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Forensic science has made a lot of progress in the medical field, but still ocular signs are not so well known to forensic scientists, whereas ocular signs play a very important role in forensic science. The major goal of this study to describe the importance of eye related clues in forensic science to solve the crime scenes and know the actual cause of death for the conviction of the criminals and save an innocent persons. Narrative review was done to review the articles available on the PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Web of Science and Medline related to the forensic optometry about the various methods of identification and strategies to deal with the forensic cases. The review covered studies that focused on interventions for forensic optometry and eye-related clues to the current study target. Twenty-seven of the 54 studies that met the inclusion criteria yielded good results, and all examined the significance of eye-related clues in forensic optometry. Peer reviewed articles/studies were referred to ascertain the eye related clues in the forensic science. Some authors suggest that eye related clues are very important aspects towards the forensic science and done the clinical research on that aspects. Criminal cases, domestic abuse and sexual assault affect people of all socioeconomic backgrounds. As a result, these traits would be highly valuable in determining the way of death and the chronological history of events leading up to a crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prescription eyewear offers characteristics that describe the refractive errors associated with the wearer's visual acuity. When found at the crime scene as evidence, it can help to establish a link with the owner. Eyewear characteristics can be statistically measured, allowing for scientific validation of the evidence details beyond simply matching them to the owner. Personal effects such as clothing, hair characteristics, and appearances have, at times, immensely helped to corroborate identification characteristics. The role of eyewear for forensic identification has been unexplored; hence, it is essential to understand its potential to aid identification. The present study was done by identifying the prescription values, i.e., refractive errors of 694 volunteers, and statistically analyzing these to check their relation with sex and age. It was found that there was a significant relationship between refractive errors and age, but not sex. Eyewear can thus be used to narrow the identity, and eyewear characteristics can serve as an antemortem record for identification and comparison. Additionally, combined with another type of evidence, it provides greater statistical certainty for forensic applications.

Robert W Arnold,1 Joshua S Beveridge,1 Samuel J Martin,1 Nathanael R Beveridge,1 Elise J Metzger,2 Kyle A Smith3 1The Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA; 2Grace Christian School, Anchorage, AK, USA; 3Kyle Smith, Accurate Vision, Anchorage, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert W ArnoldThe Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche #280, Anchorage, AK 99508, USATel +1 907 561-1917Fax +1 907 563-5373Email eyedoc@alaska.netBackground: Portable autorefractors can estimate refractive error in remote locations, but sphero-cylinder comparison and donated-spectacle dispensing are not yet simple.Methods: Normal astigmats determined best corrected acuity, then degraded 1 logMAR (Grade A), 3 logMAR (Grade B), and 6 logMAR (Grade C) to determine limits of astigmatism axis and power at these levels. The cylindrical refraction was vector transformed with J0 on the abscissa and J45 on the ordinate.Results: Ten subjects produced multiple refractions at the interfaces of Grades A, B, and C representing ovals on the J0 and J45 coordinates. When rotated, the vertical axis represented 45° or 135°, the horizontal long axis was 1.6× the short axis. The size of the ovals positively correlated with cylinder power. Given a target refraction, the comparability of a candidate lens was demonstrated on our interactive database yielding a simple A, B, C, or worse grade for cylinder, spherical equivalent, and pupillary diameter.Conclusion(s)/Relevance: Inputting a remote autorefraction, pupillary diameter and age as target and a donated spectacle as the candidate with a “B” grade similarity would be expected to attain 20/40 acuity (3 logMAR degrade) if best corrected visual acuity was 20/20. This practical Excel database could facilitate widespread remote lay dispensing of the cylinder as well as spherical spectacles. The grade similarity can also compare refracting tools such as photoscreeners and hand-held autorefractors.Clinical Trials Registry: NCT04297969.Keywords: donated recyled spectacles, remote dispensing, portable autorefraction, vision screen validation, forensic optometry

Body fluid analysis has played a crucial role in ascertaining various characteristics and has greatly aided in reconstructing events during crime scene investigation. It is often presumed that crimes that involve violence and mental disturbances such as murder or sexual assault provide good sources of body fluids such as blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, urine and tears. Tears are secreted in response to any emotional or stressful situations and may be found deposited on surfaces such as bedding, tissue paper or cloth. In the absence of the commonly noted body fluids such as blood or saliva, tears can play an important role that can lead to personal identification by examining the biochemistry and molecular aspects to obtain a full DNA profile. Additionally, identification of an individual may be done by carefully observing certain unique eye characteristics such as heterochromia which is highly individualistic. Characteristics of eyewear such as spectacles and contact lenses have unique properties and prescription criteria for correcting an individual's eyesight that can provide vital clues in understanding the visual ability of an individual. In crime scene investigation, the presence or absence of eyewear provides immense evidentiary value that has greatly aided in solving cases such as Janet Abaroa's Murder. This paper provides a systematic review of the possibility of using tears and eyewear for the purpose of forensic investigation and to statistically support the inferences with prescription databases which may be initiated across different populations. Forensic Optometry is yet to get streamlined along with the routinely followed investigative techniques and scientifically explored although no standard protocols exist to analyse eyewear. The use of behavioural optometry is gaining attention in the context of driving laws of different countries and is a simple but powerful indicator of abnormal behaviour. It is speculated that the last seen image referred to as an 'Optogram' of an individual may be captured in the retina since our eyes functions like a camera. Although this claim is considerably unexplored, it is quite possible that the last seen image of a criminal, objects or a place may be noted that can positively help in linking individuals at the scene of crime or identify the primary crime location. In this review, the potential for new insights into the analysis of tears, eye and eyewear characteristics have been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]