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The processing of the fruit of the Juçara palm tree Euterpes edulis Martius generates solid residue that is discarded by the industry, although it still has a composition rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to extract bioactive compounds from the skin of the juçara palm fruit and apply them in the form of microcapsules in biodegradable packaging. The extract was obtained using thermal bath and ultrasound extraction techniques, followed by microencapsulation and freeze-drying. The capsules produced were added to films using the casting technique. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic compounds, antioxidants (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The films were evaluated for thickness, water vapor barrier properties, and mechanical properties. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05). The encapsulation and freeze-drying process of the extracts allowed an improvement in the antioxidant values of the extracts. The films presented a smooth surface and good malleability. In general, the films added to the capsules presented greater flexibility due to the greater value of elongation at break, lower stiffness due to the lower value of Young's Modulus, had greater permeability to water vapor (PVA), and did not present statistical differences in resistance. maximum traction, when compared to the control film (without addition of encapsulated extracts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contextualización: En Colombia, el área sembrada de mora se ha incrementado en los últimos años; la alta aceptación para el consumo en fresco y procesado la coloca como una alternativa para aumentar la oferta de frutas en la cadena productiva de la mora. Vacío de conocimiento: En Colombia existe un vacío de conocimiento en relación con el comportamiento fenológico, el rendimiento y la calidad del fruto de especies nativas con características atractivas, tanto para el productor como para el consumidor, como lo es Rubus floribundus [Kunth.], con adaptación entre 1.800 y 3.000 m s.n.m. Propósito: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la fenología, la producción y la calidad fisicoquímica de Rubus floribundus [Kunth.], en Pamplona, Colombia. Metodología: se llevó a cabo una investigación en las fincas Pararrayo [7°23ˈ12,4” Norte, 72°41ˈ9,2” Oeste, 2.800 m s.n.m.] y Arrayán [7°23ˈ28,3” Norte; 72°41ˈ12,2” Oeste, 2.700 m s.n.m.]. Se seleccionaron 15 plantas y en 3 ramas por planta se registraron las fases fenológicas: botón floral, floración, formación del fruto y maduración [BBCH], durante 100 días. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica del fruto [masa fresca, diámetro polar y ecuatorial, acidez total titulable, acidez iónica, sólidos solubles totales, índice de madurez y color]. Se cosecharon diez muestras de 1 kg de frutos, durante tres muestreos. El rendimiento se registró con una frecuencia semanal [Pararrayo] y quincenal [Arrayán], durante 6 meses. El diseño fue no experimental, observacional, de campo, longitudinal, de medidas repetidas. Resultados y conclusiones: El periodo de botón floral a cosecha fue 96 y 92 días, en Pararrayo y Arrayán, respectivamente; con menor tiempo en crecimiento del fruto en Pararrayo [12 días]. En Arrayán los frutos registraron mayor masa fresca [5,2 g], diámetro ecuatorial [17,1 mm], sólidos solubles totales [12,29 °Brix], acidez total titulable [0,96 %] y producción [207,87 frutos; 994,31 g y 1.104,68 kg ha-1]. Mientras que Pararrayo registró el mayor diámetro polar [29,0 mm], acidez iónica [3,3] e índice de madurez [11,7 %]. En Arrayán los frutos fueron de mejor calidad; sin embargo, el mayor índice de madurez se registró en Pararrayo.

Background. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its nutritious and healthy fruits intended mainly for fresh consumption. Mexico was the world's leading papaya exporter in 2020 with 167,500 t. C. papaya is attacked by several viral diseases, the ring spot virus (PRSV-P) is the one that causes the most damage to the crop and the greatest production losses. Objective. To establish the phenology of a Carica papaya L. ‘Maradol Roja’ population infected with PRSV-P, to quantify its growth, and to relate its phenological steps with the accumulated degree days (DD). Methodology. The emissions of leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, apparent height of the plant, stem diameter and biomass were evaluated, based on the DD accumulated during the growth cycle. Results. The growth cycle is divided into nine phenological stages, where the leaf or flower bud formation requires ≈ 18 DD. In plants, the number of leaves is approximately equal to the number of flower buds. However, the number of ripe fruits is variable due to the adverse conditions that can occur throughout the growth period. To some extent, the roots typically present two growth peaks, although the available moisture in the soil could change this pattern. The apparent height of the plant and the stem diameter present a double sigmoid growth curve, with a maximum apparent height of 180 cm, and a diameter at the base of 11 cm. Implications. The infection by PRSV-P reduced the productivity and commercial quality of the fruits. Conclusions. PRSV-P infection reduced apparent height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, and fruits, decrease in biomass gain, and shortened life cycle of plants.

Background. In Mexico, there are variants of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) in terms of shape, flavor, size and pungency, where the greatest diversity of native chili peppers is found in rural communities of the Mexican tropics. Objective. To characterize the phenotypic parameters of eight genotypes of native chili peppers from Olinalá, located in the mountain region of the state of Guerrero. Methodology. Eight materials collected from chili peppers were planted under greenhouse conditions, in a completely randomized design, with six replicates, three plants per experimental unit and a distance between plants and rows of 40 cm. The plants were established in a greenhouse, in a black polyethylene bag, with mountain soil as a substrate. Results. The genotypes Cascabel (CAS), Gallo gallina mediano (GGM), Gallo gallina grande (GGG) and Larguillo grande (LG) presented erect growth, Chilaca (CHI) of intermediate type, and Larguillo chico (LCH), Serrano (S) and Mochiteco (M) were compact. All genotypes have a green cylindrical stem and dense branching, lanceolate leaves (except M, which had oval leaves), with one flower per axil in an erect position and white, except CAS, which has light yellow flowers. The shape of the fruit varied between triangular (GGM, GGG and M), elongated (LGH, LG and S), round (CAS) and bell-shaped (CHI), and red when ripe. The genotypes that registered the largest plant and leaf size were LG, S, GGG and LCH. On the other hand, the largest fruit size was recorded in CHI with a fruit length of 8.53 cm; fruit width of 5.96 cm, and LG with fruit length of 8.67 cm; fruit width of 5.92 cm; while the fresh weight was higher in CHI (33.55 g), GGG (23.50 g) and GGM (22.60 g). Implications. The study provides information on the behavior of qualitative and quantitative morphological aspects of chili peppers grown in Teticic, Olinalá, in the state of Guerrero. In the same way, it allows to assess the possibility of selecting outstanding materials. Conclusions. The chili genotypes showed variability in different qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the plant, leaf, flower and fruit, so they are an alternative to select outstanding materials to design a program for the improvement and conservation of these genetic resources.

La visión artificial tiene una participación importante en el sector agrícola debido a las soluciones que proporciona mediante el reconocimiento de imágenes de frutos considerando su color y forma. El problema es la dificultad en la evaluación de la calidad del fruto, siendo realizado por personas, se cometen errores al realizar la selección manual, ya que se involucra el aspecto subjetivo y sus capacidades de percepción. Siendo necesario implementar sistemas de este tipo, se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de literatura utilizando la metodología PRISMA, el cual busca identificar los algoritmos, modelos, dispositivos informáticos, librerías o software vigentes que son utilizados en implementaciones de visión artificial para la fruta. Los resultados evidencian 32 algoritmos, 32 equipamientos informáticos, 25 modelos, 8 librerías o software que posibilita la realización de implementaciones para la selección visual. En síntesis, la visión artificial impacta significativamente en la selección y clasificación de frutas al mejorar la eficiente, reducir el trabajo manual y acelerar el tiempo de selección. Este avance no solo contribuye la agricultura precisa, sino que también promueve la sostenibilidad al optimizar los procesos y mejorar la calidad de productos, obteniendo un importante en la unión de la tecnología con la agricultura.

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En la actualidad, las características externas de la semilla (masa, ancho, longitud y grosor), así como las características internas (área del embrión, endospermo, perispermo y grosor de la cubierta seminal) de muchas especies del género Cylindropuntia (Cactaceae) son desconocidas. En este estudio se analizaron las variaciones morfológicas de los frutos y las semillas en cuatro estadios de desarrollo del fruto de Cylindropuntia spinosior. Se recolectaron frutos de cuatro estadios de desarrollo y se extrajeron las semillas. Los frutos y semillas se caracterizaron tanto macroscópica como microscópicamente, evaluándose 32 variables morfológicas. El análisis de agrupamiento de esas variables mostró que las características morfológicas de los frutos y semillas del estadio II y estadio III presentaron las características morfológicas similares, mientras que el estadio IV fue el más distante. Además, el análisis de los primeros dos componentes principales mostró que las variables que mostraron las mayores variaciones para los cuatro estadios de desarrollo del fruto fueron el peso del fruto y cáscara, el número de semilla, número de semillas flotantes y el peso total de las semillas. Estas características morfológicas determinadas en el presente estudio sugieren que esta especie todavía no está domesticada debido a que estas características fueron similares a las observadas en frutos de varias especies silvestres de la familia Cactaceae. Estos resultados podrían ayudar en futuros estudios ecológicos basados en la caracterización e identificación de las especies del género Cylindropuntia cuando sólo se dispone de los frutos y semillas. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v17i3.1184

In the framework of the project Environmental Bases for the Local Alimentary Sustainability was created in the Cooperative of Credits and Services "Frank País" of the municipality Güira de Melena, the mini-industry "San Miguel", with the objective of minimizing the adverse effects of the climaticchange that causes production losses and this way to achieve a precise planning of the volumes of products of fruits and vegetables to harvest and the ways for its commercialization. Seven years after the creation and starting of the mini-industry, it becomes necessary to value the economic feasibility in itsoperation with the purpose of contributing information for the taking of decisions as for the creation and management of other similar industries. For the economic analysis were used the cost of initial investment, starting from the expenses in Cuban pesos for the construction of the mini-industry and the machines, which were added later on, in order to know his total amount. The results obtained during the period 2016-2021 show that 45.23% of raw material supplied to the mini-industry had good use, having in the first year of exploitation 1 728.2 hundreds of Cuban pesos of net profit and reaching up to 6 149.0 hundreds of Cuban pesos in the last year of study as consequence of the increase of the productive capacity, existing a yearly relationship benefit-cost of 1.81 as average and a time of recovering of the investment of 3.42 years, what demonstrates that under similar conditions it is profitable the creation of mini-industries for processing fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report hymenopteran larval and pupal parasitoids of the Dasiops species in sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis J.) orchards in a Peruvian Andean forest. Flower bud and fruit samples infested by Dasiops were collected in three orchards from Oxapampa (Pasco, Peru). In addition, we exposed non-parasitized Dasiops pupae at ground level to verify the presence of pupal parasitoids. We identified Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) and Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on flower buds infested b.y Dasiops inedulis Steyskal. However, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) emerged from D. frieseni pupae reared from unripe fruits. Also, the pupal parasitoids Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Coptera sp. (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) emerged from pupae of both D. inedulis and D. frieseni exposed to parasitism at ground level. Our findings shed new light into new interactions for species in the genus Dasiops and their larval and pupal parasitoids in sweet granadilla agroecosystems from the Neotropical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Ocotea of the Lauraceae family has species whose wood is employed in construction and for other purposes including as biofuel, for disinfection, cosmetics, and in the treatment of various diseases. Studies regarding Ocotea caudata's phytochemical and pharmacognostic uses are scarce, thus, this work is the first to study its fruits. O. caudata (Nees) Mez fruits from Colombia were investigated for their oil content. Heptane extraction from O. caudata fruit oil yielded 54.9 % of total lipids, where the fatty acid composition was determined. The oil analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) demonstrated that lauric acid was the most abundant fatty acid (51.7 %, C12:0). In addition to lauric acid, oleic acid (23.6 %, C18:1) and palmitic acid (16.6 %, C16:0) were found. The fatty acid composition was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). O. caudata can be considered as a species that accumulates medium-chain saturated fatty acids (C12) and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (C18). In conclusion, many of its health benefits may be due to its high content of lauric acid. Therefore, this oil is highly regarded for its nutritional and health properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

México produce 30 790.7 t por año de frutos de guanábana (FG), Nayarit aporta el 75.4 %. Los FG son perecederos, se propone elaborar recubrimientos comestibles (RC). El objetivo fue evaluar RC a base de almidón (2 %) de FG (2 % p/v) en FG almacenados a 15 ± 2 °C y 22 ± 2 °C. Se evaluó pérdida de peso PP (%), firmeza F (N), acidez titulable AT (%), sólidos solubles totales SST (°Brix) y color (L*C*H). Diseño de tratamientos: FG sin RC a 22 ± 2 °C durante 8 d (T1), FG con RC a 22 ± 2 °C durante 10 d (T2) y FG sin RC (T3) y FG con RC a 15 ± 2 °C durante 4 d y posteriormente transferidos a 22 ± 2 °C durante 8 d (T4), HR 90 %. La PP fue de 10.3 (T1) y 6.1(T2), F de 45.9 (T1) y 26.2 (T2), al final del almacenamiento AT de 0.94 (T1) y 0.56 (T2) y SST de 15.8 (T1) y 15.5 (T2). En T3 y T4, la PP fue de 10.5 y 10.4, respectivamente, F de 9.6 (T3, 8 d) y 19 (T4, 10 d), AT de 0.26 (T3) y 0.27 (T4), los SST de 12.2 (T3) y 11.4 (T4) al final del almacenamiento. Los frutos del T4 presentaron color verde con baja luminosidad (L: 43.9 C: 15.5 H: 105) al final del almacenamiento. Los frutos del T2 presentaron menor pérdida de peso y firmeza, alta concentración de SST al 4 d de almacenamiento. El recubrimiento no afecta los frutos almacenados en ambas condiciones de almacenamiento.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nova Scientia is the property of Nova Scientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The glossophagine Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina) fares well in urban environments across its range. In addition to roost sites, there are nectar and fruit sources available in diverse situations across the urban gradient. Phyllostomid bats that thrive in urbanized situations are behaviorally plastic generalists and rely on patches of ornamental or feral plants as food sources. Herein we report on G. soricina and its food sources at an urbanized site in Southeastern Brazil. This small phyllostomid bat consumes nectar from landscaping ornamental plants, besides consuming the soft pulp along with the tiny seeds of pioneer trees and shrubs. In addition to these natural sources, the bat exploits hummingbird feeders to consume the sugared water. Ingested small seeds are defecated in flight, the bat acting as a disperser of pioneer plants that favor cleared areas. Glossophaga soricina role as flower-pollinator and seed-disperser at Neotropical urban areas merits further attention due both to the maintenance of urban biodiversity and delivery of ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La fruta de Acrocomia aculeata, localmente conocida como coco o “mbokaja” en idioma guaraní es una especie nativa abundante del suelo paraguayo, cuya almendra y pulpa contienen cantidades importantes de proteínas, fibras, carbohidratos, lípidos, vitaminas y minerales, con un alto potencial para su consumo tanto en forma natural o para su utilización en la producción de alimentos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar aspectos fisicoquímicos y compuestos nutricionales de los frutos. Se evaluaron las distintas fracciones de la fruta y se determinó la porción comestible, utilizando métodos gravimétricos. Se determinó además el contenido de lípidos totales por el método de extracción con solvente (Soxhlet), la proteína fue determinada por el método de Kjeldahl, el contenido total de carbohidratos se determinó por espectrofotometría con el método de la antrona, el residuo mineral por calcinación en mufla, el contenido de fibra se calculó por diferencia y finalmente el perfil lipídico y minerales por métodos instrumentales. La pulpa y almendra representaron el 43,9% y 10,13% del peso total de la fruta respectivamente. Los componentes principales presentes en la pulpa y la almendra respectivamente son lípidos (24,1% y 57,1%), fibra (28,2% y 19,7%) y proteínas (14,0% y 16,4%). Los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de las características físicas y químicas del coco nativo, se destacaron los contenidos de compuestos nutritivos del coco, sobre todo la proteína en la almendra y el alto contenido de ácido oleico en la pulpa, datos que resultan prometedores para su aprovechamiento en la industria alimenticia.

La sentencia SC5513 de 2021 trata dos aspectos relevantes relativos a las restituciones consecutivas a la nulidad de un contrato. El primero se refiere al interrogante de hasta qué punto la buena fe en estos escenarios de nulidad contractual puede asimilarse o debe diferenciarse de la buena fe posesoria. El segundo concierne las dos tesis que ha sostenido la Corte en cuanto al momento a partir del cual el contratante de buena fe debe restituir los frutos en los escenarios de nulidad contractual. Ambos puntos ameritan un estudio crítico a partir de la jurisprudencia reciente de la Corte Suprema de justicia.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição de farinha da casca da guavira (FCG) em pão sobre suas características físico-químicas e sensoriais. Foram elaboradas três formulações de pão: padrão com 0% de FCG (F1), com adição de 0,84% de FCG (F2) e 1,96% de FCG (F3). O pão elaborado com 0,84% de farinha de casca de guavira (F2) apresentou maior aceitabilidade pelos provadores, não diferindo da amostra padrão (F1). Quanto à composição físico-química, houve diferença entre as amostras (p < 0,05). Maiores teores de cinzas, carboidrato e calorias, e menores teores de umidade e lipídio foram verificados na formulação com maior teor de FCG (F3). Não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) para os conteúdos de proteína entre as formulações. A incorporação de farinha da casca da guavira resultou em acréscimo de vitamina C nas formulações, porém as quantidades testadas não foram suficientes para contribuir com melhorias na qualidade da massa. A adição de farinha da casca da guavira causou escurecimento e indicou tendência de cor para o amarelo na casca e vermelho no miolo dos pães. O volume específico encontrado nas formulações com farinha da casca da guavira se assemelharam ao da formulação padrão. Na análise reológica da farinha da casca da guavira, não houve diferença de tenacidade entre as amostras com adição de FCG, porém a extensibilidade foi maior na amostra com 1,5% de FCG. A farinha com 1,5% apresentou menor índice de configuração de curva e o acréscimo de farinha da casca da guavira resultou na diminuição do trabalho mecânico. A pesquisa demonstrou que o uso da farinha de casca de guavira adicionada à farinha de trigo é viável na elaboração de pães com boa qualidade sensorial.

Banana is the most consumed fruit in Brazil. It is widely consumed due to its organoleptic characteristics, which is highly appreciated by consumers. Dehydration is a technological alternative to reduce post-harvest fruit losses. The objective of this work was to obtain dried banana (as a substitute for sugar in cake formulation) through dehydration of banana of the Prata variety, with subsequent convective drying in an oven and to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of: water content, total soluble solids, ash, pH and acidity. Dehydration was carried out in an oven at 70°C for 16 hours. Five cake formulations were produced with different concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of dehydrated banana. Based on the results presented, the use of bananas as a sugar substitute is an alternative for people who want to reduce the sugar level in their food without compromising sensory quality and increasing nutritional quality. Therefore, elaborate cakes could be made available on the market in order to increase the range of sugar-free products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a shrub species that grows in tropical and subtropical climates; it is native to southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Its fruits have a high vitamin C content and are considered one of the most potent and least toxic natural antioxidants. Among the main pest species causing crop damage is the genus Anthonomus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In 2019, surveys were conducted in the western region of Cuba to evaluate the presence of pests in plants located in the localities of Alquizar and Ceiba del Agua, belonging to the province of Artemisa. They collected 100 flowers and 100 green fruits of different sizes that presented deformations and symptoms characteristic of damage caused by an insect. A total of 344 holes were counted, for an average of 3.4 holes per fruit; in addition, 230 larvae, 114 eggs, 65 pupae and 81 adults of a coleopteran. The objective of the work was to identify the species of the insect associated with the observed damage. The morphological characters of the collected insect allowed the identification of Anthonomus sisyphus Clark as the cause of damage to acerola fruits and constitutes the first report of this species as a pest of this fruit tree in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the fruits of the family Annonaceae are appreciated for their organoleptic, digestive, nutritional, dietary, medicinal, and industrial properties. Although there is information about the nutritional value of some species such as Annona muricata (soursop) and A. cherimola (cherimoya), others are noted for their medicinal properties and toxicity. However, the antioxidant and nutraceutical potential of most of them, such as that of A. purpurea (chincuya), is unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate nutritional and nutraceutical quality (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid) of three species of Annonaceae: soursop, cherimoya and chincuya, as well as to determine the toxicity of methanolic extracts of pulp, peel, seeds, and leaves of these species through a bioassay with Artemia salina, in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge of species with nutraceutical and economic potential in Mexico. The cherimoya fruit presented the highest concentration of crude protein (1.89 %), carbohydrates (20.65 %), the highest values of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn), phenolic compounds (366.27 mg EAG 100 g-1 F.W.) and ascorbic acid (48.36 mg EAA 100 g-1 F.W.). ); according to Pearson's correlation, the highest antioxidant activity was associated with the content of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid; soursop fruit was higher than the other two species in lipid (0.31 %) and flavonoid levels (10.13 mg EQ 100 g-1 F.W.). Finally, the chincuya and cherimoya seed extracts resulted extremely toxic (LC50 = 5.0 ppm), while the soursop pulp extract was classified as very toxic (LC50 = 67.5 ppm), according to the criteria reported in other investigations extremely toxic (LC50 ≤ 10 ppm) and very toxic (LC50 10 - 100 ppm) in A. salina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La investigación se llevó a cabo en un huerto citrícola de naranja Citrus sinensis L. Var temprana Marrs, en la comunidad de Buenos Aires, perteneciente al municipio de Álamo, Veracruz. La distancia de siembra de los árboles fue 6x6 mts. Se realizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar de cuatro tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, con un análisis estadístico de Tukey al 0.5 %, de comparación de medias. Los tratamientos fueron (T1) el complejo hormonal biozyme TF utilizando 25 ml como recomendación del producto y 20 L agua, en el (T2) se utilizó el fertilizante cabo zinc (25 ml) con biozyme TF (25 ml) en 20 L de agua, en el (T3) gro-bomo (25 ml) y biozyme TF (25 ml) en 20 L de agua, y para el (T4) se utilizó calciboro (25 ml) y biozyme TF (25ml) en 20 L de agua. Las variables de respuesta fueron número de frutos caídos 20 días después al término de la floración, diámetro ecuatorial del fruto y diámetro polar del fruto. Los resultados obtenidos para la variable número de frutos caídos 20 días después al término de la floración, se pudo observar que en los tratamientos cabo zinc, calciboro, gro-bomo no mostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ellos pero sí con el testigo. En la variable diámetro ecuatorial se puede observar que en los tratamientos cabo zinc, calciboro, gro-bomo no mostraron diferencia estadística significativa entre ellos y por último tenemos el testigo.

El uso de frutos de especies arbóreas tropicales se plantea como una opción de alimentación en particular en la época de sequía (Palma y Román, 2013), en donde es común el fruto de Enterolobium ciclocarpum. Sin embargo, algunos productores del trópico húmedo manifiestan problemas sanitarios en el ganado por la ingestión de este fruto.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the bioproducts Ecomic® (Mycorrhizae), Azofert F® (Rhizobia) and QuitoMax® (chitosan) on tomato yield when applied to seeds prior to sowing. Treated seeds were sown in a traditional seedbed under a completely randomized design. Plants were planted at 0.90 m and 0.30 m apart. During the reproductive stage of the crop, the variables number of flowers and number of fruits were counted. At the third harvest, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, fruit mass and yield were evaluated. The bioproducts applied produced variations in the variables evaluated, obtaining the best results when the seeds were embedded with QuitoMax®, Azofert® and Ecomic®, with a yield of 35 t ha-¹, 30 t ha-¹, 28 t ha-¹, respectively, and 25 t ha-¹ in the control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Polystachya concreta (Orchidaceae) es una planta herbácea epifita, hallándose en Salta, Jujuy, Corrientes y Misiones (Argentina). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar en P. concreta a) la floración y fructificación, b) la producción de semillas (número y masa) y c) su viabilidad. Se partió de dos grupos (I y II) de plantas provenientes de cultivo in vitro con 21 y 26 meses desde germinación respectivamente, aclimatadas y cultivadas en invernáculo en contenedores de plástico con sustrato orgánico y otras montadas en palo con musgo de Sphagnum. Los dos grupos de plantas se evaluaron por separado en cuanto a floración y fructificación, pero las mediciones en semillas (características morfológicas y determinaciones físicas con imágenes digitales) y su viabilidad (Técnica de tetrazolio) se realizaron con muestras aleatorias de todos los frutos cosechados en su conjunto. El porcentaje de floración fue de 84 y 60% (enero-febrero) y el de fructificación de 75 y 44% (mayo-junio), para el grupo I y II, respectivamente. Las plantas, provenientes de semillas, llegaron a primera floración en 42 meses. La masa media de las semillas por fruto fue 0,19 ± 0,11 mg y el número medio de semillas por mg fue estimado en 1770 ± 628. La producción de frutos fue alta y con alto porcentaje de semillas viables (93%).

El trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar la influencia de tres marcos de siembra en el desarrollo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) híbrido 'Carleza', bajo cultivo protegido, en una Unidad Empresarial Básica de Cultivos Protegidos y Semiprotegidos de la Empresa "Paquito Rosales Benítez" del municipio Yara, Granma, Cuba, mediante un diseño de bloques al azar con tres tratamientos: marco de siembra a 15 cm de distancia (T1), marco de siembra a 40 cm de distancia (T2) y marco de siembra a 20 cm (T3) y tres réplicas, para estudiar los parámetros morfológicos y agronómicos del cultivo: altura de la planta, grosor del tallo, longitud y diámetro de los frutos, número de frutos por planta y el rendimiento agrícola después del trasplante del cultivo del pimiento. Todos ellos comparados mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de clasificación doble con el paquete estadístico STATISTICA y cuando existieron diferencias significativas, la prueba de comparación múltiple de LSD de Fisher para una probabilidad p<0,95. Los resultados permitieron determinar que el marco de siembra T2 proporcionó un rendimiento agrícola de 19,00 t ha-1, las plantas alcanzaron un tallo de 15,33 mm de grosor por 140,00 cm de altura y frutos con una longitud media de 7,98 cm por 8,75 cm de diámetro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Organic farming techniques gained popularity recently. Despite this increasing demand, there are still many problems, when comparing nutrient sources in organic and conventional farming systems. The study had as objective to evaluate the development of blueberry plants cultivar 'Climax' under protected cultivation in a substrate with different proportions of organic material and doses of applied mineral N. The blueberry nursery plants 'Climax' were transplanted into plastic pots and kept under protected cultivation. The soil and sand proportions were 40 and 20%, respectively, of the volume capacity of each pot. The remaining 40% were filled with organic material (bovine manure) and sawdust in the proportions of 5 and 35% (S1), 20 and 20% (S2) or 35 and 5% (S3), respectively. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments were distributed in a 3x3 factorial arrangement, with six replications. The first factor was the different formulations of substrates. The second factor was N fertilization at 0, 10, and 15 g N plant-1. Evaluations of canopy volume, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and gas exchanges were performed six and eighteen months after transplanting. Fruits were harvested according to their ripening. Higher proportions of organic material in the substrate showed a substantial increase on estimated leaf area, canopy volume, chlorophyll content and clear efficiency of carboxylation (A/Ci), especially in plants that was not fertilized with mineral N. The highest yield was reported for the substrate S2, with intermediary amount of organic material, without the application of mineral N fertilizer. Considering agronomic and physiological traits, blueberry plants on the substrate S2 (20% OM) showed the best results, without mineral N fertilizing, becoming viable the organic management system for potted 'Climax' blueberry plants under protected cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debido al incremento en casos de enfermedades relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo, se vuelve necesario buscar alternativas para prevenir estos problemas de salud. Estos grupos de enfermedades tienen gran impacto en la esperanza de vida sin distinción de género, además, constituyen problemas de salud que traen un alto costo psicológico y económico para la población. En los últimos años ha cobrado especial interés, el estudio de las propiedades de los alimentos de origen vegetal, en especial por la evaluación del efecto antioxidante asociado a ellos. En la presente investigación, se realizó la cuantificación de fenoles totales utilizando el método Folin-Ciocalteu y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante por medio del método DPPH en veinte frutos de especies vegetales pertenecientes a la flora salvadoreña. Los resultados muestran que los frutos con mayor cantidad de fenoles totales son el Theobroma cacao “Cacao”, seguido por Annona diversifolia “Anona rosada” y se observó similares concentraciones en Spondias purpurea “Jocote chapín”, Muntingia calabura “Capulín” y Annona diversifolia “Anona blanca”. Los frutos que presentaron mayor actividad antioxidante en orden descendente fueron las siguientes: Eriobotrya japonica “Níspero”, Licania platypus “Sunza”, Spondias purpurea “Jocote corona”, Artocarpus altilis “Árbol de pan” y Annona diversifolia “Anona rosada”. Los resultados demuestran que los frutos presentan una alternativa no solo nutricional, sino que puede ser una fuente de sustancias antioxidantes, interesantes para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas, de tal forma que se puede proponer su consumo y utilización a nivel de la industria farmacéutica y cosmética, elaborando productos que brinden beneficios a los padecimientos relacionados con el estrés oxidativo.

This study aimed to increase knowledge on the perception of the consumer regarding the choice of foods rich in bioactive compounds. Data was collected anonymously with an online questionnaire; 1185 answers of Portuguese adults were analyzed. Results have shown a strong association of choosing foods with bioactive compounds with frequency of fruit consumption (Phi=0,203, p<0,001), and vegetable consumption (Phi=0,238, p<0,001), emphasizing the evidence that consumers with a higher heathy food awareness are the ones buying food products with bioactive compounds. A positive moderate association of bioactive compounds knowledge was observed with the frequency of red wine consumption (Phi=0,105, p=0,001). Sociodemographic factors such as age and education level were also positively associated with the choice of foods with bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Odontología Vital is the property of Universidad Latina de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The simulation of the behavior of guava fruits (Psidiumguajava L) Red Dwarf variety EEA 1-23 subjected to impact loads, using the Finite Element Method (FEM), arises from the need to evaluate the possibility of using this method of simulation as non-destructive technology for the prediction of mechanical damage.Guava fruits of the variety under study were harvested in two stages of maturity (green-made and ripened) and subjected to experimentation with the purpose of studying the effect of the efforts on the tissue when they are subjected to impact damage. At the same time, the impact process was simulated through the FEM, comparing the results with those obtained experimentally.The results showed high potentialities of the FEM for the simulation of damages in impacted guava on concrete and on wood with an accuracy of 85% to 98% for fruits in green-ripened state and from 72% to 81% for ripe fruits.The simulation runs with finite element tools showed that, for mature fruits subjected to a fall height of 0.5 and 1 m, respectively, on the surfaces under study, the effort in the area of impact of the fruit exceeded tothe elastic limit of its tissues, which resulted in the order of 40 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Selenicereus undatus is an edible fruit and known as Pitahaya or dragon fruit. It is traditionally propagated by seed or cuttings. However, these propagation methods generate reduction of the genetic base in addition to the low germination of the seeds of the species hinder among other phytosanitary problems the success of the crops. Therefore, the main objective was to establish an efficient procedure for the germination of Selenicereus undatus seeds. Different concentrations of DM salts and sucrose combined as follows were evaluated: 4 treatments of 50% DM salts with 0, 5 10 and 20 g/L-1 and 4 treatments of 100% DM salts with 0, 5 10 and 20 g/L-1 sucrose respectively. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicates with 5 seeds per experimental unit; it was evaluated during 3 months of cultivation. The results showed that the highest seed germination was obtained with the treatments containing 100 and 50% salts in the absence of sucrose, i.e. 0g/L-1 with 90 and 98% germination, respectively. Pitahaya germination under these conditions began 6 days after sowing; at the end of the evaluation period, vigorous vitroplantlets were obtained, with good development of the stem, leaves, roots, thorns and areoles. These results will allow the establishment of efficient mass germination and propagation systems with reduced costs in terms of reagents such as sucrose and MS salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As áreas de plantios de aceroleiras para fins comerciais vêm aumentando progressivamente com a utilização da acerola pelas indústrias alimentícias e farmacêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar física e quimicamente variedades de acerola em dois estádios de maturação. Frutos de cinco variedades (BV1, BV2, BV4, BV6 e C6P3), cultivadas no pomar experimental da Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão do Instituto Federal do Ceará (IFCE) foram colhidos nos estádios de maturação verde e maduro e avaliados. Estes frutos foram transferidos para o laboratório de Química de Alimentos do IFCE e submetidos à seleção (verde e maduro) para realização das análises físicas e químicas. Os frutos foram colocados em bandejas de isopor. O delineamento utilizado foi o DIC, constando de 5 tratamentos representados pelas 5 variedades de acerola, com 5 repetições de 10 frutos por parcela. Foram avaliadas: massa fresca, comprimento, diâmetro, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, SS/AT e conteúdo de ácido ascórbico. As variedades apresentaram características físicas adequadas à industrialização. Os frutos de acerola da variedade BV2 em estádio de maturação verde e as variedades BV1 e BV4 em estádio de maturação maduro apresentaram maiores teores de ácido ascórbico. As variedades BV4 (estádio verde) e BV2 (estádio maduro) apresentaram maiores teores de sólidos solúveis e SS/AT.

ABSTRACT: Apple volatile aroma depends of complex interaction among organic compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on volatile profile and quality on 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil and stored under controlled atmosphere condition (CA; 1.0kPa O2+1.2kPa CO2; 0.5±0.1°C; 94±1% relative humidity). Volatile profile was determined after eight month of CA storage plus 7 days of shelf life via solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. In the volatile profile were identified 8 esters, 11 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 acids, 2 ketones, 1 ether and 1 terpene. 1-MCP application reduced significantly the main volatile compounds production by 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil. Its application decreases significantly the esters production, especially 2-methyl-butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, compared to 'Royal Gala' apples storage under CA. 1-methylcyclopropene application decrease ethylene production and respiration rate. Apples treated with 1-MCP exhibit higher hexanal and 2(E)-hexenal production.

ABSTRACT Studies suggest that frugivorous bats search and select fruit mainly by olfaction so that they can be attracted by smell alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in captivity, the behavioural response (number of foraging attempts) of Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata offered essential oils extracted from ripe fruit of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) and Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) as well as intact fruit wrapped in gauze to attract bats with reduced visual stimuli. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that A.lituratus would exhibit preference for Ficus fruits/oil while C. perspicillata would prefer Piper fruit/oil. Four arrangements of these attractants were tested in triplicate: P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida fruit, P.hispidum oil vs. F. insipida oil, P. hispidum oil vs. F. insipida fruit and P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida oil. As expected, in all tests, A. lituratus showed the highest number of foraging attempts in F. insipida while C. perspicillata in those of P. hispidum. Based on the number of foraging attempts both species exhibited a positive response to their favorite fruit genera, though the differences were not always statistically significant. The results confirm the importance of smell in fruit choice by these species.