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Background and Aim: Farm animals, including cattle, have been implicated as antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogen reservoirs. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic characteristics of cattle colonized by fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We randomly collected 100 fresh fecal samples from 100 cattle in major abattoirs and analyzed the samples using standard microbiological methods. Isolates were further characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16S rRNA sequence primers. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production was performed using the double disk synergy test. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were determined using the disk diffusion method, whereas molecular characterization of ESBL- and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes was performed by PCR using specific primers. Results: A total of 20 (20%) ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from 100 animal fecal samples. Isolates were generally multidrug-resistant (MDR) with a resistance rate of 100% to 45% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, and ciprofloxacin. The average multiple antibiotic resistance index values of the isolates ranged from 0.5 to 0.8. BlaTEM (75%), followed by blaCTX-M (20%) and blaSHV (5.0%) was the most predominant ESBL gene among the isolates. The Aac-lb-6-cr fluoroquinolone-resistant gene was harbored by 90% of the isolates, whereas Qnr was absent. Conclusion: This study showed a high frequency of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli harboring ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes in fecal samples of cattle with serious public health consequences if not adequately addressed.

This study aimed to explore the phenotype and relationship of drug resistance genes in livestock and poultry farm wastewater and drinking water reservoirs to provide evidence for the transmission mechanisms of drug resistance genes, in order to reveal the spread of drug resistance genes in wastewater from intensive farms in Central China to urban reservoirs that serve as drinking water sources and provide preliminary data for the treatment of wastewater from animal farms to reduce the threat to human beings. DNA extraction and metagenomic sequencing were performed on eight groups of samples collected from four water reservoirs and four related wastewaters from animal farms in Central China. Metagenomic sequencing showed that the top 20 AROs with the highest abundance were vanT_gene, vanY_gene, adeF, qacG, Mtub_rpsL_STR, vanY_gene_, vanW_gene, Mtub_murA_FOF, vanY_gene, vanH_gene, FosG, rsmA, qacJ, RbpA, vanW_gene, aadA6, vanY_gene, sul4, sul1, and InuF. The resistance genes mentioned above belong to the following categories of drug resistance mechanisms: antibiotic target replacement, antibiotic target protection, antibiotic inactivation, and antibiotic efflux. The resistomes that match the top 20 genes are Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Actinomyces viscosus and Bacillus cereus. Enterococcus faecium; Clostridium tetani; Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Acinetobacter baumannii, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Schaalia odontolytica, and Trueperella pyogenes; Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio metoecus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens; Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus equorum; M. avium, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Acinetobacter baumannii; Sphingobium yanoikuyae, Acinetobacter indicus, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, and Providencia stuartii. Unreported drug resistance genes and drug-resistant bacteria in Central China were identified in 2023. In the transmission path of drug resistance genes, the transmission path from aquaculture wastewater to human drinking water sources cannot be ignored. For the sake of human health and ecological balance, the treatment of aquaculture wastewater needs to be further strengthened, and the effective blocking of drug resistance gene transmission needs to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Farm animals, including cattle, have been implicated as antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogen reservoirs. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic characteristics of cattle colonized by fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We randomly collected 100 fresh fecal samples from 100 cattle in major abattoirs and analyzed the samples using standard microbiological methods. Isolates were further characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16S rRNA sequence primers. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production was performed using the double disk synergy test. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were determined using the disk diffusion method, whereas molecular characterization of ESBL- and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes was performed by PCR using specific primers. Results: A total of 20 (20%) ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from 100 animal fecal samples. Isolates were generally multidrug-resistant (MDR) with a resistance rate of 100% to 45% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, and ciprofloxacin. The average multiple antibiotic resistance index values of the isolates ranged from 0.5 to 0.8. BlaTEM (75%), followed by blaCTX-M (20%) and blaSHV (5.0%) was the most predominant ESBL gene among the isolates. The Aac-lb-6-cr fluoroquinolone-resistant gene was harbored by 90% of the isolates, whereas Qnr was absent. Conclusion: This study showed a high frequency of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli harboring ESBL and fluoroquinoloneresistant genes in fecal samples of cattle with serious public health consequences if not adequately addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the phenotype and relationship of drug resistance genes in livestock and poultry farm wastewater and drinking water reservoirs to provide evidence for the transmission mechanisms of drug resistance genes, in order to reveal the spread of drug resistance genes in wastewater from intensive farms in Central China to urban reservoirs that serve as drinking water sources and provide preliminary data for the treatment of wastewater from animal farms to reduce the threat to human beings. DNA extraction and metagenomic sequencing were performed on eight groups of samples collected from four water reservoirs and four related wastewaters from animal farms in Central China. Metagenomic sequencing showed that the top 20 AROs with the highest abundance were vanT_gene, vanY_gene, adeF, qacG, Mtub_rpsL_STR, vanY_gene_, vanW_gene, Mtub_murA_FOF, vanY_gene, vanH_gene, FosG, rsmA, qacJ, RbpA, vanW_gene, aadA6, vanY_gene, sul4, sul1, and InuF. The resistance genes mentioned above belong to the following categories of drug resistance mechanisms: antibiotic target replacement, antibiotic target protection, antibiotic inactivation, and antibiotic efflux. The resistomes that match the top 20 genes are Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Actinomyces viscosus and Bacillus cereus. Enterococcus faecium; Clostridium tetani; Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus; Acinetobacter baumannii, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Schaalia odontolytica, and Trueperella pyogenes; Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio metoecus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens; Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus equorum; M. avium, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Acinetobacter baumannii; Sphingobium yanoikuyae, Acinetobacter indicus, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, and Providencia stuartii. Unreported drug resistance genes and drug-resistant bacteria in Central China were identified in 2023. In the transmission path of drug resistance genes, the transmission path from aquaculture wastewater to human drinking water sources cannot be ignored. For the sake of human health and ecological balance, the treatment of aquaculture wastewater needs to be further strengthened, and the effective blocking of drug resistance gene transmission needs to be considered.