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This article analyses the potential challenges related to the coordination of unemployment benefits under European Union law for persons whose employment or other economic activities and living arrangements are, in one way or another, dispersed across the territories of several EU Member States. Starting from the traditional cases of frontier workers and other cross-border (or mobile) workers, on the one hand, and remote work or telework, on the other, the article looks at the potential future of free movement in the EU under Regulation (EC) No. 883/2004 and its implementing regulation, Regulation (EC) No. 987/2009. New forms of work and work organisation, alongside new mobility and residency patterns, challenge the basic rules of lex loci laboris (the country of employment is competent) and lex loci domicilii (the country of residence is competent), especially when they collide in a single case. At the same time, unemployment benefits, which are at the heart of this debate, still remain subject to specific coordination (e.g. competence) rules that depart from the general legislation, possibly making effective provision in such cases even more difficult. The article gives a diverse collection of theoretical examples in which cross-border situations are either in themselves atypical and complex, or accompanied and made possible by new forms of work or work organisation, causing specific problems for the adequate and appropriate provision of unemployment benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-border traffic of foreigners in Entikong increased when the land border between Indonesia and Malaysia was opened in April 2022. The surge in activity has forced local governments to work together to ensure that monitoring runs well. The geographical condition of Entikong, which is dominated by forests and local plantations, also allows for the movement of foreigners outside official routes. Therefore, cooperation between government agencies and security forces is needed. Immigration then became one of the agencies that played an important role in supervising foreign nationals (WNA). This agency has a special board that monitors and analyzes every foreigner who enters Indonesian territory. Through a qualitative descriptive approach and data collection techniques from interviews, this research aims to observe the synergy and work system between Entikong regional government agencies carrying out supervision. The research is divided into three discussions, namely monitoring the cross-border traffic of foreigners based on Immigration Law at the Entikong border, control and supervision of foreigners by the PORA Team (Foreigner Surveillance Team) of Entikong Immigration Office, and synergy in monitoring the cross-border traffic of foreigners in the EntikongPLBN work environment. The final results of the research show that the PORA Team of Immigration Office Class II Entikong is trying to strengthen the synergy between its members so that coordination in conveying information can run smoothly and cases of violations will decrease. However, increased intensity is needed in monitoring cross-border traffic of foreigners in joint operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets the gendered effects of low-wage, cross-border labor in Palestine within a global frame of uneven development. Drawing on fieldwork close to Checkpoint 300, between Bethlehem and Jerusalem, we first provide an account that centers Palestinian women's social reproduction as coconstitutive of male crossborder employment in the Israeli economy. Discussion then moves to consider gendered work in apartheidera South Africa with the intention not to draw analogies but to explore how labor articulation situated South Africa within the power geometries of globalization. Returning with these analytical tools, we undertake a relational comparison to reconsider the cross-border as a global space. Cutting-edge security technologies and migrants from Thailand are some of the new objects, ideas, and people that coalesce and reshape Palestinian domestic life. The gendered effects of social reproduction are thus connected to both Israel's military occupation and its location within global capitalism. The article makes three key contributions by (1) foregrounding women in discussion of cross-border labor, (2) explicating state-global relations in regimes of segregation, and (3) mobilizing relational comparison as a tool for understanding local exploitation within global structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on Cross-Border Cooperation in the "Eastern Bloc" with relevant literature from the areas history and economic history. It mentions question of how the perception of history affects the shaping current relationships and context of the homogenization of the population also to mass displacement. It also mentions Second World War the convention on local border traffic was introduced and conflicts immediately after World War II.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(3), 1115-1138 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The perplexing extension of "sufficient links" tests to frontier workers' social advantages. - II.1. A questionable but minor initial development. - II.2. A problematic extension to student finance. - II.3. A clear break with established case law and secondary law. - III. A contentious "investor's approach" to social advantages. - III.1. Questionable legitimacy. - III.2. Questionable workability. - IV. A problematic case law caused by the absence of ambitious legislative reforms. - IV.1. The uncertain development of a specific status for frontier workers. - IV.2. A consequence of Member States' adaptation to Union citizen rights. - IV.3. The need for legislative reform. | (Abstract) A series of rulings by the Court of Justice, dating back to 2007, have seamlessly introduced an inequality between frontier workers and migrant workers within the EU, especially in terms of access to social advantages. This series of precedents culminated in December 2016, in two rulings in which the Court of Justice accepted the validity of Luxembourgish rules relying on tests based on the duration of work in that Member State in order to determine who, among frontier workers, could benefit from portable funding to help their children to pursue higher education abroad. The lack of justification for this development of the case law concerning frontier workers is made all the more surprising by the fact that it is clearly contra legem. Both previous case law and secondary law have always held that frontier workers are workers exercising their freedom of movement under Art. 45 TFEU, who should benefit from equal treatment. The potential scope of this new restriction to frontier workers' rights under freedom of movement remains to be determined. This Article argues that these rulings are not only contra legem but also that they are based on highly questionable lines of reasoning, and that the explanation for this development can be found in the influence of Member States' gradual adaptation to rules granting equal treatment to certain economically inactive citizens, as well as in insufficient legislative intervention at EU level.

In the reporting period (1 February - 30 June 2020), there were five noteworthy cases in the field of social security. Two cases originated in French courts and concerned E 101 certificates. The Vueling case concerned the conditions for disregarding fraudulent E 101 certificates. Bouygues travaux publics dealt with the effects of E 101 certificates on obligations at the crossroads of social security and labour law. In Pensionsversicherungsanstalt v CW, the issue concerned whether a Member State of origin, Austria, must grant a rehabilitation allowance to a national no longer working or residing there. Caisse d'assurance retraite et de la santé au travail d'Alsace-Moselle v SJ related to the obligation for the competent institution to take into account an allowance paid by another Member State for raising a disabled child when calculating an insurance period for entitlement to an old-age pension. Finally, Caisse pour l'avenir des enfants v FV was a case about access to family benefits by a frontier worker for a child living in the same household but with whom there was no blood relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to build the structure and functioning of the local cross-border labor market between the Soconusco region (Chiapas) and the southwest of Guatemala, from a construction "from below", based on the experience lived by interviewed Guatemalan workers. The cross-border, economic and population perspective was the guide to link the supply and demand of workers, and the places of origin and work destination, to avoid methodological nationalism. The construction of knowledge from daily life allowed to make visible the diversity of the participating actors, as well as the connection between the needs of workers and employers, cross-border labor networks (formal and informal) and the possibilities of crossing, staying and paid work in the neighboring country. The cross-border labor market detailed allows considering new scenarios considering the recent arrival of foreign immigrants to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Turkey is the only European Union candidate country whose citizens are obliged to obtain a Schengen visa. The difficult visa procedures, often seen as unjust and discriminatory, are a longstanding source of frustration and humiliation among Turkish citizens, as they reproduce both symbolic and physical borders between the EU and Turkey and seem to reiterate the 'Fortress Europe' thesis. These perceptions of the visa process and the consequent feeling of 'otherness/non-Europeanness' hinder the process of Turkish integration into the EU. Bordering no longer occurs merely in the border areas separating two states, but rather through a wide range of practices in multiple locations within and beyond the state's territory. This complexity has recently been augmented by the introduction of intermediary companies. The offices of these intermediaries have become an example of bordering sites located away from the border area. Moreover, in these offices border work is carried out by non-traditional actors: in other words, not by border guards or immigration officers of the EU but by Turkish employees. Treating those offices as significant nodes where border work is done, this paper draws on material collected at visa offices in Ankara to understand the multifaceted construction of borders between the EU and Turkey. Using a situated intersectional framework, this paper elucidates not only perceptions from both sides of the border –Turkish nationals applying for visas and Turkish nationals doing border work – but also how the differentiated social positionings and purposes of travel shape these interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research compares the efficiency of holding business model to individual management model of airports, employing some robust non-parametric partial frontier-based methods to compare the statistical distributions of efficiency, under different scenarios, to find out which group of airports yields better global performance. The comparison between groups will follow a Malmquist index decomposition, which seems to be the most appropriate tool for within- and inter-group performance comparison. For this purpose, a sample of 145 airports from three continents is utilized. The results provide evidence that European airports are the most productive ones, and within this cluster, the individual management model presented a significant frontier shift with respect the holding cluster frontier, meaning that the former is much more productive than the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTHOR'S NOTE This talk was written specifically in response to an invitation from Game Changer for me to be a provocateur to the drama educators and researchers assembled for this conference, to present a TED-style talk that would ‘push boundaries, be a little (or a lot) controversial, be forward thinking and future focused, explore the taboo, and/or set the tone for some real game-changing conversation’ – and it is in this spirit that I wrote and performed the talk below. It is important to know this context when reading it, because the written word is a different beast than the performed and spoken word, as drama educators know so well. I am not offering this contextualisation as an equivocation of the views expressed below, but rather a meta-commentary on the need for us to remain both positive about creativity’s arrival into mainstream education, AND critical of our impulse toward a commodification of creativity in the present era. And while that standardising, commodifying, structuralist creative turn has many good and useful aspects to celebrate – aspects I myself am celebrating in my current research – I offer this talk as a cheeky but sincere critical troubling of that move toward bridling and taming creativity – in education and other spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the fall of communism in 1989 and the opening up of borders afterwards, the EU has had a number of anomalous and specific border cases. Each of these must be treated differently based on historical and geographic considerations. It must also be taken into account how these borders function concerning security matters. This paper looks at the Polish - Russian border and how it is being managed by the Republic of Poland. The paper argues that securitization and border permeability should not be thought of as competing forces. Instead they are part of a wider picture and should be treated as balancing forces. The paper likewise argues that Poland is maintaining a balancing act between these two forces by allowing both securitizing the border as it sees fit and allowing the legislation of the Small Border Traffic (SBT) zone to continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on observed clinical material of interplay between the large group and small groups in a training situation. Cross border interplay have seldom been described: specific material from a large group setting is brought up in the context of another, the small group, or vice versa. These phenomena need to be conceptualized. The author makes use of Freud’s and Mario Erdheim’s concept of the antagonism between family and civilization, developing a conceptualization from Erdheim’s interpretation of adolescence as a dynamic factor of progress in civilization. The interplay between the small and large group is seen as a re-staging of the adolescent process. After applying this concept to the described material, the implications and consequences for group-analytic interpretation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Polish and Russian cross-border cooperation is governed by lawful agreements. The enlargement of the Schengen Area had a significant impact on Kaliningrad Oblast relations and cross-border cooperation with its neighbours. The introduction of visas between Poland and Russia hindered and restricted local border trade which had for years been the only measure mitigating social and economic problems of the cross-border regions. Nevertheless, border traffic between Poland and Kaliningrad grew steadily, to exceed four million in 2012. Poland and Russia, supported by Germany, applied to the EU for small border traffic to cover the entire territory of the Oblast. According to the European Commission, the proposed solution would be a European exception. The agreement on small border traffic came into force on July 27, 2012, covering the entire area of the Kaliningrad Oblast and selected Polish poviats of Pomerania and Warmia-Mazuria voivodeships. Towards the end of the first quarter of 2013, the number of Poles crossing the border showed a rising tendency, and starting from the second through the third quarter of 2013, the number of Russians coming to Poland grew more dynamically. The visits of Kaliningrad residents, apart from commercially oriented ones, also include recreation, tourism, medical tourism visits, etc. Kaliningrad citizens looking for leisure, recreation and entertainment come to participate in great sporting and cultural events in Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia. The local self governments of poviats covered by small border traffic noted a clear upturn in the economies and trade of their regions. The development of cross-border cooperation, including small border traffic, has not resulted in attracting a substantial number of Polish tourists to the Kaliningrad Oblast, but it has provided such a possibility. This region is quite expensive for the average Pole. However, as scientists from Kaliningrad projected, with the easing of the visa system and the development of transport and tourist infrastructure the role of tourism shows a growing trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gamma-ray spectra are increasingly acquired in monitoring cross-border traffic, or in an area search for lost or orphan special nuclear material (SNM). The signal in such data is generally weak, resulting in poorly resolved spectra, thereby making it hard to detect the presence of SNM. We develop a new test for detecting anomalous spectra by characterizing the complete shape change in a spectrum from background radiation; the proposed method may serve as a tripwire for routine screening for SNM. We show that, with increasing detection time, the limiting distribution of the test is given by some functional of the Brownian bridge. The efficacy of the proposed method is illustrated by simulations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue des Sciences Sociales is the property of Universite des Sciences Humaines and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue des Sciences Sociales is the property of Universite des Sciences Humaines and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In December 2006 the European Parliament and the Council adopted a regulation concerning the rules on local border traffic (LBT). It may seem that this interesting mechanism remains outside the main stream of consideration devoted to the EU migration policy sensu largo. LBT appears to be, however, an important factor determining the whole system of Union's external borders and a significant element of border relations between the Member States and third countries as well. At the same time LBT should be perceived multi-dimensionally and may be treated as one of these EU law institutions which concentrates in itself the tangential points of spheres seemingly distinct. In this article LBT will be analysed from two different perspectives: from the perspective of the Union and its area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) as well as its external action. It will be also analysed from the perspective of the Member States and their bilateral relations with neighbouring countries. The latter issue will be illustrated by Polish experience in this respect, which may tell something more about LBT eastern dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk based border control in general and the station profiles of border crossing points (BCPs) in particular are based on those risk indicators that define the risks specific to the given border area. The risks - defined by these indicators - can be derived both from domestic or foreign sources and regarding their validity they may incorporate stable, but more frequently slowly or quickly changing components. Risk factors specified accordingly, serve as the basis to create the risk profile of BCPs and border sections, however they can inform regional or national risk analyses as well. The ultimate purpose of these profiles is to draft a comprehensive "risk landscape" for those border agencies that are facing these challenges in their area of competence. This article reviews the possible elements of such risk profiles and how these risks may be grouped. It will also focus on the advanced information systems and their role in risk reduction and trade facilitation by their positive impact on the BCPs' permeability. The frequent revision of such profile provides up-to-date information about the border situation and at the same time, the deployment of resources available can respond to the risks gathered and analysed accordingly. If the border control is planned and arranged on a risk and intelligence based manner it will enhance efficiency while, in the same time increases permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the vantages of a teacher who has been researched and an educational researcher who has researched teachers, this inquiry constructs a knitted narrative from journals, letters, and stories written about my time teaching English studies in a remote First Nations' community and articles written about me when I was a research participant in a study concerning White women teaching in the Canadian north. The goal of this narrative inquiry is to explore the ethical and methodological issues, including issues around representation, which arise during the course of studying and writing about other people, particularly teachers who are doing border work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stories of gold rushes in the American West tend to assume that they began with the discovery of gold in nature. This essay examines the social and cultural factors in Montana that were prerequisites for gold discovery and suggests that this analysis may be applicable to other gold rush regions in the American West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses three court cases addressed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), namely Gertraud Hartmann v. Fresitaat Bayern, Wendy Geven v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, and D.P.W. Hendrix v. Raad van Bestuur van het Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen. The cases extend the reach of the Community definition of worker in the context of non-residents. The Court's approval of a nationally imposed minor work test for fronteir workers has permitted domestic criteria to circumscribe the effects of Article 39 of the European Community (EC).

Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politique Africaine is the property of Karthala Editions Diffusion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cross-border work may have a damaging effect on the well-being of a family and the situation may be related to gender differences. This paper is based on in-depth interviews with 40 Hong Kong workers who are working in China, to study the gender differences in response to cross-border work and its consequences for the family well-being. The issue of extra-marital relationships and sexual infidelity due to cross-border work will be discussed in detail and George Simmel's concept of social geometry will be used as a conceptual frame. This paper will concentrate on: (1) why workers choose cross-border work? (2) how 'crossing-borders' and 'distance' engender extra-marital relationships/sexual infidelity and in turn effect the health of a family? (3) how cross-border workers parent their children and (4) the gender differences in response to work, family and extra-marital relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in fertility in Australia in the 1990s reflected both decreased first-order birth rates and decreased second-order birth rates (Kippen 2004). Whilst childlessness has been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to the progression from one to two children. This study analyses which women stop at one child using data from 1,809 parous 40-54 year olds from Wave 1 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Important early lifecourse predictors of whether a woman stops her childbearing at one child are shown to be a woman's country of birth, highest level and type of schooling, and her father's occupation. A woman's marital status and her age at the time of the first birth are also shown to be significant predictors of her likelihood of not progressing to a second birth. The causes of trends over time are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the impact of the international border established in 1991 on cross-border cooperation. It focuses on the impact of the Agreement between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia on Border Traffic and Cooperation (SOPS) and introduction of the Schengen Agreement as a result of Slovene accession to the EU. The paper highlights the effect of the border on local population. It uses a number of interviews to present the people's attitude to the new realities of the border while at the same time determining the impact of the border on local development and the organisation of Italian national minority in Istria. In conclusion, the paper outlines the three areas formed along the border with regard to the changes in the intensity of cross-border cooperation and the related local development. Finally, the paper attempts to indicate the future development of the area in the context of cross-border cooperation along the EU's external border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical studies have detailed the joint service of provincial and British regular soldiers during the Seven Years' War (ca. 1754–1763) in colonial North America. The complex relations between these communities and their effect on the material record of military settlements, however, have not been fully addressed within historical archaeology. An analysis of British and provincial domestic structures at New York military sites employing lead shot and ceramic data reveals small-scale material variation between these two groups. The effect that different scales of analysis will have on the nature of this variation is recognized, and a preliminary spatial model of provincial-British relations is developed. The model assumes significant distinctions will characterize small-scale provincial and British contexts, while larger frames of reference may demonstrate similar or conflicting material patterns based on the historical relationship between the two communities. The context for this analysis is informed by recent critiques of large-scale core/periphery perspectives in the archaeology of frontier settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on Appadurai's (1996) concept of ethnoscapes — the global flow of people or what has become increasingly popularized as the global flow of talent. Singapore has initiated a foreign talent policy to compete for a global pool of talent to make up for its shortfall of indigenous work-force. The rationale for recruiting foreign talent is informed by a nationalist competitive ideology to sustain Singapore in the new knowledge-based economy. This paper examines the competing and dissenting discourses surrounding the foreign talent policy. It argues that the mobility of migratory flow has transformative and disruptive effects at the level of culture and the identity landscape of Singapore, where its discursive cultural boundaries are drawn according to a nationalist framework. Drawing on theories and concepts of ‘diaspora’, ‘hybridity’, and ‘third space’, these are the political and cultural issues that this paper attempts to tease out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the role that the U.S. Invasion Clause may play in increasing the number of border personnel and improving the quality of technology along the Canadian-U.S. border. Border control procedures; Judicial enforcement of the Invasion Clause; Political branches' border control policies; Border militarization.

Cette étude s’était donné pour but l’analyse des différences de genre dans les performances professionnelles à l’etranger. Ce faisant, on cherchait à répondre à deux grandes questions: 1. Les femmes peuvent-elles remplir efficacement les fonctions d’un emploi à l’étranger? 2. Les expatriées peuvent-elles réussir dans un environnement culturel susceptible d’être perçu peu accueillant aux femmes selon les normes occidentáles? L’échantillon était constitué de 193 expatriés, provenant de 36 pays, qui travaillaient en Turquie. L’évaluation des performances professionnelles a été faite par un collegue de l’expatrié appartenant au pays d’accueil. Les sujets ont en moyenne étéévalués de façon similaire quant à leurs performances quel que soit leur sexe. Notre recherche est favorable à l’accroissement de la mixité chez les expatriés. Si les multinationals faisaient davantage appel aux femmes, cela améliorerait la diversité qualitative dé la main-d’oeuvre et construirait des environnements plus riches à l’étranger sans nuire à la perfomance. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in expatriate job performance. In doing so, we sought answers to two main questions: (1) Can women effectively perform expatriate job duties? (2) Can female expatriates be successful in a cultural environment that may be perceived to be unfriendly to females by Western standards? One hundred and ninety-three expatriates from 36 countries around the world, currently working in Turkey, constituted the sample. Job performance ratings were obtained from a host country national coworker of each expatriate. Men and women expatriates on average were rated quite similarly in terms of their job performance.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explains the initial destination choices of the skilled immigrants from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan to Canada from 1983 to 1999. Application of a multinomial logit model to the microdata of Citizenship and Immigration Canada; Support for human capital investment theory and ethnic enclave theory; Importance of transnationalism in the migration process; Regions of immigrant concentration.

Comments on the ruling of the European Council regarding frontier employment and social benefit lawsuits. Obligation of a frontier services provider member state regarding the payment of a minimum wage required by another member state; Rights of a person receiving an invalidity pension who resides in a member state other than the state providing his pension; Entitlement of a national of a member state to a non-contributory social benefit provided by a host state where he is legally residing.

This article discusses the judgments issued by the European Court of Justice in 1997 and 1998 that are of particular interest for former frontier workers claiming equal treatment from a member state when they do not reside or work there any more. The regulations are concerned with the waiving of residence clauses for social advantages and conditions of dismissal. Regulation 1408/71 coordinates the social security schemes of the member states in order to facilitate the free movement of workers. One evident obstacle to the free movement of workers would be a strict application of provisions of national law that make the payment of a benefit subject to a residence condition, prohibiting or limiting the payment of benefits abroad. The possible loss of the right to such benefit upon a transfer of residence would undeniably be an obstacle to the exercise of the right to free movement. Consequently, Article 10 of the regulation provides that cash invalidity, old-age or survivors' benefits, pensions for accidents at work or occupational diseases and death grants acquired under the legislation of one or more member states may not be subject to any reduction, modification, suspension, withdrawal or confiscation by reason of the fact that the recipient resides in the territory of a member state other than that in which the institution responsible for payment is situated. This is the principle of the export of rights acquired.