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This paper explores the realities of forestry beneft sharing under joint forest management in a major teak plantation region of Java, Indonesia, with reference to empirical information about the uses and efects of monetary benefts in terms of stakeholder power relations. The authors intend to enrich current understandings of the pitfalls of beneft-sharing mechanisms at the local level. The analysis focuses on institutional designs of beneft sharing, recent statistical realities of shared benefts, the uses of monetary benefts in villages, and the livelihood and conservation implications of shared benefts through household surveys. The results confrm that the beneft-sharing system has been neither efective nor equitable economically (inefective investment, a distribution policy preferring villages’ wants, and a lack of attempts to improve general farmers’ livelihoods and pro-poor arrangements), ecologically (little change in forest protection systems and continuing illegal logging and unofcial forestland cultivation), and in terms of governance (elite capture and a lack of downward accountability). Limited capacity, downward accountability of committee executive members and a laissez-faire attitude of forest administrators were also observed. A laissez-faire policy of forest administration under the frameworks of joint forest management can create room for elite capture as well as inefective conservation and poor livelihood outcomes and should thus be avoided. Appropriate and supportive facilitation and collaboration from the outside to develop the capacity and downward accountability of village-level decision makers is needed. These issues are increasingly important in the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus (REDD+)., Small-scale Forestry, 19(4), pp.439-460; 2020

Highlights • Sustainable provision of FES require a system- and innovation-based perspective. • Most innovation activities are characterised by optimisation strategies for biomass provision. • Lacking resources and institutions prevent foresters to engage in innovation activities. • New forms of communication, cooperation and financing are needed for providing non-wood FES. • Current revisions of EU policy frameworks pose possibilities for novel forms of FES governance. This paper analyses the occurrence of governance innovations for forest ecosystem service (FES) provision in the forestry sector in Europe and the factors that influence innovation development. Based on a European-wide online survey, public and private forest owners and managers representing different property sizes indicate what type of governance innovation activities they engage in, and why. To investigate forestry innovations as systems, the analysis focuses on biophysical, social and technical factors influencing innovation development. The results of our exploratory quantitative analysis show that most innovation activities identified are largely oriented towards biomass production. Accordingly, most forest owners implement efficiency-driven optimisation strategies for forest management and technological improvement for provisioning service supply, to generate income. In contrast, the provision of regulating and cultural services is not yet a prominent part of forestry innovation activities. Reasons are rooted in a market-oriented economic rationale focusing on timber production, a lack of financial resources to compensate for other FES provisions or institutions to provide backup and security to forest owners and managers for engaging in innovation development. Given that the provision of a wide range of FES is a politically well-established objective for forest management in Europe, a strategy is needed that helps to align actors and sectors for supporting and co-financing related forest management approaches and business models. The current revision of the forest related policy framework on EU level under the EU Green deal poses a window of opportunity for better fostering novel governance approaches for more sustainable FES provision.

The present study attempts to provide implications on how transitions from forest administration-led joint forest management to more smallholder-based community forestry would be possible drawing on the recent situations on the island of Java in Indonesia. The P.39 2017 scheme is a community forestry approach under the jurisdiction of the State Forestry Corporation (SFC) in Java, with greater smallholder initiatives than the existing joint forest management program. The study consists of an institutional analysis and village case study related to the P.39 2017 scheme. Initial antagonism and resistance from local SFC staff were mitigated as the process advanced. Approximately half of the informant smallholders expected greater tenure security from the scheme. However, one third of informants had no idea about the scheme and, even among those who were interested, knowledge of the regulations was lacking. Complex realities of forestland encroachment by smallholders were also confirmed. These results suggest that 1) higher-rank officials’ understanding and positive attitudes can effectively facilitate democratic transitions and 2) existing de facto use of forestland should be considered for actual implementation of the scheme. The first step is to make necessary information and resources accessible to all participants. It is also important to create a governance structure to ensure an equitable and realistic process of reforestation considering existing complex situations of forestland cultivation, and to promote the engagement of supportive stakeholders to mobilize financial and technical resources., Journal of Forest Research, 24(6), pp. 371-375; 2019

Los bosques del norte de la Patagonia tienen una larga historia de uso, siendo uno de los ecosistemas forestales más estudiados de Argentina. Sin embargo, existen pocos ejemplos de bosques nativos bajo manejo sustentable. Proponemos que esto se debe principalmente a la falta de voluntad de las autoridades de aplicación, organismos de gestión, investigadores y técnicos del sector por asistir a productores forestales en la implementación de la legislación vigente. Históricamente, los productores han sido ignorados por un sistema administrativo que no ha buscado adaptarse a sus necesidades, y por un sistema científico-tecnológico que no ha utilizado sus conocimientos empíricos para generar propuestas realistas de manejo. Consideramos que, si bien el manejo sustentable de los bosques patagónicos pareciera ser técnicamente viable, su implementación dependerá de la voluntad del sector público por generar las condiciones para un diálogo intersectorial que integre distintos tipos de saberes. The native forests of Northern Patagonia have a long history of human use, being one of the most studied ecosystems of Argentina. However, there are few examples of sustainably managed native forests. We propose that this is mainly due to the lack of political will from regional authorities, forest administration agencies, technicians and researchers in assisting forest owners to implement current legislation. Historically, forest owners have been ignored by an administrative system that has not considered their needs as well as by a scientific-technologic system that not used their empirical knowledge to develop realistic management packages. We consider that, even though the sustainable management of Patagonian native forests seems to be technically feasible, its implementation will depend on the will of the public sector to generate better conditions for an intersectoral collaboration that integrates different kinds of knowledge.

En 1346, Philippe VI de Valois promulgua l’ordonnance de Brunoy. Ce long document visait à réorganiser l’administration forestière du royaume afin de tirer des forêts un meilleur profit et d’en assurer une gestion durable et rationnelle. Pendant longtemps, les historiens y ont vu la première expression d’une politique forestière de la part des souverains français, les véritables fondements de la foresterie française. En réalité, les politiques de Philippe VI sont tributaires de près d’un siècle et demi de règlementations progressivement développées sous les derniers Capétiens directs. C’est à partir du règne de Philippe Auguste, et plus spécifiquement avec la conquête de la Normandie en 1204, que les souverains français s’intéressèrent de plus près aux ressources forestières de leur domaine. Dès le début du XIIIe siècle, les riches forêts royales de Normandie furent administrées selon un régime toujours plus strict visant à limiter l’accès aux usagers et à garantir un rendement fiscal optimal. La forêt servait alors un rôle complexe. Outre son apport fiscal, elle jouait un rôle essentiel dans l’économie rurale, tout en constituant un espace sur lequel s’exerçait la justice, le pouvoir et la générosité des princes médiévaux. L’étude des sources administratives du long XIIIe siècle, s’étendant du règne de Philippe Auguste à celui de Charles IV, permet de brosser un portrait plus complet de la formation d’une première politique forestière française. Celle-ci s’articule autour de la création d’une administration dirigée par un corps d’officiers spécialisés, les maîtres des Eaux et Forêts, et de l’élaboration d’un corpus de règlementations visant, sous l’auspice d’une politique du « bien commun », à maintenir un équilibre entre conservation, utilisation et exploitation. Loin d’être le lieu de solitude dépeint dans la littérature médiévale, la forêt normande, siège des tractations entre l’ancienne coutume et le droit royal naissant, était plutôt un espace borné, délimité et rationalisé selon cet ensemble de règlementations et de limitations, et constituait un lieu de contact, voire de conflit, entre les usagers et le pouvoir royal., In 1346, Philip VI of Valois enacted the Ordinance of Brunoy. This lengthy document aimed at reorganizing the kingdom’s forest administration in order to ensure that royal forests remained sufficiently profitables and adequately managed. For most of the past century, historians have believed the Ordinance of Brunoy to be the first true expression of the forest policies of the French crown. In reality, Philip VI benefited from a wealth of regulations already in place which had been developped by his predecessors since the beginning of the XIIIth century. It can be argued that the reign of Philip Augustus, and especially his conquest of Normandy in 1204, truly marks the inception of the first forest policies by the French royal government. From that time on, royal forests in Normandy were managed according to a set of strict regulations aiming at limiting usage rights and guaranteeing a steady contribution to the kingdom’s finances. Forests during the Middle Ages served multiple purposes : beside their input in royal finances, they were vital to rural economy, and formed a space over which medieval princes exercised their justice, authority, power and generosity. The study of administrative sources from XIIIth and XIVth Normandy gives a better understanding of the development of these early policies, which revolved around the creation of a new administration headed by the masters of « Eaux et Forêts » and the formulation, under the auspices of common good, of a set of rules and regulations aiming at maintaining a balance between conservation, exploitation and usages. In truth, the forests of medieval Normandy were far from the archetypal woodlands of medieval litterature : they appear as a well delimited and rationalized space, managed and monitered by the king’s officers, and formed an area of contact and conflict between the royal government and the forests’ users., Thèse en cotutelle avec l'Université de Rouen

In 1346, Philip VI of Valois enacted the Ordinance of Brunoy. This lengthy document aimed at reorganizing the kingdom’s forest administration in order to ensure that royal forests remained sufficiently profitables and adequately managed. For most of the past century, historians have believed the Ordinance of Brunoy to be the first true expression of the forest policies of the French crown. In reality, Philip VI benefited from a wealth of regulations already in place which had been developped by his predecessors since the beginning of the XIIIth century. It can be argued that the reign of Philip Augustus, and especially his conquest of Normandy in 1204, truly marks the inception of the first forest policies by the French royal government. From that time on, royal forests in Normandy were managed according to a set of strict regulations aiming at limiting usage rights and guaranteeing a steady contribution to the kingdom’s finances. Forests during the Middle Ages served multiple purposes : beside their input in royal finances, they were vital to rural economy, and formed a space over which medieval princes exercised their justice, authority, power and generosity. The study of administrative sources from XIIIth and XIVth Normandy gives a better understanding of the development of these early policies, which revolved around the creation of a new administration headed by the masters of « Eaux et Forêts » and the formulation, under the auspices of common good, of a set of rules and regulations aiming at maintaining a balance between conservation, exploitation and usages. In truth, the forests of medieval Normandy were far from the archetypal woodlands of medieval litterature : they appear as a well delimited and rationalized space, managed and monitered by the king’s officers, and formed an area of contact and conflict between the royal government and the forests’ users.; En 1346, Philippe VI de Valois promulgua l’ordonnance de Brunoy. Ce long document visait à réorganiser l’administration forestière du royaume afin de tirer des forêts un meilleur profit et d’en assurer une gestion durable et rationnelle. Pendant longtemps, les historiens y ont vu la première expression d’une politique forestière de la part des souverains français, les véritables fondements de la foresterie française. En réalité, les politiques de Philippe VI sont tributaires de près d’un siècle et demi de règlementations progressivement développées sous les derniers Capétiens directs. C’est à partir du règne de Philippe Auguste, et plus spécifiquement avec la conquête de la Normandie en 1204, que les souverains français s’intéressèrent de plus près aux ressources forestières de leur domaine. Dès le début du XIIIe siècle, les riches forêts royales de Normandie furent administrées selon un régime toujours plus strict visant à limiter l’accès aux usagers et à garantir un rendement fiscal optimal. La forêt servait alors un rôle complexe. Outre son apport fiscal, elle jouait un rôle essentiel dans l’économie rurale, tout en constituant un espace sur lequel s’exerçait la justice, le pouvoir et la générosité des princes médiévaux. L’étude des sources administratives du long XIIIe siècle, s’étendant du règne de Philippe Auguste à celui de Charles IV, permet de brosser un portrait plus complet de la formation d’une première politique forestière française. Celle-ci s’articule autour de la création d’une administration dirigée par un corps d’officiers spécialisés, les maîtres des Eaux et Forêts, et de l’élaboration d’un corpus de règlementations visant, sous l’auspice d’une politique du « bien commun », à maintenir un équilibre entre conservation, utilisation et exploitation. Loin d’être le lieu de solitude dépeint dans la littérature médiévale, la forêt normande, siège des tractations entre l’ancienne coutume et le droit royal naissant, était plutôt un espace borné, délimité et rationalisé selon cet ensemble de règlementations et de limitations, et constituait un lieu de contact, voire de conflit, entre les usagers et le pouvoir royal.

In 1346, Philip VI of Valois enacted the Ordinance of Brunoy. This lengthy document aimed at reorganizing the kingdom’s forest administration in order to ensure that royal forests remained sufficiently profitables and adequately managed. For most of the past century, historians have believed the Ordinance of Brunoy to be the first true expression of the forest policies of the French crown. In reality, Philip VI benefited from a wealth of regulations already in place which had been developped by his predecessors since the beginning of the XIIIth century. It can be argued that the reign of Philip Augustus, and especially his conquest of Normandy in 1204, truly marks the inception of the first forest policies by the French royal government. From that time on, royal forests in Normandy were managed according to a set of strict regulations aiming at limiting usage rights and guaranteeing a steady contribution to the kingdom’s finances. Forests during the Middle Ages served multiple purposes : beside their input in royal finances, they were vital to rural economy, and formed a space over which medieval princes exercised their justice, authority, power and generosity. The study of administrative sources from XIIIth and XIVth Normandy gives a better understanding of the development of these early policies, which revolved around the creation of a new administration headed by the masters of « Eaux et Forêts » and the formulation, under the auspices of common good, of a set of rules and regulations aiming at maintaining a balance between conservation, exploitation and usages. In truth, the forests of medieval Normandy were far from the archetypal woodlands of medieval litterature : they appear as a well delimited and rationalized space, managed and monitered by the king’s officers, and formed an area of contact and conflict between the royal government and the forests’ users.; En 1346, Philippe VI de Valois promulgua l’ordonnance de Brunoy. Ce long document visait à réorganiser l’administration forestière du royaume afin de tirer des forêts un meilleur profit et d’en assurer une gestion durable et rationnelle. Pendant longtemps, les historiens y ont vu la première expression d’une politique forestière de la part des souverains français, les véritables fondements de la foresterie française. En réalité, les politiques de Philippe VI sont tributaires de près d’un siècle et demi de règlementations progressivement développées sous les derniers Capétiens directs. C’est à partir du règne de Philippe Auguste, et plus spécifiquement avec la conquête de la Normandie en 1204, que les souverains français s’intéressèrent de plus près aux ressources forestières de leur domaine. Dès le début du XIIIe siècle, les riches forêts royales de Normandie furent administrées selon un régime toujours plus strict visant à limiter l’accès aux usagers et à garantir un rendement fiscal optimal. La forêt servait alors un rôle complexe. Outre son apport fiscal, elle jouait un rôle essentiel dans l’économie rurale, tout en constituant un espace sur lequel s’exerçait la justice, le pouvoir et la générosité des princes médiévaux. L’étude des sources administratives du long XIIIe siècle, s’étendant du règne de Philippe Auguste à celui de Charles IV, permet de brosser un portrait plus complet de la formation d’une première politique forestière française. Celle-ci s’articule autour de la création d’une administration dirigée par un corps d’officiers spécialisés, les maîtres des Eaux et Forêts, et de l’élaboration d’un corpus de règlementations visant, sous l’auspice d’une politique du « bien commun », à maintenir un équilibre entre conservation, utilisation et exploitation. Loin d’être le lieu de solitude dépeint dans la littérature médiévale, la forêt normande, siège des tractations entre l’ancienne coutume et le droit royal naissant, était plutôt un espace borné, délimité et rationalisé selon cet ensemble de règlementations et de limitations, et constituait un lieu de contact, voire de conflit, entre les usagers et le pouvoir royal.

Bu tezin amacı, odun dışı orman ürünlerine yönelik tüketici tercihlerini etkileyenfaktörleri belirlemektir. Çalışmanın uygulaması Burdur ilinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.Araştırmada veriler anket yöntemiyle elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada verilerin analizi içinyüzde, frekans ve sosyo-demografik özelliklere göre farklılıkların belirlenmesindeki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Satın alma tercihleri ise bulanık eşli karşılaştırma yöntemiile belirlenmiştir.Çalışma sonuçlarına göre; (a) Tüketiciler büyük oranda koruyucu etkilerindenfaydalanmak üzere odun dışı orman ürünlerini kullanmaktadır, (b) ürünlerin büyükbir bölümü infüzyon ve dekoksiyon şeklinde tüketilmektedir, (c) ürünler aktarlardantemin edilmektedir, (d) ürünlerin satın alma tercihlerinde en önemli faktör ürünlerindoğal olmasıdır. Tüketiciler arasında odun dışı orman ürünlerini doğadan toplama iletemin edilme oranı çok yüksektir. Bu toplama biçimi yasal olmayan yani izinsiztoplama biçimidir. Bu teminin tercih edilmesindeki en önemli neden, ürünlerin doğalolanlarının tüketilme isteğidir. The aim of this thesis is to determine the factors affecting consumer preferences fornon-wood forest products. The study was conducted in Burdur province. The datawere obtained by survey method. For the data analysis, percentage, frequencies and,Chi-square test was used to determine the differences according to sociodemographic characteristics. Purchasing preferences were determined by fuzzypairwise comparison method.According to the results of the study; (a) Consumers largely use non-wood forestproducts to benefit from their protective effects, (b) the majority of the products areconsumed in the form of infusion and decoction, (c) products are supplied fromherbal products seller, (d) the most important factor in the purchasing preferences ofthe products is that they are natural. Among consumers, the rate of obtaining nonwood forest products from the nature is very high. This form of collection is illegaland unauthorized. The most important reason for choosing this supply is the desire toconsume the natural ones. 54

Bu çalışmanın amacı, orman köylerine verilen desteklere yönelik bilgi düzeylerini ve bu desteklerde etkili olan yerel aktörleri belirlemektir. Araştırma kapsamında veriler anket çalışmaları ile elde edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Antalya İli Elmalı İlçesi Salur orman köyünde 109 kişi ile anket yapılmıştır. Destekler konusunda etkili olan yerel aktörler sosyal ağ analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre kırsal halk ile yerel aktörler arasındaki sosyal ilişki ağının derecesi çok düşük bulunmuştur. Sosyal ağ analizi sonuçlarına göre en önemli aktör orman muhafaza memurudur. Bunu orman işletme şefi izlemektedir. Çalışma sonucunda köye verilen desteklerle ilişkili olan kurum yetkilerinin köylüler ile ilişki ağlarını güçlendirecek çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca kırsal halkın verilen destekler ile ilgili bilgi düzeylerini arttıracak eğitim çalışmaları yapılmalıdır. The aim of this study is to determine the level of knowledge of the support given to forest villages and the local actors that are effective in these support. Within the scope of the research, data were obtained through surveys. In this context, a questionnaire was conducted with 109 people in Salur forest village. Local actors that are effective in support are determined by social network analysis. According to the results of the study, the degree of social relations network between rural people and local actors was found to be very low. According to the results of social network analysis, the most important actor is forest protection officer. This is followed by chief of forest enterprise. As a result of the study, it was found out that the activities that will strengthen the relations networks of the authorities with the villages, which are related to the support given to the village, should be done. In addition, training activities should be conducted to increase the level of knowledge of the rural people regarding the support provided. 76

Bu tez çalışmasında bitkisel kaynaklı odun dışı orman ürünlerinin ticareti incelenmiş, ve elde edilen veriler ışığında gelinen nokta ve geleceğe yönelik trend analiz edilmiştir. Tez kapsamında odun dışı orman ürünlerinin üretimine yönelik veriler Orman Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından yayınlanan `Ormancılık İstatistikleri` ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından yayınlanan `Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri`nden elde edilmiş ve geçmişten günümüze üretim, ihracat ve ithalat değerlerindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından yayınlanan `dış ticaret istatistikleri` kapsamında bitkisel kökenli odun dışı orman ürünlerinden kekik ve defnenin 1990-2017 yılları arasındaki ihracat miktarları ve ihracat gelirleri (US$) kullanılarak geleceğe yönelik miktar ve gelir projeksiyonları yapılmıştır. Kekik ve defnenin geleceğe yönelik miktar ve gelir tahminlerinin yapılabilmesi için öncelikle hareketli ortalamalar, üssel düzeltme, doğrusal trend ve üssel trend fonsiyonlarına göre tahmini değerler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre 2019-2023 yılları arasında kekik ve defnenin ihracat miktarları ve gelirlerinin artacağı tahmin edilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Odun dışı orman ürünleri, Dış ticaret, Trend analizi In this thesis, the trade of non-wood forest products originating from vegetation is examined, and the point reached and the trend towards the future are analysed in the light of the data obtained. Non-wood the thesis data for the production of forest products, `Forestry Statistics` published by the General Directorate of Forestry and `Foreign Trade Statistics` published by the Turkey Statistical Institute from the obtained and from past to present production, changes in import and export value was examined.Later, published by the Turkey Statistical Institute `external trade statistics` within the scope of export quantities from plant-derived non-wood thyme and laurel of the 1990-2017 year from forest products and export revenue (US $) amounts for future use and the revenue projections were made. Estimated values are obtained according to moving averages, exponential correction, linear trend and exponential trend functions in order to make predictions of thyme and laurel for future amount and income. According to the findings of the study, it is estimated that the export quantities and revenues of thyme and laurel will increase between 2019 and 2023.Key Words: Non-wood forest products, Foreign trade, Trend analysis 59

Traditioneel richt de aandacht van het bosbeheer voor een beleefbare natuur zich op de ontwikkeling van de recreatieve infrastructuur. Tegenwoordig krijgen ook andere vormen van samenleven met natuur aandacht. Deze ontwikkeling wordt weerspiegeld in het nieuwe begrip “bioculturele diversiteit”.

Essenzaadbronnen op de Rassenlijst Bomen hebben een hoge genetische diversiteit. Dat is een belangrijk kwaliteitsaspect van teeltmateriaal en speelt een cruciale rol in het aanpassingsvermogen van soorten aan een veranderend klimaat en nieuwe ziekten en plagen. De huidige generatie essenbossen heeft te kampen met de veelal desastreuze gevolgen van essentaksterfte. Uit onderzoek blijkt dat resistentie tegen deze ziekte genetisch bepaald is, en dat een klein deel van de essen goed bestand is tegen de ziekte. Deze genetische basis biedt hoop om eennieuwe generatie essen te selecteren die bestand is tegen de ziekte, met behoud van de genetische diversiteit.

Het Nederlandse bos is een populair park met jaarlijks honderden miljoenen bezoeken. Het bos is een belangrijke pijler van de Nederlandse natuur met bijvoorbeeld veel Natura 2000-habitats, nieuwe wildernissen en een bron van hernieuwbare grondstoffen. Welke kennis en beheer zijn nodig om aan al deze functies tegemoet te blijven komen? Wij zijn ons als bosbeheerders, beleidsmakers, onderzoekers en opleiders onvoldoende bewust van de forse uitdagingen waar het Nederlandse bosbeheer voor staat!