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Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of final consumption, domestic investment, exports and imports on economic growth in the case of Albania during the period 1996-2021. By using cointegration analysis, VECM model and WALD test, empirical analysis indicated that there is no causality relationship between final consumption, exports, domestic investment, imports and economic growth in the long run and in the short run. These findings present the critical economic situation of Albania, which stands in need of an entry of urgent economic reforms and strong strategies to boost economic growth.

The input-output scheme is considered as applied to the analysis of the cross-industry reproduction of the economy of Ukraine as a critical infrastructure under the conditions of war and post-war recovery. A feasible scenario of the development of Ukraine's economy in 2022 is developed. An analysis of the sensitivity of elements of final consumption expenditures to changes by 1% is carried out. The methodology for developing scenarios of economic development under the conditions of war and post-war recovery is proposed taking into account the linearity of the Leontief model, the sensitivity of elements of final consumption expenditures to changes, and the inter-industry relationship structure of Ukraine's economy in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The input-output scheme is considered as applied to the analysis of the cross-industry reproduction of the economy of Ukraine as a critical infrastructure in the conditions of war and post-war recovery. A probable scenario of the development of Ukraine’s economy in 2022 has been prepared. The hypothesis of the scenario is that the military economy significantly changes the structure of final consumer spending, which makes it possible to forecast inter-industry relationships, in particular, final spending and output, using the input-output model (Leontief model). An analysis of the sensitivity of elements of final consumer spending was carried out. The methodology for developing scenarios of economic development in the conditions of war and post-war recovery is proposed, taking into account the linearity of the Leontief model, the sensitivity of elements of final consumer spending and the interindustry relationship structure of the Ukraine’s economy in 2019. Prepared materials can be used for scientific and educational purposes to generate various scenarios of final consumer spending in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with assessing and analyzing the energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy by types of economic activity. The study analyzes the place of Ukraine among other countries according to international rankings (indices): the Energy Transition Index, the Trilemma Index of the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Security Risk Index. It is found that Ukraine’s positions in international rankings determine a number of interrelated problems of energy, economic and environmental development of the country, among which one of the major ones is the high energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of energy intensity of GDP in some countries of the world and in Ukraine is analyzed. A matrix for estimating the energy efficiency of economies of countries (groups of countries) according to the criteria of direction and intensity of changes and the level of energy intensity of GDP is proposed. It is examined what structural changes occurred in the energy sector and economy of Ukraine by the type of continuity of the production process and the level of energy intensity in the final consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and production output. The specific weight of characteristics of groups of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in the final consumption of FER and production output is analyzed. The related indices are computed and directions of structural shifts in foreign economic activity in final consumption of FER and production output are determined. A general characterization of consistency of structural shifts in final consumption of FER and production output due to foreign economic activity and their groups in Ukraine is formed. The carried out study allowed to determine that the high energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is a consequence of the peculiarities of the structure of the national economy, shifted towards more energy-intensive industries and technological lag of most sectors of the economy from the level of developed countries. It is determined that, in general, in the structure of the economy of Ukraine there were coordinated minor changes in the final consumption of FER and production output. However, in parts of the group of foreign economic activity related to industries with a continuous type of production process with high and medium energy intensity, there were significant uncoordinated negative structural changes both in the final consumption of FER and in production output. Some increase in energy efficiency of the national economy was caused by a reduction in production volumes in highly energy-intensive industries with a continuous production cycle. Thus, despite the high rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP in Ukraine, its energy intensity remains one of the highest in the world (exceeding the world average by 2.1 times), which determines the unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the economy.

The article is concerned with assessing and analyzing the energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy by types of economic activity. The study analyzes the place of Ukraine among other countries according to international rankings (indices): the Energy Transition Index, the Trilemma Index of the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Security Risk Index. It is found that Ukraine’s positions in international rankings determine a number of interrelated problems of energy, economic and environmental development of the country, among which one of the major ones is the high energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of energy intensity of GDP in some countries of the world and in Ukraine is analyzed. A matrix for estimating the energy efficiency of economies of countries (groups of countries) according to the criteria of direction and intensity of changes and the level of energy intensity of GDP is proposed. It is examined what structural changes occurred in the energy sector and economy of Ukraine by the type of continuity of the production process and the level of energy intensity in the final consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and production output. The specific weight of characteristics of groups of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in the final consumption of FER and production output is analyzed. The related indices are computed and directions of structural shifts in foreign economic activity in final consumption of FER and production output are determined. A general characterization of consistency of structural shifts in final consumption of FER and production output due to foreign economic activity and their groups in Ukraine is formed. The carried out study allowed to determine that the high energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is a consequence of the peculiarities of the structure of the national economy, shifted towards more energy-intensive industries and technological lag of most sectors of the economy from the level of developed countries. It is determined that, in general, in the structure of the economy of Ukraine there were coordinated minor changes in the final consumption of FER and production output. However, in parts of the group of foreign economic activity related to industries with a continuous type of production process with high and medium energy intensity, there were significant uncoordinated negative structural changes both in the final consumption of FER and in production output. Some increase in energy efficiency of the national economy was caused by a reduction in production volumes in highly energyintensive industries with a continuous production cycle. Thus, despite the high rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP in Ukraine, its energy intensity remains one of the highest in the world (exceeding the world average by 2.1 times), which determines the unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the authors seek to analyze if the relationship between final consumption and foreign trade indicators, at a macroeconomic level, manifests as a Granger causality. The graphical representation of the datasets reveals that the evolutions follow a similar pattern (with the exception of the net export). The indicators on both sides of the causality have been widely approached by researchers, as they contribute to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product. The research methodology follows the Toda-Yamamoto procedure for measurement of Granger causality, as the variables were expected to be (and were found to be in the initial step of the data analysis) non-stationary, and the results on the processing in levels can provide more accurate information. The research hypotheses were designed in order to detail the main topic of the paper on foreign trade indicators. None of the hypotheses has been validated, and the authors consider, in the future, the application of other methods to assess the quantitative side of the links between foreign trade and final consumption. The authors consider that a significant contribution brought by this study is the type of data analysis method applied and the approach towards the two macroeconomic components of the economy, for the cases of Romania and the entire European Union, of which Romania is a member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the analysis of inequality in consumption in 2012–2017, in particular, the final consumption expenditure of households structure of consumer expenditure of households, consumer price indices for goods and services — 10 % groups. During the analysis, the following regularities are clarified. In the context of financial destabilization, the degree of inequality decreases, and in the conditions of stabilization and reduction of inflation — it grows. Inequality is affected by an asymmetric pattern of consumption: a high proportion of food consumption in low — cost groups and a low proportion in high-cost groups. Also detected asymmetry in the consumption of transport: high share of consumption of transport in the groups with high and low costs — low costs. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, asymmetric inflation is manifested. In groups with increasing costs, the consumer price index is declining. In general, the analysis shows that inequality in consumption and inflation in socioeconomic groups depend primarily on the structure of consumption

This paper is focused on the efficiency of VAT collection under the standard credit invoice method. It discusses several approaches on how to evaluate the efficiency of the VAT system. The authors create their own indicator called the C-Coefficient that determines how many times must one unit of currency be checked by the financial authority to collect it into public budgets. The C-Coefficient is calculated from the data on VAT revenues and total VAT paid on all taxable supplies performed in the economy. The concrete results are shown for the Czech Republic for the period 2005 to 2018. The C-Coefficient reaches the values between 7.92 and 11.56, meaning that in the most efficient year (2018) the tax authorities had to inspect each collected CZK more than 7 times, whereas in the least efficient year (2008) they had to audit each collected CZK more than 11 times. Authors also discuss what influences the C-Coefficient. Among important factors are measures against VAT fraud, especially the specific reverse charge, as well as the number of VAT payers in the production and distribution chain and the difference between the average VAT rates applicable on final and intermediate consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change already affects all inhabited regions of the world, with human influence contributing to many observed changes in climate extremes and to mitigate this trend, important decisions have been taken by different world organizations and countries to achieve global net-zero emissions. At the European Union level (EU27 countries), two of the main pillars for achieving carbon neutrality are: (1) The “Energy Efficiency First principle” in the formulation of energy policy and in taking relevant investment decisions and (2) the electrification of the energy sector, supported by generating electricity through endogenous renewable energy sources. In this context, a comprehensive review was carried out on what has been developed by the scientific community and main international energy organizations on the electrification of the energy sector. Additionally, with the purpose of better understanding the state of the art of a country regarding the decarbonization process, the Portuguese energy vectors were identified in terms of which ones can and should be electrified by 2050, based on the data available from Eurostat (2019). Portugal is a country highly dependent on imported energy (78%), where the largest energy vector is from oil and petroleum products (68%) mostly used in the transport sector, where the electrification of the sector will be increased gradually until 2050. However, other decarbonized solutions, such as biofuels and synthetic (green) fuels cannot be ruled out and should be the subject of future work and considered for the decarbonization goals to be achieved in 2050. The main conclusions reflect that there is still a long way to go, much like the rest of the world, as it is necessary to electrify the equivalent to almost all the energy presently imported by Portugal, a tough challenge considering the need for its generation to be decarbonized. In this context, energy efficiency must play an equivalently important role to significantly reduce current energy demand, leading to more cost-effective and resilient energy services.

In this paper, the authors present some models useful for the analysis of the Gross Domestic Product. The study capitalizes official data published by the National Institute of Statistics from Romania. As the principal indicator of the macroeconomic results in the national economies, the Gross Domestic Product is influenced by a variety of factors, whose impact can be estimated with the help of appropriate models. After presenting some aspects on the evolution of Romania’s Gross Domestic Product, the authors propose a set of econometric models, based on the simple and multiple regression approach, which are able to measure the impact of final consumption, on one hand, and the turnover of the companies acting in the retail sector, on the other hand, on the main indicator considered in the research. The models are tested against Rsquared and Adjusted R-squared parameters, and the results of estimations are further explained.

Water depletion and pollution caused by industrialization have become major environmental concerns worldwide, which are further complicated by the urbanization and globalization. China has become an industrial powerhouse for the world, and its industrial activities-induced water pressure is no longer negligible. This study investigates China's industrial water pressure from final consumption and international export based on water footprint (WF) and dynamic structure decomposition analysis (SDA). The industrial blue and gray WFs with respect to rural consumption, urban consumption, and export are accounted for 2002–2015, and an advanced dynamic SDA model is developed and applied to examining the evolving WFs with 9 socio-economic drivers quantified. Results show that China's water resources pressure is intensified due to the increase of total industrial blue WF (by 47.4%) for 2002–2015, whereas a mitigation of water environment pressure is suggested by the decreasing gray virtual water outflow and total internal gray WF (by 31.9% and 36.4%, respectively). The SDA demonstrates that export scale and urban consumption level are two major drivers of water situation deterioration, which accumulatively contribute 38.3% and 33.0% to the evolving blue and gray WFs, respectively. In contrast, technology development is the dominant contributor alleviating China's water pressure, with absolute contribution proportions of 38.9% and 56.5%, correspondingly. Based on these, export regulation, consumption pattern adjustment and technological innovation are recommended for water policy making. The methodology used in this study can be extended to diagnosing the water issues in other nations/regions as well. • China's industrial blue and gray WFs from rural consumption, urban consumption, and export are separately accounted. • The effects of nine drivers on the WFs are examined using an advanced dynamic structural decomposition analysis model. • Intensified water resources pressure and relieving water environment stress from industrialization are recognized. • Export scale and urban wealth level principally drive up China's industrial WFs. • Technology development dominantly alleviates the water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• International trade embodies $5.1 trillion year−1 of ecosystem services lost due to agricultural activities. • Consumption in China, United States and Middle East induce the highest absolute loss of ecosystem services. • Main exporters of ecosystem services include Asia and Pacific, Indonesia and Africa. • The largest trade flow was identified between the Asia and Pacific region and Western Europe. Agricultural activities utilize provisioning ecosystem services while degrading nature's contributions to people of natural ecosystems. These impacts are partly driven by international trade and consumption abroad. The objective of this Communication is to introduce the concept of the ecosystem services footprint and provide a pilot calculation of the economic value of ecosystem services lost due to land conversion and production of crops, which are either directly traded internationally or enter supply chains of international trade and are induced by final demand abroad. We report the ecosystem services loss footprint for 49 countries and world regions based on a multi-regional input–output analysis. We found that ecosystem services loss due to crop production for international trade is valued at $5.1 trillion per year. Consumption in China, United States and Middle East induce the highest absolute loss of value of ecosystem services. The main exporters include Asia and Pacific, Indonesia and Africa. The largest trade flow was identified between the Asia and Pacific region and Western Europe with an embodied value of ecosystem services loss of $397 billion per year. Bringing to light the monetary value of ecosystem services lost due to international trade can stimulate and contribute to the design of strategies to reduce the impact of consumption and thus to lightening our footprint on natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the evolution of the final consumption in Romania, as part of gross domestic product during the period 2009 - 2014. The analysis of the final consumption shows concern especially by observing the evolution of its two components: actual consumption achieved by households and the one achieved by public administrations. Final consumption has a high share within the gross domestic product, but the trend is one of diminishing it. The situation in which our country is found is no different from what occurs in other EU countries, where the final consumption has a significant share in GDP.

Money incomes of the population, their composition and dynamics determine considerably the standard of living. Nevertheless, human wellbeing also depends on the consumer spendings. The article deals with analysis of forming and using of money incomes for consumption, trends of their development, as well as the social differentiation of consumer spendings. The author uses the data of government statistics in a few years.

Article is devoted to research of structure of the used fuel and energy resources inthe Russian economy on fi nal consumption. It is shown that the domestic economy is one of the most power-intensiveeconomies of the world now. Thus, process of consumption of fuel and energyresources underwent serious structural changes that was followed by change ofa share of specific sectors in consumptiontotal volume.

The article describes the methodology for estimating the Russia’s consumer sector and the effect of its application. The monitoring procedure of the Russian consumer sector groups indicators into two units: the unit of the estimation of consumer goods and the services market estimation unit. The estimation unit of consumer goods is composed of two modules: food products and non-food products. This module offers two components that provide an estimation of the consumer sector: marketing (estimates the accessibility of retail trade and services for end users) and production (estimates the domestic manufacture). The results of the estimation show general improvements in the consumer sector in the period of 2000–2014, but overall development is evaluated as low. The analysis revealed that the financing is growing faster than the quality indices of development. As an example, the financing of agriculture has increased by 1.5 times over 15 years (against comparable prices from 2000), while agricultural production has not changed. Another most pressing challenge is the weak differentiation of the Russian economy, as evidenced by the low rates of non-food production (availability of non-foods of own production remains at a low level and averages 20 %). The results of the estimation suggest the need to reform the regulation of the sector primarily concerning priorities for its development and improvement of financial and economic mechanisms to achieve them.

This paper emphasizes the application of regression models in macroeconomic analyses. The particular situation approached is the influence of final consumption and gross investments on the evolution of Romania’s Gross Domestic Product. The results of such research are supposed to contribute to deeper and more complex analyses of the GDP, the main indicator that shows the performance of a national economy. The dataset is made of official figures drawn from the Romanian Statistics authority, and the analysis is performed with the help of the Eviews software. The proposed model was tested by using proper instruments, the results of the tests are also presented in the paper.

Abstract Capital formation has contributed the most towards Chinas' carbon emissions, but capital assets are ultimately used for production. This paper by using input-output model embeds carbon emissions from capital formation to rest of final demand categories and compares results with other two common methods. Our approach has led to embedding of more carbon emissions and increased intensity. The analysis is mainly based on China's 2012 input-output data and China Statistical Yearbook data. Under new approach, annual carbon consumption of rural households, urban households, government and foreign consumption significantly increased, urban households per capita annual carbon consumption is about 3.26 times of the rural households. Government's 94% carbon consumption is from other non-material production sector. China's total annual carbon export volume increased by48% under new approach. Some study limitations are also discussed in this paper. Our work is of certain reference value for understanding carbon emissions from the perspective of final consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression function is the key to making many micro and macroeconomic analysis. After studying logical variables to be analyzed, graphical representation of data series and primary interpretation of information we pass to fundament the econometric model to be used.

This paper aims to examine the causal relationship between GDP and final consumption. The authors used linear regression model in which GDP is considered variable results, and final consumption variable factor. In drafting article we used Excel software application that is a modern computing and statistical data analysis.

The economic theory and practice proves that between the final consumption, the main component of aggregate demand and the employment level in a country, as a rule a directly proportional relationship is set. In the present study, first of all, we want to outline the main influence factors of consumption, and then to emphasize the impact of consumption over employment in Romania, in 1990-2006. According to our research it results that in Romania, a direct and significant relationship cannot be set between dynamics of consumption and dynamics of employment, and hence we may state that the Keynes’s economic theory is not valid as regards the relationship between consumption and employment.

This paper presents the evolution of the final consumption in Romania, as part of gross domestic product during the period 2009 - 2014. The analysis of the final consumption shows concern especially by observing the evolution of its two components: actual consumption achieved by households and the one achieved by public administrations. Final consumption has a high share within the gross domestic product, but the trend is one of diminishing it. The situation in which our country is found is no different from what occurs in other EU countries, where the final consumption has a significant share in GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon recent research into the underestimation of China’s official final consumption expenditure, this paper investigates the quality of China’s investment data. We strictly follow the official method to estimate the annual gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) expenditure from 2004 to 2012, and the resulting figures are significantly different from the official statistics. This implies that the ‘total investment in fixed assets’ data, which are the primary source for the estimation of GFCF, grossly exaggerate actual investments, and that the official GFCF figures are not, strictly speaking, independently estimated, as they are purported to be. We deduce that the official gross capital formation figure is more or less a residual item obtained by subtracting final consumption and net exports from the official GDP figure that is calculated based on the production-cum-income approach. As a result, the underestimation of China’s consumption expenditure automatically translates into overestimation of investment expenditure. We conclude that China’s official consumption and investment statistics cannot be trusted as the basis for policy discussions and academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complexity of the connections within an economic system can only be reliably reflected in academic research if powerful methods are used. Researchers have used structural path analysis (SPA) to capture not only the linkages within the production system but also the propagation of the effects into different channels of impacts. However, the SPA literature has restricted itself to showing the relations among sectors of production, while the connections between these sectors and final consumption have attracted little attention. In order to consider the complete set of channels involved, in this paper we propose a structural path method that endogenously incorporates not only sectors of production but also the final consumption of the economy. The empirical application comprises water usages, and analyses the dissemination of exogenous impacts into various channels of water consumption. The results show that the responsibility for water stress is imputed to different sectors and depends on the hypothesis used for the role played by final consumption in the model. This highlights the importance of consumers' decisions in the determination of ecological impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the evolution of the main macroeconomic indicators of results, Gross Domestic Product correlated with variation of final consumption in our country in the years 1990 to 2011. The values of the two macroeconomic indicators have been deflated using the consumer price index with fixed basis, considering the first year of the series, 1990, as a reference. The evolution of the Gross Domestic Product is influenced to a large extent by changes of final consumption. To achieve the correlation between the two macroeconomic indicators, article proposes using the linear regression model, model is the basis of many micro and macroeconomic analysis. In this regression model is considered the gross domestic product as outcome variables and the final consumption as the variable factorial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have studied the dependence between GDP, final consumption and net investments. To analyze this correlation, the article proposes a multiple regression model, extremely useful tool in economic analysis. Regression model described in the article considers the GDP as outcome variables and final consumption and net investment as factorial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]