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Dans cet article, nous etudions les traces linguistiques et discursives de l’homophobie dans un corpus de commentaires postes sur YouTube sous la video d’une emission de temoignages. A l’aide d’analyses argumentatives et syntaxiques, nous essayons de preciser quelles formes linguistiques peut revetir la haine homophobe sur ce type de support technologique. Nous discutons ensuite la notion de discours de haine et la performativite du discours de haine.

This article analyzes the narrative complexity of women’s online testimonies of verbal street harassment. We examined the relations between reported and reporting speech and the degree of subjectivity in 74 posts extracted from the PAYE TA SHNEK website. Each post was considered to form a mini-narrative falling into one of the following categories: minimal, elementary, and complex narrative. While offensive speech is recontextualized and subverted in all these categories, hey also reflect an evolution of these online testimonies as a genre whose goal is to emancipate the women who post and read the testimonies. Thus, posts consisting of a simple quotation and erasing the enunciator disappear gradually in favor of posts emphasizing the subjectivity of the narrator-enunciator and the co-presence of the narrating “I” and the experiencing “I."

Samuel Beckett (1906-1989), irlandais d’expression française et anglaise, peut être considéré comme un des écrivains modernistes du XXe siècle les plus influents. Son nom est surtout associé au théâtre de l’absurde, un style de théâtre des années 50 inspiré des surréalistes et des dadaïstes, dont l’origine était le traumatisme de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Parmi les pièces absurdes les plus importantes se trouve En attendant Godot de Beckett, une pièce connue et jouée dans le monde entier. Ce que Samuel Beckett nous montre dans En attendant Godot est évidemment l’absurdité de la vie, et l’absurdité de ce qui n’est pas encore venu ou déterminé. Le point central dans cette pièce est – malgré l’absence d’histoire, de sens et de but – sa représentation de la condition humaine : les relations, la communication, l’inquiétude et, bien sûr, l’attente. Le but de se mémoire sera d’examiner de quelle manière Beckett révèle son image de la condition humaine à travers d’une pièce rompant avec toute convention théâtrale classique.

Uppsatsen ger en kort sammanfattning av det koloniala Algeriet och tiden efter frigörelsen från Frankrike. Under 90-talet mördades många människor i Algeriet, darav 7 munkar i Tibhirine. Denna händelse har filmats av Xavier Beauvois, Des hommes et des dieux. Filmen analyseras beträffande dialog, foto och musik. Den senare delen av uppsatsen behandlar betydelsen av filmen för en dialog mellan islam och kristendomen i Frankrike.

Denna uppsats har som syfte att studera hur identitet skildras i de självbiografiska romanerna Garçon manqué (2000), skriven av Nina Bouraoui och Je ne parle pas la langue de mon père (2003), skriven av Leïla Sebbar. Utifrån postkoloniala och feministiska perspektiv visar jag hur romanerna, skrivna av fransk-algeriska, kvinnliga författare, gestaltar erfarenheter av splittrad identitet och utanförskap. Dessa erfarenheter lyfts fram som resultatet av bland annat nationalistiska och misogyna diskurser. Minnena av våldet i de koloniala relationerna mellan Frankrike och Algeriet lever starkt kvar i protagonisternas medvetanden. På så sätt länkas deras personliga upplevelser av våld till en kollektiv historia. Samtidigt artikulerar romanerna motstånd mot de diskurser som genom sina ansatser att bemäktiga sig subjektet påminner om en kolonial logik.

Denna uppsats har som syfte att studera hur identitet skildras i de självbiografiska romanerna Garçon manqué (2000), skriven av Nina Bouraoui och Je ne parle pas la langue de mon père (2003), skriven av Leïla Sebbar. Utifrån postkoloniala och feministiska perspektiv visar jag hur romanerna, skrivna av fransk-algeriska, kvinnliga författare, gestaltar erfarenheter av splittrad identitet och utanförskap. Dessa erfarenheter lyfts fram som resultatet av bland annat nationalistiska och misogyna diskurser. Minnena av våldet i de koloniala relationerna mellan Frankrike och Algeriet lever starkt kvar i protagonisternas medvetanden. På så sätt länkas deras personliga upplevelser av våld till en kollektiv historia. Samtidigt artikulerar romanerna motstånd mot de diskurser som genom sina ansatser att bemäktiga sig subjektet påminner om en kolonial logik.

Jansson, Kristina, 2006. Saisir l’insaisissable. Les formes et les traductions du discours indirect libre dans des romans suédois et français. Acta Wexionensia nr 86/2006. ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, ISBN: 91-7636-499-2. Written in French. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible forms and translations of free indirect discourse (discours indirect libre) in some French and Swedish novels written between 1880 and 1920. For the study, two corpora containing free indirect discourse (FID) were established: one with Swedish FID from some 40 novels written by August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, Hjalmar Bergman and Hjalmar Söderberg and one with FID from one novel each by Émile Zola and Guy de Maupassant, and two by Anatole France. These two corpora were compared in order to examine the influence of grammar, translational norms and individual translators on the final result. Another purpose was to compare the forms of FID in French and Swedish since they differ somewhat. The biggest difference seems to be that Swedish has a greater aptitude for mixing elements from several levels of narration. The study itself is divided in two parts. The first one explores the individual characteristics that create FID, their forms and their translation. There seems to be no syntactical difference in the treatment of personal pronouns, the alterations seem to be the result of a change made by the translators. The treatment of verb tenses and adverbials differs somewhat. One of the characteristics of FID is that it combines deictic adverbials focalised through the characters with verb tenses focalised through the narrator. French adverbials, above all deictic time adverbials, are restricted in that they cannot occur juxtaposed to all verb tenses, whereas Swedish is free to do so to a higher extent, a difference that influences the translation. Verb tenses are also a problem in that the French language has two, passé simple and imparfait, the former rare in FID, where Swedish only has preteritum. Other characteristics of FID, such as repetitions, hesitations, the use of proper names etc. cause fewer problems in translation. The second part of the analysis handles the destiny of all of FID in translation. 91% of the French FID remain in the Swedish translations, whereas 82% remain in the French translations, numbers that show that there is a difference between the languages. This final part also analyses the reasons behind the transformation of FID into other forms of speech rendering in translation, including the translator’s influence over transformations that can be compared to that of the narrator over speech rendering.

This study examines the structure and the use of the speech paragraph (le paragraphe oral), as defined by Morel and Danon-Boileau 1998, in L1 French, in L1 Swedish and in the L2 French production of two advanced Swedish learners. The corpus examined consists of seven informal spontaneous endolingual and exolingual conversations. The study is not only contrastive, but also longitudinal, in the sense that each of the two learners has been recorded before and after a one-term long stay at a French university. After a short introductory chapter, chapter 2 discusses various methods used in analysing spoken discourse and prosody in French and Swedish. Chapter 3 presents the speech paragraph theory of Morel and Danon-Boileau. The analysed corpus is described in chapter 4. The analyses of the corpus are presented in chapters 5 to 9. Chapter 5 contains an analysis of the préambule, the first speech paragraph segment. Chapter 6 deals with the second speech paragraph segment, the rhème, and chapter 7 with the third segment, the posthème. Chapter 8 examines the ponctuants in the three productions. Chapter 9 includes a brief description of the speech paragraphs in the three productions examined. It also contains analyses of the incises and of the régulateurs (backchannels) in the corpus. At the end of the chapter different types of speech paragraphs are shown and the defining criteria of the speech paragraph are discussed. The main differences between the L1 and the L2 French productions are found in the structure and the use of the préambules and in the use of modal elements in all positions within the speech paragraph. It is observed that the préambules in L2 French are less developed than those in L1 French. This difference is particularly visible in the use of initial préambules having a primarily textual function. The structure of the L2 French préambules is partially explained by an influence of the L1 Swedish préambule structure. As for the use of modal elements, the analyses show that both the learners use a significantly smaller number of different words and expressions than the native speakers to express each type of modal element (le point de vue and the modus dissocié in the préambule, the modal elements in the rhème, the modal postrhèmes and the ponctuants). Another difference between the L1 and the L2 French productions is that the learners produce a much smaller number of "mono-constructed" speech paragraphs than the native speakers. This indicates that the learners contribute less to the development of the conversation than the native speakers. Comparatively few changes can be seen in the learners? speech paragraph production after their stay in France. Denna studie undersöker hur talparagrafen (le paragraphe oral), såsom den definierats av Morel och Danon-Boileau 1998, struktureras och används i L1 franska, i L1 svenska och i L2 franska hos två svenska avancerade inlärare. Den undersökta korpusen består av sju informella och spontana endolingvala och exolingvala samtal. Studien är både kontrastiv och longitudinell i det avseende att de två inlärarna har spelats in både före och efter en termins vistelse i Frankrike. Efter ett kort introduktionskapitel diskuteras i kapitel 2 olika franska och svenska analysmetoder för talad diskurs och prosodi. I kapitel 3 presenteras Morel och Danon-Boileaus talparagrafsteori. Den analyserade korpusen beskrivs i kapitel 4. Analyserna av korpusen presenteras sedan i kapitlen 5 till 9. Kapitel 5 innehåller en analys av le préambule, det första av talparagrafens segment. I kapitel 6 analyseras des andra talparagrafsegmentet, le rhème, och i kapitel 7 det tredje segmentet, le postrhème. I kapitel 8 undersöks les ponctuants i de tre produktionerna. Kapitel 9 innehåller slutligen en kort beskrivning av talparagrafen i de tre undersökta produktionerna, samt analyser av les incises och les régulateurs (backchannels) i korpusen. I slutet av kapitlet presenteras olika typer av talparagrafer och definitionskriterierna för talparagrafen diskuteras. De största skillnaderna mellan de franska L1- och L2-produktionerna återfinns i användandet av les préambules och av modala element i alla positioner inom talparagrafen. Bl. a. så konstateras det att les préambules i den franska L2-produktionen är kortare än de i den franska L1-produktionen. Denna skillnad är särskilt tydlig då det gäller användandet av initiala préambules som har en primärt textuell funktion. Det faktum att les préambules struktureras annorlunda i L2 franska förklaras delvis av en påverkan av den svenska produktionen. Vad gäller de modala elementen så visar analyserna att båda inlärarna använder ett betydligt mindre antal olika ord och uttryck än de franska modersmålstalarna för att uttrycka dessa (le point de vue och le modus dissocié i le préambule, de modala elementen i le rhème, de modala postrhèmes och les ponctuants). En annan skillnad mellan de franska L1- och L2-produktionerna är att inlärarna producerar ett mycket mindre antal "mono-konstruerade" talparagrafer jämfört med modersmålstalarna. Inlärarna bidrar således mindre till konversationens utveckling än modersmålstalarna. De båda inlärarna förändrar ytterst lite sitt sätt att strukturera sina franska talparagrafer efter vistelsen i Frankrike.

This thesis deals with the development of the DP (the Determiner Phrase) in bilingual first (2L1) and in adult second (L2) language acquisition of French. The thesis shows that the children and the adult Swedish learners acquire syntactic categories differently: the children follow a structural economy principle in positing as small categories as possible (Rizzi, 1998). The adult learners aim to establish as few different categories as possible, which leads them to larger syntactic categories. Both principles are claimed to be part of the Universal Grammar (UG). The empirical part contains three interrelated analyses. The first analysis deals with the omissions of determiners and investigates the status of early Functional Categories (FCs). The children and the adults differ with respect to the underlying grammar of DPs at the initial state: only the children go through a stage where determiners are generally absent and only in the children is there a correlation between suppliance of determiners and linguistic development. The results speak against theories in L2 where an initial absence of FCs is postulated. Moreover, we find only a weak correlation between the omission of determiners, Null Subjects and Root infinitives in 2L1. The independent development of DP and CP is compatible with a structural economy approach to omissions but seems to speak against underspecification accounts that predict a parallel development of DP and CP. The second analysis deals with the syntactic status of the definite article, a clitic head (X0). Data from elision and incorporation are used for the analysis. Following our main hypotheses, the syntactic “lightness” of the clitic definite article predicts different acquisition patterns in 2L1 and L2. This is borne out in the data. The children have few problems with elision and incorporation (au/du ventre) whereas the adult learners of the lowest level of development nearly never elide or incorporate with prepositions (but produce *à le/de le bar). The children rapidly perceive the grammaticalised nature of the definite article whereas the adult learners begin with a more “lexical” definite article that is subsequently grammaticalised. We argue that the children soon analyse the definite article as a head under D0 whereas the adult learners first treat the article as an inherently [+definite] XP-element in Spec-DP. The third analysis shows that the features “number” and “gender” are acquired differently: Number is accessible from an early stage whereas gender is absent at the initial state in both groups. We argue that the development of gender in 2L1 is a consequence of the clitic status of the article in combination with morphophonology of the noun. In contrast, the adult learners first use a default gender form of the article. The L2 development is lexical and item based. In conclusion, the main results are accounted for if we assume that 2L1 and adult L2 acquisition are guided by the two different principles of UG mentioned. This difference has consequences for the three domains studied, the structure of DP, the status of definite articles and possibly also for the development of gender.