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Based on SEM and LM some morphological and anatomical features of achenes of Anemone L. of Ukrainian flora (A. narcissiflora, A. sylvestris, A. nemorosa, A. narcissiflora) have been investigated. Сarpological features after which it is possible to diagnose species are detected: the dimensions and shape of the achenes and beaks, the peculiarities of pubescence (length and character of localization of the hairs), a presence of different appendages of pericarp (as ribs or wings which surround body of fruit), thickness of pericarp and peculiarities of the thickness of the cell walls of endocarp. Detailed descriptions of fruitlets have been represented. The key for determination of species not in a flourishing condition on the revealed signs have been composed. Data obtained are important for systematics and phylogeny of the genus and the family as a whole.

Based on SEM and LM some morphological and anatomical features of achenes of Anemone L. of Ukrainian flora (A. narcissiflora, A. sylvestris, A. nemorosa, A. narcissiflora) have been investigated. Сarpological features after which it is possible to diagnose species are detected: the dimensions and shape of the achenes and beaks, the peculiarities of pubescence (length and character of localization of the hairs), a presence of different appendages of pericarp (as ribs or wings which surround body of fruit), thickness of pericarp and peculiarities of the thickness of the cell walls of endocarp. Detailed descriptions of fruitlets have been represented. The key for determination of species not in a flourishing condition on the revealed signs have been composed. Data obtained are important for systematics and phylogeny of the genus and the family as a whole.

O trabalho buscou testar a hipótese de que o número final de frutos (nº/m³) depende da quantidade de botões florais, flores e/ou chumbinhos que ocorreram previamente. Esta hipótese baseia-se na premissa de que a planta integraliza as condições edafoclimáticas disponíveis para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. A hipótese foi testada em laranjeira "Valência" (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.) enxertada em: tangerineira "Cleópatra" (VCL) (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) e limoeiro "Cravo" (VCR) (Citrus limonia Osbeck). Foram avaliadas as seguintes relações entre as estruturas reprodutivas: Frutos= f(Chumbinhos); Frutos= f(Flores); Frutos= f(Botões); como também Flores= f(Botões), e Chumbinhos= f(Flores); além de Frutos= f(flores do lado noroeste) para a VCL, e Frutos= f(botões do lado noroeste) para VCR sugeridos por análise de cluster. As avaliações do número de estruturas reprodutivas foram realizadas nos quatro pontos cardeais da copa (1m³/setor). Devido aos elevados valores de R², índice de concordância (d) e relativos baixos erros absolutos percentuais médios (EAPM), resultantes de regressão exponencial, em relação a: Flores = f(botões) (R²=0,85 e R²=0,82; d= 0,95 e d= 0,95; EAPM= 15,2% e EAPM= 19,1%, para VCL e VCR, respectivamente) e principalmente ao número de frutos (por exemplo: Frutos = f(botões); (R²=0,62 e R²=0,71; d= 0,89 e d= 0,88; EAPM= 5,0% e EAPM= 2,1%, para VCL e VCR, respectivamente), verificou-se que a hipótese proposta é verdadeira, ou seja, é possível a estimativa do número futuro de frutos, a partir do número atual de estruturas reprodutivas (botões florais e flores). This paper tested the hypothesis that the final number of fruits (nº/m³) depends on the present number of floral buds, flowers and/or fruitlets. This hypothesis is based on the idea that the plant completes itself with the edafoclimatic conditions available for its growth and development. For this, the hypothesis was tested in orange "Valencia" (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.) grafted on mandarin "Cleopatra" (VCL) (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and lime "Cravo" (VCR) (Citrus limonia Osbeck). The following relations between reproductive structures were tested: Fruits= f(Fruitlets), Fruits= f(Flowers), Fruits= f(floral buds), as well as Flowers=f(floral buds) and Fruitlets= f(Flowers), besides Fruits= f(Flowers of the north side) for VCL and Fruits= f(buds of the north side) for VCR suggested by cluster analysis. The evaluation of the number of reproductive structures was made in four cardinal points of the canopy (1m³/sector). Due to the high R², agreement index (d) and relative low mean percentage absolute error (EAPM) resulted from exponential regression in relation to Flowers = f(floral buds) (R²=0,85 and R²=0,82; d= 0,95 and d= 0,95; EAPM= 15,2% and EAPM= 19,1%, for VCL and VCR respectively) and mainly for fruits number (for example: Fruits = f(floral buds); (R²=0,62 and R²=0,71; d= 0,89 and d= 0,88; EAPM= 5,0% and EAPM= 2,1%, for VCL and VCR respectively), the hypothesis could be accepted, which means that, it is possible to estimate the future number of fruits from the present number of reproductive structures (floral buds and flowers ).

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:06Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-07-01 Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) of citrus, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, infects petals of citrus flowers and produces orange-brown lesions that induce the abscission of young fruitlets and the retention of calyces. Proper timing of fungicide applications is essential for good disease control. Different systems for timing of fungicide applications for control of PFD in a major citrus-growing region in southern São Paulo state in Brazil were evaluated from 1999 to 2002. The following programs were compared to an unsprayed control using counts of diseased flowers, persistent calyces, or fruit: (i) a phenology-based program currently recommended in Brazil with one application at early and another at peak bloom; (ii) the Florida PFD model; (iii) the postbloom fruit drop-fungicide application decision system (PFD-FAD), a new computer-assisted decision method; and (iv) grower's choice. In 1999, no disease developed, sprays applied with the phenology-based program had no effect, and the Florida PFD model saved two sprays compared with the phenology-based program. In 2000, PFD was moderate and the phenology-based and growers' choice treatments had a significantly lower number of persistent calyces and higher fruit numbers than the control, but no differences were found between those treatments and the PFD model. In 2001, PFD was severe with considerable yield loss. The PFD model, the phenology-based program, and the grower's choice reduced flower blight and the number of persistent calyces, and improved fruit yields with two to three applications, but the PFD-FAD achieved comparable yields with only one spray. In 2002, the disease was mild, with no yield loss, and the Florida PFD model and the PFD-FAD saved one spray compared with the other systems. The PFD model and the PFD-FAD were equally effective for timing fungicide applications to control PFD in Brazil. Scouting of trees is simpler with PFD-FAD; therefore, this system is recommended and should eliminate unnecessary sprays and reduce costs for growers. Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970 University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 University of Florida Gulf Coast Res. and Education Center, Dover, FL 33527 Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970

The susceptibility of peach, nectarine and almond cultivars to winter and spring frosts was studied during 2012 year at two sites (Experimental farm 'Radmilovac' of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, and the Institute 'PKB Agroekonomik' in Padinska Skela). At the site 'Radmilovac', winter frost (-20.7°C on 9 February) caused the average injury of 25.4%, 26.6%, and 13.4% of flower buds in peach, nectarine and almond respectively. Spring frost (-2.4°C on 10 April) caused the average injury of 60.4%, 75.6%, and 72.1% of fruitlets in peach, nectarine and almond respectively. The lowest frost injury had peach cultivars 'Redhaven', 'Romestar', and 'Autumn Glo', nectarine cultivars 'Maria Lucia' and 'Caldesi 2000', and the almond cultivar 'Icar'. Despite of the occurrence of both winter and spring frosts, these cultivars gave an optimal crop load. At the site Padinska Skela, where absolute minimum temperature in the winter was -28.3°C (9 February), and in the spring was -5.1°C (10 April), there were no yield at all in peach, nectarine and almond cultivars. Tokom 2012. godine na dva lokaliteta (Ogledno dobro 'Radmilovac' Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Zemunu i Institut PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela) ispitivana je osetljivost sorti breskve, nektarine i badema na zimske i pozne prolećne mrazeve. Na lokalitetu Radmilovac gde je apsolutna minimalna temperatura tokom zime iznosila -20,7°C (9. februara), a tokom proleća -2,4°C (10. aprila) je ispitivano devet sorti breskve, 12 sorti nektarine i deset genotipova badema. Neke sorte breskve, nektarine i badema, i pored izloženosti niskim temperaturama, su imale optimalno opterećenje rodom. Na lokalitetu Padinska Skela gde je apsolutna minimalna temperatura tokom zime iznosila -28,3°C (9. februara) a tokom proleća -5,1°C (10. aprila) kod svih ispitivanih genotipova je u potpunosti izostao rod.

La textura, junto con la forma y el color (no siempre de fácil interpretación por el ojo humano) de los frutiolos son caracteres importantes en la delimitación de las especies de Cecropia del Pacífico Colombiano estudiadas en esta investigación. La textura de la superficie es el carácter más importante, ya que permite separar dos conjuntos de especies: textura lisa característica de Cecropia bullata, C. membranacea, C. longipes, C. obtusifolia y textura ampollosa o tuberculada de C. angustifolia, C. hispidissima, C. insignis, C. peltata, C. reticulata, C. virgusa. En este grupo se pueden segregar tres subgrupos:débilmente ampollosa (C. reticulata, C. virgusa), ampollosa (C. hispidissima, C. insignis, C. peltata) y tuberculada (C. angustifolia). La forma y el color son caracteres de menor peso que la textura. A partir de la forma se pudieron organizar los frutiolos en: ovoides (Cecropia insignis, C. reticulata); ovoideo lanceolados (C. angustifolia, C. bullata, C. virgusa); anchamente ovoides (C. longipes, C. obtusifolia); elipsoides (C. peltata), anchamente elipsoides (C. membranacea) y globosos (C. hispidissima). El color de los frutiolos es más bien constante de acuerdo con la similitud encontrada en los frutiolos de especímenes depositados en las colecciones del Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL) y en los que se encontraron en los contenidos estomacales de los murciélagos. Los tonos pardos (pardo claros, pardo rojizos, pardo oscuros) predominaron, y en un solo caso el negro con un tono rojo central (C. obtusifolia). Las especies de Cecropia y sus respectivos consumidores fueron: Cecropia angustifolia (consumida por Artibeus jamaicensis), Cecropia peltata (encontrada en los contenidos estomacales y heces de Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia castanea y Carollia perspicillata), Cecropia membranacea (consumida por Artibeus lituratus, Platyrrhinus helleri, Carollia castanea y Artibeus jamaicensis) y Cecropia obtusifolia (presente en los contenidos estomacales y heces de Artibeus watsoni Artibeus lituratus, Urodema bilobatum, Chiroderma trinitratum, Platyrrhinus helleri, Carollia castanea y Carollia perspicillata). Se registra por primera vez el consumo de Cecropia angustifolia por Artibeus jamaicensis. The texture, along with the shape and form of fruitlets (not always easily interpreted by the naked eye), are important diagnostic characters in the species recognition of the studied Crecopia from the Colombian Pacific. The texture of the surface is the most important character because it allows us to recognize two distinct species groups: one group consists of species with smooth surface and includes Cecropia bullata, C. membranacea, C. longipes and C. obtusifolia; the other group includes the remaining species (C. angustifolia, C. hispidissima, C. insignis, C. peltata, C. reticulate and C. virgusa) with tuberculate or pustulate surface. The latter groups can be further divided into three subgroups: species with weakly pustulate surface (C. reticulata, C. virgusa), species with distinct pustulate surface (C. hispidissima, C. insignis and C. peltata) and species with tuberculate surface (C. angustifolia). The shape and color are less important than the texture. Based on the shape, fruitlets can be organized in ovoid (Cecropia insignis, C. reticulata), ovoid-lanceolate (C. angustifolia, C. bullata and C. virgusa), broadly ovoid (C. longipes, C. obtusifolia), ellipsoid (C. peltata), broadly ellipsoid (C. membranacea) and globular (C. hispidissima). The color of fruitlets is rather constant as indicated by the similar colors found in the voucher specimens of the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL) and those from stomach contents of bats. Reddish brown tones (light to dark reddish brown) are predominant; black with a central red was present in one species (C. obtusifolia). The Cecropia species and associated bats were: Cecropia angustifolia (consumed by Artibeus jamaicensis), Cecropia peltata (found in the stomach contents and feces of Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia castanea and Carollia perspicillata), Cecropia membranacea (consumed by Artibeus lituratus, Platyrrhinus helleri, Carollia castanea and Artibeus jamaicensis) and Cecropia obtusifolia (found in the stomach contents and feces of Artibeus watsoni Artibeus lituratus, Urodema bilobatum, Chiroderma trinitratum, Platyrrhinus helleri, Carollia castanea and Carollia perspicillata). The use of Cecropia angustifolia by Artibeus jamaicensis is reported for the first time.