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Automatic detection of foot lift is one of the most important events of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). The FES system is used for the correction of Foot Drop (FD). FD is a condition where a person is unable to lift their foot from the ground due to complications that may arise after a stroke or spinal cord injury. It is crucial to accurately detect the patient's foot lift event when correcting FD through FES as the pulse should only be applied when the person lifts their foot. The FES system applies the electrical pulse based on the input of the foot-lift detection sensor. A conventional FES system employs a sensor that is affixed on the heel to detect the lifting of the foot, but the connecting cables make the patient uncomfortable. To address this problem, IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit)-based sensors have been used, but they have some disadvantages, such as false triggering, low accuracy, and calibration. In this paper, we have presented an algorithm for detecting foot-lift events with high accuracy using a single IMU sensor through the application of deep learning techniques. We have recorded data from 10 healthy people and 10 foot drop patients. We have implemented Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models on these data and compared the results of these three models. The proposed algorithm aims to improve the precision of stimulation in the FES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoulder weakness with unilateral scapular winging is a common issue that initially presents to the general physician, sports physician or rheumatologist. Although most of these cases are neurogenic in nature, it is important to consider alternative causes for unilateral scapular winging. Muscular dystrophies can present with marked asymmetry, the most typical being facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). We describe a case of FSHD with a summary of the key clinical features to increase the awareness of this condition among physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative mini-review discusses the association between peroneal nerve entrapment (PEN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Generally, PEN is not a common cause of peripheral neuropathy in DM. Poor glycaemic control and DM duration are powerful risk factors for PEN. Underlying mechanisms involve neurodegeneration and entrapment of the peroneal nerve. Patients tend to present with chronic leg pain, gradual foot drop, steppage gait, or weakness of ankle dorsiflexion. Electrodiagnostic and imaging studies are very useful in diagnosis to determine the level at which entrapment occurs. Treatment varies based on the aetiology and severity of symptoms. It is initially conservative. Surgical nerve decompression management is required when entrapment is refractory to non-operative options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case study of a 26-year-old male who sustained severe vascular and neurogenic injury during derotational osteotomy of the tibia. Directly postoperatively he complained of a drop foot, but 3 days later presented with an ischemic compartment syndrome of the anterior and lateral compartments. After debridement the osteotomy and metalware were exposed and the patient had a drop foot. Here we report how we salvaged his lower limb with a free functional latissimus dorsi muscle transfer that reconstructed soft tissues and restored ankle dorsiflexion.

Background: Patients with foot drop may need compensatory mechanisms to improve their gait. Although several gait analysis parameters have been studied in these individuals, no prior research has examined their joint contact force. Thus, this study investigated multiple gait analysis parameters and the joint contact force in patients with foot drop.Methods: This experimental study recruited twenty individuals aged 15 to 60 (mean value 56.4 ± 3.68) with foot drop disorders. A control group was also matched with the first group based on age, height, and gender. The participants were instructed to walk along a 12-meter path. A motion analysis system with eight high-speed cameras and a Kistler force plate was used. During gait analysis, various parameters were measured, such as spatiotemporal, peak forces applied on the leg, range of motions, moments applied on the lower limbs, and joint contact forces.Results: The mean values of stride length and speed for normal subjects were 1.32±0.2 m and 1.24 ± 0.177 m/s, respectively, compared to 0.961±0.24 m and 0.686 ± 0.25 m/s for foot drop subjects (p-value = 0.00). The joint contact force components of the ankle joint increased significantly in foot drop subjects compared to normal subjects.Conclusion: The joint contact forces of the ankle joint increased significantly in foot drop patients, which should be considered in the rehabilitation treatment of these patients.

Introduction/Aims: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in peroneal neuropathy are not well documented and the prognostic value of imaging remains uncertain. Upper limits of cross‐sectional area (CSA) on ultrasound (US) have been established, but uncertainty regarding generalizability remains. We aimed to describe MRI findings of the peroneal nerve in patients and healthy controls and to compare these results to US findings and clinical characteristics. Methods: We prospectively included patients with foot drop and electrodiagnostically confirmed peroneal neuropathy, and performed clinical follow‐up, US and MRI of both peroneal nerves. We compared MRI findings to healthy controls. Two radiologists evaluated MRI features in an exploratory analysis after images were anonymized and randomized. Results: Twenty‐two patients and 38 healthy controls were included. Whereas significant increased MRI CSA values were documented in patients (mean CSA 20 mm2 vs. 13 mm2 in healthy controls), intra‐ and interobserver variability was substantial (variability of, respectively, 7 and 9 mm2 around the mean in 95% of repeated measurements). A pathological T2 hyperintense signal of the nerve was found in 52.6% of patients (50% interobserver agreement). Increased CSA measurements (MRI/US), pathological T2 hyperintensity of the nerve and muscle edema were not predictive for recovery. Discussion: Imaging is recommended in all patients with peroneal neuropathy to exclude compressive intrinsic and extrinsic masses but we do not advise routine MRI for diagnosis or prediction of outcome in patients with peroneal neuropathy due to high observer variability. Further studies should aim at reducing MRI observer variability potentially by semi‐automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background At least 128,000 patients in the United States each year suffer from foot drop. This is a debilitating condition, marked by the inability to dorsiflex and/or evert the affected ankle. Such patients are rendered to a lifetime of relying on an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) for walking and nighttime to prevent an equinovarus contracture. Methods This narrative review explores the differential diagnosis of foot drop, with a particular focus on clinical presentation and recovery, whether spontaneously or through surgery. Results Contrary to popular belief, foot drop can be caused by more than just insult to the common peroneal nerve at the fibular head (fibular tunnel). It is a common endpoint for a diverse spectrum of nerve injuries, which may explain its relatively high prevalence. From proximal to distal, these conditions include lumbar spine nerve root damage, sciatic nerve palsy at the sciatic notch, and common peroneal nerve injury at the fibular head. Each nerve condition is marked by a unique clinical presentation, frequency, likelihood for spontaneous recovery, and cadre of peripheral nerve techniques. Conclusion The ideal surgical technique for treating foot drop, other than neurolysis for compression, remains elusive as traditional peripheral nerve procedures have been marred by a wide spectrum of functional results. Based on a careful understanding of why past techniques have achieved limited success, we can formulate a working set of principles to help guide surgical innovation moving forward, such as fascicular nerve transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroneal neuropathy, characterized by the occurrence of a foot drop, can develop due to a variety of factors, such as tumors, trauma, or metabolic conditions, making it one of the most prevalent peripheral neuropathies of the lower limbs. This condition is becoming more identifiable among patients who have undergone substantial weight reduction through bariatric surgery. The condition may present with symptoms like pain, sporadic paresthesia, and functional restrictions, primarily linked to foot drop. This case study explores an episode of acute foot drop in a patient who underwent a sleeve gastrectomy, leading to substantial weight loss. The patient, a middle-aged woman with a history of obesity, underwent sleeve gastrectomy and achieved normal body mass index (BMI) within a year. Eleven months post-surgery, she experienced a right-sided foot drop following a minor knee injury. Detailed history taking revealed noncompliance with vitamin supplementation, recurrent vomiting episodes, and a recent diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. Peripheral neuropathy, particularly peroneal nerve involvement, was confirmed through nerve conduction studies and radiological imaging. The mechanism of injury was attributed to rapid weight loss, potential nutrient deficiencies, and possible traction to the nerve. This case underscores the importance of early identification, comprehensive nutritional assessment, and timely intervention in managing neurological complications of post-bariatric surgery. Increased awareness among healthcare providers, particularly musculoskeletal specialists, is crucial as the prevalence of bariatric surgery continues to grow, ensuring optimal care for patients in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posture-induced compressive peroneal neuropathy usually occurs after maintaining certain positions, such as prolonged squatting or habitual leg crossing. Peroneal neuropathy mainly presents with unilateral foot drop and variable sensory deficit. In this article, a case series of unilateral/bilateral peroneal nerve palsy secondary to prolonged squatting during peanut harvesting was reported. The four patients presented were aged between 12 and 21 years. All patients showed signs of peroneal nerve palsy in the electrophysiological examination. The present article also reviewed the clinical evaluation, rehabilitation approaches, and prognosis of posture-induced peroneal neuropathy in light of the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation and assistive technique used for stroke survivors. FES systems mainly consist of sensors, a control algorithm, and a stimulation unit. However, there is a critical need to reassess sensing and control techniques in FES systems to enhance their efficiency. This SLR was carried out following the PRISMA 2020 statement. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library) from 2010 to 2024 were searched using terms related to sensing and control strategies in FES systems. A total of 322 articles were chosen in the first stage, while only 60 of them remained after the final filtering stage. This systematic review mainly focused on sensor techniques and control strategies to deliver FES. The most commonly used sensors reported were inertial measurement units (IMUs), 45% (27); biopotential electrodes, 36.7% (22); vision-based systems, 18.3% (11); and switches, 18.3% (11). The control strategy most reported is closed-loop; however, most of the current commercial FES systems employ open-loop strategies due to their simplicity. Three main factors were identified that should be considered when choosing a sensor for gait-oriented FES systems: wearability, accuracy, and affordability. We believe that the combination of computer vision systems with artificial intelligence-based control algorithms can contribute to the development of minimally invasive and personalized FES systems for the gait rehabilitation of patients with FDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute limb ischaemia is a sudden deterioration or lack of blood flow to a limb, potentially causing the risk of losing it. The main symptom is pain and weakness or lack of active movement of the foot and toes, i.e. motor paralysis. The gold standard in the treatment of patients with acute limb ischaemia is surgical treatment. Revascularisation is followed by rehabilitation, which includes early verticalisation and mobilisation, including breathing and antithrombotic exercises. In case of a so-called foot drop complication, the rehabilitation plan includes the following: passive exercises, passive remedial exercises, self-assisted exercises, resistance exercises, kinesiotaping, gait training, as well as protecting the ankle with an orthosis to prevent the paralysed foot from dropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using electroacupuncture (EA) to treat patients with foot drop was performed to analyze the effectiveness of EA for this condition. Relevant studies (n = 183) from 7 databases (Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica Database, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service, and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System) were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 12 RCTs met the selection criteria. In all 12 studies, EA showed significantly positive changes. In most indicators, positive changes were observed in the EA group compared with that in the control group. Significant increases were confirmed in muscle strength-related indicators such as the Fugl–Meyer motor scale, surface electromyography, active range of motion, and gait-related indicators such as the Tinetti score, maximum walking speed, and Berg balance scale. No notable adverse events were reported. EA is suggested as an effective treatment for post-stroke foot drop; however, more RCTs are required.

Objective Common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury is a frequently encountered lower extremity injury. Furthermore, several previous studies have demonstrated that patients who underwent direct suturing of the CPN following rupture experienced unfavorable postoperative prognoses. Therefore, we aimed to present a novel modified surgical approach for CPN rupture and assess the effectiveness of this technique in restoring lower limb functionality. Methods In this retrospective observational study, we included patients with CPN rupture who underwent one‐stage neurorrhaphy and posterior transposition combined with nerve wrapping using a gastrocnemius fascial flap for CPN rupture between January 2016 and December 2020. Lower limb function was evaluated using the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) and British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading system. We also assessed the influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms, mechanism of injury, and surgical modality on the postoperative recovery of lower extremity function using subgroup and regression analyses. Results Thirty‐seven patients (mean age = 35.76 ± 13.01 years) with at least 2 years of follow‐up were included in the final analysis. The LEFS scores significantly improved after surgery at the last follow‐up (p

Previous research has shown that exercise interventions requiring increased activation of the tibialis anterior (TA), the primary ankle dorsiflexor, can improve walking performance in individuals with foot drop. Correspondingly, heightened drag forces experienced during walking performed in water may augment TA activation during the swing phase of gait, potentially leading to improved walking gait on land. Therefore, this study aimed to compare surface electromyographic (sEMG) activation in the TA and medial gastrocnemius (GM) during gait performed in water versus on land. Thirty-eight healthy, recreationally active young adults, comprising 18 females and 20 males, participated in the study. Each participant completed 2 min walking trials under five conditions: land 2.5 mph, land 3.5 mph, water 2.5 mph, water 3.5 mph, and water 3.5 mph with added jet resistance. Stride kinematics were collected using 2-dimensional underwater motion capture. TA and GM, muscle activation magnitudes, were quantified using sEMG root-mean-square (RMS) amplitudes for both the swing and stance phases of walking. Additionally, TA and GM co-activation (Co-A) indices were estimated. Two-way within-subjects repeated measures analyses of variance were used to evaluate the main effects of and interactions between the environment and walking speed. Additionally, paired sample t-tests were conducted as a secondary analysis to investigate differences between walking in water at 3.5 mph with and without added jet resistance. Main effects and interactions were observed across various stride kinematics and sEMG measures. Notably, TA sEMG RMS during the swing phase of walking gait performed at 2.5 mph was 15% greater in water than on land (p < 0.001). This effect increased when walking gait was performed at 3.5 mph (94%; p < 0.001) and when jet resistance was added to the 3.5 mph condition (52%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, TA Co-A was increased during the stance phase of gait in water compared to on land (p < 0.001), while GM Co-A was reduced during the swing phase (p < 0.001). The findings of this study offer compelling evidence supporting the efficacy of aquatic treadmill walking as a potential treatment for individuals suffering from foot drop. However, further research is needed to evaluate whether a causal relationship exists between heightened TA activation observed during aquatic treadmill walking and improvements in voluntary dorsiflexion during gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe, using Footscan analysis, the effect of electromyographic feedback functional electrical stimulation (FES) on the changes in the plantar pressure of drop foot patients. Methods: This case-control study enrolled 34 stroke patients with foot drop. There were 17 cases received FES for 20 min per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks (the FES group) and the other 17 cases only received basic rehabilitations (the control group). Before and after 4 weeks, the walking speed, spatiotemporal parameters and plantar pressure were measured. Results: After 4weeks treatments, Both the FES and control groups had increased walking speed and single stance phase percentage, decreased step length symmetry index (SI), double stance phase percentage and start time of the heel after 4weeks (p < 0.05). The increase in walking speed and decrease in step length SI in the FES group were more significant than the control group after 4weeks (p < 0.05). The FES group had an increased initial contact phase, decreased SI of the maximal force (Max F) and impulse in the medial heel after 4weeks (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The advantages of FES were: the improvement of gait speed, step length SI, and the enhancement of propulsion force were more significant. The initial contact phase was closer to the normal range, which implies that the control of ankle dorsiflexion was improved. The plantar dynamic parameters between the two sides of the foot were more balanced than the control group. FES is more effective than basic rehabilitations for stroke patients with foot drop based on current spatiotemporal parameters and plantar pressure results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury is a frequently encountered lower extremity injury. Furthermore, several previous studies have demonstrated that patients who underwent direct suturing of the CPN following rupture experienced unfavorable postoperative prognoses. Therefore, we aimed to present a novel modified surgical approach for CPN rupture and assess the effectiveness of this technique in restoring lower limb functionality. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we included patients with CPN rupture who underwent one‐stage neurorrhaphy and posterior transposition combined with nerve wrapping using a gastrocnemius fascial flap for CPN rupture between January 2016 and December 2020. Lower limb function was evaluated using the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) and British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading system. We also assessed the influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms, mechanism of injury, and surgical modality on the postoperative recovery of lower extremity function using subgroup and regression analyses. Results: Thirty‐seven patients (mean age = 35.76 ± 13.01 years) with at least 2 years of follow‐up were included in the final analysis. The LEFS scores significantly improved after surgery at the last follow‐up (p < 0.01). Moreover, 67.57% of the patients achieved good or excellent postoperative outcomes (BMRC: M3 or above). Results of the subgroup analysis and regression models suggested that patients who underwent direct suturing showed better recovery of lower extremity function than those who underwent nerve grafting. Conclusion: One‐stage neurorrhaphy and posterior transposition combined with nerve wrapping using a gastrocnemius fascial flap exhibited encouraging outcomes in restoring lower‐limb function among patients with CPN rupture. This novel surgical technique is expected to be an effective method for treating CPN ruptures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the walking performances of hemiplegic subjects with chronic stroke under 3 conditions: with a new standard carbon fibre ankle foot orthosis (C-AFO), with a personal custom-made plastic AFO (P-AFO), and without any orthosis (No-AFO). Design: Randomized, controlled crossover design. Patients: Fifteen chronic patients with stroke (3 women and 12 men, 59 [10] years, 13 [15] years since injury). Methods: Patients performed 3 randomized sessions (with C-AFO, P-AFO, no-AFO), consisting of a 6-min walk test (6MWT) with VO2 measurement and a clinical gait analysis. Energy cost (Cw), walking speed, spatio-temporal, kinetic, and kinematic variables were measured. Results: No significant differences were found between the C-AFO and P-AFO conditions. Distance and walking speed in the 6MWT increased by 12% and 10% (p

Pain can occur after any spinal surgery. Despite this, there are other many signs and symptoms of neurological deficits that can occur in patients with varying severity. Our aim is to find some of the main neurological deficits that can occur after any spinal surgery. We searched the literature based on some of the important keywords like neurological deficits after spine surgery, foot drops, cauda equina syndrome, epidural hematoma, and nerve and dural injury. Based on this we analyzed the most important and widely read articles. The problems associated with spine surgery have been published in the literature but are much more than the failed back surgery syndrome and cause more discomfort to patients with varying degrees of neurological deficits. We have coined a new term "Extended Post-spinal Surgery Syndrome (EPSS)" for these conditions. We propose this to include the other complications after lumbar surgery including nerve injury, dural injury, cauda equina syndrome and epidural haematoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are orthopaedic devices often prescribed to treat foot drop. For patients who are not satisfied with off-the-shelf solutions, custom AFOs personalized to the patient's lower limb anatomy are required. Dynamic AFOs provide stability while allowing for physiological ankle mobility in the stance phase of walking. Can a morphology-based dynamic custom AFO made of fiberglass-reinforced polyamide restore a quasi-normal gait pattern and improve comfort in patients with foot drop? In this pilot study, the legs and feet of ten foot drop patients (age=64.9 ± 11.4 years; BMI=26.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were scanned using a Kinect-based 3D scanner. A custom AFO was designed and produced for each patient using a fiberglass-reinforced polyamide through selective laser sintering. To assess kinematics, skin markers were placed on relevant bony landmarks according to a validated protocol. Each patient was instructed to walk at a self-selected comfortable speed under three conditions: wearing the custom AFO, wearing an off-the-shelf orthosis (Codivilla spring), and without any AFO (shod condition). Muscle activation in the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles in both legs was recorded using wireless sEMG sensors. The comfort and of each AFO was evaluated using a Visual Analogue Scale. The custom AFO resulted in significant increase of stride length and walking speed compared to the shod condition. Except for the hip joint, which exhibited greater maximum flexion and reduced range of motion, the kinematic parameters of all other joints were similar to those observed in a healthy control population. Furthermore, the custom AFO received significantly higher comfort scores compared to the Codivilla spring. This study has provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of custom orthotic solutions in restoring lower limb kinematics and improving the perceived comfort in foot drop patients compared to off-the-shelf solutions. • A novel passive dynamic custom Ankle-Foot-Orthosis has been proposed. • The functional outcome of the custom AFO was investigated in foot drop patients. • The custom AFO was scored more comfortable than a standard orthosis. • The custom AFO resulted in better kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters than shod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot drop is a neurological disorder in which the person cannot lift the upper part of the foot from the ground. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is utilized for treating foot drop. Gait speed is associated with the clinical study of the FES system to study its effectiveness. The review paper compares the various methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of FES treatment, including gait analysis, Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) test, 10-meter walk (10MW) test, 6-min walk (6MW) test and clinical assessments scales. By examining the strengths and limitations of each method, on the basis of recent research studies that have used these methods to evaluate the effectiveness of FES treatment, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different methods used to study the effectiveness of FES for treating Foot Drop patients and to identify the most effective and reliable methods for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various posterior tibialis tendon fixation techniques are described in literature. Suture anchor, staple and tenodesis screws are widely used for posterior tibialis tendon transfer, but their stiffness and the maximal ultimate failure load were not tested before. We aimed to compare the initial ultimate failure load and stiffnesses of suture anchor, staple and tenodesis screws on bovine tendon fixation to bovine metaphyseal bone. Thirty-five fresh bovine ankle joints and hooves were obtained from a local abattoir. Metatarsals bones with long extensor tendons were harvested. Staple group had 15, suture anchor group had 10, and tenodesis screw group had 10 samples. All fixations were tested with Instron® ElectroPuls® E10000 Test Instrument. Ultimate failure load and failure location were noted. Staple group's median ultimate failure load was 210.03 N (IQR: 133.43), suture anchor group's was 124.33 N (IQR: 63.67), and tenodesis screw group's was 394.46 N (IQR:115.09). Median stiffness of the staple group was 19.87 N/m (IQR: 15.29); the tenodesis screw group's was 20.28 N/m (IQR: 6.18), the anchor group's was 8.54 N/m (IQR: 4.35). Staples' failure occurred on tendon-staple interface, while suture anchors' occurred on anchor-suture interface and tenodesis screws' occurred on tendon-suture interface. Tenodesis screws' ultimate failure load was the highest (tenodesis vs anchor and staple p <.001 and p =.032, respectively). Staple fixation is less expensive than the other methods and can provide sufficient fixation strength but was weaker than the tenodesis screw fixation. Staples are still a good choice for tendon to bone fixation, whereas the suture anchors provide lower fixation strength at a higher cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are commonly used interventions for patients with foot drop caused by a central neurological origin. The aimof this systematic review is to analyze the available evidence on the improvement of gait endurance in people with foot drop caused by a central neurological origin when comparing effectiveness of AFO and FES. The secondary aim is to evaluate the available evidence for the difference between the use of FES and AFO on perception of walking function. Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, JBI, CINAHL, Nursing and Allied Health, Ovid Emcare, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science. All articles published through July 2020 were included in this review. Randomized control trials or crossover trials addressing the comparison of AFO to FES in people with foot drop of central neurological origin on gait endurance and perception of improvement in walking function were assessed. PEDro scale was used to assess methodological quality. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full articles, and a third reviewer resolved any disagreements. Results: Twenty-five records were screened with 16 full-text articles assessed for eligibility using the PEDro score. Eleven final studies (PEDro scores range from 5 to 7) were included in qualitative analysis. Only two of the nine studies that evaluated gait endurance reported significant improvement in gait endurance in favor of FES. Seven of the eight studies evaluated the participant preference of device for various walking functions, which showed significance in favor of the use of FES. Conclusions: Our review reveals inconclusive evidence to support the use of FES compared with AFO for improving gait endurance. However, qualitative analysis of device preference for walking by participants reveals that FES was the preferred device in this population compared with AFO. Clinical Relevance: For patients with foot drop of central nervous system pathology, FES or AFO can be used to improve gait endurance. However, FES may be the preferred device by participants for their walking function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a novel concept where advanced technologies have been leveraged to produce a modular walking orthosis (MOWA) within a completely digital process chain. All processes of this new supply chain are described step-by-step. The prescription and treatment of lower leg orthoses for individuals with paralysis or muscle weakness, particularly cerebral palsy (CP), are complex. A single case study indicates successful treatment with this new orthosis (MOWA). From the authors' perspective, this innovative fitting concept is promising and will contribute to creating more efficient care within a multidisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Based on the lack of literature to support any treatment strategy in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment, a prospective study randomizing patients between surgery and conservative treatment is warranted. Since studies comparing surgery to no surgery are often challenging, we first examined the feasibility of such a randomized controlled trial. Methods/design An internal feasibility pilot study was conducted to assess several aspects of process, resource, management, and scientific feasibility. The main objective was the assessment of the recruitment rate. The criterion to embark on a full study was the recruitment of at least 14 patients in 6 participating centers within 6 months. Cross-over rate, blinding measures, training strategies, and trial assessments were evaluated. The trial was entirely funded by the KCE Trials public funding program of the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (ID KCE19-1232). Results The initial duration was prolonged due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between April 2021 and October 2022, we included 19 patients of which 15 were randomized. Fourteen patients were treated as randomized. One drop-out occurred after randomization, prior to surgery. We did not document any cross-over or accidental unblinding. Training strategies were successful. Patients perceived the quality of life questionnaire as the least relevant assessment. Assessment of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was prone to interobserver variability. All other trial assessments were adequate. Discussion Recruitment of the anticipated 14 patients was feasible although slower than expected. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and assessment of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion will no longer be included in the full-scale FOOTDROP trial. Conclusion The FOOTDROP study is feasible. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04695834 . Registered 4 January 2021.

Abstract Background Foot drop is a neuromuscular disorder that causes abnormal gait patterns. This study developed a pneumatically powered ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) to improve the gait patterns of patients with foot drop. We hypothesized that providing unilateral ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase would improve the kinematics and spatiotemporal gait parameters of such patients. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the efficacy of the proposed assistance system using a strategy for joint kinematics and spatiotemporal gait parameters (stride length, swing velocity, and stance phase ratio). The analysis results are expected to provide knowledge for better design and control of AFOs in patients with foot drop. Method Ten foot drop patients with hemiparesis (54.8 y ± 14.1 y) were fitted with a custom AFO with an adjustable calf brace and portable air compressor for ankle dorsiflexion assistance in the gait cycle during the swing phase. All subjects walked under two different conditions without extensive practice: (1) barefoot and (2) wearing a powered AFO. Under each condition, the patients walked back and forth on a 9-m track with ten laps of level ground under the supervision of licensed physical therapists. The lower-limb joint and trunk kinematics were acquired using 12 motion-capture cameras. Results We found that kinematic asymmetry decreased in the three lower-limb joints after ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase. The average ankle-joint angle increased after using the AFO during the entire gait cycle. Similarly, the knee-joint angle showed a slight increase while using the AFO, leading to a significantly decreased standard deviation within patients. Conversely, the hip-joint angle showed no significant improvements with assistance. While several patients exhibited noticeably lower levels of asymmetry, no significant changes were observed in the average asymmetry of the swing velocity difference between the affected and unaffected sides while using the AFO. Conclusion We experimentally validated that ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase temporarily improves gait asymmetry in foot-drop patients. The experimental results also prove the efficacy of the developed AFO for gait assistance in foot-drop patients.

Lead exposures occur through many routes to the human body in a wide range of occupations. Chronic lead exposure can lead to a myriad of symptoms and signs. The most common manifestations are neurological. In our case series, we found chronic lead toxicity presenting as wrist drops and foot drops. Cases also had anemia and liver dysfunction. Occupational history is very important in wrist drops and foot drops to suspect plumbisms as serum lead level is not available everywhere. We have also observed that outdoor-based penicillamine treatment is efficacious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Foot drop still occurs in clinical practice, including in our case. Treatments for foot drop vary based on its etiology and severity of symptoms. Hence, in intractable foot drop cases, an invasive surgical intervention is needed. Here, we introduce a special noninvasive technique to treat our patient's foot drop. In this approach, we applied STIMPOD NMS460 neuromuscular stimulator device (STIMPOD NMS460), which is a low-frequency (10 Hz or less) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device with a pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) component. We are eager to know how effective the device is in treating foot drop, and we compared it with two kinds of surgical interventions. Materials and methods: The device settings are 5 Hz in frequency and 30mA in current amplitude. The device was applied on her left side at the L4 and L5 regions and at the fibular head. Each therapy session consists of individual 15-min treatments on these two body areas, and it only takes a total of 30 minutes. We recorded the change in ankle dorsiflexion degrees and muscle strength of our patient. Results and Conclusions: To our surprise, our patient's actual treatment status through STIMPOD NMS460 showed more effective recovery and no specific side effects than surgical interventions in similar conditions. Besides, after a three-month intervention, her affected ankle dorsiflexion recovered to almost her usual status. The reason why this device has such an effect may be that it has the benefits of TENS and PRF. Besides, some studies have revealed the nerve-repair effect of TENS and PRF. In conclusion, we believe that this device is fairly promising and may be qualified to be used in other patients with foot drop.

Introduction: Common peroneal nerve palsy resulting in foot drop is common in Hansen's patients. Dynamic reconstruction involving tibialis posterior tendon transfer is considered as gold standard for restoration of normal toe-heel gait. Materials and methods: The operations were performed via interosseous and circumtibial routes for tibialis posterior transfer and outcomes were systematically analyzed. Results: Both the procedures resulted significant functional benefits and prevented development of complications. Conclusion: Removal of tibialis posterior tendon does not cause any deficit. The favourable results following surgical intervention are sustained in the long term. Additional Tendoachilles lengthening provided better results in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Robotic solutions for ankle joint physical therapy have extensively been researched. The optimal frequency and intensity of training for patients when using the ankle robot is not known which can affect rehabilitation outcome. OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimal ankle robot training protocol on foot drop in stroke subjects. METHODS: Subjects were randomly divided into four groups, with 9 in each group. The subjects received different intensities (low or high intensity) with frequencies (1 session/day or 2 sessions/day) of robot combination training. Each session lasted 20 minutes and all subjects were trained 5 days a week for 3 weeks. RESULTS: After 3 weeks of treatment, all groups showed an improvement in passive and active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (PROM and AROM) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower extremity (FMA-LE) compared to pre-treatment. When training at the same level of intensity, patients who received 2 sessions/day of training had better improvement in ankle dorsiflexion PROM than those who received 1 session/day. In terms of the improvement in dorsiflexion AROM and FMA-LE, patients who received 2 sessions/day with high intensity training improved better than other protocols. CONCLUSION: High frequency and high intensity robot training can be more effective in improving ankle dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic subdural haematoma is a common neurological condition especially among the elderly population. Its presentation can be unspecific but often attributed to pressure, cortical irritation, and/or vascular compromise. In the patients' cohort presented below, we have a series of cases where clinical history and examination did not result in an initial clinical diagnosis or suspicion of chronic subdural haematoma, with the diagnosis made only after brain imaging. We reviewed the literature regarding the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features of our patient cohort, which included a young woman with isolated right ptosis and pupillary dilatation, an elderly man with paraplegia, another elderly man with isolated right foot drop, and a young military man with no history of trauma. Our series re-emphasizes the sometimes non-specific and varied clinical presentation of chronic subdural haematoma. We reiterate the need for early brain imaging in patients who present with neurological disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Understanding the complications arising from prone positioning following mechanical ventilation during management of acute respiratory distress from COVID‐19. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been one of the well‐known complications of the disease since it was first reported in 2020. Mechanical ventilation for severe ARDS has been widely utilized for the management of such patients. Prone positioning (PP) is associated with improved oxygenation and overall outcomes in both intubated and non‐intubated patients. However, there are several complications associated with this procedure, including compressive neuropathies. In this article, we report a case of unilateral foot drop following mechanical ventilation and PP during the management of ARDS from COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot drop can have a variety of causes, including the common peroneal nerve (CPN) injuries, and is often difficult to diagnose. We aimed to develop a deep learning-based algorithm that can classify foot drop with CPN injury in patients with knee MRI axial images only. In this retrospective study, we included 945 MR image data from foot drop patients confirmed with CPN injury in electrophysiologic tests (n = 42), and 1341 MR image data with non-traumatic knee pain (n = 107). Data were split into training, validation, and test datasets using a 8:1:1 ratio. We used a convolution neural network-based algorithm (EfficientNet-B5, ResNet152, VGG19) for the classification between the CPN injury group and the others. Performance of each classification algorithm used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). In classifying CPN MR images and non-CPN MR images, EfficientNet-B5 had the highest performance (AUC = 0.946), followed by the ResNet152 and the VGG19 algorithms. On comparison of other performance metrics including precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score, EfficientNet-B5 had the best performance of the three algorithms. In a saliency map, the EfficientNet-B5 algorithm focused on the nerve area to detect CPN injury. In conclusion, deep learning-based analysis of knee MR images can successfully differentiate CPN injury from other etiologies in patients with foot drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Based on the lack of literature to support any treatment strategy in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment, a prospective study randomizing patients between surgery and conservative treatment is warranted. Since studies comparing surgery to no surgery are often challenging, we first examined the feasibility of such a randomized controlled trial. Methods/design: An internal feasibility pilot study was conducted to assess several aspects of process, resource, management, and scientific feasibility. The main objective was the assessment of the recruitment rate. The criterion to embark on a full study was the recruitment of at least 14 patients in 6 participating centers within 6 months. Cross-over rate, blinding measures, training strategies, and trial assessments were evaluated. The trial was entirely funded by the KCE Trials public funding program of the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (ID KCE19-1232). Results: The initial duration was prolonged due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between April 2021 and October 2022, we included 19 patients of which 15 were randomized. Fourteen patients were treated as randomized. One drop-out occurred after randomization, prior to surgery. We did not document any cross-over or accidental unblinding. Training strategies were successful. Patients perceived the quality of life questionnaire as the least relevant assessment. Assessment of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was prone to interobserver variability. All other trial assessments were adequate. Discussion: Recruitment of the anticipated 14 patients was feasible although slower than expected. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and assessment of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion will no longer be included in the full-scale FOOTDROP trial. Conclusion: The FOOTDROP study is feasible. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04695834. Registered 4 January 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foot drop is a neuromuscular disorder that causes abnormal gait patterns. This study developed a pneumatically powered ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) to improve the gait patterns of patients with foot drop. We hypothesized that providing unilateral ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase would improve the kinematics and spatiotemporal gait parameters of such patients. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the efficacy of the proposed assistance system using a strategy for joint kinematics and spatiotemporal gait parameters (stride length, swing velocity, and stance phase ratio). The analysis results are expected to provide knowledge for better design and control of AFOs in patients with foot drop. Method: Ten foot drop patients with hemiparesis (54.8 y ± 14.1 y) were fitted with a custom AFO with an adjustable calf brace and portable air compressor for ankle dorsiflexion assistance in the gait cycle during the swing phase. All subjects walked under two different conditions without extensive practice: (1) barefoot and (2) wearing a powered AFO. Under each condition, the patients walked back and forth on a 9-m track with ten laps of level ground under the supervision of licensed physical therapists. The lower-limb joint and trunk kinematics were acquired using 12 motion-capture cameras. Results: We found that kinematic asymmetry decreased in the three lower-limb joints after ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase. The average ankle-joint angle increased after using the AFO during the entire gait cycle. Similarly, the knee-joint angle showed a slight increase while using the AFO, leading to a significantly decreased standard deviation within patients. Conversely, the hip-joint angle showed no significant improvements with assistance. While several patients exhibited noticeably lower levels of asymmetry, no significant changes were observed in the average asymmetry of the swing velocity difference between the affected and unaffected sides while using the AFO. Conclusion: We experimentally validated that ankle dorsiflexion assistance during the swing phase temporarily improves gait asymmetry in foot-drop patients. The experimental results also prove the efficacy of the developed AFO for gait assistance in foot-drop patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPostoperative peroneal nerve palsy mostly occurs under general anesthesia. Here, we report a rare case of an 11-year-old girl with peroneal nerve palsy following ENT surgery in the supine position under general anesthesia. Further, we describe the etiology and pathogenesis of peroneal nerve palsy post-operation in the supine position. Finally, it was concluded that clinicians need knowledge to prevent postoperative peroneal nerve palsy following surgery.

Abstract Background Neuromuscular disease and peripheral neuropathy may cause drop foot with or without evertor weakness. We developed a helical-shaped, non-articulated ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) to provide medial–lateral stability while allowing mobility, to improve gait capacity. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the helical AFO (hAFO) on functional gait capacity (6-min walk test) in people with peripheral neuropathy or neuromuscular disease (NMD) causing unilateral drop foot and compare with a posterior leaf spring AFO (plsAFO). Secondary aims were to compare functional mobility, 3D kinematic and kinetic gait variables and satisfaction between the AFOs. Methods Single centre, randomised crossover trial from January to July 2017 in 20 individuals (14 with peripheral neuropathy and 6 with NMD, 12 females, mean age 55.6 years, SD 15.3); 10 wore the hAFO for the first week and 10 wore the plsAFO before switching for the second week. The 6-min walk test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and 3D gait analysis were evaluated with the hAFO, the plsAFO and shoes only (noAFO) at inclusion and 1 week after wearing each orthosis. Satisfaction was evaluated with the Quebec user evaluation of satisfaction with assistive technology (QUEST). Results Median [interquartile range] 6MWT distance was greater with the hAFO (444 m [79]) than the plsAFO (389 m [135], P

Previous research has shown that exercise interventions requiring increased activation of the tibialis anterior (TA), the primary ankle dorsiflexor, can improve walking performance in individuals with foot drop. Correspondingly, heightened drag forces experienced during walking performed in water may augment TA activation during the swing phase of gait, potentially leading to improved walking gait on land. Therefore, this study aimed to compare surface electromyographic (sEMG) activation in the TA and medial gastrocnemius (GM) during gait performed in water versus on land. Thirty-eight healthy, recreationally active young adults, comprising 18 females and 20 males, participated in the study. Each participant completed 2 min walking trials under five conditions: land 2.5 mph, land 3.5 mph, water 2.5 mph, water 3.5 mph, and water 3.5 mph with added jet resistance. Stride kinematics were collected using 2-dimensional underwater motion capture. TA and GM, muscle activation magnitudes, were quantified using sEMG root-mean-square (RMS) amplitudes for both the swing and stance phases of walking. Additionally, TA and GM co-activation (Co-A) indices were estimated. Two-way within-subjects repeated measures analyses of variance were used to evaluate the main effects of and interactions between the environment and walking speed. Additionally, paired sample t-tests were conducted as a secondary analysis to investigate differences between walking in water at 3.5 mph with and without added jet resistance. Main effects and interactions were observed across various stride kinematics and sEMG measures. Notably, TA sEMG RMS during the swing phase of walking gait performed at 2.5 mph was 15% greater in water than on land (p < 0.001). This effect increased when walking gait was performed at 3.5 mph (94%; p < 0.001) and when jet resistance was added to the 3.5 mph condition (52%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, TA Co-A was increased during the stance phase of gait in water compared to on land (p < 0.001), while GM Co-A was reduced during the swing phase (p < 0.001). The findings of this study offer compelling evidence supporting the efficacy of aquatic treadmill walking as a potential treatment for individuals suffering from foot drop. However, further research is needed to evaluate whether a causal relationship exists between heightened TA activation observed during aquatic treadmill walking and improvements in voluntary dorsiflexion during gait.

Key Clinical Message Understanding the complications arising from prone positioning following mechanical ventilation during management of acute respiratory distress from COVID‐19. Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been one of the well‐known complications of the disease since it was first reported in 2020. Mechanical ventilation for severe ARDS has been widely utilized for the management of such patients. Prone positioning (PP) is associated with improved oxygenation and overall outcomes in both intubated and non‐intubated patients. However, there are several complications associated with this procedure, including compressive neuropathies. In this article, we report a case of unilateral foot drop following mechanical ventilation and PP during the management of ARDS from COVID‐19.

Ganglion cysts are relatively common, but intraneural ganglion cysts (INGCs) within peripheral nerves are rare and poorly understood. We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with acute right-foot drop. She experienced acute knee pain radiating from the lateral leg to the dorsal foot two days after the first coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccination (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech). She had no history of trauma or medication use. Two weeks after the onset of symptoms, she developed a dorsiflexor weakness of the right foot (Medical Research Council grade, poor). The weakness worsened to a “trace” grade despite providing conservative management for one month. Ultrasonography revealed a fusiform echolucent structure within the course of the right common peroneal nerve around the fibular head. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple intraneural cysts within the right common peroneal nerve. Nerve conduction and electromyographic studies revealed multiphasic motor unit action potentials accompanied by abnormal spontaneous activities in the innervated muscles, along with axonal degeneration of the deep peroneal nerves. Surgical removal of the cyst was performed, and the patient’s symptoms gradually improved. Pathological examination revealed a cystic structure containing mucinous or gelatinous fluid and lined with flattened or cuboidal cells. The clinical course and sequential electromyographic findings relevant to this symptomatic cyst were temporally related to the vaccination date. The present case suggests that INGC-induced peroneal palsy is a possible complication after COVID-19 vaccination.

Acute unilateral foot drop is a well-known entity, but bilateral foot drop in progressive fashion is rare. In particular, slow-progressing bilateral foot drop occurs with various metabolic causes, as in anorexia nervosa, hypothyroid myopathy, Crohn’s disease, and post-electroconvulsive therapy. Parasagittal intracranial and spinal pathologies and cauda equine may also cause progressive bilateral foot drop. This case is presented with bilateral foot drop due to common peroneal nerve entrapment.

Introduction: Common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury is a rare but significant complication of knee trauma. Given its low incidence, there is limited published evidence, but reports have shown dislocations and fractures associated with varus deformity are more likely to injure the nerve, causing foot drop. This study aims to document the incidence and outcome of CPN palsy in tibial plateau fractures (TPF). Methods: We reviewed 746 cases of tibial plateau fractures treated between 2011 and 2020. We analysed patients' demographics, injury mechanisms, clinical course, and complications, and identified those with CPN palsies. Fractures were classified using the Schatzker, Luo and AO/OTA systems. The details of the CPN injury, including nerve conduction studies, duration of symptoms and outcome were recorded. Results: We identified 11 patients who had concurrent TPFs and CPN palsies, an overall incidence of 1.47 %. Most fractures involved the medial column (n = 9), with the C3 fragmentary TPF pattern being the most common (n = 4). The incidence of CPN injury was higher in medial fractures (5 %) and bicondylar fractures (3 %). We also found that most patients (n = 9) recovered full neurological function within 2 years. Discussion: This is the first study looking at a patient cohort sustaining concurrent TPFs and CPN injuries. It is a rare complication but should be looked for in high-risk medial and bicondylar fractures. We found that prognosis is better in TPF-associated CPN palsy than in other knee trauma, and that the majority of patients can expect a full recovery of nerve function.