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This research aimed at developing a virtual reality based learning media application on the introduction of types of fish. The development of this application intended to facilitate the learning process in the kindergarten concerning on the introduction of aquatic animals, and specifically about fish. There were 10 types of saltwater fish and 10 types of freshwater fish which would be introduced to the kindergarten students. The development of this application is expected to attract children's learning enthusiasm about the types of fish in our environment. The development of this virtual reality-based learning media application used the ADDIE model. This ADDIE model comprises of 5 stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. With the consideration of this model, the developed product could be finalized within fine quality. It could be achieved since this model allows the developer to perform evaluation and revision during every completed stage.The result of the user’s experience testing was 89.8 %, indicating that this virtual reality-based learning media application was considered excellent. Therefore, this application could be used as a supporting media to introduce types of fish in the teaching and learning process conducted in the kindergarten, concerning the theme of aquatic animals with the subtheme of fish

Mediterranean river systems are characterised by more diverse fish assemblages and regional ecological processes compared with the rest of Europe. A data set from Mediterranean France, Iberia and Greece ( 2000 sites) was used to describe the characteristics of fish assemblages, explore their responses to anthropogenic disturbance and analyse the implications for river quality assessment. There was a southwards decline in species richness per site, but endemicity and proportion of alien species increased. Sites in the eastern Mediterranean had higher endemicity, lower site richness and lower number of alien species than sites in western Mediterranean Europe. Assemblage composition differed between Mediterranean sub-regions, but was dominated by three major fish types: a salmonid fish type common throughout the study area and two cyprinid-dominated fish types (in some sub-regions, Salmo trutta L. is present but not numerically dominant), corresponding to a gradient in hydrological and temperature regimes. Metric responses to perturbation were compared with those found at the European (larger scale) and basin (smaller scale) levels. Overall metric response was weaker in this Mediterranean application. The best responses to human pressure were usually obtained with abundance-based metrics and included the contribution of naturalised alien species. Some widespread alien species contributed to the response to anthropogenic alteration (notably Cyprinus carpio L. and Lepomis gibbosus (L.)).

[EN] Mediterranean river systems are characterised by more diverse fish assemblages and regional ecological processes compared with the rest of Europe. A data set from Mediterranean France, Iberia and Greece ( 2000 sites) was used to describe the characteristics of fish assemblages, explore their responses to anthropogenic disturbance and analyse the implications for river quality assessment. There was a southwards decline in species richness per site, but endemicity and proportion of alien species increased. Sites in the eastern Mediterranean had higher endemicity, lower site richness and lower number of alien species than sites in western Mediterranean Europe. Assemblage composition differed between Mediterranean sub-regions, but was dominated by three major fish types: a salmonid fish type common throughout the study area and two cyprinid-dominated fish types (in some sub-regions, Salmo trutta L. is present but not numerically dominant), corresponding to a gradient in hydrological and temperature regimes. Metric responses to perturbation were compared with those found at the European (larger scale) and basin (smaller scale) levels. Overall metric response was weaker in this Mediterranean application. The best responses to human pressure were usually obtained with abundance-based metrics and included the contribution of naturalised alien species. Some widespread alien species contributed to the response to anthropogenic alteration (notably Cyprinus carpio L. and Lepomis gibbosus (L.))., We thank Stefan Schmutz and his team for the coordination of the European FAME project (financed by the European Union, contract no. EVT1-CT-2001- 00094); his encouragement and support made the development of the Mediterranean data set possible. We are also indebted to all people that have taken part in the data collection and graciously agreed to share their information.