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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of fumaric acid as a technological and sensory additive (functional groups: preservative and flavouring compounds, respectively) and for a new use of the additive as a technological additive (functional group: acidity regulator) for all animal species. The applicant provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that fumaric acid remains safe under the authorised conditions of use for the terrestrial animals, consumers and the environment. However, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the aquatic animals under all authorised condition of use. Fumaric acid is irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and should be considered a skin and respiratory sensitiser due to the presence of nickel. The Panel also considers that the new use of the additive as an acidity regulator under proposed conditions of use would not introduce risks not already considered. There is no need to assess the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation (for its use as preservative and flavouring compound). The Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of fumaric acid as an acidity regulator in feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid that belongs to the phenolic class enriched in fruits and vegetables that are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments. The research was planned to find out the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of fumaric acid using in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Moreover, safety study was also done.Materials and methods: The 0.1 ml complete Freund’s adjuvant was injected in left hind paw in all Wistar rats except normal rats at day 1 to induced arthritis. The treatment with fumaric acid at 10, 20, 40, and fumaric acid 40 mg/kg together with methotrexate (MTX) was administered to immunized rats at 8th day via oral gavage and continued till 28th day though, MTX was administered as standard control.Results: The fumaric acid notably (p < 0.0001) lessened the paw edema and arthritic scoring, reinstated body and immune organ weight, and oxidation status in treated rats. Fumaric acid notably restored altered C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, liver function tests, ESR, WBCs, RBCs and Hb levels in treated rats. The fumaric acid in combination noticeably (p < 0.01–0.0001) suppressed the expression of TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1β, NF-kβ, and COX-2, and over expressed IL-4, and IL-10 in contrast to other treated groups. Fumaric acid had presented a dose-dependent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities while notable activity exhibited by fumaric acid in combination with MTX. The fumaric acid exhibited non-significant clinical signs of toxicity and mortality in acute toxicity study. The LD50 was more than 2000 mg/kg.Conclusion: Fumaric acid in combination can be used as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug but it will need extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaric acid, a naturally occurring preservative with antimicrobial properties, has been widely used in the baking industry. However, its direct addition interferes with yeast activity and negatively impacts the gluten structure. This study investigates the potential of spray-congealing as a method for encapsulating fumaric acid within solid lipid microparticles. The selection of lipid carriers and surfactants is critical, so hydrogenated palm stearin, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and Compritol ATO 888 (glyceryl behenate) were chosen as lipid carriers, and propylene glycol monostearate and glyceryl monolaurate were utilised as surfactants with varying concentrations. Rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, moisture content, and thermal behaviour were assessed, along with the release profiles under different temperature conditions simulating the baking process. The findings indicate that the addition of surfactants significantly impacts the viscosity and stability of the molten mixtures, which in turn affects the spray-congealing process and the release of fumaric acid. The temperature-dependent and time-dependent release profiles demonstrate the potential for customising release kinetics to suit specific applications, such as the baking industry. This study may contribute to the development of a controlled-release system that synchronises with the baking process, thereby optimising fumaric acid's functionality while preserving the quality of baked goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphopenia is a known adverse effect in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) treated with fumaric acids. We present a case series of four patients diagnosed with RMS with prolonged lymphocyte stability on dimethyl fumarate for over 1 year who developed significant lymphopenia after transitioning to diroximel fumarate. This case series highlights the need for further research to elucidate the risk of lymphopenia in patients switching between fumaric acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn anodes in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries chronically suffer from pernicious side reactions and ineluctable dendrite growth, resulting in inadequate reversibility and suboptimal Coulombic efficiency (CE) and impeding commercialization. Herein, a multifunctional metal–organic coordination polymer layer (FAZ) is constructed on the zinc anode surface (FAZ@Zn) utilizing a simple self‐assembly strategy. The zincophilic FAZ interfacial layer with a high Zn2+ transfer number and low nucleation barrier effectively facilitates the de‐solvation process, supports the rapid transport of zinc ions, and contributes to the preferential growth of Zn (002) crystal planes, enabling dendrite‐free Zn deposition. Furthermore, the FAZ layer, as an interfacial pH regulating layer, effectively inhibits the direct contact between Zn and active water molecules, lowering the severity of side reactions. Consequently, the FAZ@Zn anode furnishes an eminent cycle stability over 6900 h, with a low polarization voltage at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2 and a boosted CE of 99.88% over 4100 cycles. More encouragingly, when coupled with Na2V6O16·3H2O, the FAZ@Zn anode enables the full cell to deliver satisfactory rate performance and a 97% capacity retention over 1600 cycles. This work provides a simple strategy for the effective preparation of highly reversible zinc anodes for high‐performance aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are symbiotic starters widely used in yogurt fermentation. They exchange metabolites to meet their nutritional demands during fermentation, promoting mutual growth. Although S. thermophilus produces fumaric acid, and the addition of fumaric acid has been shown to promote the growth of L. bulgaricus monoculture, whether fumaric acid produced by S. thermophilus is used by L. bulgaricus during coculture remains unclear. Furthermore, the importance of fumaric acid metabolism in the growth of L. bulgaricus is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the importance of fumaric acid metabolism in L. bulgaricus monocultures and coculture with S. thermophilus. We deleted the fumarate reductase gene (frd), which is responsible for the metabolism of fumaric acid to succinic acid, in L. bulgaricus strains 2038 and NCIMB 701373. Both Δ frd strains exhibited longer fermentation times than their parent strains, and fumaric acid was metabolized to malic acid rather than succinic acid. Coculture of Δ frd strains with S. thermophilus 1131 also resulted in a longer fermentation time, and the accumulation of malic acid was observed. These results indicated that fumaric acid produced by S. thermophilus is used by L. bulgaricus as a symbiotic substance during yogurt fermentation and that the metabolism of fumaric acid to succinic acid by fumarate reductase is a key factor determining the fermentation ability of L. bulgaricus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms and the adverse effects associated with antibiotic use have necessitated the exploration of new, natural substances for antimicrobial treatments. Fumaric acid, or allomaleic acid, is a natural bioactive compound primarily derived from plant-based products. Fumaric acid has potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-psoriatic, chemopreventive, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties. So far, studies on the antimicrobial activity of fumaric acid have used a plant ingredient. The antimicrobial activity was attributed to fumaric acid because it was detected in large amounts in herbal products. In this preliminary study, the antibacterial and antifungal properties of pure fumaric acid (99+%) were determined by the microdilution method. As a result of the antimicrobial study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of fumaric acid against Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis were 9.375, 37.5, 4.687, 4.687, and 1.172 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, bacterial cells were found to be approximately one hundred times more sensitive to fumaric acid than Candida cells. The MIC values of fumaric acid against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes were determined as 150 µg /mL, and against Staphylococcus aureus was 75 µg /mL. These results showed that pure fumaric acid has a potent inhibitory effect against pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms. Its unique properties and potential as an antimicrobial agent make it a compelling study area. Therefore, the usability of fumaric acid in the pharmacotherapeutic field is promising for future advanced in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of fumaric acid as a technological and sensory additive (functional groups: preservative and flavouring compounds, respectively) and for a new use of the additive as a technological additive (functional group: acidity regulator) for all animal species. The applicant provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that fumaric acid remains safe under the authorised conditions of use for the terrestrial animals, consumers and the environment. However, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the aquatic animals under all authorised condition of use. Fumaric acid is irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and should be considered a skin and respiratory sensitiser due to the presence of nickel. The Panel also considers that the new use of the additive as an acidity regulator under proposed conditions of use would not introduce risks not already considered. There is no need to assess the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation (for its use as preservative and flavouring compound). The Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of fumaric acid as an acidity regulator in feed.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a widely used polymer that is biocompatible, nontoxic, and water‐soluble due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in its domain. This study aims to investigate the effects of fumaric acid (FA) cross‐linking and thermal cross‐linking (TC) on the PVA's mechanical and thermal properties. When the FA is mixed with PVA, it was found in the chemical reaction that the OH groups of PVA are condensing with the carboxylic acid units of FA to yield new ester linkages and water as a by‐product, which further results in the reduction of the water absorption capacity. Quantitatively, the addition of 8 (wt. /wt. %) FA resulted in a minimum of 65% water absorption rate, as compared with 117% for pure PVA. The mechanical and thermal properties of PVA also enhanced with the addition of 2% to 8% FA by weight. For the TC case, the % increase in ultimate tensile strength was 30.9% and 42.5% with and without TC, respectively. As the wt. % of FA increased from 2 to 10%, the % elongation value decreased for both with and without TC films relative to pure PVA. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed the change in degradation temperature of FA‐PVA blended film in comparison with pure PVA. Dynamic mechanical analysis was utilized to analyze the viscoelastic nature and temperature variation at the glass transition temperature. The current fabricated film is a potential candidate for the food packaging films application; moreover, the results reported in this investigation will accelerate the industrial applications of biodegradable PVA. Highlights: Increasing the weight percentage of fumaric acid leads to an enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties of the film.Esterification is the usual reaction between fumaric acid and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in which ester linkages are formed when the carboxyl groups (‐COOH) of fumaric acid and the hydroxyl groups (‐OH) of PVA combine.Water absorption characteristics of the film reduces as the wt. % of fumaric acid increases.Thermal cross‐linking of the film leads to further improvements in mechanical and thermal properties.The overall effect of increasing the wt. % of fumaric acid is negative on the glass transition temperature of the film.The developed film is a potential candidate for the food packaging films application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the impact of new methods for inhibiting malolactic fermentation in white wines on their analytical and sensory properties. Enological preparations with different mechanisms of effect were tested: fumaric acid, chitosan, Estaan (a preparation based on tannin inhibition), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), sulphur dioxide and a control variant. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) was also performed. The samples underwent analysis through HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to determine the concentrations of malic and lactic acid, as well as biogenic amines. GC (gas chromatography) analysis was used to monitor volatile substances, alongside sensory evaluation. This study demonstrated a significant influence of individual enological preparations on the aromatic profile of the examined wines. The SO2 and MCFA variants exhibited the highest concentrations of volatile substances within the esters group, specifically isoamyl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate. Conversely, the fumaric acid and Estaan variants displayed the lowest concentrations of these esters. The most notable disparities were observed in acetoin concentration, with the MCFA variant exhibiting the lowest values. Additionally, the chitosan variant showed higher concentrations of putrescine and spermidine compared to the MCFA and fumaric acid variants, which presented the lowest levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexation between fumaric acid (FA) and 1-phenylpiperazine (1 PP) is a fruitful cooperation that allowed the preparation of a new organic crystal entitled (4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium) hydrogenfumarate denoted by 4PPHFUM, which is reported in the present manuscript. This new substance is created by the slow evaporation that occurs when 1-phenylpiperazine and fumaric acid are combined in a stoichiometric 1:1 ratio. The stacking of the crystal is provided by O–H⋯O, N–H⋯O and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, also supported by C–H⋯π interactions between the organic cations. The importance of these interactions in the formation of this new crystal is confirmed by the Hirshfeld surface analysis which showed that H-bonds and supramolecular C–H⋯π interactions account for about half of the non-covalent interactions existing in this compound. These non-covalent bonds that encompass the synthesis and design of this supramolecule have also been analyzed in detail using a quantum chemical computational study. Using the docking – based drug design strategy, we investigated the therapeutic effect of this cooperative outcome between fumaric acid and 1-phenylpiperazine to demonstrate the improved therapeutic property of this novel non-covalent compound as a tyrosinase inhibitor. 4PPHFUM was found to be a potent tyrosinase inhibitor with high interaction energy with its protein, higher than that of the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors (thiamidol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, hexylresorcinol and kojic acid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaric acid, a naturally occurring preservative with antimicrobial properties, has been widely used in the baking industry. However, its direct addition interferes with yeast activity and negatively impacts the gluten structure. This study investigates the potential of spray-congealing as a method for encapsulating fumaric acid within solid lipid microparticles. The selection of lipid carriers and surfactants is critical, so hydrogenated palm stearin, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and Compritol ATO 888 (glyceryl behenate) were chosen as lipid carriers, and propylene glycol monostearate and glyceryl monolaurate were utilised as surfactants with varying concentrations. Rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, moisture content, and thermal behaviour were assessed, along with the release profiles under different temperature conditions simulating the baking process. The findings indicate that the addition of surfactants significantly impacts the viscosity and stability of the molten mixtures, which in turn affects the spray-congealing process and the release of fumaric acid. The temperature-dependent and time-dependent release profiles demonstrate the potential for customising release kinetics to suit specific applications, such as the baking industry. This study may contribute to the development of a controlled-release system that synchronises with the baking process, thereby optimising fumaric acid’s functionality while preserving the quality of baked goods.

AbstractDepression is a persistent illness affecting health, behavior, and performance in life. Worldwide morbidity and mortality are caused by depression. The current study intended to explore fumaric acid’s potential protective effect against ciprofloxacin-provoked depression in rats and to determine its mechanism of action by studying its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Five groups of male Wistar albino rats (120 g ± 20) were employed; the first group received physiological saline, the second group received fumaric acid (80 mg/kg/day; orally) for 3 weeks, the third group was administered ciprofloxacin (50 mg/kg/day; orally) for 3 weeks to induce depression, the fourth group received a daily low dose of fumaric acid (40 mg/kg; orally) concurrent with ciprofloxacin and the fifth group received a daily high dose of fumaric acid (80 mg/kg; orally) concurrent with ciprofloxacin for 21 days. Then, behavior tests, oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory biomarkers, neurotransmitters, p190 Rho GTP, and histopathological examination were evaluated. Ciprofloxacin significantly increased oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker and nitric oxide (NO)] and biomarkers of inflammation [Toll-like receptor4 (TLR-4)] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) with reduction in the activities of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and catalase as well as brain contents of neurotransmitters and P190-RHO GTP. In addition, it causes necrosis of neurons and mild loss of Purkinje cells. Fumaric acid eliminates these effects of ciprofloxacin. Fumaric acid has beneficial effects as an anti-depressant in Wistar albino male rats that received ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented beverages, particularly wines, exhibit variable concentrations of organic and phenolic acids, posing challenges in their accurate determination. Traditionally, enzymatic methods or chromatographic analyses, mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been employed to quantify these compounds individually in the grape must or wine. However, chromatographic analyses face limitations due to the high sugar content in the grape must. Meanwhile, phenolic acids, found in higher quantities in red wines than in white wines, are typically analyzed using HPLC. This study presents a novel method for the quantification of organic acids (OAs), glycerol, and phenolic acids in grape musts and wines. The approach involves liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by sample derivatization and analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode. The results indicated successful detection and quantification of all analyzed compounds without the need for sample dilution. However, our results showed that the method of adding external standards was more suitable for quantifying wine compounds, owing to the matrix effect. Furthermore, this method is promising for quantifying other metabolites present in wines, depending on their extractability with ethyl acetate. Fermented beverages, particularly wines, exhibit variable concentrations of organic and phenolic acids, posing challenges in their accurate determination. Traditionally, enzymatic methods or chromatographic analyses, mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been employed to quantify these compounds individually in the grape must or wine. The approach of this proposed method involves (i) methoximation of wine compounds in a basic medium, (ii) acidification with HCl, (iii) liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and (iv) silyl derivatization to analyze samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in ion monitoring detection mode (SIM). The results indicated successful detection and quantification of all analyzed compounds without the need for sample dilution. However, our results showed that the method of adding external standards was more suitable for quantifying wine compounds, owing to the matrix effect. Furthermore, this method is promising for quantifying other metabolites present in wines, depending on their extractability with ethyl acetate. In other words, the proposed method may be suitable for profiling (targeted) or fingerprinting (untargeted) strategies to quantify wine metabolites or to classify wines according to the type of winemaking process, grape, or fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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3D-printing has gained popularity in recent years due to the many advantages it offers over the traditional approaches for instance this technology reduces the time a dentist needs to create and fit dentures to just 2–3 sessions. Fumaric, maleic, and adipic acids with the percentage (0.1 wt.%) were added to chitosan solution (2 wt.%) and the final composite was added to the 3D printable acrylic resin. The specimens were examined for several chemical analyses (XRD, SEM, FTIR) and mechanical tests (impact strength and surface hardness tests), where the total number (115) of specimens used in the study was specimens divided into five groups. In chemical analysis, one specimen was constructed for each modified group and one specimen was used as the control group (3d printable resin without addition (non-modified) for each test. For mechanical tests ten specimens were constructed for each modified group and ten specimens were used as the control group (3d printable resin without addition (non-modified) for each test. The results of chemical analysis showed improvement in the properties of modified 3d printable acrylic denture base resin, additionally the mechanical test results showed that the (Fumaric acid and Maliec acid with Chitosan) specimens have the highest properties in comparison with other specimens, while the lowest properties were for specimens of 3D printable acrylic resin with chitosan. The chemical and mechanical properties of the modified 3D-printed denture base are improved when chitosan is modified with dicarboxylic acids. Conversely, if chitosan alone is used to modify the 3D-printed polymers, the mechanical and chemical properties would be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to apply untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and chemometric analysis to obtain the cacao pod husk (CPH) fingerprint and evaluate the effect of dehydration in the CPH metabolome. Methods: Phosphate buffer extracts (pH 6.5) were obtained and measured using a one-dimension (1D) 1H NMR spectrometry. The 1D 1H NMR spectra were recorded without spinning and using the presaturation (PRESAT) pulse sequence to suppress the residual H2O signal. The 3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) was used as an internal reference. Analysis of processed data, applying an orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was used to highlight significant differences between the three dehydration treatments. Signal assignment of CPH metabolites was carried out based on the coupling constant, software simulation prediction, published data comparison, and metabolomics databases. Results: A total of 25 compounds were detected by 1H NMR, methylxanthines, sugars, some amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids were found among the identified compounds. The fingerprint spectra of the three dehydration methods were clustered separately discriminating the metabolome profile of each of the dehydration treatments, finding that metabolome remarkably differed in theanine, myristic acid, fumaric acid, and aspartic acid composition. Conclusions: An untargeted metabolomics to obtain the fingerprint of CPH was successfully established. A 1H NMR spectra with a detailed signal assignment aided to identify 25 metabolites present in CPH fresh and dried by different methods. The results complement the information about CPH composition and how it is affected by the temperature used during the dehydration process. The multivariate analysis points out that freeze drying (FD) preserves the metabolites better than microwave drying (MWD) or hot air drying (HAD). FD and MWD are similar in composition maintaining most of the compounds after drying.

Although anaerobic digestate contains >90% water, the high nutrient content of digestate makes it economically and technically intractable to treatment by existing wastewater treatment technologies. This study separately assessed the feasibility of nutrient removal from digestate by Rhizopus delemar DSM 905 and a culture of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). With Rhizopus delemar DSM 905, we investigated concomitant nutrient removal from digestate-supplemented medium and fumaric acid production, as a potentially economical strategy for digestate treatment. Following the cultivation of R. delemar DSM 905 in a fermentation medium containing 25% (v/v) digestate, the concentrations of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn reduced 40, 12, 74, 96, 12, 26, 23%, ~18, and 28%, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, phosphate (PO4-P), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and sulfur decreased 93, 88, 97, 98, 69, and 13%, respectively. Concomitantly, cultures supplemented with 25 and 15% (v/v) digestate produced comparable titers of fumarate (~11 and ~ 17 g/L, respectively) to the digestate un-supplemented control cultures. With PAOs, we assessed the removal of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, PO4-P, and NH4-N, of which the concentrations reduced 86, 90%, ~99, and 100%, respectively in 60% (v/v) digestate. This study provides additional bases for microbial removal of excess nutrients from anaerobic digestate, with the potential to engender future water recovery from this waste stream that is currently largely recalcitrant to treatment.

Simple Summary: The cryopreservation of spermatozoa causes biochemical and ultrastructural changes that compromise their structural and functional integrity, thereby affecting their fertilizing ability. These alterations are influenced and/or mediated by oxidative stress. Since goat seminal plasma interacts with egg yolk and milk constituents, soy-lecithin-based extenders have been used for the cryopreservation of goat spermatozoa for over a decade. Fumaric acid, a substance that enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, has been extensively used in therapeutics due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulating properties. We tested the addition of fumaric acid (0 mM, 2.15 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM) in a soy lecithin extender on post-thaw buck sperm quality and function variables (sperm motility and kinetics (CASA); viability (eosin–nigrosin); acrosome integrity (SpermBlue®); membrane functional integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test; HOST) and mitochondrial function (MF; Rhodamine 123/SYBR-14/PI)). Our results indicated a beneficial effect of 2.15 mM fumaric acid supplementation on frozen–thawed buck sperm viability, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane functional integrity and mitochondrial function. Further research related to sperm-fertilizing capacity under in vivo conditions is currently in progress. The supplementation of cryopreservation media with antioxidants improves the post-thaw quality and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. To maximize the fertility of frozen–thawed buck spermatozoa, further research is required to overcome obstacles that have yielded controversial results and standardize protocols. In the present work, the effect of adding fumaric acid (a well-described antioxidant) to a soy lecithin semen extender on certain quality parameters of spermatozoa following freezing and thawing was examined for the first time. Five sexually mature Skopelos bucks were used, and ejaculates were collected with an artificial vagina. The semen samples (98 samples, five replicates) were diluted (400 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) with OviXcell®, supplemented with fumaric acid (0 mM, 2.15 mM, 10 mM or 30 mM), equilibrated (5 °C; 3 h), packed (0.5 mL straws), frozen and stored (−196 °C) until further processing. After thawing, the spermatozoa total and progressive motility (CASA), viability (eosin–nigrosin), membrane functional integrity (HOST), acrosome integrity (SpermBlue®) and mitochondrial function (Rhodamine-123/SYBR-14/PI) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan's test; significance was set at 0.05. The addition of 2.15 mM fumaric acid improved (p < 0.05) spermatozoa viability, membrane functional integrity, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial function compared to all other concentrations. The addition of 30 mM fumaric acid decreased (p < 0.05) spermatozoa viability and mitochondrial function compared to all other concentrations. These results indicate a beneficial effect of a 2.15 mM fumaric acid addition to a soy lecithin extender on post-thaw buck spermatozoa quality. Further research is required to evaluate the in vivo fertility of frozen–thawed buck spermatozoa treated with fumaric acid, as well as to elucidate the mechanism of action of fumaric acid in spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current petroleum chemical methods for fumaric acid production can cause heavy pollution and global warming. In this study, the engineered strains of A. pullulans var. aubasidani were found to be suitable for green fumaric acid producer. Removal and complementation of the relevant genes showed only the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) was involved in high level fumarate biosynthesis which was controlled by the Ca2+ signaling pathway. Removal of both the GOX gene encoding glucose oxidase and the PKS1 gene encoding the polyketide synthase for 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic acid biosynthesis and overexpression of the PYC gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase made the strain e-PYC produce 88.1 ± 4.3 g/L of fumarate at flask level and 93.9 ± 0.8 g/L of fumarate during the fed-batch fermentation. As a yeast-like fungal strain, it was very easy to cultivate A. pullulans var. aubasidani DH177 and their mutants in the bioreactor and to edit its genomic DNAs to enhance fumarate production. It was found that 2 mol of CO2 could be fixed during a maximal theoretical yield of 2 mol of fumarate per mole of glucose consumed in the OUC. Therefore, the OUC-mediated fumarate biosynthesis pathway in A. pullulans var. aubasidani was a green and eco-friendly process for the global sustainable development and carbon neutrality.

In this present investigation, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafted with Fumaric acid/Acrylamide (CMC/FA/AAm=CFA) hydrogel and their silver nanocomposite hydrogels (CFA-Ag x, x = 5, 10 and 20) were developed by simple, cost effective and ecofriendly greener method. Mint leaf extract was used as an efficient natural reducing agent due to presence of active and antioxidant potential of polyphenol and flavonoid components. Swelling equilibrium of CFA hydrogel showed Seq% 3000 both in pH medium and distilled water. CFA (90:10) hydrogel has been produced greater than Seq% 6000. The synthesized CFA (90:10)-Ag-5, CFA (90:10)-Ag-10 and CFA (90:10)-Ag-20 nanocomposite hydrogels have been observed lower Seq% 2000–3000 than the CFA hydrogel. The homogeneous distribution of AgNPs throughout the CFA hydrogel and nanocomposites has been explored by SEM analysis. The interaction of network heteroatoms with AgNPs has been strongly revealed by the FTIR spectra and XRD analysis. The thermal stability of CFA (90:10)-Ag-5, 10, and 20 nanocomposite hydrogels have showed greater stability than CFA hydrogel which is confirmed by TGA/DSC thermogram analysis. The TEM analysis was used to explore a uniform distribution of spherical AgNPs (10 nm–50 nm) embedded on the CFA composite hydrogel. The CFA (90:10)-Ag-20 nanocomposite hydrogel has showed good antibacterial activity beside E. coli (Gram positive) and S. aureus (Gram negative) pathogens. Based on the antibacterial activity and swelling properties of CFA-Ag nanocomposite hydrogels have the ability to accelerate the antibacterial activity and are potential candidates for medical and environmental applications.

Two new Co(II) coordination polymers, namely {[Co(μ-fum)0.5(μ-obix)2(H2O)](NO3)}n (1), {[Co(μ-fum)0.5 (μ-mbix)2(H2O)](NO3)}n (2), (H2fum: fumaric acid, obix:1,2-bis(imidazol-1-yl-methyl)benzene, mbix: 1,3-bis(imidazol-1-yl-methyl)benzene), have been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They have been structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), magnetic properties. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the asymmetric units of both CPs contain a Co(II) ion, half fumarate ligand, two bis(imidazole) ligands, one aqua ligand and a nitrate ion. While two symmetry-related Co1 ions are connected by one fumarate ligand to generate a dinuclear unit and obix ligand links adjacent dinuclear units through the nitrogen atoms to form a 1D double chains in 1, each mbix ligand links two Co1 ions to form 1D double chains, and the adjacent chains are further linked together by fumarate ligands to form a 2D network in 2. The effect of bis(imidazole) ligands, which are o- and m-isomers, on the dimensionality of the formed coordination polymer was investigated. The reason for this great effect of bis(imidazole) ligands is that adjustments in the framework occur result of the bending of the semi-rigid imidazole ligands. Thermal analysis shows that 1 and 2 possess similar thermal behaviors. The optical band gap energy values of 1 and 2 observed 3.24 eV and 3.21 eV, respectively. This small difference in the band gap energy may be due to the difference in structural arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative healthy solutions as alternatives for food preservation that prevent food waste,is one of the focuses of food companies, since microorganisms are increasingly resistant to current alternatives. For this purpose, the antimicrobial effect of fumaric acid (FA) with preservatives and organic acids on food spoilage molds and evaluate their efficiency and possible synergy in vitro and applied in Muffins. Calcium propionate (CP), potassium sorbate (PS), citric acid (CA), lactic acid (LA) were used to evaluate their inhibitory capacity alone and in mixtures with (FA) on three species of molds, measuring the growth radius in Petri dishes and calculating inhibition percentages (% I). When the best mixture was selected, it was added to muffins, that were evaluated for 17 days by counting molds and yeasts. The highest % I was for Penicillium sp. 89 % with SP. For A. flavus 54 % with AC and AL and for A. niger 70 % I with LA. The highest variability in antimicrobial effects was for Penicillium sp. The selected mixture was AF 2000 ppm with SP 300 ppm. When applied to muffins, the effect on storage time could not be established, although it presented less diversity of isolated colonies. The % I was different for each preservative and mold species at the concentrations evaluated, and the antimicrobial effect of FA alone and in mixture with potassium sorbate for the control of different mold species was evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaric acid is used in various areas of the chemical industry due to its functional groups. For example, it is used in the polymer industry to produce unsaturated polyester resins, which are nowadays mostly produced from fossil raw materials. With regard to sustainable biotechnological fumaric acid production, the main challenge is to develop a cost-effective and robust fermentation process with industrially relevant final titers, productivities and yields. For biotechnological fumaric acid production, mainly fungi of the genus Rhizopus are used, which require very complex and challenging morphology control. The aim of this work is the development of an effective biotechnological fumaric acid production process with R. arrhizus NRRL 1526. Significant insights into the morphology control of the fungus and optimization of production characteristics were obtained, and a final titer of 86.3 g/L fumaric acid was achieved in a batch cultivation, with a yield of 0.67 g/g and a productivity of 0.60 g/(L∙h). In addition, a fed-batch process was developed, in which the production phase was extended, and a maximum final titer of 195.4 g/L fumaric acid was achieved. According to current knowledge, this value is the highest final concentration of fumaric acid produced using biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a complex of different symptoms, which results in a multisystemic impairment after the suffering from COVID-19 infection. The aim of the study was to reveal the clinical, laboratory, and gut disorders in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (n = 39) before and after taking part in the 14-day complex program of rehabilitation. A complete blood count, coagulation test, blood chemistry, biomarkers, and metabolites in serum samples, and gut dysbiosis were revealed in patients on the day of admission and after 14-day rehabilitation, in comparison with the variables of healthy volunteers (n = 48) or with reference ranges. On the day of discharge, patients noted an improvement in respiratory function, general well-being, and mood. At the same time, the levels of some metabolic (4-hydroxybenzoic, succinic, fumaric acids) and inflammatory (interleukin-6) variables, which were increased on admission, did not reach the level of healthy people during the rehabilitation program. Taxonomy disbalance was observed in patients' feces, namely, a high level of total bacterial mass, a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus spp., and an increase in pro-inflammatory microorganisms. The authors suggest that the post-COVID-19 rehabilitation program should be personalized, considering the patient's state together with not only the baseline levels of biomarkers, but also with the individual taxonomy of the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-derivative materials are one of the answers to substitute materials from finite sources in the coming decades. Thus, the present paper demonstrates the syntheses of new polymers based on epoxidized Baru oil and fumaric acid by photopolymerization, which were investigated by incorporating different proportions of urethane dimethacrylate using ultraviolet and blue lights. The monomers and polymers were characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical analyses. The incorporation of acrylate derivatives into the monomeric mixture increases the reactivity of monomers, achieving conversions >98% in both irradiation sources. Besides all polymeric materials presented thermal stability above 200 °C, they were transparent films that were able to remove some dyes from water, resulting in luminescent materials. In addition, the degradation processes of these polymers can be accelerated by organic solvents. Based on these properties, it is suggested that these eco-friendly polymeric materials can be used as coating, due to their partial transparency, and also for application in colored polymeric matrices, as well as dye remover in aqueous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments (Exps.) were conducted to examine the interactions among methane inhibitors on 24 h in vitro methane production using monensin (MON), fumaric acid (FA), and bromochloromethane (BCM). Donor goats and in vitro fermentation incubations were both treated with a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet (DM basis). In Exp. 1, MON (0, 60, or 120 mg/kg DM) and FA (0, 3.44, or 6.89 mM) were used to examine their two-way interaction, and no interaction was found on methane production (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, MON (0 or 60 mg/kg DM), FA (0 or 6.89 mM), and BCM (0 or 3.08 μM) were used to examine their three-way interaction, and no three-way interaction was observed (P > 0.05). The correlation was significant under the MON and FA treatments without BCM (r = 0.55, P

Lipoksigenaz (EC 1.13.11.34.; LOX ) enzimleri; yapısında iki ya da daha fazla doymamış bağ bulunduran yağ asitlerini oksitleyen, yapılarında hem grubu bulundurmayan demir taşıyıcı dioksigenazlardır. LOX'lar bitkiler, hayvan dokuları ve siyanobakterilerde bulunurlar. Bu çalışmada Santa Maria armudu püresindeki LOX enzimi aktivitesinin fumarik asit, sirinjik asit ve rosmarinik asitin farklı konsantrasyonlarına ve pişirme işlemine bağlı olarak değişimi 7 gün boyunca takip edilmiştir. Fumarik asitin LOX aktivitesini artırdığı gözlenmiştir. Bu artışa pişirme işlemi de engel olamamıştır. Sirinjik asit ve rosmarinik asitin LOX aktivitesini gün geçtikçe azalttığı, ek olarak pişirme uygulanan örneklerde daha hızlı bir aktivite azalışı olduğu görülmüştür. 7 gün sonunda rosmarinik asitin yaklaşık % 60'lık inhibisyona sebep olduğu, sirinjik asitin ise yaklaşık %80'lik bir inhibisyona sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlardan yola çıkarak bebek ek gıdaları ve meyve sularında sıkça kullanılan armudun tat, koku ve lezzet kaybının önlenmesi için ortama rosmarinik asit ya da sirinjik asitin eklenmesiyle birlikte pişirme işlemi uygulanması raf ömrünü uzatmaktadır diyebiliriz.

New bis-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 1-7 were obtained by the reaction of fumaric acid and N-(alkyl/aryl/cyclic)thiosemicarbazides in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Antibacterial activity of the compounds was studied for eight selected bacteria. Compounds 2-7 exhibited effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, none of the compounds effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky, Serratia marcescens. Self-consistent reaction force (SCRF) calculations were performed in DMSO medium to examine solvent energies using CPCM and SMD models. 6-31G(d) and 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis sets were used for DFT calculations. Besides electronic parameters such as electronegativity, electrophilicity and spectroscopic examinations of the compounds, QTAIM, local electron affinities, and Fukui analyses were also performed. Theoretical approaches supporting the experimental observations revealed that compounds containing aromatic and cyclic groups exhibit stronger antibacterial behavior than compounds containing aliphatic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with unfavorable physicochemical properties and stability present a significant challenge during their processing into final dosage forms. Cocrystallization of such APIs with suitable coformers is an efficient approach to mitigate the solubility and stability concerns. A considerable number of cocrystal-based products are currently being marketed and show an upward trend. However, to improve the API properties by cocrystallization, coformer selection plays a paramount role. Selection of suitable coformers not only improves the drug's physicochemical properties but also improves the therapeutic effectiveness and reduces side effects. Numerous coformers have been used till date to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystals. The carboxylic acid-based coformers, such as fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, are the most commonly used coformers in the currently marketed cocrystal-based products. Carboxylic acid-based coformers are capable of forming the hydrogen bond and contain smaller carbon chain with the APIs. This review summarizes the role of coformers in improving the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of APIs, and deeply explains the utility of afore-mentioned coformers in API cocrystal formation. The review concludes with a brief discussion on the patentability and regulatory issues related to pharmaceutical cocrystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several health problems and economic losses, which are caused by bacterial species on chicken meat. The obligation to reduce the initial load of bacteria should be taken into serious consideration. So, the aim of this work was to detect the incidence of Salmonella spp in chicken meat parts with detection of their virulence genes, which were 4%, 8% and 6% in chicken fillet, thigh and drumsticks respectively, with detection of virulence genes % in isolates. This study is an attempt to evaluate the antibacterial effect against Salmonella Typhimurium by soaking chicken breast in acetic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid (1% & 2%) solutions for 15 seconds, as well as on sensory properties. The treatments reduced Salmonella counts effectively. Logarithmic reduction values of Salmonella, for acetic acid 1%, acetic acid 2%, citric acid 1%, citric acid 2%, fumaric acid 1%, and fumaric acid 2% were 0.82, 1.88, 1.07, 2.19, 0.91, and 2.85 log CFU/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate the multiparticulate pulsatile release minitablets of verapamil hydrochloride for the treatment of hypertension at a desired time to mimic the circadian rhythms and improve the patient compliance. Materials and Methods: Formulation was prepared by CODAS technology. It was designed to initiate the release of verapamil after 4h lag time and reached the therapeutic levels at in the early morning hours, when the blood pressure is at its highest. The core minitablets were prepared by wet granulation process and coated with water insoluble polymer like ethylcellulose along with hydrophilic plasticizer. The formulation attributes were optimized and evaluated the in vitro performance. Results: The in vitro dissolution studies revealed that the coating build-up of ethylcellulose controls the initial lag time and release rate of drug product. Among the formulations (F1a) 10% w/w ethylcellulose coated minitablets showed lag time for 4 hr and controlled the release up to 24 hr. The formulation optimization studies illumined the critical attributes like fumaric acid (F2), which modified the microenvironment and improved the dissolution profile of drug product in phosphate buffer. The optimized formulation (F1a) was compared against the marketed product (CALAPTIN 120 mg SR tablets) and observed that the dissolution behaviour of the drug product followed first-order kinetics. Conclusion: The outcomes were presumed that the pulsatile release has been accomplished from coated minitablets with a lag time of 4hr, which is reliable with the demands of the chronotherapeutic drug delivery by efficiently control the blood pressure at early morning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaric acid (FH2) is an additive allowed by the Codex Alimentarius and the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) that can be used for wine acidification but also to inhibit malolactic fermentation (MLF). FH2 has a positive effect in the reduction in SO2 doses by controlling LAB and other bacteria and by preserving molecular SO2 due to pH effect. This article reports the use of FH2 at 600 mg/L in wines produced with 3 varieties of Vitis vinifera L. grapes (Tempranillo, Garnacha and Viura) made in vintages 2018, 2020 and 2021. Wines treated with 600 mg/L of FH2 were more stable in the long term and showed lower pH by the preservation of malic acid due to both the absence of MLF (which reduced the pH in 0.1–0.2 units compared with controls) and the effect of FH2 acidification (what produced and additional reduction of 0.05–0.1 pH units). The wines treated with FH2 also remained with very low volatile acidity contents close to 0.2 mg/L or lower. These results corroborate that FH2 can be used to successfully control malolactic fermentation in all still wine types (red, white, and rose) from either of the studied varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the impact of new methods for inhibiting malolactic fermentation in white wines on their analytical and sensory properties. Enological preparations with different mechanisms of effect were tested: fumaric acid, chitosan, Estaan (a preparation based on tannin inhibition), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), sulphur dioxide and a control variant. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) was also performed. The samples underwent analysis through HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to determine the concentrations of malic and lactic acid, as well as biogenic amines. GC (gas chromatography) analysis was used to monitor volatile substances, alongside sensory evaluation. This study demonstrated a significant influence of individual enological preparations on the aromatic profile of the examined wines. The SO2 and MCFA variants exhibited the highest concentrations of volatile substances within the esters group, specifically isoamyl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate. Conversely, the fumaric acid and Estaan variants displayed the lowest concentrations of these esters. The most notable disparities were observed in acetoin concentration, with the MCFA variant exhibiting the lowest values. Additionally, the chitosan variant showed higher concentrations of putrescine and spermidine compared to the MCFA and fumaric acid variants, which presented the lowest levels.

Fermented beverages, particularly wines, exhibit variable concentrations of organic and phenolic acids, posing challenges in their accurate determination. Traditionally, enzymatic methods or chromatographic analyses, mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been employed to quantify these compounds individually in the grape must or wine. However, chromatographic analyses face limitations due to the high sugar content in the grape must. Meanwhile, phenolic acids, found in higher quantities in red wines than in white wines, are typically analyzed using HPLC. This study presents a novel method for the quantification of organic acids (OAs), glycerol, and phenolic acids in grape musts and wines. The approach involves liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by sample derivatization and analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode. The results indicated successful detection and quantification of all analyzed compounds without the need for sample dilution. However, our results showed that the method of adding external standards was more suitable for quantifying wine compounds, owing to the matrix effect. Furthermore, this method is promising for quantifying other metabolites present in wines, depending on their extractability with ethyl acetate. Fermented beverages, particularly wines, exhibit variable concentrations of organic and phenolic acids, posing challenges in their accurate determination. Traditionally, enzymatic methods or chromatographic analyses, mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been employed to quantify these compounds individually in the grape must or wine. The approach of this proposed method involves (i) methoximation of wine compounds in a basic medium, (ii) acidification with HCl, (iii) liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and (iv) silyl derivatization to analyze samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in ion monitoring detection mode (SIM). The results indicated successful detection and quantification of all analyzed compounds without the need for sample dilution. However, our results showed that the method of adding external standards was more suitable for quantifying wine compounds, owing to the matrix effect. Furthermore, this method is promising for quantifying other metabolites present in wines, depending on their extractability with ethyl acetate. In other words, the proposed method may be suitable for profiling (targeted) or fingerprinting (untargeted) strategies to quantify wine metabolites or to classify wines according to the type of winemaking process, grape, or fermentation.

Ecuador is the world's fifth largest cocoa producer, generating hundreds of tons of residues from this fruit annually. This research generates value from the residual (cocoa pod husk) by using it as raw material to obtain pectin, which is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Extraction of three different organic acids with GRAS status (safe for use), the citric, malic and fumaric acids, was studied. In addition, two other factors, temperature (70–90 °C) and extraction time (60–90 min), were explored in a central composite design of experiments. We determined the conditions of the experiments where the best yields were garnered for citric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid, along with a ~86 min extraction time. The temperature did not show a significant influence on the yield. The pectin obtained under optimal conditions was characterised, showing the similarity with commercial pectin. However, the equivalent weight and esterification degree of the pectin obtained with fumaric acid led us to classify it as having a high equivalent weight and a low degree of esterification. In these regards, it differed significantly from the other two acids, perhaps due to the limited solubility of fumaric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae with its robustness and good acid tolerance, is an attractive candidate for use in various industries, including waste-based biorefineries where a high-value organic acid is produced, such as fumaric acid could be beneficial. However, this yeast is not a natural producer of dicarboxylic acids, and genetic engineering of S. cerevisiae strains is required to achieve this outcome. Disruption of the natural FUM1 gene and the recombinant expression of fumarase and malate transporter genes improved the malic acid-to-fumaric acid conversion by engineered S. cerevisiae strains. The efficacy of the strains was significantly influenced by the source of the fumarase gene (yeast versus bacterial), the presence of the XYNSEC signal secretion signal and the available oxygen in synthetic media cultivations. The ΔFUM1Ckr_fum  +  mae1 and ΔFUM1 (ss) Ckr_fum  +  mae1 strains converted extracellular malic acid into 0.98 and 1.11 g/L fumaric acid under aerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand fumaric acid sludge (FAS) systematically and comprehensively and find out how to utilize it, we conducted a series of characterization analyses on FAS. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectra shows that the main component of FAS is fumaric acids and also contains a small amount of silicate. The nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (1H-NMR) spectrum also shows that fumaric acid accounted for a large proportion of FAS. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the main phase in FAS is fumaric acid, and there is also a small amount of Kaliophilite. After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) analysis, it indicates that the possible volatiles and pyrolysis products in FAS are fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, etc. In the test of Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we determined the contents of phthalic acid, fumaric acid, and maleic acid in FAS. The detailed mass content of each component in FAS is as follows: phthalic acid is about 0.10–0.15%; maleic anhydride is about 0.40–0.80%; maleic acid is about 18.40–19.0%; fumaric acid is about 55.00–56.90%; succinic anhydride is about 0.06–0.08%; acrylic acid is about 0.06–0.08%; malic acid is about 0.90–1.00%; acetic acid is about 0.10–0.20%; silicate is about 0.25–0.30%; phthalic anhydride is about 0.20–0.30%; water is about 24.30–24.80%. The filtrate loss reducer (PAAF) used in oilwell drilling fluids synthesized by FAS not only has excellent temperature and complex saline resistance, the API filtration loss (FL) was only 13.2 mL/30 min in the complex saline based mud, but is also cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments (Exps.) were conducted to examine the interactions among methane inhibitors on 24 h in vitro methane production using monensin (MON), fumaric acid (FA), and bromochloromethane (BCM). Donor goats and in vitro fermentation incubations were both treated with a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet (DM basis). In Exp. 1, MON (0, 60, or 120 mg/kg DM) and FA (0, 3.44, or 6.89 mM) were used to examine their two-way interaction, and no interaction was found on methane production (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, MON (0 or 60 mg/kg DM), FA (0 or 6.89 mM), and BCM (0 or 3.08 μM) were used to examine their three-way interaction, and no three-way interaction was observed (P > 0.05). The correlation was significant under the MON and FA treatments without BCM (r = 0.55, P < 0.05), and under the MON, FA, and BCM treatments, the correlation was also significant (r = 0.59, P < 0.05). Collectively, no two- or three-way interactions were observed among MON, FA, and BCM. Regression analyses showed that MON, FA, and BCM were independent from each other, and the inhibitory effects of the three methane inhibitors on methanogenesis to a certain range are additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new organic salt, 2-aminobenzoxazol-3-ium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate, C7H7N2O+·C4H3O4-, of the two bioactive compounds 2-aminobenzoxazole and fumaric acid, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca using classical evaporation of their solution in water. The usual topological analysis revealed four classical (N--H· · ·O and O--H· · ·O) and two non-classical (C-- H· · ·O) hydrogen bonds in the structure. Stacking was found as well for a pair of 2-aminobenzoxazolium cations. A Hirshfeld surface analysis including the twodimensional fingerprint plots was performed to define the residual π-π interactions and to quantify the influences of different types of interactions by means of topological analysis. Analysis of the pairwise interaction energies was used to prove the formation of the corrugated paired layers of cation-anion dimers parallel to the plane (001) as a basic structural motif in the topological, as well as in the energetic structure of the crystal. It showed that the layers are connected by the hydrogen bonds inside and by stacking and ·-· interactions and general dispersion between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]