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In order to study the grouting diffusion law and reinforcement mechanism of split grouting with fill medium, a set of three-dimensional simulation grouting test system composed of test bench, grouting system and information monitoring system was designed to carry out the test study of split grouting with fill medium. By observing the properties and distribution characteristics of the grouting veins after grouting, the diffusion law and reinforcement mechanism of the slurry in the filling medium were analyzed. Uniaxial compression test, light dynamic penetration test, permeability test and laboratory soil test were carried out on the soil before and after grouting, and the relationship between the partition characteristics of different properties of slurry veins and the mechanical properties of fill was discussed, and the reinforcement effect of fill grouting was evaluated. Finally, the rationality and reliability of the model test and reinforcement effect evaluation were verified by an engineering example. The results show that there are three types of grouting veins: trunk grouting, branch grouting, and permeable grouting. The injected soil body is strengthened by the three-stage grouting vein network of the mentioned vein types and the compaction between soils. After the grouting, the uniaxial compressive strength of the filling soil increased by an average of 186%, and the permeability coefficient decreased by an average of 47 times. The cohesion and internal friction angle increases by 45. 3% and 44. 9%, respectively. The bearing characteristics reflectes by a dynamic contact test are consistent with the distribution of grouting veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the treatment efficiency of two selected fillers and their combination for improving the water quality of aquaculture wastewater using a packed bed biofilm reactor (PBBR) under various process conditions. The fillers used were nanosheet (NS), activated carbon (AC), and a combination of both. The results indicated that the use of combined fillers and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h significantly enhanced water quality in the PBBR. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand, NO2−─N, total suspended solids（TSS）, and chlorophyll a were 63.55%, 74.25%, 62.75%, and 92.85%, respectively. The microbiota analysis revealed that the presence of NS increased the abundance of microbial phyla associated with nitrogen removal, such as Nitrospirae and Proteobacteria. The difference between the M1 and M2 communities was minimal. Additionally, the microbiota in different PBBR samples displayed similar preferences for carbon sources, and carbohydrates and amino acids were the most commonly utilized carbon sources by microbiota. These results indicated that the combination of NS and AC fillers in a PBBR effectively enhanced the treatment efficiency of aquaculture wastewater when operated at an HRT of 4 h. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the design of aquaculture wastewater treatment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In inertial confinement fusion, the sub-atmospheric purging through microcapillaries is of great importance to the high gas purity inside the cryogenic target and the low failure rate of experiments. In this study, a non-continuous flow model is developed for this sub-atmospheric purging process and verified through National Ignition Facility experiments to study the evolution of parameters such as pressure and gas composition that are not possible to measure directly. The effects of microcapillary structures and sizes on the transient evacuation–filling behaviors are analyzed, and the periodic purging scheme is optimized. The results show that the extension of evacuation and filling time caused by the elongated microtube can be described as a linear function of microtube length or an exponential decay function of microtube diameter, and the change of the inner diameter has a more drastic effect. The conical-straight composite can effectively reduce the evacuation and filling time while meeting the thermal and mechanical requirements. The overall performance of the purging process exhibits a strong dependence on the cycle trough pressure. The total purging time firstly decreases and then increases with the increase in the trough pressure, and the optimal trough pressure falls at around 20% of the filling pressure where the evacuation and filling times are almost evenly balanced. These results can provide theoretical guidance for the selection of microtubes and the design of the filling–evacuating scheme in the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through silicon vias (TSVs) are a critical technology for manufacturing three-dimensional stacked structure of semiconductor packages by forming holes that penetrate silicon wafers and vertically interconnect multiple wafers. Typically, TSVs are created by drilling via holes in wafers and filling their interiors using copper electroplating processes. Subsequently, the wafers are exposed to high-temperature environments during the back-end-of-line (BEOL) process. However, improper copper electroplating conditions can form defects, such as voids and seams, within TSVs, while the high temperature of the BEOL process induces copper protrusion phenomena. These defects and copper protrusion degrade the reliability of TSV. In this brief, copper protrusion behavior, which is a direct cause of reliability degradation in TSVs, was mitigated by experimentally exploring the seam defects that can occur during the TSV filling process. Subsequent annealing processes were applied to remove the seam defects based on the copper-grain growth. The copper protrusion height was analyzed based on the size of the seam defects and annealing temperature. From the proposed process in this brief, the copper protrusion heights of TSVs without and with seam defects were confirmed to be 1.531 and $1.289~\mu \text{m}$ , respectively, representing an improvement of approximately 15.81%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) allows the production of the internal structure of porous media (PM) with porosity and permeability tailored for a specific application. Material extrusion (MEX) AM enables the fabrication of a lattice-type porous structure by varying process parameters, usually applying the zigzag raster filling strategy. In a recent study, a Variable Bead Width Porous Filling (VBWPF) strategy was proposed, which generates pores by changing the printing speed during filament deposition and resulting in a unique porous structure with less pore interconnectivity. Specific pores' dimensions and distribution on the layer can be obtained with the strategy's parameters. In this work, different configurations of the VBWPF strategy were produced, and their porosity and permeability were measured experimentally. A PM with traditional raster filling (lattice structure) was also printed and measured for comparison. The porous structures of different VBWPF configurations were analyzed with micro-computed tomography (µCT). The results showed that VBWPF parameters were able to modify the porous structure obtained, changing the porosity and permeability of the PM. The PM produced exhibited 27% lower porosity and 55% lower permeability than the traditional raster filling PM with similar pore widths. These unique characteristics open up the field for applications of PM obtained through AM. Article Highlights: The porosity and permeability of an innovative porous structure were measured. New process parameters can help tune a porous media's porosity and permeability to a lower scale. Pores with a high aspect ratio can be obtained, allowing porous media with low permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review provides an overview of commonly used filling technologies during fill-finish operations of biologics including positive displacement pump systems (radial peristaltic pump, rotary piston pump, rolling diaphragm pump) and time-over-pressure filling technology. • The article describes the operating principle of each pump system and reviews advantages and drawbacks as related to biologics. • The article highlights specific considerations for individual systems (risk of protein particle formation and particle shedding from wear and tear of tubing), and discusses general challenges associated to the filling process (hydrogen peroxide uptake, adsorption phenomena to tubing material, filling needle clogging). • Process development and process characterization studies are suggested to assess the impact of the filling process on product quality. One of the key unit operations during the aseptic fill-finish process of parenteral products, such as biologics, is the filling process of the formulated, sterile filtered drug substance into primary packaging containers. The applied filling technology as well as the process performance majorly impacts final drug product quality. The present review provides an overview of commonly used filling technologies during fill-finish operations of biologics including positive displacement pump systems such as radial peristaltic pump, rotary piston pump, rolling diaphragm pump, or innovative systems such as the linear peristaltic pump, as well as time-over-pressure filling technology. The article describes the operating principle of each pump system and reviews advantages and drawbacks. We highlight specific considerations for individual systems, such as the risk of protein particle formation and particle shedding from wear and tear of tubing, and discuss current literature about general challenges associated with the filling process, such as hydrogen peroxide uptake, adsorption phenomena to tubing material, and needle clogging. We suggest process development and process characterization studies to assess the impact of the filling process on product quality, and lastly provide an outlook about the use of disposable equipment during filling operations related to sustainability considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of defects during the early production phases of ferrous-alloy additively manufactured (AM) parts poses a serious threat to their versatility and adversely impacts their overall mechanical performance in industries ranging from aerospace engineering to medicine. Lack of fusion and gas entrapment during the manufacturing stages leads to increased surface roughness and porosities in the finished part. In this study, the efficacy of employing electroless nickel–boron (Ni-B) deposition to fill and level simulated AM defects was evaluated. The approach to levelling was inspired by the electrochemical deposition techniques used to fill vias in the electronics industry that (to some extent) resemble the size and shape of AM-type defects. This work investigated the use of surfactants to attenuate surface roughness in electroless nickel coatings, thereby achieving the preferential inhibition of the coating thickness on the surface and promoting the filling of the simulated defects. A cationic surfactant molecule, CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide), and a nonpolar surfactant, PEG (polyethylene glycol), at different concentrations were tested using a Ni-B electrolyte for the levelling study. It was found that the use of electroless Ni-B to fill simulated defects on ferrous alloys was strongly influenced by the concentration and nature of the surfactant. The highest levelling percentages were obtained for the heavy-molecular-weight PEG-mediated coatings at 1.2 g/L. The results suggest that electroless Ni-B deposition could be a novel and facile approach to filling defects in ferrous-based AM parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Management of large jaw cyst is challenging since high risks including pathologic fracture, limited opening, and insufficient bone healing occur after enucleation. The current case of concentrated growth factor (CGF) gel to fill defect after enucleation of large jaw cyst is rare. A 12‐year‐old boy with pain and swelling for 4 months in the left mandible region made a medical consultation at our hospital. Computerized tomography scan indicated that cystic lesion was found in the left mandible region. In this case, we present a patient with large jaw cyst (31 mm × 44 mm × 53 mm) who received enucleation followed by CGF gel filling the defect. The patient was discharged after 13 days without discomfort symptoms. The lesion size was reduced significantly at 1‐month re‐examination. No abnormality was detected in maxillofacial region at 1‐year re‐examination. Application of CGF gel is one of the possible options for filling defect after jaw cyst enucleation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) is characterised as drinking water distribution systems that are supplied with water for less than 24 hours/day on average. The filling transition from non-supply to pressurised supply is a period of hydraulic instability that negatively impacts water quality, deteriorates infrastructure integrity and intensifies social inequalities. Understanding the factors contributing to the severity of impact from filling is vital to develop effective management strategies. This paper investigates the hydraulic phenomena induced during the short-term IWS filling period and how this behaviour can be exacerbated by elevation and other hydraulic system factors, such as velocity and pressure. Controlled laboratory experiments conducted in the UK and field studies performed in operational networks across South Africa are presented. Results demonstrate the crucial role elevation plays in the network response during the filling transition, emphasising the need for greater consideration of elevation in IWS and well-maintained air relief valves in strategic locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pearl River is the property of Pearl River Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metallocenes are toxic chemicals that are used for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The study of the toxicity of metallocenes on plants is very important. It governs the issues of genetics. Toxicity studies should consider (I) the growth kinetics of carbon nanotubes, (II) the chemical reaction of metallocenes inside carbon nanotubes, and (III) investigations into the electronic properties of filled carbon nanotubes. Toxicity studies are influenced by the investigation of the growth processes of metallocene-filled carbon nanotubes, the evaporation of metals, and the formation of multiple-walled carbon nanotubes. Investigations into the modification of the Fermi level of filled carbon nanotubes also play a role in toxicity studies. Metallocenes are filled into carbon nanotubes through the various methods discussed here, including solution methods and gas-phase methods, each differing in methodology and requiring optimization. Many authors have published different methods of filling carbon nanotubes with metallocenes. They lead to high-filling ratios and allow future modifications of the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. The kinetics of carbon nanotube growth are investigated with different methods. Environmental transmission electron microscopy is applied to studies with a time resolution of several nanoseconds. Here, we use Raman spectroscopy to study the growth process, which is revealed to have activation energies, growth rates, and temperature dependence. The dependence of growth temperature on the tube diameter and metallocene-type is revealed. It is shown that the growth temperature increases with the larger diameter of inner CNTs. The growth temperature increases for ferrocene compared to nickelocene and cobaltocene. With X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that the heating of metallocene-filled SWCNTs at 360–600 °C causes the n-doping of SWCNTs. Heating at higher temperatures results in p-doping. The obtained data are needed to tailor the toxicity issues of metallocene-filled carbon nanotubes on plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because there is little published evidence on the effects of incomplete filling of K2EDTA evacuated blood tubes on routine hematological testing, this original study aimed to provide updated information on this preanalytical aspect. The study population consisted of 17 ostensibly healthy volunteers. Blood was drawn by venipuncture with a 10 mL syringe and dispensed in varying amounts (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mL) into 3.0 mL blood tubes containing spray-dried 5.4 mg K2EDTA. All tubes were gently mixed and used to perform routine hematology tests on the Sysmex XN-10. Clinically significant variations were defined when the limits of desirable specifications of bias derived from biologic variation were exceeded. The desirable bias was exceeded in 33 % filled tubes (1.0 mL) for hematocrit and MCV (increased values) and for MCHC (decreased values), while it was exceeded in 17 % filled tubes (0.5 mL) for hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV (increased values), and for MCHC (decreased values). Finally, the variation of values was higher than the desirable bias for RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV (increase), and for MCHC and MPV (decrease) in 7 % filled tubes (0.2 mL). No clinically significant variations were observed in tubes filled up to 67 % of their nominal volume (i.e., 2.0 mL). Consideration should be given to reject spray-dried K2EDTA blood tubes that contain a blood volume <67 % of the nominal fill volume, as biased laboratory data in these samples may interfere with clinical decision making and care management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a calculation methodology is proposed to determine the filling and / or emptying times of the tanks in the pumping source systems. It focuses on solving a discrete calculation model that takes into account the main hydraulic variables that characterize three schemes or cases of design and operation in these systems. Two discrete approach calculation models are presented as a function of height and time, which are implemented in the MATLAB version R2013b numerical computing system for the comparison of different variants of the design schemes described. Both analytical procedures are used to solve a practical example where the three cases of operation are illustrated for different variants and calculation alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative materials such as conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer), and giomer have the properties of fluoride release and refill, which may prevent or slow down the progression of caries. The caries resistance of these materials was evaluated according to the following criteria: fluorine-releasing ability, antibacterial activity, mechanical properties and anti-aging properties. The anti-caries effect of these materials mainly depends on the effect of fluoride ions on mineralization. However, materials with strong fluorine release ability, such as CGIC, are mainly used in pediatric dentistry and temporary restoration due to their poor mechanical properties. It is difficult to achieve both fluoride ion release potential and mechanical strength, and there are few materials that can provide ideal mechanical strength while maintaining a high standard of fluoride release. The fluoride releasing and recharging capacity of CGIC, RMGIC, compomer and giomer decrease successively. The trend of material modification, to a certain extent, tends to sacrifice the fluoride release capacity of materials to maintain the ideal mechanical strength. In recent years, scholars have tried to add a variety of fillers to further enhance the anti-cracking ability of materials and add antibacterial agents to compensate for the anti-caries effect to reduce the loss of fluoride release.

Key Clinical Message Management of large jaw cyst is challenging since high risks including pathologic fracture, limited opening, and insufficient bone healing occur after enucleation. The current case of concentrated growth factor (CGF) gel to fill defect after enucleation of large jaw cyst is rare. A 12‐year‐old boy with pain and swelling for 4 months in the left mandible region made a medical consultation at our hospital. Computerized tomography scan indicated that cystic lesion was found in the left mandible region. In this case, we present a patient with large jaw cyst (31 mm × 44 mm × 53 mm) who received enucleation followed by CGF gel filling the defect. The patient was discharged after 13 days without discomfort symptoms. The lesion size was reduced significantly at 1‐month re‐examination. No abnormality was detected in maxillofacial region at 1‐year re‐examination. Application of CGF gel is one of the possible options for filling defect after jaw cyst enucleation.

Before the regional head elections, the Minister of Home Affairs (Mendagri) appoints acting regional heads, sparking discussions about accountability. This study aims to analyze the development of regulations for appointing acting regional heads and their implications for accountability. The research, conducted as normative juridical research using secondary data, reveals two key findings. Firstly, there are three distinct aspects differing in the process of appointing acting regional heads: the reasons for filling the position, the criteria for becoming acting, and the extended term of the acting position without accountability. Secondly, the lack of accountability in the appointment process has implications, including the potential for acting regional heads lacking understanding of the region, the presence of acting regional heads driven by political interests, their limited experience and increased vulnerability to political influence, and the risk of unsustainable programs initiated by the previous regional head.

Soil aggregates swell when infiltrated by water, and their size can increase in two ways. First, aggregates can attach to one another with water acting as a bridge (i.e., adsorption), and water can enter the aggregate pores (i.e., swelling). This is defined as the “adsorption-swelling” effect. Second, clay can fill the pores of macroaggregates and microaggregates (i.e., filling) when adsorption occurs. This is defined as the “adsorption-filling” effect. However, the size range of aggregates affected by these effects and the extent of their influence on aggregate swelling are still unclear. Therefore, different initial size fractions (5 ∼ 2, 2 ∼ 1, 1 ∼ 0.5, 0.5 ∼ 0.25 and 0.25 ∼ 0.053 mm) of soil aggregates from the black soil zone of Northeast China were studied. The size range of swollen aggregates, the “adsorption-swelling” rate (V) of initial size fractions, and the “adsorption-filling” rate (E) of size fractions

In this work, N-doped biomass-char (N-BC) was adopted to fill and coat the commercial nickel foam (NF) achieved by the calcination of gelatin in air atmosphere. Subsequently, the Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4 nanosheet arrays were hydrothermally in-site grown on the N-BC-filled/coated NF (denoted as Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF@N-BC). Served directly as a self-supporting electrode for supercapacitors, Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF@N-BC holds an areal specific capacitance of 1162.5 mF cm−2 at a corresponding 1 mA cm−2 current density, much higher than that of Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF (748.8mF cm−2) without the introduction of N-BC. Moreover, Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF@N-BC shows excellent rate capability and durability. Additionally, the assembled two-electrode (Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF@N-BC vs. active carbon (AC)@NF) all-solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor is capable of reaching an energy density of 33.7 Wh kg−1 at 347.8 W kg−1. The significantly enhanced supercapacitive performance of Ni0.33Co0.67MoO4/NF with N-BC filling and coating emanates from the reduction of void space for NF and the improvement of electroconductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hypothesis of quasi-stationarity, relations were obtained for calculating the unsteady process of filling a vacuum vessel with a gas. As a criterion for the completion of the filling process, the admissible degree of pressure increase in the vacuum vessel was adopted. An analysis was made of the possibilities of increasing the duration of the filling process for a vacuum vessel of a given volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Orthopädie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Undoubtedly, coherence is what gives a text its sense of unity and distinguishes it from writings that are dispersed. Its function is to connect two parts of a text and make them continuous so that the reader or listener can identify missing elements that are required for the text's interpretation. Reference, replacement, deletion, conjunctions or connections (for grammatical cohesion), and repetition and convergence (for lexical cohesion) are some examples of cohesion-enhancing methods. At various levels, the linguistic study can concentrate on written legal texts (letters, papers, invoices, and files) as well as spoken legal texts (such as courtroom talk). One of the transdisciplinary areas between linguistics and legal theory is legal linguistics, often known as forensic linguistics. Repetition is a linguistic property that may be used to measure text coherence. The current study looks into Persian legal bills' repeating patterns from a linguistic perspective. Linguists examine court evidence, records, offenders' specific terminology, speaking patterns, and writing styles in legal situations to provide expert opinions on the practical analysis of legal materials. The stylistic phenomenon of information repetition is one of the problems that is frequently found in legal documents, especially bills. 40 bills that were filed in court served as the source of the data, which was then qualitatively assessed. The examples reveal that there are two basic types of repetition in the printed language of the bills: repetition that is both unnecessary and beneficial. In the first group, the legal documents under discussion contain repetitive phrases and extraneous material that are regarded as filler. Two subclasses of grammatical and textual repeats make up the second group. The requirement of Persian language standards has led to the formation of required grammatical repeats, a repeat of the same term, a repeat of synonyms, a repetition of opposing words, a repetition of differentiation, and a repetition of emphasis are a few examples of contextual repetitions that vary based on the text and legal writing style. Rewriting the content, extending parallelisms, using various limitations, and not paying attention to punctuation, complicated phrases, and multipart verbs are only a few of the unique qualities of the writings under study. The motives for emphasis, the worry that one would forget the audience if one speaks for too long, and the need to retain the main points are all connected to the repetition of information in bills. Because of this, the repetition of information in these texts plays a useful and effective function and facilitates the communication of the core idea.

The emergence of defects during the early production phases of ferrous-alloy additively manufactured (AM) parts poses a serious threat to their versatility and adversely impacts their overall mechanical performance in industries ranging from aerospace engineering to medicine. Lack of fusion and gas entrapment during the manufacturing stages leads to increased surface roughness and porosities in the finished part. In this study, the efficacy of employing electroless nickel–boron (Ni-B) deposition to fill and level simulated AM defects was evaluated. The approach to levelling was inspired by the electrochemical deposition techniques used to fill vias in the electronics industry that (to some extent) resemble the size and shape of AM-type defects. This work investigated the use of surfactants to attenuate surface roughness in electroless nickel coatings, thereby achieving the preferential inhibition of the coating thickness on the surface and promoting the filling of the simulated defects. A cationic surfactant molecule, CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide), and a nonpolar surfactant, PEG (polyethylene glycol), at different concentrations were tested using a Ni-B electrolyte for the levelling study. It was found that the use of electroless Ni-B to fill simulated defects on ferrous alloys was strongly influenced by the concentration and nature of the surfactant. The highest levelling percentages were obtained for the heavy-molecular-weight PEG-mediated coatings at 1.2 g/L. The results suggest that electroless Ni-B deposition could be a novel and facile approach to filling defects in ferrous-based AM parts.

Oxidized carbon nanotubes obtained by catalytic chemical vapor deposition were filled with an aqueous solution of nano-energetic materials using a very simple impregnation method. The work compares different energetic materials but focuses especially on an inorganic compound belonging to the Werner complexes, [Co(NH3)6][NO3]3. Our results show a large increase in released energy upon heating, which we demonstrate to be related to the confinement of the nano-energetic material either directly by filling of the inner channel of carbon nanotubes or to insertion in the triangular channels between adjacent nanotubes when they form bundles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fill-finish process for vials and syringes, although considered standard in the biopharmaceutical industry, comes with numerous technical challenges when manufacturing high concentration products. This paper includes case studies, illustrating the operational challenges associated with the filling unit operation for three of the commonly used filling technologies for biopharmaceutical products - piston pump, time over pressure pump and peristaltic pump. First case study consists of a piston pump filling operation and evaluates impact of product related parameters such as a) protein concentration, b) product viscosity and c) surface tension. The second study encompasses peristaltic pump filling. It delves into characterization of fluid flow and pump parameters while examining failure modes such as product drying. The third case study details challenges with time-pressure filling operation. In summary, for the three filling technologies, the operational challenges encountered during bench-scale and manufacturing operations implicate drug product-nozzle interactions (drying of high-viscosity material), inadequate pump clearances (piston, again, drying + seizure) and lack of optimized control parameters as key factors contributing to filling line stoppages. In each instance, recommendations are provided to mitigate these operational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gold — copper mine in Xinjiang is located at a high altitude. The industrial site is limited, with complex terrain and a sensitive environment. The distance between the dressing plant and the tailings pond is long and the height difference is significant. Under the conditions of simultaneous mining of upper and lower mining areas and coexistence of self-flow and pumping, to fully balance underground filling and tailings conveying and achieve green mining of mines, the paper, based on the development system, established the optimal thickening method for mine tailings filling and proposed 3 feasible solutions for the coordination of tailings conveying and filling system layout, which are compared and analyzed from multiple aspects including process flow, engineering investment, operating costs, and surface environment protection. The results show that the mine is most suitable for the deep cone thickening scheme, and the filling station is arranged at the surface of 2800 m air return audit + two-stage tailings conveying( Scheme I ), which is obviously better than Scheme II and III in terms of investment, operating costs, present value cost, and reliability. Besides, the system has high reliability and is easy to manage. The research provides solutions for the construction of tailings conveying and filling systems of the same type of mine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in computational power in the last years has favored application of simulation strategies to forming operations, especially injection molding. The successful numerical predictions require appropriate material modeling, so that an erroneous choice of a rheological model can considerably compromise the simulation, resulting in high expenses with rework and re-planning. Therefore, in addition to obtaining a good experience in injection processing, design engineers must have knowledge of mathematical models. Within this framework, the present study aims to evaluate the predictive capacity of several well-known viscosity models for thermoplastic injection process by comparing numerical results with experimental data for an ABS polymer. The numerical solution approximated the generalized Hele-Shaw model using the Moldflow® software. The numerical-experimental comparative tests were performed for the filling phase, from which the shape of the polymer flow front, mass filling fraction and time efficiency at different filling stages were addressed. The results show that substantial differences arise when a mistaken rheological model is adopted, and the importance of the temperature, shear rate and pressure in the numerical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the phemenology of filling, the investigation of kinetics, and the electronic properties for applications of filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and summarizes five main achievements that were obtained in processing the spectroscopic data of SWCNTs filled with metal halogenide, metal chalcogenide, metal and metallocenes. First, the methods of processing kinetic data were developed to reveal precise trends in growth rates and activation energies of the growth of SWCNTs. Second, the metal-dependence of kinetics was revealed. Third, metallicity-sorted (metallic and semiconducting) SWCNTs were filled with a range of substances and the electronic properties were investigated. Fourth, new approaches to processing the data of spectroscopic investigations of filled SWCNTs were developed, which allowed more reliable and precise analysis of the experimental results. Fifth, the correlation between the physical and chemical properties of encapsulated substances and the electronic properties of SWCNTs were elucidated. These points are highlighted in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid hydrogen has been studied for use in vehicles. However, during the charging process, liquid hydrogen is lost as gas. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate and reduce this loss and simulate the charging process. In this study, the initial charging process of a vehicle liquid hydrogen tank under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions was numerically investigated. A transient thermal-fluid simulation with a phase-change model was performed to analyze variations in the volume, pressure, mass flow rate, and temperature. The results showed that the process could be divided into three stages. In the first stage, liquid hydrogen was actively vaporized at the inner wall surface of the storage tank. The pressure increased rapidly, and liquid droplets were discharged into the vent pipe during the second stage. In the third stage, the mass flow rates of liquid and hydrogen gas at the outlet showed significant fluctuations, owing to complex momentum generated by the evaporation and charging flow. The temperatures of the inner and outer walls, and insulation layer, decreased significantly slower than that of the gas region because of its high heat capacity and insulation effect. The optimal structure should be further studied because the vortex, stagnation, and non-uniform cooling of the wall occurred near the inlet and outlet pipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the imaging mechanism of time-of-flight (ToF) sensors, the captured depth images usually suffer from severe noise and degradation. Though many RGB-guided methods have been proposed for depth image enhancement in the past few years, yet the enhancement performance on real-world depth images is still largely unsatisfactory. Two main reasons are the complexity of realistic noise and degradation in depth images, and the difficulty in collecting noise-clean pairs for supervised enhancement learning. This work aims to develop a self-supervised learning method for RGB-guided depth image enhancement, which does not require any noisy-clean pairs but can significantly boost the enhancement performance on real-world noisy depth images. To this end, we exploit the dependency between RGB and depth images to self-supervise the learning of the enhancement model. It is achieved by maximizing the cross-modal dependency between RGB and depth to promote the enhanced depth having dependency with the RGB of the same scene as much as possible. Furthermore, we augment the cross-modal dependency maximization formulation based on the optimal transport theory to achieve further performance improvement. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate that our method can significantly outperform existing state-of-the-art methods on depth denoising, multi-path interference suppression, and hole filling. Particularly, our method shows remarkable superiority over existing ones on real-world data in handling various realistic complex degradation. Code is available at https://github.com/wjcyt/SRDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallocenes are toxic chemicals that are used for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The study of the toxicity of metallocenes on plants is very important. It governs the issues of genetics. Toxicity studies should consider (I) the growth kinetics of carbon nanotubes, (II) the chemical reaction of metallocenes inside carbon nanotubes, and (III) investigations into the electronic properties of filled carbon nanotubes. Toxicity studies are influenced by the investigation of the growth processes of metallocene-filled carbon nanotubes, the evaporation of metals, and the formation of multiple-walled carbon nanotubes. Investigations into the modification of the Fermi level of filled carbon nanotubes also play a role in toxicity studies. Metallocenes are filled into carbon nanotubes through the various methods discussed here, including solution methods and gas-phase methods, each differing in methodology and requiring optimization. Many authors have published different methods of filling carbon nanotubes with metallocenes. They lead to high-filling ratios and allow future modifications of the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. The kinetics of carbon nanotube growth are investigated with different methods. Environmental transmission electron microscopy is applied to studies with a time resolution of several nanoseconds. Here, we use Raman spectroscopy to study the growth process, which is revealed to have activation energies, growth rates, and temperature dependence. The dependence of growth temperature on the tube diameter and metallocene-type is revealed. It is shown that the growth temperature increases with the larger diameter of inner CNTs. The growth temperature increases for ferrocene compared to nickelocene and cobaltocene. With X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that the heating of metallocene-filled SWCNTs at 360–600 °C causes the n-doping of SWCNTs. Heating at higher temperatures results in p-doping. The obtained data are needed to tailor the toxicity issues of metallocene-filled carbon nanotubes on plants.

Wood is a viable alternative to traditional steel, cement, and concrete as a structural material for building applications, utilizing renewable resources and addressing the challenges of high energy consumption and environmental pollution in the construction industry. However, the vast supply of fast-growing poplar wood has bottlenecks in terms of low strength and dimensional stability, making it difficult to use as a structural material. An environmentally friendly acrylic resin system was designed and cured in this study to fill the poplar cell cavities, resulting in a new type of poplar laminated veneer lumber with improved mechanical strength and dimensional stability. The optimized acrylic resin system had a solid content of 25% and a curing agent content of 10% of the resin solid content. The cured filled poplar veneer gained 81.36% of its weight and had a density of 0.69 g/cm3. The static flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the further prepared laminated veneer lumber were 123.12 MPa and 12,944.76 MPa, respectively, exceeding the highest flexural strength required for wood structural timber for construction (modulus of elasticity 12,500 MPa and static flexural strength 35 MPa). Its tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, attrition value, water absorption, water absorption thickness expansion, and water absorption width expansion were 58.81%, 19.50%, 419.18%, 76.83%, 44.38%, 13.90%, and 37.60% higher than untreated laminated veneer lumber, demonstrating improved mechanical strength and dimensional stability, significantly. This method provides a novel approach to encouraging the use of low-value-added poplar wood in high-value-added structural building material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction, aim: Erosive-abrasive defects of hard dental tissues are, in addition to tooth decay, one of the most common dental pathologies. Dental filling materials designed to repair these defects must be able to withstand the effects of wear - that is, erosion and abrasion - comparable or better than the enamel they replace. The study is focused on determining the surface changes of filling materials of various categories after exposure to acidic pH. The aim is to verify that the filling materials resist acids better than tooth enamel. Methods: The immersion of the samples took place in Coca-Cola (pH 2.4) for 5 minutes and for the sake of the erosive process also for 14 days. Image analysis using a confocal laser scanning microscope was used to examine the samples. Changes in surface hardness were also evaluated by nanoindentation and compared with enamel. Results: The tested filling materials, contrary to the enamel, withstood short-term exposure without significant changes in hardness and appearance. However, micro and macroscopic changes were observed during long-term exposure. These changes were most evident in the group of glass ionomer filling materials. Conclusion: The observations clearly showed a significantly higher resistance of the filling materials to the acidic environment than that of the enamel.

The paper suggests the solution to the urgent problem of increasing the level of environmental safety of industrial wastewater treatment from heavy metal using natural and modified bentonite.The use of spent bentonite in the processes of filling polymers is investigated. The aim of the research was to study the influence of fillers on the crosslinking course and functional properties of vulcanized elastomeric mixtures. Test research compositions included chloroprene rubber and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Nanofillers were used as a strengthening substance. Montmorillonite and spent montmorillonite saturated with copper ions were used as nanofiller.