylglycerols (TAGs) and steryl-esters accumulated within lipid droplets. Thanks to a pulse–chase labeling approach and lipid analyses of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (fad2) mutant, we showed that MGDG-derived C18:3 fatty acids were exported to lipid droplets, while MGDG-derived C16:3 fatty acids were stored within plastoglobules. The export of lipids from plastids to lipid droplets was probably facilitated by the physical contact occurring between both organelles, as demonstrated by our electron tomography study. The accumulation of lipid droplets and neutral lipids was transient, suggesting that stress-induced TAGs were remobilized during the plant recovery phase by a mechanism that remains to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of understanding photoprotection mechanisms in high-light tolerant organisms to enhance crop productivity. It highlights the unique photoprotection mechanisms of Chlorella ohadii, an extremely high-light tolerant green microalga, which lacks traditional photoprotection components found in model organisms. The study suggests that exploring specialized organisms like C. ohadii can reveal novel targets for improving photoprotection and photosynthesis in crops, potentially increasing growth and yield. The research emphasizes the need to expand studies to include highly light-tolerant organisms to uncover unique mechanisms for enhancing crop productivity. [Extracted from the article]

Trans-Himalayan hot spring waters rich in boron, chlorine, sodium and sulfur (but poor in calcium and silicon) are known based on PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence data to harbor high diversities of infiltrating bacterial mesophiles. Yet, little is known about the community structure and functions, primary productivity, mutual interactions, and thermal adaptations of the microorganisms present in the steaming waters discharged by these geochemically peculiar spring systems. We revealed these aspects of a bacteria-dominated microbiome (microbial cell density ~8.5 × 104 mL-1; live:dead cell ratio 1.7) thriving in the boiling (85°C) fluid vented by a sulfur-borax spring called Lotus Pond, situated at 4436 m above the mean sea-level, in the Puga valley of eastern Ladakh, on the Changthang plateau. Assembly, annotation, and population-binning of >15-GB metagenomic sequence illuminated the numeral predominance of Aquificae. While members of this phylum accounted for 80% of all 16S rRNA-encoding reads within the metagenomic dataset, 14% of such reads were attributed to Proteobacteria. Post assembly, only 25% of all protein-coding genes identified were attributable to Aquificae, whereas 41% was ascribed to Proteobacteria. Annotation of metagenomic reads encoding 16S rRNAs, and/or PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, identified 163 bacterial genera, out of which 66 had been detected in past investigations of Lotus Pond's vent-water via 16S amplicon sequencing. Among these 66, Fervidobacterium, Halomonas, Hydrogenobacter, Paracoccus, Sulfurihydrogenibium, Tepidimonas, Thermus and Thiofaba (or their close phylogenomic relatives) were presently detected as metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Remarkably, the Hydrogenobacter related MAG alone accounted for ~56% of the entire metagenome, even though only 15 out of the 66 genera consistently present in Lotus Pond's vent-water have strains growing in the laboratory at >45°C, reflecting the continued existence of the mesophiles in the ecosystem. Furthermore, the metagenome was replete with genes crucial for thermal adaptation in the context of Lotus Pond's geochemistry and topography. In terms of sequence similarity, a majority of those genes were attributable to phylogenetic relatives of mesophilic bacteria, while functionally they rendered functions such as encoding heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and chaperonin complexes; proteins controlling/modulating/inhibiting DNA gyrase; universal stress proteins; methionine sulfoxide reductases; fatty acid desaturases; different toxin-antitoxin systems; enzymes protecting against oxidative damage; proteins conferring flagellar structure/function, chemotaxis, cell adhesion/aggregation, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. The Lotus Pond Aquificae not only dominated the microbiome numerically but also acted potentially as the main primary producers of the ecosystem, with chemolithotrophic sulfur oxidation (Sox) being the fundamental bioenergetic mechanism, and reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle the predominant carbon fixation pathway. The Lotus Pond metagenome contained several genes directly or indirectly related to virulence functions, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and multi-drug efflux pumping. A large proportion of these genes being attributable to Aquificae, and Proteobacteria (very few were ascribed to Archaea), it could be worth exploring in the future whether antibiosis helped the Aquificae overcome niche overlap with other thermophiles (especially those belonging to Archaea), besides exacerbating the bioenergetic costs of thermal endurance for the mesophilic intruders of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is one of the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), acting through cross talk among altered biomechanics, metabolism, adipokines, and dietary free fatty acid (FA) composition. Obesity and aging have been linked to cellular senescence in various tissues, resulting in increased local and systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity and joint injury lead to cellular senescence that is typically associated with increased OA severity or with aging and that the ratio of omega-6 (ω-6) to omega-3 (ω-3) FAs regulates these pathologic effects. Mice were placed on an ω-6-rich high-fat diet or a lean control diet and underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus to induce OA. Obesity and joint injury significantly increased cellular senescence in subcutaneous and visceral fat as well as joint tissues such as synovium and cartilage. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for fat-1, a fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 FAs, decreasing the serum ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio had a strong senomorphic and therapeutic effect, mitigating metabolic dysfunction, cellular senescence, and joint degeneration. In vitro coculture of bone marrow-derived macrophages and chondrocytes from control and AAV8-fat1-treated mice were used to examine the roles of various FA mediators in regulating chondrocyte senescence. Our results suggest that obesity and joint injury result in a premature “aging” of the joint as measured by senescence markers, and these changes can be ameliorated by altering FA composition using fat-1 gene therapy. These findings support the potential for fat-1 gene therapy to treat obesity- and/or injury-induced OA clinically [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive fruit is a drupe whose development and ripening takes several months from flowering to full maturation. During this period, several biochemical and physiological changes occur that affect the skin color, texture, composition, and size of the mesocarp. The final result is a fruit rich in fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, pigments, sterols, terpenoids, and other compounds of nutritional interest. In this work, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using flowers (T0) and mesocarp tissue at seven different stages during olive fruit development and ripening (T1–T7) of the 'Picual' cultivar. A total of 1755 genes overexpressed at any time with respect to the flowering stage were further analyzed. These genes were grouped into eight clusters based on their expression profile. The gene enrichment analysis revealed the most relevant biological process of every cluster. Highlighting the important role of hormones at very early stages of fruit development (T1, Cluster 1), whereas genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were relevant throughout the fruit developmental process. Hence, genes coding for different fatty acid desaturase (SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD4, FAD5, FAD6, and FAD7) enzymes received special attention. In particular, 26 genes coding for different fatty acid desaturase enzymes were identified in the 'Picual' genome, contributing to the improvement of the genome annotation. The expression pattern of these genes during fruit development corroborated their role in determining fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Symplocos paniculata, a woody oil plant, has garnered attention for its oilrich fruit, which exhibits potential for both oil production and ecological restoration endeavors, thereby presenting substantial developmental value. However, the comprehension of the distinctive oil biosynthesis and deposition strategies within the fruit's various compartments, coupled with the tissuespecific biosynthetic pathways yielding optimal fatty acid profiles, remains in its infancy. This investigation was designed to delineate the tissue specificity of oil biosynthetic disparities and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings within the fruit mesocarp and seeds of S. paniculata, employing lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses. The results revealed that oil biosynthesis within the fruit mesocarp commences approximately 40 days prior to that within the seeds, with a concomitant higher lipid content observed in the mesocarp, reaching 43% as opposed to 30% in the seeds. The fruit mesocarp was found to be enriched with palmitic acid (C16:0) and exhibited a harmonious ratio of saturated, monounsaturated, to polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA: MUFA: PUFA=1:1:1), in stark contrast to the seed oil, which is predominantly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 90% of its total FA content. Microstructural assessments have unveiled divergent oil deposition modalities; the fruit mesocarp oils are predominantly sequestered within oil cells (OC) and a spectrum of lipid droplets (LD), whereas the seeds predominantly harbor uniformly-sized LD. The expression patterns of pivotal genes implicated in oil biosynthesis were observed to be markedly contingent upon the tissue type and developmental stage. Notably, the light-responsive fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene demonstrated preferential transcription within the fruit mesocarp. In contrast, genes pivotal for carbon chain elongation, such as 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase A (FATA), and desaturation, typified by Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) and Fatty Acid Desaturase (FAD), were noted to be more robustly transcribed within the seeds. Furthermore, isoenzyme gene families integral to the assembly of triacylglycerol (TAG), including long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs), and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPATs), exhibited pronounced tissue specificity. This research endeavors to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms that oversee oil biosynthesis within both seed and non-seed tissues of oilseed-bearing plants with entire fruits. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork and offer technical scaffolding for future targeted cultivation of woody oil plants, with the ultimate aim of augmenting fruit oil yield and refining FA compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tree peony (Paeonia ostii), a newly recognized woody oil plant endemic to China, is noteworthy for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are integral to plant development and defense mechanisms. Nonetheless, there is limited understanding of (i) the molecular mechanism underlying FA biosynthesis in various varieties during seed maturation and (ii) a genome-wide analysis of FAD family genes within the tree peony. We selected three distinct cultivars of tree peony for transcriptome sequencing and performed an extensive analysis of PoFAD genes. In total, 67,542 unigenes were acquired and annotated with six protein databases available to the public. Forty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) pertinent to FA biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were identified in this study. Notably, genes such as PoFAD2, PoFAD6, and PoSAD were found to be significantly upregulated, contributing to a differential linolenic acid and linoleic acid content across the three cultivars. Herein, 24 PoFADs from the P. ostii genome were recognized and categorized into four distinct clusters according to their conserved structural features. The distribution of PoFADs was found to be random and uneven across five chromosomes, indicating a complex genomic architecture. Six colinear gene pairs were found between P. ostii and V. vinifera, indicating a potential link due to their close relationship. Together, these findings significantly enhance our knowledge of the molecular processes governing fatty acid synthesis, elucidate the functional roles of the FAD gene family, and lay the groundwork for using genetic manipulation to boost lipid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bamboo is an important nontimber forestry product worldwide, while growth, development and geographic distribution of bamboo are often affected by abiotic stresses. Fatty acid desaturases have important roles in regulating plant abiotic stress tolerance, especially low-temperature. However, there is no report on genome-wide of FAD genes in bamboo under abiotic stresses. Results A toltal of 43 PeFAD genes were identified in moso bamboo genome, which were unevenly located in 17 scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PeFAD genes were divided into 6 groups and ADS/FAD5 group was absence in momo bamboo, and gene structure and histidine-motifs remained highly conserved in each group. The expansion of PeFAD genes was mainly caused by tandem and segmental duplications of SAD/FAB2 group. We also identified 59 types of miRNAs targeting PeFAD genes. RNA-seq data indicated that PeFAD genes were transcribed in various organs/tissues with different degrees, and responded to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, including cold, salt, drought, SA, ABA, BR, NAA and GA. Co-expression analysis under cold stress showed that PeCBF3 might directly bind the promoter of top cold-responsive PeSLD1 gene that contained LTR cis-element and DRE core element. The qRT-PCR assay also validated the expression pattern of PeSLD1 and its upstream regulatory gene PeCBF3. Conclusion In this study, we performed comprehensive genome-wide survey of PeFAD genes in moso bamboo and analyzed their expression patterns in various tissues and organs, and under abiotic stresses and phytohormones treatment. The qRT-PCR assay validated the cold inducibility of PeSLD1 and PeCBF3. This work showed critical roles of PeFAD genes in abiotic stresses responses. This is the first report on genome-wide analysis of PeFAD genes in moso bamboo, which will provide critical gene resources for molecular breeding of stress-toleranct moso bamboo.

Perilla oil from the medicinal crop Perilla frutescens possess a wide range of biological activities and is generally used as an edible oil in many countries. The molecular basis for its formation is of particular relevance to perilla and its breeders. Here in the present study, four PfFAD2 genes were identified in different perilla cultivars, PF40 and PF70, with distinct oil content levels, respectively. Their function was characterized in engineered yeast strain, and among them, PfFAD2-1PF40, PfFAD2-1PF70 had no LA biosynthesis ability, while PfFAD2-2PF40 in cultivar with high oil content levels possessed higher catalytic activity than PfFAD2-2PF70. Key amino acid residues responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of PfFAD2-2PF40 was identified as residue R221 through sequence alignment, molecular docking, and site-directed mutation studies. Moreover, another four amino acid residues influencing PfFAD2 catalytic activity were discovered through random mutation analysis. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of high-oil-content perilla cultivars and the biosynthesis of LA and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The composition and distribution of fatty acids (FA) are important factors determining the quality, flavor, and nutrient value of meat. In addition, FAs synthesized in the body participate in energy metabolism and are involved in different regulatory pathways in the form of signaling molecules or by acting as agonist or antagonist ligands of different nuclear receptors. Finally, synthesis and catabolism of FAs affect adaptive immunity by regulating lymphocyte metabolism. The present study performed genome-wide association studies using FA profiles of blood, liver, backfat and muscle from 432 commercial Duroc pigs. Results: Twenty-five genomic regions located on 15 Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) were detected. Annotation of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions identified 49 lipid metabolism-related candidate genes. Among these QTLs, four were identified in more than one tissue. The ratio of C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 was associated with the region on SSC2 at 7.56–14.26 Mb for backfat, liver, and muscle. Members of the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) are the most promising candidate genes in this region. Two QTL regions on SSC14 (103.81–115.64 Mb and 100.91–128.14 Mb) were identified for FA desaturation in backfat and muscle. In addition, two separate regions on SSC9 at 0 – 14.55 Mb and on SSC12 at 0–1.91 Mb were both associated with the same multiple FA traits for backfat, with candidate genes involved in de novo FA synthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism, such as DGAT2 and FASN. The ratio C20:0/C18:0 was associated with the region on SSC5 at 64.84–78.32 Mb for backfat. Furthermore, the association of the C16:0 content with the region at 118.92–123.95 Mb on SSC4 was blood specific. Finally, candidate genes involved in de novo lipogenesis regulate T cell differentiation and promote the generation of palmitoleate, an adipokine that alleviates inflammation. Conclusions: Several SNPs and candidate genes were associated with lipid metabolism in blood, liver, backfat, and muscle. These results contribute to elucidating the molecular mechanisms implicated in the determination of the FA profile in different pig tissues and can be useful in selection programs that aim to improve health and energy metabolism in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a debilitating mood disorder with an unclear etiology. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms will help to identify novel targets for improved treatment options and prevention strategies. In this metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization study, we screened for metabolites that may have a causal role in BPD. We tested a total of 913 circulating metabolite exposures assessed in 14,296 Europeans using a mass spectrometry-based platform. For the BPD outcome, we used summary data from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study reported to date, including 41,917 BPD cases. We identified 33 metabolites associated with BPD (p adjusted < 5.48 × 10−5). Most of them were lipids, including arachidonic acid (β = −0.154, SE = 0.023, p = 3.30 × 10−11), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, along with several complex lipids containing either an arachidonic or a linoleic fatty acid side chain. These associations did not extend to other closely related psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or depression, although they may be involved in the regulation of lithium response. These lipid associations were driven by genetic variants within the FADS1/2/3 gene cluster, which is a robust BPD risk locus encoding a family of fatty acid desaturase enzymes that are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic acid. Statistical colocalization analyses indicated that 27 of the 33 metabolites shared the same genetic etiology with BPD at the FADS1/2/3 cluster, demonstrating that our findings are not confounded by linkage disequilibrium. Overall, our findings support the notion that arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids may represent potential targets for BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida auris has emerged as a significant healthcare-associated pathogen due to its multidrug-resistant nature. Ongoing constraints in the discovery and provision of new antifungals create an urgent imperative to design effective remedies to this pressing global blight. Herein, we screened a chemical library and identified aryl-carbohydrazide analogs with potent activity against both C. auris and the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, C. albicans. SPB00525 [N'-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-nitro-furan-2-carbohydrazide] exhibited potent activity against different strains that were resistant to standard antifungals. Using drug-induced haploinsufficient profiling, transcriptomics and metabolomic analysis, we uncovered that Ole1, a D(9) fatty acid desaturase, is the likely target of SPB00525. An analog of the latter, HTS06170 [N'-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbohydrazide], had a superior antifungal activity against both C. auris and C. albicans. Both SPB00525 and HTS06170 act as antivirulence agents and inhibited the invasive hyphal growth and biofilm formation of C. albicans. SPB00525 and HTS06170 attenuated fungal damage to human enterocytes and ameliorate the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae used as systemic candidiasis model. These data suggest that inhibiting fungal D(9) fatty acid desaturase activity represents a potential therapeutic approach for treating fungal infection caused by the superbug C. auris and the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the relationship between fatty acid desaturase gene ADS2 (19 fatty acid desaturase) and cold resistance in Brassica rapa L. (Method) Based on the previous transcriptome results, the BrADS2 gene was obtained by onestep directional cloning. GFP fusion expression vector was constructed and transiently transformed into tobacco lower epidermal cells by injection method. At the same time, Zhongshuang 11' was infected by Agrobacterium infection method. The expression pattern of ADS2 gene in the leaves of winter rapeseed varieties with different cold resistance was detected by qRT-PCR, and the morphological changes, antioxidant enzyme activity and conductivity content of winter rapeseed under low temperature were analyzed. (Result] The BrADS2 gene could encode 307 amino acids, and the protein encoded by this gene had hydrophilic properties. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BrADS2 gene increased first and then decreased, and the expression level reached the peak at 4 C. The results of subcellular localization showed that BrADS2 protein was expressed in cytoplasm and cell membrane. Under low temperature treatment, the relative conductivity and antioxidant enzyme activity of the leaves of the three varieties increased significantly. The antioxidant enzyme activity of the strong cold-resistant varieties was higher than that of the weak cold-resistant varieties, but the conductivity was the opposite. The hypocotyls of Zhongshuang 11' were infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and 15 transgenie positive seedlings were obtained. The expression of BrADS2 gene in the leaves of transgenic rape positive plants was significantly higher than that of wild type. [Conclusion】 It is speculated that BrADS2 gene plays an important role in the regulation of membrane lipid unsaturation in winter rapeseed, revealing the relationship between ADS2 gene and crop resistance to low temperature stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triglycerides are the main storage form of oil in plant seeds. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possess important functions in the process of plant growth and development. To improve the seed oil content and improve its fatty acid composition, this paper analyzed the research progress on the oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seeds and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: (a) To regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon sources into the protein synthesis pathway, and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon sources into the synthesis pathway of fatty acids; (b) To intervene in lipid synthesis by promoting the biosynthesis of fatty acids and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly process; (c) To improve seed oil quality by altering the plant fatty acid composition and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase, as well as introducing an exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; (d) To regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase the seed oil content. In addition, this article reviews the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant fatty acids, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, and the regulation process. It also summarizes the regulatory roles of transcription factors such as WRI, LEC, and Dof on the key enzymes during the synthesis process. This review holds significant implications for research on the genetic engineering applications in plant seed lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are rate-limiting enzymes for the biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs). As a new member of the FAD family, Fad6 and its roles remain unclear in various teleost fishes. In this study, we identified a fad6 gene from yellow catfish (ycfad6) and determined its spatiotemporal expression patterns and responses to different initial diets and nutritional status in yellow catfish. Our results showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of ycfad6 was 1,080 bp in length, encoding a protein of 359 amino acids. Multiple protein sequences alignment proved that fad6 is highly conserved among diverse vertebrates. Meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis revealed that Southern catfish and yellow catfish were clustered into one branch, supporting evolutionary consistence between the fad6 gene and fish morphology. Moreover, comparisons of genomic synteny and gene structure revealed functional and evolutionary conservation of the fad6 gene in various teleost fishes. Tissue distribution analysis by quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the ycfad6 gene was extensively expressed in examined tissues, with higher transcription levels in the heart and liver. Meanwhile, ycfad6 gene was widely expressed in various developmental stages, indicating Fad6 may play important roles in HUFA biosynthesis at early developmental stages in yellow catfish. Functional experiments verified that the transcription of ycfad6 decreased significantly with the extension of feeding time (with egg yolk or Artemia nauplii) at the early developmental stages, indicating that a diet rich in HUFA can remarkably inhibit the transcription of ycfad6 in yellow catfish. In addition, ycfad6 transcription was significantly reduced after a short-term (24-h) or long-term food deprivation (1-week) and then continued to decrease during refeeding, suggesting that nutritional states can affect the transcription of ycfad6, which further regulates the metabolism of HUFAs. Anyway, these fundamental findings provide basic references for further investigating evolutionary and physiological functions of the fad6 gene in yellow catfish as well as in other teleost fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease-modifying strategies for Parkinson disease (PD), the most common synucleinopathy, represent a critical unmet medical need. Accumulation of the neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (αS) and abnormal lipid metabolism have each been implicated in PD pathogenesis. Here, we elucidate how retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) nuclear receptor signaling impacts these two aspects of PD pathogenesis. We find that activated RXR differentially regulates fatty acid desaturases, significantly reducing the transcript levels of the largely brain-specific desaturase SCD5 in human cultured neural cells and PD patient-derived neurons. This was associated with reduced perilipin-2 protein levels in patient neurons, reversal of αS-induced increases in lipid droplet (LD) size, and a reduction of triglyceride levels in human cultured cells. With regard to αS proteostasis, our study reveals that RXR agonism stimulates lysosomal clearance of αS. Our data support the involvement of Polo-like kinase 2 activity and αS S129 phosphorylation in mediating this benefit. The lowering of cellular αS levels was associated with reduced cytotoxicity. Compared to RXR activation, the RXR antagonist HX531 had the opposite effects on LD size, SCD, αS turnover, and cytotoxicity, all supporting pathway specificity. Together, our findings show that RXR-activating ligands can modulate fatty acid metabolism and αS turnover to confer benefit in cellular models of PD, including patient neurons. We offer a new paradigm to investigate nuclear receptor ligands as a promising strategy for PD and related synucleinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding fungal lipid biology and metabolism is critical for antifungal target discovery as lipids play central roles in cellular processes. Nuances in lipid structural differences can significantly impact their functions, making it necessary to characterize lipids in detail to understand their roles in these complex systems. In particular, lipid double bond (DB) locations are an important component of lipid structure that can only be determined using a few specialized analytical techniques. Ozone‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry (OzID‐MS) is one such technique that uses ozone to break lipid DBs, producing pairs of characteristic fragments that allow the determination of DB positions. In this work, we apply OzID‐MS and LipidOz software to analyze the complex lipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains transformed with different fatty acid desaturases from Histoplasma capsulatum to determine the specific unsaturated lipids produced. The automated data analysis in LipidOz made the determination of DB positions from this large dataset more practical, but manual verification for all targets was still time‐consuming. The DL model reduces manual involvement in data analysis, but since it was trained using mammalian lipid extracts, the prediction accuracy on yeast‐derived data was reduced. We addressed both shortcomings by retraining the DL model to act as a pre‐filter to prioritize targets for automated analysis, providing confident manually verified results but requiring less computational time and manual effort. Our workflow resulted in the determination of detailed DB positions and enzymatic specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delta-12 fatty acid desaturases (FAD2s) actively regulate stress responses and cell differentiation in living organisms. In this study, six homologous FAD2 genes were identified based on the genome sequence of Lentinula edodes. Then, the six FAD2 protein sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, including ExPASy ProtParam, SignalP, TMHMM, and TargetP. These analyses were performed to predict the physical and chemical properties, signal peptides, and transmembrane and conserved domains of these proteins. The polypeptide sequences were aligned, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 7.0 software to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between homologous FAD2 sequences. The results demonstrated that the FAD2 proteins contained three conserved histidine-rich regions (HXXXH, HXXHH, and HXXHH), which included eight histidine residues. The linoleic acid content and FAD2 enzyme activity were further analyzed, and the levels in the mutagenic heat-tolerant strain 18N44 were lower than those in the wild-type strain 18. Interestingly, the expression levels of the FAD2-2 and FAD2-3 genes under heat stress in strain 18N44 were lower than those in strain 18. These findings indicated that FAD2-2 and FAD2-3 may play major roles in the synthesis of linoleic acid during heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few years, the researchers are focusing more on molecular tools to verify the data generated from the traditional research in aquaculture. Molecular tools help us to understand the metabolic response of the fish to a particular feed, ingredient, medicine, drugs or any other metabolic pathway etc of a particular species. Fish is one of the major sources of essential fatty acid like EPA and DHA. Two important enzyme Δ5 and Δ6 fatty acid desaturase and elongases are critical enzymes for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acid. In this present study, investigate the Amplification of D6 desaturase gene from liver tissue of Cirrhinus mrigala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, the clinical efficacy of SCD1 inhibitor monotherapy is limited. There is thus a need to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to SCD1 inhibition and develop new therapeutic strategies for combination therapy. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent cancer cell death induced by SCD1 inhibition. SCD1 inhibitor-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells were treated with SCD1 inhibitors in vitro, and SCD1 inhibitor-sensitive cancer cells accumulated palmitic acid and underwent ER stress response-induced cell death. Conversely, SCD1-resistant cancer cells did not undergo ER stress response-induced cell death because fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) eliminated the accumulation of palmitic acid. Furthermore, genetic depletion using siRNA showed that FADS2 is a key determinant of sensitivity/resistance of cancer cells to SCD1 inhibitor. A549 cells, an SCD1 inhibitor-resistant cancer cell line, underwent ER stress-dependent cancer cell death upon dual inhibition of SCD1 and FADS2. Thus, combination therapy with SCD1 inhibition and FADS2 inhibition is potentially a new cancer therapeutic strategy targeting fatty acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DesC1 and DesC2, which are fatty acid desaturases found in cyanobacteria, are responsible for introducing a double bond at the Δ9 position of fatty-acyl chains, which are subsequently esterified to the sn -1 and sn -2 positions of the glycerol moiety, respectively. However, since the discovery of these two desaturases in the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. SO-36, no further research has been reported. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of DesC1 and DesC2 through targeted mutagenesis and transformation using two cyanobacteria strains: Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, comprising both desaturases, and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, containing a single Δ9 desaturase (hereafter referred to as DesCs) sharing similarity with DesC1 in amino acid sequence. The results suggested that both DesC1 and DesC2 were essential in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and that DesC1, but not DesC2, complemented DesCs in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In addition, DesC2 from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 desaturated fatty acids esterified to the sn -2 position of the glycerol moiety in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAX and BAK are proapoptotic members of the BCL2 family that directly mediate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilition (MOMP), a central step in apoptosis execution. However, the molecular architecture of the mitochondrial apoptotic pore remains a key open question and especially little is known about the contribution of lipids to MOMP. By performing a comparative lipidomics analysis of the proximal membrane environment of BAK isolated in lipid nanodiscs, we find a significant enrichment of unsaturated species nearby BAK and BAX in apoptotic conditions. We then demonstrate that unsaturated lipids promote BAX pore activity in model membranes, isolated mitochondria and cellular systems, which is further supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Accordingly, the fatty acid desaturase FADS2 not only enhances apoptosis sensitivity, but also the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway downstream mtDNA release. The correlation of FADS2 levels with the sensitization to apoptosis of different lung and kidney cancer cell lines by co-treatment with unsaturated fatty acids supports the relevance of our findings. Altogether, our work provides an insight on how local lipid environment affects BAX and BAK function during apoptosis. BAX and BAK are proapoptotic proteins that directly mediate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Here, lipidomics and other data provide insight on how local lipid environment affects BAX and BAK function during apoptosis, suggesting that unsaturated lipids promote BAX pore activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The omega-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme gene FAD3 is responsible for converting linoleic acid to linolenic acid in plant fatty acid synthesis. Despite limited knowledge of its role in cotton growth, our study focused on GhFAD3-4, a gene within the FAD3 family, which was found to promote fiber elongation and cell wall thickness in cotton. GhFAD3-4 was predominantly expressed in elongating fibers, and its suppression led to shorter fibers with reduced cell wall thickness and phosphoinositide (PI) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels. Transcriptome analysis of GhFAD3-4 knock-out mutants revealed significant impacts on genes involved in the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. Experimental evidence demonstrated that GhFAD3-4 positively regulated the expression of the GhBoGH3B and GhPIS genes, influencing cotton fiber development through the inositol signaling pathway. The application of PI and IP6 externally increased fiber length in GhFAD3-4 knock-out plants, while inhibiting PI led to a reduced fiber length in GhFAD3-4 overexpressing plants. These findings suggest that GhFAD3-4 plays a crucial role in enhancing fiber development by promoting PI and IP3 biosynthesis, offering the potential for breeding cotton varieties with superior fiber quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil is valuable as an edible oil and serves as a base material for a range of high-value products. Camellia plants of significant economic importance, such as Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera, have been classified into sect. Thea and sect. Oleifera, respectively. Fatty acid desaturases play a crucial role in catalyzing the formation of double bonds at specific positions of fatty acid chains, leading to the production of unsaturated fatty acids and contributing to lipid synthesis. Comparative genomics results have revealed that expanded gene families in oil tea are enriched in functions related to lipid, fatty acid, and seed processes. To explore the function of the FAD gene family, a total of 82 FAD genes were identified in tea and oil tea. Transcriptome data showed the differential expression of the FAD gene family in mature seeds of tea tree and oil tea tree. Furthermore, the structural analysis and clustering of FAD proteins provided insights for the further exploration of the function of the FAD gene family and its role in lipid synthesis. Overall, these findings shed light on the role of the FAD gene family in Camellia plants and their involvement in lipid metabolism, as well as provide a reference for understanding their function in oil synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is the key enzyme that leads to the formation of unsaturated fatty acids by introducing double bonds into hydrocarbon chains, and it plays a critical role in plant lipid metabolism. However, no data are available on enzyme-associated genes in argan trees. In addition, a candidate gene approach was adopted to identify and characterize the gene sequences of interest that are potentially involved in oil quality and abiotic stress. Based on phylogenetic analyses, 18 putative FAD genes of Argania spinosa L. (AsFAD) were identified and assigned to three subfamilies: stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), Δ-12 desaturase (FAD 2/ FAD 6), and Δ-15 desaturase (FAD 3/ FAD 7). Furthermore, gene structure and motif analyses revealed a conserved exon-intron organization among FAD members belonging to the various oil crops studied, and they exhibited conserved motifs within each subfamily. In addition, the gene structure shows a wide variation in intron numbers, ranging from 0 to 8, with two highly conserved intron phases (0 and 1). The AsFAD and AsSAD subfamilies consist of three (H(X)2-4H, H(X)2-3HH, and H/Q (X)2-3HH) and two (EEN(K)RHG and DEKRHE) conserved histidine boxes, respectively. A set of primer pairs were designed for each FAD gene, and tested on DNA extracted from argan leaves, in which all amplicons of the expected size were produced. These findings of candidate genes in A spinosa L. will provide valuable knowledge that further enhances our understanding of the potential roles of FAD genes in the quality of oil and abiotic stress in the argan tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectral composition of light is an important factor for the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Several blue light‐regulated metabolic processes have already been identified in the industrially relevant microalga Monoraphidium braunii. However, little is known about the spectral impact on this species' growth, fatty acid (FA), and pigment composition. In this study, M. braunii was cultivated under different light spectra (white light: 400–700 nm, blue light: 400–550 nm, green light: 450–600 nm, and red light: 580–700 nm) at 25°C for 96 h. The growth was monitored daily. Additionally, the FA composition, and pigment concentration was analyzed after 96 h. The highest biomass production was observed upon white light and red light irradiation. However, green light also led to comparably high biomass production, fueling the scientific debate about the contribution of weakly absorbed light wavelengths to microalgal biomass production. All light spectra (white, blue, and green) that comprised blue‐green light (450–550 nm) led to a higher degree of FA unsaturation and a greater concentration of all identified pigments than red light. These results further contribute to the growing understanding that blue‐green light is an essential trigger for maximized pigment concentration and FA unsaturation in green microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) synthesis. Reduced activity of FADS1 was observed in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The aim of this study was to determine whether adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) mediated hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Fads1 (AAV8-Fads1) attenuates western diet-induced metabolic phenotypes in a rat model. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a chow diet, or low-fat high-fructose (LFHFr) or high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFr) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Metabolic phenotypes were evaluated at the endpoint. AAV8-Fads1 injection restored hepatic FADS1 protein levels in both LFHFr and HFHFr-fed rats. While AAV8-Fads1 injection led to improved glucose tolerance and insulin signaling in LFHFr-fed rats, it significantly reduced plasma triglyceride (by ~50%) and hepatic cholesterol levels (by ~25%) in HFHFr-fed rats. Hepatic lipidomics analysis showed that FADS1 activity was rescued by AAV8-FADS1 in HFHFr-fed rats, as shown by the restored arachidonic acid (AA)/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) ratio, and that was associated with reduced monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Our data suggest that the beneficial role of AAV8-Fads1 is likely mediated by the inhibition of fatty acid re-esterification. FADS1 is a promising therapeutic target for MASLD in a diet-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphids are insect pests that suck phloem sap and introduce salivary proteins into plant tissues through saliva secretion. The effector of salivary proteins plays a key role in the modulation of host plant defense responses and enhancing aphid host adaptation. Based on previous transcriptome sequencing results, a candidate effector cyclin-dependent kinase-like (CDK) was identified from the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. In this study, the function of SaCDK in wheat defense response and the adaptation of S. avenae was investigated. Our results showed that the transient overexpression of SaCDK in tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed cell death triggered by mouse pro-apoptotic protein-BAX or Phytophthora infestans PAMP-INF1. SaCDK, delivered into wheat cells through a Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated bacterial type III secretion system, suppressed callose deposition in wheat seedlings, and the overexpression of SaCDK in wheat significantly decreased the expression levels of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathway-related genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR1), lipoxygenase (LOX) and Ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD). In addition, aphid bioassay results showed that the survival and fecundity of S. avenae were significantly increased while feeding on the wheat plants carrying SaCDK. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the salivary protein SaCDK is involved in inhibiting host defense response and improving its host adaptation, which lays the foundation to uncover the mechanism of the interaction of cereal aphids and host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite enormous research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and reliable biomarker for the assessment of zinc (Zn) status has not been identified to date. Zn affects fatty acid metabolism and alters the activity of certain desaturases; thus, desaturase activity has been proposed as a potential new biomarker of Zn status. This systematic review complied and assessed studies that examined changes in fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) activities in relation to modifications in dietary Zn intake. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Central with strictly defined search, inclusion, and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies were included, 8 animal and 13 human trials (5 randomized controlled trials, two non-randomized controlled trials, and 6 cross-sectional studies). This systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines and where feasible a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. No significant correlation was seen between the delta 6 desaturase and Zn status (-0.0958, 95% CIs (-0.2912; 0.1074), p = 0.2928). Delta 6 desaturase seems to respond in a greater magnitude than Zn status to Zn-containing interventions (the standardized mean difference for delta 6 desaturase was −0.6052, 95% CIs (-2.7162; 1.5058), p = 0.4289, while for plasma/serum Zn it was 0.0319, 95% CIs (-0.9133; 0.9770), p = 0.9213). Finally, two separate meta-analyses on same studies that assessed the correlations between LA:DGLA and Zn intake and Zn status and Zn intake revealed that the magnitude of correlations was only slightly different (the pooled correlation coefficient between the LA:DGLA ratio and Zn intake had a value of −0.1050, 95% CIs (-0.5356; 0.3690), p = 0.454, while between plasma Zn and Zn intake had a value of −0.0647, 95% CIs (-0.4224; 0.3106), p = 0.5453). According to the descriptive analysis, the magnitude of variation in desaturase activities in response to Zn intake was not consistent among studies, FADS1 and FADS2 activity corresponded to dietary Zn manipulations, both in animals and humans. A plausible explanation for this observation might be the difference between the studies in study populations, types of dietary interventions, study durations, etc. In addition, several potential confounders and covariates are identified from the qualitative synthesis, such as gender, age, the type of fat provided within the dietary intervention, the size of Zn particles, among others. Further high-quality studies are needed to additionally clarify the suggested associations and applicability of utilizing fatty acid desaturase activities as Zn status biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains largely undefined. A comparative expression analysis of 35 genes encoding fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes showed that fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) was highly expressed across multiple AML subtypes relative to healthy controls and that elevated FADS1 expression correlates with worse overall AML patient survival. Functionally, shRNA-mediated inhibition of FADS1 reduced AML cell growth in vitro and significantly delayed leukemia onset in an AML mouse model. AML cell lines depleted of FADS1 arrested in the G1/S-phase of the cell cycle, acquired characteristics of myeloid maturation and subsequently died. To understand the molecular consequences of FADS1 inhibition, a combination of mass spectrometry–based analysis of complex lipids and gene expression analysis (RNA-seq) was performed. FADS1 inhibition caused AML cells to exhibit significant lipidomic remodeling, including depletion of PUFAs from the phospholipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. These lipidomic alterations were accompanied by an increase induction of inflammatory and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated type-1 interferon signaling. Remarkably, genetic deletion of STING largely prevented the AML cell maturation and death phenotypes mediated by FADS1 inhibition. Highlighting the therapeutic implications of these findings, pharmacological blockade of PUFA biosynthesis reduced patient-derived AML cell numbers ex vivo but not that of healthy donor cells. Similarly, STING agonism attenuated patient-derived–AML survival; however, STING activation also reduced healthy granulocyte numbers. Collectively, these data unveil a previously unrecognized importance of PUFA biosynthesis in leukemogenesis and that imbalances in PUFA metabolism can drive STING-mediated AML maturation and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk. Methods: Milk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2–4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575. Conclusion: The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Products from peanut seeds are nutritious for human and/or animal consumption. Peanut seed nutritional quality is determined by the genotype (G) of cultivars or accessions, environmental conditions (E), and their interactions (G × E). To evaluate the effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions on seed nutritional quality, 52 peanut germplasm accessions, which vary in oil content and fatty acid composition, were planted at three locations (Citra, FL; Byron, GA; and Clovis, NM) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The harvested seeds were analyzed for protein, oil, and fatty acid composition using an N analyzer, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatography, respectively. Significant effects of accession, FAD2 gene, where FAD is fatty acid desaturase, location, year, and their interactions on the investigated traits were evaluated. The average oil content from accessions grown in Florida (51.1%) or Georgia (50.7%) was significantly higher than those grown in New Mexico (45.8%), whereas the average protein content from accessions grown in Florida (23.2%) was significantly lower than those grown in New Mexico (25.4%) or Georgia (24.8%). This is expected as there is a negative correlation between oil and protein content. After genotyping and classification (A/A, A/W, and G/W) for the FAD2A/FAD2B genes, the nutritional quality variations were further evaluated at the levels of the specific haplotype of FAD2A/FAD2B and explicit environmental index. The average prediction accuracy of seed nutritional quality trait values from the prediction model demonstrated that predicting trait values in new environments is feasible. The results of this study provide insights into the seed nutritional analysis, germplasm evaluation, and peanut breeding, cultivation, and production to peanut breeders, curators, farmers, and product processors. Core Ideas: Genotype, environment, and their interactions affect peanut seed nutritional quality.The FAD2A/FAD2B gene (F) effect significantly alters seed fatty acid composition.Location (L) effect significantly changes seed oil and protein content.Photothermal time may be a good parameter for representing the growing location environmental conditions for data analysis.Recommendation was given to farmers and processors on how to cultivate the right peanut varieties and purchase the right seeds from specific regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. Results: Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencing approaches identified candidate resistance genes (LLSR1 and LLSR2 for LLS and LR1 for LR) for both foliar fungal diseases. The LLS-A02 locus housed LLSR1 gene for LLS resistance, while, LLS-A03 housed LLSR2 and LR1 genes for LLS and LR resistance, respectively. A total of 49 KASPs markers were developed from the genomic regions of important disease resistance genes, such as NBS-LRR, purple acid phosphatase, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Among the 49 KASP markers, 41 KASPs were validated successfully on a validation panel of contrasting germplasm and breeding lines. Of the 41 validated KASPs, 39 KASPs were designed for rust and LLS resistance, while two KASPs were developed using fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes to control high oleic acid levels. These validated KASP markers have been extensively used by various groundnut breeding programs across the world which led to development of thousands of advanced breeding lines and few of them also released for commercial cultivation. Conclusion: In this study, high-throughput and cost-effective KASP assays were developed, validated and successfully deployed to improve the resistance against foliar fungal diseases and oleic acid in groundnut. So far deployment of allele-specific and KASP diagnostic markers facilitated development and release of two rust- and LLS-resistant varieties and five high-oleic acid groundnut varieties in India. These validated markers provide opportunities for routine deployment in groundnut breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as important components of lipids, play indispensable roles in the development of all organisms. ∆12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD12) is a speed-determining step in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. Here, we report the characterization of FAD12 in Fusarium graminearum, which is the prevalent agent of Fusarium head blight, a destructive plant disease worldwide. The results demonstrated that deletion of the FgFAD12 gene resulted in defects in vegetative growth, conidial germination and plant pathogenesis but not sexual reproduction. A fatty acid analysis further proved that the deletion of FgFAD12 restrained the reaction of oleic acid to linoleic acid, and a large amount of oleic acid was detected in the cells. Moreover, the ∆Fgfad12 mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and reduced tolerance to oxidative stress. The expression of FgFAD12 did show a temperature-dependent manner, which was not affected at a low temperature of 10 °C when compared to 25 °C. RNA-seq analysis further demonstrated that most genes enriched in fatty acid metabolism, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation pathways were significantly up-regulated in the ∆Fgfad12 mutants. Overall, our results indicate that FgFAD12 is essential for linoleic acid biosynthesis and plays an important role in the infection process of F. graminearum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western diets are becoming increasingly common around the world. Western diets have high omega 6 (ω-6) and omega 3 (ω-3) fatty acids and are linked to bone loss in humans and animals. Dietary fats are not created equal; therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of specific dietary fats on bone. We aimed to determine how altering the endogenous ratios of ω-6:ω-3 fatty acids impacts bone accrual, strength, and fracture toughness. To accomplish this, we used the Fat-1 transgenic mice, which carry a gene responsible for encoding a ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids. Male and female Fat-1 positive mice (Fat-1) and Fat-1 negative littermates (WT) were given either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) at 4 wk of age for 16 wk. The Fat-1 transgene reduced fracture toughness in males. Additionally, male BMD, measured from DXA, decreased over the diet duration for HFD mice. In males, neither HFD feeding nor the presence of the Fat-1 transgene impacted cortical geometry, trabecular architecture, or whole-bone flexural properties, as detected by main group effects. In females, Fat-1 -LFD mice experienced increases in BMD compared to WT-LFD mice; however, cortical area, distal femur trabecular thickness, and cortical stiffness were reduced in Fat-1 mice compared to pooled WT controls. However, reductions in stiffness were caused by a decrease in bone size and were not driven by changes in material properties. Together, these results demonstrate that the endogenous ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratio influences bone material properties in a sex-dependent manner. In addition, Fat-1 mediated fatty acid conversion was not able to mitigate the adverse effects of HFD on bone strength and accrual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax seed is one of the richest plant sources of linolenic acid (LIN) and also contains unsaturated linoleic acid (LIO) and oleic acid (OLE). Stearoyl-ACP desaturases (SADs) and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play key roles in the synthesis of flax fatty acids (FAs). However, there is no holistic view of which genes from the SAD and FAD families and at which developmental stages have the highest expression levels in flax seeds, as well as the influence of genotype and growth conditions on the expression profiles of these genes. We sequenced flax seed transcriptomes at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering (DAF) for ten flax varieties with different oil FA compositions grown under three temperature/watering conditions. The expression levels of 25 genes of the SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 families were evaluated. FAD3b, FAD3a, FAD2b-2, SAD3-1, SAD2-1, SAD2-2, SAD3-2, FAD2a-1, and FAD2a-2 had the highest expression levels, which changed significantly during seed development. These genes probably play a key role in FA synthesis in flax seeds. High temperature and insufficient watering shifted the maximum expression levels of FAD and SAD genes to earlier developmental stages, while the opposite trend was observed for low temperature and excessive watering. Differences in the FAD and SAD expression profiles under different growth conditions may affect the FA composition of linseed oil. Stop codons in the FAD3a gene, resulting in a reduced LIN content, decreased the level of FAD3a transcript. The obtained results provide new insights into the synthesis of linseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple factors cause atherosclerosis, meaning its pathogenesis is complex, and has not been fully elucidated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a member of the fatty acid family, which are critical nutrients for mammalian growth and development. The types of polyunsaturated fatty acids ingested, their serum levels, and fatty acid desaturase can influence the atherosclerotic disease progression. The fatty acid desaturase gene cluster can regulate fatty acid desaturase activity and further affect atherosclerosis. This study reviewed the research progress on the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atherosclerosis regulated by fatty acid desaturase and the relationship between genetic variants of the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous publications have demonstrated that polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 gene cluster influence the levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) synthesized in the body from essential precursors. They can be consumed through the diet as well. These LC PUFAs perform important plastic and regulatory functions in the body. The associations between the polymorphisms of FADS genes and the fatty acid (FA) composition of the body with some inflammatory and chronic diseases were shown. To date, very few studies in the Russian Federation researched the distribution of polymorphic variants in FADS1 and FADS2 genes and no studies examined the effects of these polymorphisms on the level of FAs in tissues.So, the purpose of this paper was to study the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the rs174544 polymorphism of the FADS1 gene and the rs174583 polymorphism of the FADS2 gene and their influence on the FA composition of erythrocyte membranes in residents of the Central region of the Russian Federation (RF). Additionally, the effect of ω-3 PUFAs fortified food products on this composition was examined. Methods: The study included 70 volunteers aged 23–69 years from Moscow region who provided informed consent. They were genotyped for rs174544 polymorphism of FADS1 gene and rs174583 polymorphism of FADS2 gene by real-time PCR. The participants of the study consumed fruit or vegetable smoothies enriched with either vegetable (chia seeds flour) or animal (fish oil flour) sources of ω-3 PUFAs for 1 month. The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes in some of the volunteers was analysed using gas-chromatography before and after fortification of their diet with ω-3 PUFAs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23. Results: The frequency of genotypes and alleles of polymorphisms studied were similar to those published for the European region. For rs174544, the genotype frequencies were CC (61%), CA (29%), and AA (10%), frequency of allele A was 24%. For rs174583, the genotype frequencies were CC (51%), CT (39%), and TT (10%), frequency of allele T was 29%. Carriers of minor alleles of both polymorphisms studied had significantly higher levels of ω-6 and ω-3 LC PUFAs in erythrocyte membranes compared to those carrying other genotypes. This differs from the results of other studies where carriers of minor alleles as were shown to be slow converters of precursors to LC PUFAs. The reason of the discrepancy was most likely associated with the obesity and dietary preferences of our study participants who carry the minor alleles. Over the period of one-month consumption of food sources providing an additional intake of either 2 g/day ω-3 PUFAs from fish oil or 6.5 g/day of ω-3 PUFAs from chia seed flour markedly reduced the incorporation of ω-6 PUFAs into erythrocyte membranes in carriers of minor alleles. Additionally, there was an increase in the content of saturated palmitic acid in the membranes that noticeably changed the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes. Conclusion: Our results confirm the observation that blood fatty acid composition related to polymorphisms of FADS gene is highly influenced by BMI. The incorporation of ω-6 PUFAs into erythrocyte membranes decreases when the diet is fortified with ω-3 PUFAs. This decrease can help reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and the risk of various inflammatory and chronic diseases, especially in carriers of minor alleles of the genetic polymorphisms studied.

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) is a commonly utilized medicinal crop with various applications in the treatment of different diseases. Two particularly noteworthy nutrients in seabuckthorn fruit are seabuckthorn oil and flavonoids. In recent years, seabuckthorn oil has attracted considerable attention due to its perceived benefits for beauty and healthcare. Consequently, there is a clear need for further research into seabuckthorn oil. While numerous studies have been conducted on the regulation of oil by the FAD2 gene family, there is a paucity of literature examining the molecular mechanism of FAD2 gene involvement in seabuckthorn oil regulation. Accordingly, two FAD2 genes have been identified in seabuckthorn, which are classified differently and perform distinct functions. Both genes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Following transient expression in seabuckthorn fruits, it was observed that HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 were capable of influencing the synthesis of α-linolenic acid, with HrFAD2-1 additionally demonstrated to facilitate the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid. All of the aforementioned genes have been observed to promote jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis. The heterologous transformation of Linum usitatissimum demonstrates that both HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 are capable of promoting plant growth. The HrFAD2-1 gene was observed to significantly increase the content of major fatty acids in Linum usitatissimum Linn seeds, whereas the HrFAD2-3 gene appeared to be primarily involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. In conclusion, a preliminary investigation into the functions of the HrFAD2-1 and HrFAD2-3 genes in fatty acid synthesis was conducted. This revealed that HrFAD2-1 is closely associated with oleic acid synthesis and acts as a negative regulator. Furthermore, our findings will provide a foundation for subsequent investigations into the fatty acid synthesis pathway in Hippophae rhamnoides oil, offering a theoretical basis for subsequent studies at the molecular level.