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Food and agriculture were largely treated as exceptions from the GATT disciplines. The GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) initiated a long-term process of trade liberalisation in agriculture. Food security is among the objectives of the AoA. Trade liberalisation in agriculture, the removal of protectionism, and tariffs in agricultural trade are envisioned as food security enhancing. However, although African countries embraced the WTO AoA, they have failed to liberalise their agricultural trade in line with the disciplines of the AoA. African countries have missed out on the benefits of agricultural liberalisation, among them being food security. As a result, Africa's agricultural trade is anaemic and, coupled with her low agricultural productivity, Africa is plagued by hunger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India, the world's leading rice exporter, banned the export of non-Basmati white rice, accounting for 25% of its total exports (or 10% of the global rice trade). The ban aims to ensure availability to domestic Indian consumers and reduce domestic market prices, impacting global rice market accessibility, consumers, and producers across twelve regions. The study utilized the global simulation model (GSIM) to analyze the effects of trade restrictions on industries. The model uses national product differentiation to assess trade policy changes at global, regional, or national scales. It examined importer and exporter effects on trade values, tariff revenues, exporter surplus, and importer surplus. It found that India's Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) ban on non-Basmati rice resulted in a higher local price and a negative global net welfare impact of USD 1.7 billion. The losses decreased to USD 1.4 billion when importing countries responded by reducing rice import tariffs by 25% and USD 1.1 billion when importing countries reduced tariffs by 75%. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Cooperation Council regions were most affected. The study also found minimal impact on consumer surplus in India due to inelastic rice demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the intricate landscape of the global food system, a nuanced understanding of dynamic evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of food trade network is essential for advancing insights into the African food trade and maintaining the food security of Africa. This paper constructs a framework for analyzing the food trade network from a comparative perspective by comparing and analyzing the evolution of food trade networks in China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries. The development trend of food trade between China, Russia, the United States, the European Union, and African countries is relatively good. China, the United States, Russia, and the European Union export far more food to African countries than they import, and bilateral food trade plays an important role in alleviating food supply shortages in Africa. The food trade networks between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries exhibit a butterfly-shaped structure centered in Africa, and the overall intensity of bilateral trade linkages is gradually increasing. France has the greatest control over the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries, and the influence of the United States on the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries is increasing. China's independence in the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries is enhanced, but its control ability is limited. The impact of differences in total population, differences in food production, and geographical borders on the trade network between China, the United States, the European Union, and African countries tends to decrease, while the influence of differences in the proportion of agricultural employment, differences in the arable land available for food production, and institutional distance tends to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China’s economy and society, the income level of Chinese residents is increasing day by day, and the dietary consumption structure of domestic residents is constantly optimized and upgraded. The consumption demand for livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk, and corn starch industrial products is increasing day by day. Therefore, as the main raw material of feed industry and deep processing owners, the consumption scale of China corn market is constantly expanding. However, the corresponding domestic corn production scale has not expanded, and the domestic corn production presents an obvious problem of insufficient supply scale, which leads to a sharp and rapid increase in the number of corn imports in China, which seriously impacts the domestic corn market and affects China’s healthy development of corn industry. In recent years, the continuous spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has seriously affected the global grain production and trade. The fierce military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the two major grain exporting countries, has once again brought a serious adverse impact on the supply and price of the global grain market, resulting in an increase in the import cost of corn in China and a change in the import pattern of corn in China. In this regard, this study analyzes the current situation of corn production and import trade in China, and based on the relevant trade data between China and major corn importing countries from 2013 to 2022, establishes a trade gravity model to quantitatively evaluate the main factors affecting China’s corn import trade, and analyzes the trade potential of sample countries. It was found that in 2022, China’s import and export trade volume and trade value were 20.62 million tons and 7.11 billion US dollars, respectively, compared with 2013, trade volume and trade volume increased by 6.3 times. Statistics on the potential types of various trading countries showed that the proportion of potential countries was 14.2%, and Brazil had the greatest potential in China’s corn import trade. The proportion of potential expanding countries is about 71.4%, and Laos is a mature country with less opportunities for further development. In order to promote the benign development of the domestic corn industry and the development of China’s corn import trade, this paper puts forward a series of countermeasure suggestions based on the above research.

This paper presents a new agent-based modelling (ABM) framework to investigate the resilience of food systems against a variety of shocks. We modelled food security as an emergent property from a network of agents that produce, trade and consume food. The network consists of different regions (mimicking the different hemispheres, an equatorial region and a city state with corresponding growing seasons). Each region in turn consists of a rural and urban area. Rural consumers have access to only regionally produced goods, whereas urban consumers can access both intra- and inter-region trade. We studied food security in a hierarchy of 4 archetypical food systems (or ‘Worlds’) evolving from a simple food system in which regions are not urbanised and there is no trade between regions to a globalised World, with a fully connected food system, which is highly urbanised (including a city state with little national food production) and highly interconnected. We investigated the baseline performance of these food systems (no shocks) and the effect of an export ban of one region on food security. We showed first and second-order effects of such a shock in the short- and medium-term, and how these effects differ across food systems. We found that international trade increases food security in the baseline and shock scenario, but also that it can introduce the potential for poor populations to suffer from food system shocks of distant origins. Future work will extend the set of investigated shocks to provide a broader understanding of food systems resilience, possibly in more realistic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific food system has become progressively more integrated into global food regimes. This integration has had impacts on availability and consumption of food, population health, and vulnerability to external drivers. We describe major elements of the contemporary food system to provide a foundation for analysis of food system transitions and public health outcomes. Although crop production has doubled in the last fifty years, it has not kept pace with population growth. This deficit is increasingly filled by imported foods, particularly staples, meat and sugar. The burden of malnutrition and poor health outcomes are increasingly apparent. We propose seeds for transitioning the Pacific food system to a hybrid form that supports historical continuity with healthy regionally-produced food.

India, the world’s leading rice exporter, banned the export of non-Basmati white rice, accounting for 25% of its total exports (or 10% of the global rice trade). The ban aims to ensure availability to domestic Indian consumers and reduce domestic market prices, impacting global rice market accessibility, consumers, and producers across twelve regions. The study utilized the global simulation model (GSIM) to analyze the effects of trade restrictions on industries. The model uses national product differentiation to assess trade policy changes at global, regional, or national scales. It examined importer and exporter effects on trade values, tariff revenues, exporter surplus, and importer surplus. It found that India’s Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) ban on non-Basmati rice resulted in a higher local price and a negative global net welfare impact of USD 1.7 billion. The losses decreased to USD 1.4 billion when importing countries responded by reducing rice import tariffs by 25% and USD 1.1 billion when importing countries reduced tariffs by 75%. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Cooperation Council regions were most affected. The study also found minimal impact on consumer surplus in India due to inelastic rice demand.

In the intricate landscape of the global food system, a nuanced understanding of dynamic evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of food trade network is essential for advancing insights into the African food trade and maintaining the food security of Africa. This paper constructs a framework for analyzing the food trade network from a comparative perspective by comparing and analyzing the evolution of food trade networks in China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries. The development trend of food trade between China, Russia, the United States, the European Union, and African countries is relatively good. China, the United States, Russia, and the European Union export far more food to African countries than they import, and bilateral food trade plays an important role in alleviating food supply shortages in Africa. The food trade networks between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries exhibit a butterfly-shaped structure centered in Africa, and the overall intensity of bilateral trade linkages is gradually increasing. France has the greatest control over the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries, and the influence of the United States on the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries is increasing. China’s independence in the food trade network between China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries is enhanced, but its control ability is limited. The impact of differences in total population, differences in food production, and geographical borders on the trade network between China, the United States, the European Union, and African countries tends to decrease, while the influence of differences in the proportion of agricultural employment, differences in the arable land available for food production, and institutional distance tends to increase.

Although the Russia–Ukraine war has had only a limited impact on the agricultural production in the two belligerent states, it has triggered a number of interlocking ripple effects, which have exacerbated pre-existing strains in the supply chain. The war is best seen not as an isolated shock, whose effects can be traced along a single linear axis, but as a factor in a network of interlocking global crises. The initial small drop in food supply has translated into market panic, spiking inflation and food insecurity in import-dependent areas, subsequently enhancing geopolitical dislocation. Quantitative data on food prices and trade and production volumes will be combined with a qualitative study of the war's socio-political ripples in at-risk regions to examine the effects of the war on the global food trade and put these in a theoretical framework, outlining the links between geopolitics, socio-economic strains, disruptions to global commodity markets and food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice holds a significant position as one of the world's most important food crops, and international trade plays a crucial role in regulating rice supply and demand. Analyzing the structural evolution of the global rice trade from a network perspective is paramount for understanding the global rice-trade supply chain and ensuring global food security. This study utilizes international rice-trade data from 2000 to 2021 and employs various network analysis methods to depict the spatial and temporal patterns of the global rice trade, examines the network topologies of the global rice trade, and reveals the impacts of its evolution on food security. The research findings are as follows: (1) Global rice-trade scale has increased over time, indicating a relatively stable development with the gradual formation of complex rice-trade networks. Since 2000, the global rice-trade networks have shown increasing density characterized by Asia as the primary export source and Africa as an important import market. (2) Network analysis indicators demonstrate a growing trend in the size and density of the global rice-trade networks, along with increasingly optimized network structures and improved network connectivity efficiency. Core positions in the networks are occupied by Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, Pakistan, and the United States, while import partners in European and American countries, such as Germany, France, UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and Belgium, show greater diversification. Asia, Europe, and North America form agglomeration regions for rice-exporting countries. Additionally, importing and exporting countries in the global rice-trade networks exhibit certain geographical concentrations. (3) The network backbones of the global rice trade are continuously evolving and being refined, characterized by dominant large rice-exporting countries in Asia and prominent developed countries in Europe and North America. The backbone structures revolve around India as the core, Thailand and Pakistan as the second cores, and critical nodes represented by Italy, the United States, China, and Vietnam. Regional backbone networks have also formed in Asia and Europe. Based on these findings, this paper clarifies the complex network characteristics of the global rice trade and offers insights to promote international rice-trade cooperation and safeguard global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of research on intra-European Union (EU) food trade conducted by the Eastern EU countries were presented in 1999-2019, including exports and imports. The study applied cluster analysis: Eastern EU countries' share of intra-EU food trade increased from 5% (in 1999) to 15% (in 2019). These countries traded mostly in beverages, cereals, fruit and vegetables. Eastern EU countries traded in food mainly among themselves, including their closest neighbours, regionally and with Germany. To increase their share of exports to other EU countries, these countries could use lower food prices and the benefits of traditional approaches to food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Global grain trade plays a key role in food security. Many nations rely on imported grain to meet their dietary requirements. Grain imports may be at risk due to weather shocks, economic crises, or international conflicts. Countries aim to balance import risk with the expected return of their grain supplies. This research brings these dual objectives together in an innovative modern portfolio theory framework. Modern portfolio theory provides a set of concepts to formulate the trade-off between risk and expected return in national grain imports. Using Markowitz’s mean-variance optimization model, we identify opportunities to reduce risk in existing national grain import accounts, without increasing costs under realistic supply mass constraints of trade partners. Several major grain importers may be able to reduce risk in their grain imports without increasing cost, such as wheat imports in Egypt, maize imports in Vietnam, and rice imports in Saudi Arabia. However, some countries would indeed have to pay more to achieve more stable grain supplies, such as wheat imports in Turkey. This study provides a framework to quantify the different costs, benefits, and levels of risk in grain trade that can inform future research and decision-making.

The increasing backlash against globalization has shifted public opinion towards being against trade. This situation puts food trade, which is resources constrained and susceptible to political relations, into a complex dilemma. Due to the concerns on agricultural endowments, food trade needs to be considered with strategic interests because of its sensitivity and fragility. Using virtual land as a measurement to analyse the resource flows behind the food trade can provide an objective perspective on what extent a country depends on the trade. Overlaying worldwide trade disputes and political interventions, establishing solid trade relationships is increasingly becoming urgent. This study uses an extended gravity model, assesses the virtual land traded by China with 10 species over 20 years, and provides insights on establishing politics-oriented trade relationships, further testing how this political mechanism works in the food trade. The results demonstrate that memorandums of understanding are the fundamental institutional layer to guarantee trading activities and promote smooth transactions for both sides; state visits are determinable factors in establishing bilateral relationships and it significantly promote upper-middle income countries, which crucially impacts the trading system. As those endeavors undertaken by executive departments are often ignored, more attention should be paid to them during interactive stages. Political relations show differences in food trade among different countries and varieties. The promoting effect of political relations is stronger in middle and high-income countries, and the impact on Russia and Ukraine is more significant than others. Compared within varieties, foreign state visits and endeavor presents more positive on pork. • An extended gravity model has been used to analyse the impact of political relations on food trade. • Political relations has been quantified to analyse its impact on food trade. • Use quantified method to define China's political endeavor and Foreign political endeavor. • Food trade is represented by virtual land, providing a resource constraint perspective for quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the stages of transformation of the retail food trade in Poland since 1989 and presents the current picture of the format and specialization of stores in this market. First, as an introduction to the topic, the definition and economic, social and spatial impact of the trade ecosystem were presented. The second part discusses the stages and indicates the milestones in the development of retail food trade in Poland in the years 1989-2020. The starting point that was the culmination of 40 years of the Polish People’s Republic economy of shortage was characterized, as well as five stages, i.e., 1) “jaws”, marketplaces and small shops; 2) hypermarkets, supermarkets and the desired variety; 3) discounters and smart shopping; 4) convenience, franchise and small standardization close to home; 5) e-shopping. The third part presents a contemporary picture of the formats and specializations of retail grocery stores in Poland.

Agricultural trade poses dilemmas for adaptive water governance as farmers and irrigation systems become integrated into global food value chains and are affected by their ongoing dynamics. The benefits and risks of agricultural trade and agrarian transitions are unevenly distributed, giving rise to complex interdependencies and externalities. Despite these growing linkages, the understanding of agricultural markets and their influence on water conflict and cooperation remains limited and dependent on context, which can lead to seemingly contradictory evidence. Progress has been hampered by boundary problems, disputed concepts, measurement issues, and divergent normative perspectives. Addressing these challenges will require that water governance scholars account more explicitly for agricultural trade when diagnosing collective action problems and assessing different modes of adaptive water governance. Drawing on the common-pool resource governance literature, we distinguish three separate, but interrelated, conceptual perspectives examining agricultural trade as an external factor in water governance: (1) market integration as a disturbance, (2) market integration as an opportunity, and (3) agricultural trade as a form of telecoupling with nested externalities. We compare these perspectives in terms of the externalities involved, their major claims about the relationship between market integration and collective action in the context of irrigation governance, and the broader implications for adaptive water governance. The comparison demonstrates the prevalence of institutional misfits and the common struggle of boundary shifting, i.e., matching water governance to the expanding problem-shed associated with agricultural markets. Institutional fit offers one important lens through which to consider the shifting boundaries (and actors) relevant for water governance, the scope and limits for strengthening fit through social learning, and the importance of nested governance to address nested externalities. These insights point the way for an agenda of research that examines the evolution of agricultural trade and adaptive water governance and pays explicit attention to the politics and power relations that shape who wins and loses and the different levers and entry points to improve management of the associated transitions and trade-offs. We conclude by arguing that future research should identify and examine pathways of adaptive water governance that strengthen processes of social learning and institutional nesting to address the external pressures and opportunities created by global food value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International food chains and trade usually support many vulnerable and food-insecure developing countries to ensure stable access to food and sufficient resources to maintain and enhance economic growth. However, the smooth transition of uninterrupted food trade and supply is one of the major concerns for almost every country. Based on the economic threshold model grouping tactics, the study evaluates the influencing factors of global food imports and how different countries foster food imports in different conditions. The empirical data has been comprised of panel data from 91 countries along the “Belt and Road” for the last 21 years. The results show that: (i) Population size and arable land endowment have single and double threshold effects on food imports. (ii) Economic development has different effects on the food imports of each group of countries. It has an inverted U-shaped relationship with countries with large populations and high arable land endowments and a “U-shaped relationship” with countries with low arable land endowments. There is a linear relationship between the food imports of countries with small populations and medium arable land endowments, and there is no significant impact on food imports of countries with large populations and medium arable land endowments. (iii) The impact of infrastructure, technological progress, food stocks, and industrial structure on food imports varies from country to country, but tariff policies have no significant impact on food imports. All member countries should utilize the platform of “Belt and Road Initiatives” to capture the resource endowment and exchange associated science and technology of food production, processing, transport, and storage. Food productivity and self-dependency on food should also be increased.

Rice holds a significant position as one of the world’s most important food crops, and international trade plays a crucial role in regulating rice supply and demand. Analyzing the structural evolution of the global rice trade from a network perspective is paramount for understanding the global rice-trade supply chain and ensuring global food security. This study utilizes international rice-trade data from 2000 to 2021 and employs various network analysis methods to depict the spatial and temporal patterns of the global rice trade, examines the network topologies of the global rice trade, and reveals the impacts of its evolution on food security. The research findings are as follows: (1) Global rice-trade scale has increased over time, indicating a relatively stable development with the gradual formation of complex rice-trade networks. Since 2000, the global rice-trade networks have shown increasing density characterized by Asia as the primary export source and Africa as an important import market. (2) Network analysis indicators demonstrate a growing trend in the size and density of the global rice-trade networks, along with increasingly optimized network structures and improved network connectivity efficiency. Core positions in the networks are occupied by Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, Pakistan, and the United States, while import partners in European and American countries, such as Germany, France, UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and Belgium, show greater diversification. Asia, Europe, and North America form agglomeration regions for rice-exporting countries. Additionally, importing and exporting countries in the global rice-trade networks exhibit certain geographical concentrations. (3) The network backbones of the global rice trade are continuously evolving and being refined, characterized by dominant large rice-exporting countries in Asia and prominent developed countries in Europe and North America. The backbone structures revolve around India as the core, Thailand and Pakistan as the second cores, and critical nodes represented by Italy, the United States, China, and Vietnam. Regional backbone networks have also formed in Asia and Europe. Based on these findings, this paper clarifies the complex network characteristics of the global rice trade and offers insights to promote international rice-trade cooperation and safeguard global food security.

The occurrence of the alien invasive freshwater snail Sinotaia cf. quadrata is reported for the first time in Africa. This species is a global invader of freshwater bodies as evidenced by its very recently reported discoveries in Europe and the Americas. We use DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis to confirm species identity and show low genetic divergence with haplotypes from Japan. The introduction of S. cf. quadrata to South Africa is undoubtedly recent, but its introduction pathways are currently uncertain. Unintentional introduction via the aquarium or aquaculture trades are a possibility, but this snail may have been introduced for human consumption. The S. cf. quadrata population is established in the artificial impoundment known as Zoo Lake in Johannesburg. Population dynamics indicate very high fecundity and densities of 1078 ind. m-2 ± 236 SE can be attained in disturbed and polluted environments. It has the potential to spread over the northern parts of South Africa, into the Kruger National Park and into Mozambique. Further monitoring is recommended in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is an important staple food for more than half of the global population and one of the largest water consumers on earth. Improving the efficiency of water embedded in rice production and supply could have great implications for food and water security. This study starts from Yunnan, a traditional rice producing and consuming province in southwest China, and analyses its rice supply structure and dynamics, together with embedded water footprints (WFs) of three other regions: Northeast China, South and Southwest China and Southeast Asia. The results show that Yunnan has been through drastic food change in the past decades, leading to an increasing production and supply gap. Yunnan is found to have the least WF (778.2 m3/t) for rice production across the study regions, while Northeast China consumes the highest blue WF (364.6 m3/t) and blue to total WF ratio (97.7%). The study indicates that Northeast China is at risk of groundwater deficit due to rice production and export and the current rice production and consumption pattern is inefficient. The study suggests that policies for groundwater extraction, water resource price and international trade need to be in place to ensure sustainable food supply and water use at regional and national levels. Highlights Yunnan's rice supply and its water footprint from different transboundary regions are analyzed from the food-water nexus perspective.; Rice supply in Yunnan is found to have a cascading effect on water security in Northeast China, and the current rice supply paradigm could be both unsustainable and inefficient for water use.; This study shows the incremental needs to manage groundwater use and adjust the trading policy in China.;

How much could farm water management interventions increase global crop production? This is the central question posed in a global modelling study by J�germeyr et al (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 025002). They define the biophysical realm of possibility for future gains in crop production related to agricultural water practices - enhancing water availability to crops and expanding irrigation by reducing non-productive water consumption. The findings of J�germeyr et al offer crucial insight on the potential for crop water management to sustainably intensify agriculture, but they also provide a benchmark to consider the broader role of sustainable intensification targets in the global food system. Here, we reflect on how the global crop water management simulations of J�germeyr et al could interact with: (1) farm size at more local scales, (2) downstream water users at the river basin scale, as well as (3) food trade and (4) demand-side food system strategies at the global scale. Incorporating such cross-scale linkages in future research could highlight the diverse pathways needed to harness the potential of farm-level crop water management for a more productive and sustainable global food system.

Since the late 1850s, Africans and white settlers in Malawi engaged in food exchange for subsistence, religious and commercial reasons. This article examines the history of this food trade to demonstrate the extent to which global forces interacted with local circumstances to shape relations among Africans, settler farmers, and states over food production and exchange between 1859 and 1940. The relations among the food stakeholders in Malawi, the study argues, were mixed, and not simply "acted upon" by international forces. Rather, there existed intricate interaction between global and the local forces that shaped the trajectory of African food trade. In their struggle for fairness, Africans drew support from missionaries, settler farmers, and Indians, who equally questioned state interference in food affairs. While the settlers so joined forces with Africans to fight against what they perceived as unfair trade, the missionaries acted as an opposition party to represent African voice in the Legislative Council. This unique relation of Africans, Indians, and white settlers over foodstuffs shed new light in the African economic historiography, which is dominated with narratives of harmonious interactions of the non-Africans at the expense of local communities and their economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the effects of aquaculture and food trade on the environmental quality in Egypt within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis. Using an annual time series data from 1971-2014 and employing the fully modified ordinary least squares and the Autoregressive distributed lag techniques, the study finds that the EKC hypothesis holds for carbon dioxide emission and economic growth while there is a U-shape relationship between deforestation and economic growth. Also, livestock production increases carbon dioxide emission and deforestation; urbanization reduces carbon emission and cereal production reduces carbon emission but increases deforestation. Aquaculture has a positive effect on carbon emission but reduces deforestation and food import is seen to reduce carbon emission. These findings were confirmed by results from variance decomposition effect and impulse response analyses. The outcome implies that addressing environmental degradation through these variables cannot be a ‘one-size fit all’ approach. Instead, the approach must be considered based on the primary environmental cost a particular policy seeks to address. Among others, it is recommended that there is the need for Egyptian government to adopt comparative and/or competitive advantage food trade policies in order to solidify the carbon reducing effect of food import.

The Hungarian food trade significantly changed during the privatization taken place in the '90s. As in other developed countries in the turn of millennium, the so-called modern distribution channels (hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores) took the leading role in Hungary as well, throwing the traditional trade channels into the shade. The turnover of domestic retail trade has shown a downturn since 2007, though the food retail trade has regressed less but the unfavorable trend also prevails here. The earnings before taxes of the Hungarian food retail trade considerably decreased between 2005 and 2010 while the regression was substantially less in the wholesale trade. ROA (Return on Assets) of the Hungarian food trade was very low between 2005 and 2010. In the present study, by means of R statistical system, the statistical analysis of data from the annual reports of undertakings performing food retail activities as grocery stores in the Northern Great Plain region, in the period between 2013 and 2018 are presented.

Introduction. The study is of relevance as there has been a decrease in catch over the past few years in the Sakhalin Region. This decline must be assessed in terms of its impact on the economic performance of enterprises and household budgets in the region. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the trends in the development of production and consumption of fish products in the Sakhalin Region. Materials and Methods. The study has analyzed data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System on the production and consumption of fish products in the Sakhalin Region. The graphical and comparative methods have been used, which made it possible to compare the dynamics of production and consumption of fish products as well as to show that the transfer of production trends to the consumer market has a disproportionately marginal impact. Results. The contradictory results of the development of the industry have been revealed: while there has been a decrease in the number of organizations operating in the industry, the number of personnel involved in processing, the volume of production and sales of canned fish, there has been an increase in the profitability of sales and prices for delicious seafood. The negative fact is that consumption of fish products has reduced in the Sakhalin Region, fish products ranking only 7th (by mass) in the total diet. The identified imbalances and negative trends in the production of fish products have also indirectly transferred to the sphere of consumption. Discussion and Conclusion. In the Sakhalin Region, one of the leading fishing regions in Russia, the conditions for satisfying the corresponding demand have not been fully created, especially in terms of affordable prices for fish products in the market that do not overcome the inertia of slowly growing incomes. The scientific and practical significance of the research materials consists in the comprehensive nature of the study on the processes of production and consumption of fish products.

The Soviet Union was an irregular participant in the global food trade system and it entered the global market only when it needed to import grain. In the post-Soviet period, Russia continued its role as an importer, mainly meat products. In the past decade, Russia's role in the international food trade system has changed from being a food importer to an importer and exporter. Russia has emerged as a major supplier of wheat to global markets, participating regularly in the trading system. In recent years, authoritarian states have become the main customers of Russian agri-food exports, which is important because Russian food may prevent the threat of food insecurity from combining with other grievances to cause social unrest or political instability in those illiberal states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food trade and service sector is considered to be the most uncertain, with a strong expression of instability both worldwide and in Armenia. Currently, the term precariousness is widely used in the field to describe the uncertainty and risks in the field. Research on food trade and services in Armenia has been conducted recently, but there have been no sociological studies on patterns of precariousness in the field. The study of patterns of precariousness provides an in-depth look at sectoral uncertainty and risk in relation to broader social structures. The purpose of this article is to study the patterns of precariousness expressed in the field through secondary analysis, which will provide opportunities for deeper analysis in the future, emphasizing the expressions of social injustice and inequality.

Agricultural trade poses dilemmas for adaptive water governance as farmers and irrigation systems become integrated into global food value chains and are affected by their ongoing dynamics. The benefits and risks of agricultural trade and agrarian transitions are unevenly distributed, giving rise to complex interdependencies and externalities. Despite these growing linkages, the understanding of agricultural markets and their influence on water conflict and cooperation remains limited and dependent on context, which can lead to seemingly contradictory evidence. Progress has been hampered by boundary problems, disputed concepts, measurement issues, and divergent normative perspectives. Addressing these challenges will require that water governance scholars account more explicitly for agricultural trade when diagnosing collective action problems and assessing different modes of adaptive water governance. Drawing on the common-pool resource governance literature, we distinguish three separate, but interrelated, conceptual perspectives examining agricultural trade as an external factor in water governance: (1) market integration as a disturbance, (2) market integration as an opportunity, and (3) agricultural trade as a form of telecoupling with nested externalities. We compare these perspectives in terms of the externalities involved, their major claims about the relationship between market integration and collective action in the context of irrigation governance, and the broader implications for adaptive water governance. The comparison demonstrates the prevalence of institutional misfits and the common struggle of boundary shifting, i.e., matching water governance to the expanding problem-shed associated with agricultural markets. Institutional fit offers one important lens through which to consider the shifting boundaries (and actors) relevant for water governance, the scope and limits for strengthening fit through social learning, and the importance of nested governance to address nested externalities. These insights point the way for an agenda of research that examines the evolution of agricultural trade and adaptive water governance and pays explicit attention to the politics and power relations that shape who wins and loses and the different levers and entry points to improve management of the associated transitions and trade-offs. We conclude by arguing that future research should identify and examine pathways of adaptive water governance that strengthen processes of social learning and institutional nesting to address the external pressures and opportunities created by global food value chains.

This paper examines the effects of restrictions in logistics, transportation, distribution, finance and other business sectors on food trade. We use a gravity model with panel data from 2014 to 2018 across 36 OECD countries, OECD indices of individual country restrictions and regulatory differences by country pair to capture the level of restrictions in these sectors. The results suggest that higher restrictions in the logistics and transport sector lead to lower exports of food commodities. Also, restrictions in the financial and other business sectors are associated with lower imports. Interestingly, restrictions in the distribution sector have positive and significant effects on both exports and imports of food products. The sectors most affected are food, live animals and perishable products (milk, eggs and meat). The regulatory disparity has a significant negative impact on food trade. This impact decreases when the exporter country is closed to service providers. The deregulation or harmonization of these measures would be highly beneficial to food trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Signing a preferential trade agreement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) has created a suitable context for the expansion of trade interactions between the countries of this region. With respect to this context, this paper examines food trade potentials between Iran and Russia as two neighbors with significant economies. Product codes are chosen from the 21 categories of the integrated tariff system based on the global definition of food. Data analysis is based on four trade criteria including the Allen cosine measure, the Revealed Comparative Advantage measure, the simple estimate of trade potential measure, and the Drysdale index over the years 2001-2017. These indices illustrate that Iran and Russia have high trade capacities for some items in certain food groups, and that they can facilitate the process of economic integration through reinforcing regional interactions and intra-region trade expansion, while safeguarding national interests and improving national security. The paper concludes that Iran's food exports to Russia in a particular set of commodity codes enjoy the potential of expansion due to structural similarities between the countries' food exports, the increasing trend of Iran's food export potential to Russia, the increasing advantage of these commodity codes in Iran's export to the world, and the increasing trade expansion opportunities from Iran to Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has put unprecedented strain on food supply chains. Given the ever‐increasing degree of globalization, those supply chains very often stretch across international borders. In the short run, countries have largely been working to keep those supply chains intact and operating efficiently so that panic buying is cooled and shifts in consumption habits arising from personal isolation can be accommodated. Once the crisis has passed, based on what has been learned regarding the international food system's resilience, governments may wish to strengthen institutions that govern international trade. On the other hand, based on their COVID‐19 experience, governments may feel that they are too dependent on foreign sources of supply and may wish to reverse the impacts of globalization on their food systems. As a result, they may become increasingly isolationist, eschewing international cooperation. Which of these opposing forces will prevail may depend on the paths economies follow after the disequilibrium precipitated by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2018 President Putin challenged the agricultural sector to increase the value of food exports to $45 billion by 2024, up from $26 billion in 2018. The article surveys opportunities for increasing the export of grain, meat, and dairy. Supply and demand factors for Russian food exports are examined. Obstacles to the expansion of food exports are also considered. Russia's export model is supported by significant state interventions in the agricultural sector. The article concludes that despite significant obstacles, there is a reasonable chance that Putin's target goal can be reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian food trade significantly changed during the privatization taken place in the '90s. As in other developed countries in the turn of millennium, the so-called modern distribution channels (hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores) took the leading role in Hungary as well, throwing the traditional trade channels into the shade. The turnover of domestic retail trade has shown a downturn since 2007, though the food retail trade has regressed less but the unfavorable trend also prevails here. The earnings before taxes of the Hungarian food retail trade considerably decreased between 2005 and 2010 while the regression was substantially less in the wholesale trade. ROA (Return on Assets) of the Hungarian food trade was very low between 2005 and 2010. In the present study, by means of R statistical system, the statistical analysis of data from the annual reports of undertakings performing food retail activities as grocery stores in the Northern Great Plain region, in the period between 2013 and 2018 are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]