Search

In many situations, the quality of a process or product can be characterized by a functional relationship or profile. It is well-known that the independence assumptions of the error terms within or between profiles are not always valid and could be violated due to within or between profile autocorrelation. Since most of the process capability indices (PCIs) have been developed for simple linear profiles (SLPs) without considering autocorrelation, this paper provides some novel methods to analyze the capability of SLP under each of the two different autocorrelation effects separately, as well as the case where both autocorrelation effects are present. We assume that the first-order autoregressive AR(1) model explains the within- and between-profile autocorrelation in error terms. To evaluate the process capability, a new functional index called C p ‴ (P r o f i l e) is introduced for SLP with independent errors, and then it is modified to include the three possible cases of within, between, and simultaneous autocorrelation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform existing schemes regarding bias and mean square error (MSE) criteria. Moreover, bootstrap confidence intervals for the proposed index are obtained. Finally, an illustrative example in the chemical industry is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem functioning studies have gained prominence due to concerns about the decline of species. In marine sediments, benthic invertebrates perform important ecological functions. However, the challenges within the field of functional ecology are sparsely discussed. Our aim was to systematize the problems and suggest pathways forward. To achieve this, we review recent articles on functional ecology on marine sediments and identified two main issues. First, the absence of a clear definition of terms. Second, in terms of applicability, we observed a mismatch between the scales of functioning and traits, incomplete information on trait databases, inappropriate selection of traits, subjective measures of traits, overlooked trait variability and data analyses without the link between the taxonomy and the traits associated with functions. We propose some pathways to overcome the challenges, such as (i) reasoning of the concept of function, process and trait, (ii) increasing experiments to measure functions, (iii) clarification of the relationship between traits and functions, (iv) clear procedure for assigning trait scores, (v) experiments for understanding trait variability and function performance, and (vi) analyses that consider the sets of traits of each taxon. Overcoming these challenges will allow us to advance research and fill gaps in knowledge of ecosystem functioning.

It is necessary to take into account the spatial aspect when studying national innovation systems, due to differences in the level of economic development, type of production, scientific potential, infrastructure, demography, culture, natural conditions and resources of the regions. This is reflected in the concept of regional innovation systems (RIS), which link innovation and territorial development. However, despite many publications, a unified interpretation of RIS and generally accepted provisions have not been formed. There are various classifications of approaches to studying RIS. The analysis of scientific literature allows us to identify the main approaches to research: institutional and functional. In the first, RIS is considered as a set of institutions and institutional environment. In the second, each element of the system is assumed to have its own functional meaning. Within both approaches, researchers have proposed many definitions of the concept of “regional innovation system”. In development of the functional approach, the author's model of RIS was proposed. Purpose. Analysis and systematization of approaches to the definition of the regional innovation system and the identification of its structure. Methodology in article general methods of scientific knowledge, analysis of scientific works presented in the RSCI database, dissertation research on the topic of regional innovation systems, official data from open sources were used. Results. The approaches to the analysis of regional innovation systems are systematized, the author's position on the systematization of approaches is substantiated. The definitions for the concept of “regional innovation system” are systematized, and the author’s definition of RIS is proposed. Based on the functional approach, the author's RIS model is proposed. The model consists of determining, activity and infrastructure blocks. Scope of the findings. The results obtained can be used by regional executive authorities when developing innovation policy at the regional level and by researchers in the field of regional development as a basis for further research.

The aim of the research was to propose probable scenarios for the year 2030 for the cocoa value chain in the department of Antioquia (Colombia), based on functional approach to analysing territorial innovation systems (TIS). TIS in the cocoa value chain was analysed by comparing two rural municipalities as case studies, where different actors respectively participated. Prospective analysis approach, Delphi method, MICMAC program and morphological analysis were combined for the construction of scenarios. Case study comparison indicates that analysis at the territorial level is an appropriate perspective to identify key aspects of the TIS functions that lead to different scenarios for promoting local innovation in agri-food value chains. The results provide specific scenarios including short-, medium- and long-term strategies for the promotion of territorial innovation systems. This approach has the potential for multiple heterogeneous TIS actors to explore different innovation pathways and prospective scenarios that contribute to action planning to reduce uncertainty and promote innovation in TIS. This study contributes with a new way of approaching the functions of TIS, where dynamics that occur in the local geography are highlighted. Also based on the prospective analysis, scenarios are configured that arise from a set of aspects analysed by local and external actors of the territories. The study generates important knowledge about TIS and the functional approach regarding the design of prospective scenarios to promote innovation in agri-food value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Problems: Histology is a critical component of the sports science curriculum, as it thoroughly explains the connection between the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. Research Objective: This study investigates the improvement of histology learning among sports science students by employing a functional approach and practical sessions with virtual microscopy. Methods: The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with 103 students from the Sports Science program, enrolled in a histology course with two parallel classes. The students were divided into experimental (n = 56) and control groups (n = 46) using cluster random sampling based on their classes. The experimental group received instruction using virtual microscopy, while the control group was taught using light microscopy throughout the semester. Both groups were assessed on their learning outcomes at the end of the semester through a written exam. Experimental group students also provided feedback on the courses. Using the independent t-test, the learning outcomes were compared between groups. Students’ feedback was analysed descriptively. Findings and Results: The results revealed that the average test scores for participants in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (74.9 ± 7.8 and 68.9 ± 9.6, respectively). Student feedback indicated that the majority concurred that the functional approach to histology teaching enhanced their understanding of histological structures. They also noted that practical virtual microscopy sessions improved their comprehension of the topics studied. Additionally, nervous tissue was identified as the most challenging tissue to learn, primarily due to visualisation difficulties in relating microscopic and macroscopic structures and the abundance of new terminology to remember. Conclusion: The findings suggest that combining a functional approach with virtual microscopy notably enhances the quality of histology education, equipping sports science students with a comprehensive understanding and essential practical skills for their academic and professional development.

The Thinking about Life Experiences (TALE) Scale is well‐used in the autobiographical memory literature. Through rigorous examination of its psychometric properties, this study aimed to validate a Korean version of the Thinking About Life Experiences Scale (TALE‐K) with Korean adults. Data were collected through an online survey. The TALE‐K, and for convergent validity purposes the Korean‐Reminiscence Functions Scale for the Elderly (K‐RFS‐E), were administered to participants aged 19 years to 77. Data from 440 community participants were analyzed. Structural validity and convergent validity were confirmed. Measurement invariance was confirmed across gender but it was partially confirmed across age group. Overall, Cronbach's αs for the three subscales and intra‐class correlation coefficients were good to excellent. The TALE‐K seems to be a reliable, valid self‐report instrument for measuring three autobiographical memory functions (i.e., self‐continuity, social‐bonding, and directing‐behavior functions) in Korean adults. Further studies to better understand autobiographical memory functions in different age groups are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this piece is to provide a brief overview of Benedetto Conforti's work as a scholar of the law of the sea. Through a careful analysis of State practice, he justified the exercise of State power at sea on the basis of a functional approach, whereby the extent of a coastal State's powers was to be determined in accordance with the protection of specific interests related to a coastal community. When a spatial approach prevailed in the codification of the law of the sea, Conforti, while acknowledging the evolution that had taken place, reiterated the importance of the functional approach to explain the progressive extension of State powers at sea to new areas of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyrical literature, as one of the most widespread types of literature, is presented in the context of the "literary and emotional" function of language and expresses the personal feelings and emotions of the "speaker". The purpose of this type of literature is to report and express the feelings of the speaker and, at the same time, to please the audience. Each of the speakers of lyrical literature, according to the theme of their work, has used components that have given a lyrical color to their work and have distinguished it from other literary works. The methods of using lyrical elements in each of the systems of Persian literature are numerous and diverse. Factors such as "lyrical compositions and interpretations", "soft and delicate descriptions", "sad and isolationist atmosphere", "loving and beloved action", "inner monologues of the main character", etc. are the most prominent manifestations of lyrical literature. This study tries to study the lyrical poems of "Badnauni's Sinner", one of the unknown poets of the return period, by using the ideational metafunction in the Functional Approach of Halliday. This lyric poet used different methods to express his lyrical thought, and it is noteworthy that he changed his attitude during his poetic period, and from his initial attitude, which was similar to the love poems of the Iraqi style house, in a period of his life he leans towards the view of the poets of "Maktab Voqou’". This study tries to answer the question that based on the paradigm of thought and the evolution of the worldview of the "Bedouin sect" in lyrical poems, what changes have caused the level of use of "verbs"? Findings show that the change, decline, and ultimately degradation of the status of "beloved" as the main character of his lyric poems are shown through the reduction of the presence of this participle in "material and mental processes" and the high frequency of "interrogative clauses" which mean "reproach and exclamation".Keywords: Lyrical Literature, Functional Approach, Ideational Metafunction, Mozneb Badayouni. IntroductionSome of the valuable works of Persian culture and literature are manuscripts that remain unknown and have not yet been corrected or published. In this regard, one of the tasks of Persian literature researchers is to revive precious works. Mozneb Badayouni is one of the poets of the Qajar period and the return literary style, whose Divan (book of poems) remains unknown to researchers and lovers of Persian literature. After searching in the system of important libraries such as the National Library, the Central Library of Tehran University, the Malik Library, the Islamic Council, Astan Quds Razavi, and some libraries of other countries such as the Michigan Library and the National Library of England, it was found that no proofreading and research was done on this copy; therefore, it is necessary to address this issue in order to introduce a poet of the Qajar period and the return literary style to the literary community of the country, so that researchers and those interested in the hidden treasures of Persian literature can take the next steps to clarify areas such as the worldview of the poet from the political-social situation of the period. So far, no significant action has been taken regarding Mozneb Badayouni and his divan; no special research has been done about the life and cultural and literary personality of Mozneb, and some biographies have only mentioned his name and sign. Therefore, this research about Mozneb is considered an unprecedented and new work.The author of these lines, as the first researcher, corrected the Divan of Poems of a creative poet, so that in this way, interested people will get to know one of these valuable and neglected works, called "Divan of Poems of Mozneb Badayouni"."Lyric literature" as one of the most extensive types of literature, is presented within the framework of the "literary and emotional" function of language and expresses the personal feelings and emotions of the "speaker". The purpose of this type of literature is to report and express the feelings of the speaker and, at the same time, to give pleasure to the audience. Each of the speakers of lyrical literature has used components that give their work a lyrical color and make it different from other literary works. The ways of using lyrical elements in each of the Persian literature systems are numerous and diverse. Factors such as "lyrical compositions and interpretations", "soft and tender descriptions", "sad atmosphere and isolation", "lover and beloved activism", "inner monologues of the main character", etc. are among the indicators. The most expressive forms of literature are lyrical. This research tries to study the lyrical poems of "Mozneb Badayouni", one of the unknown poets of the return period, by using ideational metafunction in Halliday’s Functional Approach. The main content of his poems is the concept of "love" and specifically "earthly love". In many of his romantic lyric poems, he looked at the concept of "love" and the relationship between "lover and beloved" in the manner of his predecessors, such as Saadi, Kamal al-Din Isfahani, Hafez, etc, and presented the same picture that the likes of Saadi have drawn of the lover.Besides this concept, traces of "Malamatiyya thought" can also be seen in many cases in his Ghazals. Mozneb has considered "love" as the highest concept of existence and "May, Maykadeh" as one of the most popular concepts and places in his Malamati attitude. In his Ghazal, words such as "bloody", "killed", "cruel", "ruthless", "hard-hearted" etc. have a significant frequency, which clearly reminds us of "beloved" in the poetry of the Iraqi period. Of course, sometimes the semantic load of these words has intensified and they have been replaced by words such as "murder", "killer" and "killed". Mozneb Badayouni, the lyrical poet, used different methods to express his lyrical thought, and the point to consider is that during his period as a poet, he changed in his attitude, from his initial attitude in a period of his life to the viewpoint of the poets of the Maktab Voqou’ and Va Soukht. It tends to occur and burn. This method has created the most changes and transformations in the poetic subjects after the Iraqi style. According to political and social reasons and, as a result, cultural and literary issues during half a century, this school established principles and foundations for itself, which continued its life purposefully and coherently during the Qajar era. The language of the poetry of the mentioned period is generally an imitation of the poetry of the Iraqi and Khorasani periods. but by studying the works of the poets of this period, we find out that the poets of the return, as they should, do not have a good command of the rules of morphology and syntax and other aspects of the language of the poetry of the past periods (Iraqi-Khorasani), which is why their language is crude and elementary. On the other hand, some linguistic issues of this period are influenced by the Indian style, or the Afshariya and Zandiye periods. This research tries to answer the question that, based on the ideational metafunction, the evolution of the worldview of "Mozneb Badayouni" in lyric poetry has caused what changes in the level of used "verbs"?Systemic Functional Grammar is organized based on three metafunctions: ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. Ideational metafunction means re-expressing the experiences that were created in connection with the outside world and then transferred to the mind. Since the ideational metafunction is the result of the combination of the process (verbal group), the participants of the process (nominal and adjective group), and the event (adverbial group), it can represent past experimental realities through grammatical structures. This potential capacity is provided by the mechanism or system of expressing ideational metafunction in language, which is called the "Transitional System". Literature ReviewAfter the emergence of functional linguistics in the West, some researchers in Iran also analyzed literary texts based on the teachings of this approach. Aghagolzadeh (1384) has discussed the role, application, and importance of the Functional approach in the analysis and explanation of literary works, and while explaining Halliday's theoretical issues, he has analyzed Hafez's Ghazals in the framework of the functional approach. Khan Jan and Mirza (2005) tried to provide a functional analysis of poetic discourse and effective factors in poetic communication. Jahani and Hosseini (2019) in research entitled "Analysis of ideational metafunctions in the Poem "Khan-e Hashtom" by Mehdi Akhavan Sales… showed that in this poem, Akhavan makes the most use of mental processes and then relational and verbal processes. The narrative form of the story, the presence of a narrator in the narration and then the presence of the poet as the second narrator, the predominance of the descriptive structure of the story, and also the connection with the story of Haft Khan Rostam can be considered the most important reasons for the use of these types of processes in this poem. Monshizadeh and Elahian (2014) tried to understand the fundamental components of Saadi's Golestan and explained their main features in the construction and selection of various processes, and concluded that since the subject of Golestan is related to humans and the relationships between humans, the behavioral process is the most obvious in Saadi's intellectual poetry. Miladi and Vafaei (2017) investigated the functional mystical experiences in the intuitive dreams of Kashf al-Asrar and Mokashefat al-Anwar by Rozbahan Baghli and showed that the specific course of language processes in different stages of revelation from "material" to "mental" is used to explain the upward course of the devotee from the position of " quest " to the position of "perdition".In their research, Delbari and Sadeghinia (2016) classified the verbs in six short stories of Zoya Pirzad into six material, mental, communicative, behavioral, expressive, and existential processes, respectively, and based on these frequencies, they have shown the way of thinking and attitude of the author. The findings of this research show that the material process and then the behavioral process are the stylistic characteristics of Pirzad's stories. On the other hand, due to the abundant use of the material process, it can be said that Pirzad's view is realistic. MethodologyThe method of gathering information has been done by referring to the poet's divan (book of poems) and using library resources. In the first stage of the research, the required manuscripts are first prepared, and the original version that is the basis is determined. Of course, our basis was the availability of the version. The available copies of this work are the manuscript of the National Assembly Library (3 copies in one volume including Ghazals and quatrains) and the fourth copy from the Central Library and Document Center of Tehran University (copy number: 4548). With the guidance of the advisor and reader (taking into account criteria such as oldness, completeness, good handwriting, and few mistakes), the basic version (the third version of the National Council Library) is determined.Considering that the title of the research is related to the poet of the 13th century, in compiling the introduction and background of the research, he has used the library and descriptive-analytical method in the usual way in the humanities. The study method is in-text and with a critical view. The type of study is descriptive-analytical, and the method is descriptive (including the investigation of how the ideational metafunction processes are arranged) and analytical (including the exploration of the contexts and the reason for the particular formation of those processes). The statistical population of this research is 100 romantic Ghazals with the theme of "earthly love" from the Divan of poems of this poet of the return period. The sample unit is "Ghazal" and the unit of analysis is "verb". ConclusionBy studying the text of these Ghazals and analyzing their content, it was found that these poems can generally be placed in two main categories:First, the Ghazals that express the "relationship between lover and beloved" following the style of Iraqi poets; in this category of Ghazals, Mozneb is a follower of great poets like Saadi Shirazi and Kamaluddin Abdul Razzaq Esfahani in his poetic style.The second category is the Ghazals, which were formed by the evolution and transformation of the poet's attitude towards the "relationship between lover and beloved". The style and content of this category of Ghazals are similar to the styles of Maktab Voqou’ and Va Soukht and poems like "Vahshi Bafghi" and "Babafaghani". In the first type of Ghazals, according to the content of each Ghazal, Mozneb Badayouni used different linguistic processes. In these Ghazals, three characters with the title "Love, Lover, and Beloved" are the main characters. In the textual context of these Ghazals, relational processes have the highest number of processes,with about 45%. The poet in the position of "lover" has described the appearance, physical characteristics, and moral characteristics of the beloved in the form of these processes. In these Ghazals, the beloved has a face similar to the beloveds in the Iraqi style of poetry. The beloved's "face, eyes, lips, cheeks, height, face, and hair" are introduced to the audience through relational processes; in the next order, "material" processes have a higher frequency than other processes, with about 28%. In most of these processes, "you/beloved" has appeared in the form of the semantic role of "active" and in front of " I/lover," it has a passive face that has been affected by the cruel actions of the beloved. The beloved has the largest share in the arena of actors in Mozneb’s Ghazal.Mental processes with a frequency of about 23% are in the next order. The most commonly used verbal infinitives in these processes are "seeing", "looking" and "knowing"."Behavioral processes" with a limited percentage of "about 3%" are one of the less frequent processes in the textual context of this category of Ghazals. The most commonly used verbal infinitives in these processes are "crying" and "moaning" and their main participles are "me/lover". "Beloved" also participates in behavioral processes, but unlike the lover, constantly "laughs" and has no pity for the lover.In the "second type" of his Ghazals, Mozneb has found a real and true view of the concept of "love and beloved" and there is no sign of "pure helplessness and submission" in front of the beloved in his poetry. The beloved he depicts in such poems is no longer the "cruel and powerful beloved" who possesses the lover, and the lover has no choice but to cry and wail against their cruel actions. The transformation of the attitude of Mozneb towards the concept of "love" and "earthly lover" originates more than anything from the social and political developments of the Qajar era and the anxiety and tensions that prevailed in this historical period. The social and political conditions have gradually changed Mozneb’s attitude to the relationship between "lover and beloved" and in many of his sonnets, "lover" is no longer an oppressed and inevitable figure; rather, he is fed up with the cruel actions of the unfaithful lover and opens his mouth to protest. The main manifestation of this attitude change at the level of language processes is the reduction of the presence of the beloved in material processes and the semantic role of the actor.The findings of the research show the change, decline, and finally degradation of the position of "beloved" as the main character of his Ghazals through the reduction of the presence of this participant in "material and mental processes" and the high frequency of "interrogative clauses" that have the meaning of "reprimand".

In many situations, the quality of a process or product can be characterized by a functional relationship or profile. It is well-known that the independence assumptions of the error terms within or between profiles are not always valid and could be violated due to within or between profile autocorrelation. Since most of the process capability indices (PCIs) have been developed for simple linear profiles (SLPs) without considering autocorrelation, this paper provides some novel methods to analyze the capability of SLP under each of the two different autocorrelation effects separately, as well as the case where both autocorrelation effects are present. We assume that the first-order autoregressive AR(1) model explains the within- and between-profile autocorrelation in error terms. To evaluate the process capability, a new functional index called Cp‴(Profile) is introduced for SLP with independent errors, and then it is modified to include the three possible cases of within, between, and simultaneous autocorrelation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform existing schemes regarding bias and mean square error (MSE) criteria. Moreover, bootstrap confidence intervals for the proposed index are obtained. Finally, an illustrative example in the chemical industry is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.

The article addresses the problems of preserving the integrity of quality management systems during integration of educational organizations into a single educational complex. The purpose of the article is to develop and test a functional approach of combining two educational organizations of different levels that preserves the integrity of existing quality management systems. The authors use methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparison as well as system analysis, identification of cause-and-effect relationships, process and system approach, internal audits, self-assessment, expert assessment, ranking. The article considers the concept of integrity and related concepts. The authors propose a functional approach that uses several stages to maintain the integrity of quality management systems in compliance with all the rules for making changes to management systems and the principles of educational organizations integration. The approach is tested on a university and a college. The analysis identified the main categories of changes in organizations’ quality management system during integration and developed a synergetic model of the organization. The results can help improve the integrated quality management system in the future, not only in the field of education, but also in other areas of the economy.

The article is devoted to the application of agile audit during the pandemic using remote technologies. The purpose of the article is to apply new methodology to internal audit in an organization in the changing conditions caused by the pandemic period. The authors consider the concept and principles of conducting agile audit, functional relationships arising during the agile audit, and the possibility of using remote technologies. The agile method and remote technologies are used as an answer to the modern challenges of the pandemic. A mixed method of conducting internal audit using the agile methodology and remote technologies is proposed. Based on this methodology and experience in conducting internal audits, the authors develop a functional approach to the agile audit with elements of remote technologies as an option in changing conditions. The research has practical application in improving the processes and activities of organizations in the field of education.

The article analyzes a set of approaches to organizing effective management of competitiveness of various types of products of enterprises, which are widely used in the practice of analysis of economic activity and strategic management. It is justified that management of competitiveness of products can be considered through the prism of basic approaches. First, comprehensive approach, which allows developing the necessary managerial decisions aimed at improving product efficiency, maintaining its quality and competitiveness. Second, reproduction-evolutionary approach, aimed at the constant reproduction of the production of goods with the lowest cost per unit of beneficial effect compared to the best analogue as result of evolutionary market transformations. Third, functional approach, which in practice is often used through a substantive approach to management, in which efforts are aimed at improving existing products, taking into account scientific and technological progress. Fourth, system approach, where management is considered the most effective, since it combines the activities of various functional divisions of the enterprise to create a competitive product. Fifth, innovative approach, according to which competitiveness management involves the introduction of scientific and technical advantages of new products at the enterprise. Sixth, the approach of affiliate marketing, marketing dialogue, which will attract consumers to create competitive products. It is worth noting that the major ones for the formation of a system for managing the competitiveness of enterprise products in the conditions of competition development is marketing approach in combination with the system and process approaches.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the effects of the huge diversity of cropping systems on local biodiversity is challenging but necessary to implement agroecological systems. Through a functional approach, the translation of cropping systems into resource and disturbance gradients is a promising way to decipher the relationship between cropping systems and biodiversity but has never been implemented for arthropods.To investigate the contributions of resource and disturbance gradients arising from cropping systems vs environmental context (regional effect, meteorological conditions and landscape characteristics) on beneficial arthropod communities, we used a dataset collected in 60 crop fields from three French areas over a 5‐year period. It includes all farmer interventions, crop sequences, meteorological data, landscape composition and carabid samplings.We found that environmental context contributed to about 75% of explained carabid variations on average, while resource and disturbance gradients contributed to about 25% of explained carabid variations. The resource and disturbance gradients were particularly important in winter and in the spring preceding the spring–summer period to determine carabid variations.Moreover, we identified thresholds above which resource and disturbance gradients start being beneficial or detrimental for carabids. For example, increased treatment index in spring decreased the total activity density of carabids during the spring–summer period.Synthesis and applications. While implementing for the first time a functional approach to understand the effects of different facets of cropping systems on arthropods, our study also allows us to identify periods and thresholds above which specific practices affect carabids. Finally, avoiding bare soils all along the year, keeping pesticide use intensity below the identified thresholds and adopting a wide diversity of tillage strategies at the landscape scale should all contribute to enhance in‐field carabid occurrences and richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple linear profiles (SLPs) are modeled by linear functional relationship between a response variable and an explanatory variable. A number of process capability indices (PCIs) for SLPs with symmetric tolerances have been proposed. However, PCIs for SLPs with asymmetric tolerances have received little attention. This article proposes a new functional incapability index for dealing with asymmetric tolerances. To demonstrate the improved performance of the new index, numerical examples and simulation studies are used to compare it to existing functional PCIs. Bootstrap confidence intervals for the proposed index are also obtained. Two examples illustrate the applicability of the proposed index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the functional and structural approaches of scientific communication in knowledge production by researchers in the field of scientometrics in Iran to show how knowledge production by researchers in a context is affected by the functional and structural approach-oriented. Methodology: This research has been done by a mixed method, However, content analysis has been used. The research sample was the scientometric experts who were working in the universities. We had five phases for complementing this research. In the first phase, we tried to identify the scientometricians and extract the required information from the universities websites. In the 2nd phase, we designed a questionnaire to answer the research questions and in the third phase we used semi-structured interviews for the qualitative part of the research. In the fourth phase, the data gathered from the previous phases, are categorized separately. To analyze the data from interviews we used content analysis techniques and finally began to analyze them with the appropriate software such as SPSS. Findings: The finding has shown that researchers in this field tend to use specialized tools to establish their scientific communication and the most common reason for participating in this type of tools are factors such as understanding specific issues, knowing the scientific community around them, etc. Furthermore, it was determined that scientometric studies to produce knowledge used two main tools which are social networks such as Email, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Whatsapp, and Weblogs and scientific search engines like Microsofacademia, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar. Besides, for maintaining precedence in proposing ideas and theories, they prefer to share their knowledge in academic environments through formal channels such as bringing them up in scientific forums. According to the structural approach, most of the facilities provided to researchers by Iran’s scientific institutions were technological facilities and they wanted to increase government support. Creating virtual scientific communication centers and making scientific workgroups in different scientific fields was another finding. Researchers emphasized research development factors such as international and national university cooperation, Open Access to scientific and educational resources, management based on expertise and knowledge, and material and spiritual encouragement of researchers. Conclusion: Scientometric Researchers tend to use two-way and specialized tools such as databases and believe that this type of communication has improved their communication process in response to their needs. It has also affected the quality of their products and scientific activities. The results showed that virtual communication environments have a high capacity for the production and transfer of science as well as the formation of strong scientific relationships due to their interactive capabilities. It was also found that scientometrics researchers in using such databases more than others to generate knowledge and communicate because of the two-way and specialized nature of communication channels such as Google Scholar. The results showed that the most motivation and reasons for the presence of researchers in social media are factors such as finding out the specific issues of their field, searching and obtaining scientific and educational information, sharing scientific information, obtaining general information and news, and in the second place, things such as Getting to know the scientific community around you, consulting and thinking with other researchers, promoting and developing professional activity, and chatting online are the least used by researchers. Scientometric researchers believe that both official channels (such as databases) and unofficial channels (such as conferences) are suitable for presenting their ideas and theories, but most researchers share their scientific achievements in Formal environments are considered more reliable than informal environments. However, for various reasons, including the filtering of some official channels, some researchers believe that these conditions make it difficult to share their scientific achievements. The most important factors for the strengthening and development of research in society from the perspective of researchers are factors such as: creating a virtual center for scientific and research communication, determining suitable scientific communication patterns and making it coherent, appropriate scientific policy making concerning interdisciplinary approaches, determining scientific topics that can be researched with Interdisciplinary approaches in scientific centers are the formation of appropriate scientific working groups using experts from different fields. From the point of view of researchers in the field of scientometrics, the facilities, and facilities that society should provide to this group of researchers include government support for interdisciplinary research, material support for researchers, and setting up a research and development unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the growing literature on adaptive functionality of inner experiential states, we take the approach that life satisfaction functions as a part of a psychological system that monitors current and potential achievement on important goals. From this perspective, life satisfaction is sensitively calibrated to how well one is moving toward success on important goals, thereby providing useful information for, and potentially motivating, subsequent goal-facilitating action. Focusing on mating goals, we investigated whether currently active and important mating goals shape the extent to which life satisfaction is sensitively and selectively calibrated by goal-specific cues of potential mating success—self-perceived mate value. As hypothesized, because most individuals (eventually) seek long-term committed relationships, self-perceived long-term mate value predicted life satisfaction for men and women regardless of relationship status. In contrast, and also as hypothesized, self-perceived short-term mate value predicted life satisfaction only for individuals with short-term casual mating goals—single uncommitted men (Studies 1, 2 A, and 2B), individuals dispositionally motivated toward short-term relationships (Studies 2 A and 2B), and single uncommitted women for whom short-term mating motivation was experimentally engaged, enabling causal inference (Study 3). Results support a functional conceptualization of life satisfaction, showing that currently active mating goals can shape the extent to which goal-specific self-perceived mate value predicts life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a school-wide training for Japanese preschool teachers based on the behavioral and functional approach to children with problem behaviors. Twenty-five Japanese teachers at a kindergarten and nursery school participated in the program, attending six training sessions and four case-study meetings. The training sessions consisted of (a) lectures on behavioral and functional approaches and (b) group work to develop individual support plans. Following training, improvement was seen in both teachers' knowledge of applied behavior analysis as well as children's behaviors targeted in the training plans. In addition, the overall behavior of the children improved, and the postprogram questionnaire showed that participants' satisfaction and acceptance were high. A case-study meeting had been maintained weekly at both schools for 1 year. Although these results are promising, the current investigation has limitations, and the results should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of technological innovative capabilities (TICs) on firm performance (FP) in the IT sector, with strategic agility as a moderator variable. This paper analyzes the TICs at the firm level in the service sector using the functional approach. An online structured questionnaire was adapted and refined to collect the required information on the influence of TICs dimensions on FP in the IT sector to achieve the objectives. The unit of analysis consists of top management staff and heads of departments from IT firms in Amman, Jordan. A sample of 67 IT firms was selected, and 300 questionnaires were distributed. A total number of returned responses was 223, producing a 74% response rate. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The revealed findings show that learning capability, marketing capability, organizational capability, and strategic planning capability had a significant influence on FP, whereas resource allocation capability was not significant. In addition, multiple hierarchical regression was used to test the moderating effect of strategic agility on the relationship between TICs and FP. Revealed results of the overall model to examine the moderating effect show that strategic agility is not significant in moderating the relationship between TICs dimensions and FP.

The article offers a view on the issue of establishing competence-based model of IT-specialists. There is a comparative analysis of foreign approaches to the implementation of competence-based approach ideas and outcome evaluation for academic programmes. There are also the major competences outlined for an IT-specialist of wider professional type. The analytical system VYBOR /CHOICE/, which is based on the method of developing matrices of parallel comparison, was used for an analysis of specific competences in view of their coverage within one of the foreign approaches - American, British, French, and German.

A correctly specified working correlation structure ensures the efficiency in inferences for marginal regressions based on estimating equations. When there are measurement errors in covariates, however, correct specification of the working correlation structure may lead to more severe bias and higher mean squared error than working independence. We report this lesser known phenomenon and explain it in a bias analysis. The bias can be corrected using a functional approach with efficiency improved through the generalized method of moments, which works well only for large samples. For practical purposes, we further address two computational issues and correct the variance estimator for small samples. The proposed approaches are validated in simulation studies and illustrated in an example. The methods are publicly available in an R package eiv. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the functional approach to ensuring cyber resiliency as a kind of adaptive security management. For this purpose, we propose a learning automaton model capable of self-learning and adapting to changes while interacting with the external environment. Each node in the under-controlled system has a set of probable actions with respect to neighboring nodes. The same actions are represented in the graph of the learning automaton, but the probabilities of actions in the graph model are permanently updated based on the received reinforcement signals. Due to the adaptive reconfiguration of the nodes, the system is able to counteract the cyberattacks, preserving resiliency. The experimental study results for the emulated wireless sensor network (WSN) are presented and discussed. The packets loss rate stays below 20% when the number of malicious nodes is 20% of the total number of nodes, while the common system loses more than 70% of packets. The network uptime with the proposed solution is 30% longer; the legitimate nodes detect malicious nodes and rebuild their interaction with them, thereby saving their energy. The proposed mechanism allows ensuring the security and functional sustainability of the protected system regardless of its complexity and mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the description of the vocal systems of different languages, considering the functional approach, based on the objective linguistic reality. Today the traditional approach used by research scientists is gradually losing the ability to identify effective models of the phonetic-phonological system of the language, which significantly affects the productivity and research results. The rapid development of new directions of science, the evolution of the language system and all its sublevels indicates the need to adjust the traditional principles of describing phonetic-phonological systems of different languages and imposes special requirements on the relevance, productivity, adequacy and compliance of such descriptions with objective reality. The article analyzes the system of vowels from a phonological point of view - a general classification of vowels through the prism of phonological systematics of meaningful oppositions - considering the articulatory base of the language and the modern orthoepic norm, their changes in the flow of speech, an inextricable connection with consonantism and the prosodic organization of the word. This system is more productive and relevant for solving the problems of modern linguistics. The approbation of the vocal system of the Russian language, obtained within the framework of the corrected approach to the description of systems, is carried out in conditions of language contact, since the problems of language contact are interconnected with the main tasks of the theory of language in the framework of the comparative historical description and comparison of languages. Phonetic interference, together with a foreign accent, is a consequence of the contact between the native language and the target language. Phonetic interference, being an integral part of linguistic contact, causes a violation of the sound side of the language of foreigners. After analyzing the descriptions of the vocal systems of the Spanish and Russian languages, made within the framework of the adjusted functional approach, it is possible to highlight the main features of the Spanish accent in the pronunciation of Russian vowel sounds, and the analysis of the practical material confirms all the selected features and demonstrates the high efficiency of the above approach. The results of this work can be used in various theoretical courses, as well as to create systems for automatic synthesis and speech recognition.

Modern education involves the assimilation of a certain number of facts by students. These systematized facts relate to various areas of human activity. The educational directions are formed in this way. One of them is «international relations, public communications and regional studies». However, mastering the facts is not effective when it comes to training a highly professional. Thus, a trained specialist has a low level of intellectual operational capabilities. He is not able to identify the real causes of certain processes and events. As a result, it is unable to establish valid causal relationships. Consequently, he is not able to make quality decisions and act as usefully as possible. Shifting the emphasis from fact in the educational process to the functional load of phenomena, processes, institutions and individuals in the life of man and the community significantly contributes to increasing the level of operational capabilities of the future specialist. In particular, this article proposes to reconsider the essence of such large-scale phenomena as world politics and international relations. World politics is seen as a «road map» of the historical progress of humankind. The trigger mechanism of human progress is determined by the permanent interaction of the globalizing and individualizing principle. These principles are mediated by four key factors. The author of the article includes war, trade, technology and equipment, religion. A special place in the proposed scheme is given to art. Art is the key to any transformational activity, as it is directly related to creativity - the ability to «produce» or contemplate an image or idea; and skill - the ability to embody in one way or another image or idea. In addition, art is immediately equally characterized by the functions of consolidation, transformation, translation, accumulation and mobilization. It permeates all aspects of being. In turn, from a functional point of view, in a concentrated sense, war mixes, trade operates in surplus, technology (and technology) determine measures and limits, and religion distracts and/or targets.

The principles of creating hybrid processing processes based on the functional approach are given. The base of this approach, its theoretical aspects are given in the first part of the article. The practical application of the approaches is reflected in specific scientific and technical problems in the problem of high-quality cleaning of the surface from various adhesive coatings, the use of methods for obtaining holes and perforations in workpieces from metals and composite materials, as well as in the problem of contour cutting of plates from super hard sintered materials. It is shown that the use of a functionally oriented approach makes it possible to identify such combinations of force and energy effects that make it possible to process even those materials that are considered difficult to process or not machinable. The combination of actions that are heterogeneous in nature into one instrumental effect also allows for a new way of shaping the performed holes. At the same time, the properties of the workpiece have a much smaller effect on the parameters of the obtained surfaces than with traditional processing Samples of cleaned surfaces, cuts of super hard materials, holes in honeycomb systems of aerospace engineering are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tropics, seasons are delimitated by the extent of rainfall resulting in seasonal differences in water parameters shaping phytoplankton community dynamics. Dry periods can intensify eutrophication and often result in seasonal or even perennial cyanobacterial dominance. This study was developed to evaluate phytoplankton response to trophic state and seasonal differences of environmental filters (dry and rainy periods) using the morphology-based functional groups (MBFG) approach. We also aimed at identifying environmental thresholds of each MBFG dominance in six man-made lakes located in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil. Our results showed clear MBFG association with lakes' trophic states. The dominant groups in mesotrophic conditions were members of MBFGs V (unicellular flagellates) and VI (non-flagellated with a siliceous exoskeleton), and in meso-eutrophic MBFG IV (medium size without specialized traits) dominated. Conversely, MBFG VII (with mucilage and aerotopes) and VIII (nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria) dominated mostly under eutrophic conditions, though linked to shallower euphotic zones. Light and phosphorous were the most important environmental thresholds associated with MBFG's dominance. Overall, most of the lakes displayed seasonal differences in environmental filters. In contrast to what was expected, the rainy season was associated with higher nutrients, suspended solids, and reduced euphotic depth compared to the dry season. Our results, overall, show that the effects of seasonality varied across lakes and highlight eutrophication as the main environmental factor for MBFG selection suggesting reduced seasonality effects during dry years in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article does not aim to erase the border, rather vague, between natural and artificial languages, but to offer the researcher in the field of language analysis a useful tool for their logical generation and interpretation. After processing the available literature and setting the theoretical framework, a case study was conducted concerning the application of the functional approach in natural languages, and the obtained results indicate the following conclusion: The only difference between functional and natural language is that the condition of interrupting recursive calls may be external to the calling auto function in the case of natural language. Basically, once the message is understood or transmitted, it leaves the loop, this aspect being part of the communication protocol between people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drama reflects everyday life of a certain linguistic community. It reflects all the changes which occur either in the language itself or in the society. Any play is based on the notion of action which is represented through verbs of movement. The functional approach towards analyzing such verbs seems to be reasonable as it may result in acquiring the knowledge of the models according to which communication is built. Once synergetic approach is applied, one will learn the way the two main parts of a play the dialogue and the authors remark interact. The research is based on 300 verbs of movement which are distributed into several periods. The first period under consideration is the Renaissance of the English culture (14751660). The second period is the Restoration and the Age of Normalization (second half of XVII XVIII). The third period starts with the XIX century. In this paper the XXI century is analyzed separately due to the tremendous changes it has brought both to the English language and the English-speaking community. The diachronic approach allows to see how verbs of movement developed their functions from being secondary to becoming essential for expressing emotional, axiological and aesthetic aspects. The material of the recent century being scarce, it is possible only to see the main tendencies of further dynamics.

AbstractAspect refers to different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation. It is divided into grammatical and lexical aspects. The focus of “grammatical aspect” is on the event being completed, in progress, or prospective, while in “lexical aspect”, such characteristics as dynamicity, duration, and telicity are considered based on the inherent meaning of the verb. Predicates referring to future are usually different from those denoting past or present; the events related to the past have happened, those related to the present are in progress, and a prospective event refers to the possibility of its occurrence in future, thus being neither true nor false at the moment of speaking. Speakers talk about the events related to future in various syntactic and morphological forms with different degrees of certainty. The objective of this paper was to analyze the prospective aspect of Aktionsart in Persian based on a functional approach so as to determine which aspectual classes could be used in prospective aspect. The data were collected from the spoken and written sentences used in the websites, mass media, and daily conversations. Considering data showed that most state verbs, due to the non-agentivity of their subject, cannot denote prospective aspect, but in some cases context is determinative in representing prospectivity. The distinction between progression and prospective aspect in activity verbs is mostly context-dependent. Progression in achievement verbs usually refers to the events that will happen imminently, while the possibility of the event to happen imminently or distantly from the present moment can be represented in accomplishments with regard to the context. Therefore, perfective, imperfective, and perfect aspects could represent prospective aspect of Aktionsart in Persian regarding some contextual characteristics.Keywords: Prospective Aspect, Aktionsart, Grammatical Aspect, Functional Approach, Persian IntroductionOne function of language is to represent things that happen in the world and the participants involved in those situations are named reference and predication. The phenomena in the world or “state of affairs” are grouped into 4 basic types: situation, event, process, and action (Van Valin and Lapolla, 1997: 82). Based on these states of affairs, Vendler (1967) classified verbs into 4 main types, including state, activity, achievement, and accomplishment, which are known as “lexical aspect” or “Aktionsart”. These classes are distinguished by characteristics, such as stativity, telicity, and duration. States do not involve action, lack an inherent endpoint, and usually refer to internal feelings, properties, and locations. Activities involve action but have no inherent endpoints. Achievements are instantaneous changes of state that create a new situation, while accomplishments are the changes of state that take place over a longer time (Pavey, 2010:94-98).Grammatical aspect that is expressed by some auxiliaries and inflections (Comrie, 1976: 9) is sometimes called “viewpoint aspect” (Smith, 1997: 126) or “outer aspect” (Travis, 2010: 2). For example, in the sentence “Ali david” (Ali ran), it seems that the speaker is looking at the situation from outside, while in “Ali dārad mi-davad” (Ali is running), the internal structure of the situation is focused on without considering its beginning and end and the sentence “Ali dar Olympic-e 2025 mi-davad" (Ali runs in the Olympic Games in 2025) refers to an event that may happen in future. These sentences have perfective, imperfective, and prospective aspects, respectively. As Dinsmore (1982) has stated, we talk about situations as they happen chronologically. Different structures in Persian, such as simple past, present progressive, and some perfect structures, can represent prospective aspect. This paper investigated prospective aspect of Aktionsart in Persian based on a functional approach in order to determine which aspectual classes could denote prospective aspect. The data were gathered from the written and spoken sources used in the websites, mass media, and daily conversations. The data were classified into different lexical aspects and those having prospective aspect were then investigated. Materials and MethodsTemporal information related to eventualities is stated in various ways in different languages. For instance, tense refers to an event situation regarding other tenses, such as past, present, and future, while aspect refers to internal temporal constituency of that situation; hence, they refer to situation-external time and situation-internal time, respectively (Comrie, 1976: 5). Events referring to future, which are known as prospective as Cheung (2017) has noted, need the two components of futurity and expectancy of the event. According to Coghill (2010), differences in the form and function of prospective construction and future tense reflect different origins and ages of the two mentioned constructions. The difference is that prospective construction refers to the present state that exists before a future situation and may or may not occur. In other words, it does not predict a future situation. Furthermore, prospective forms, which accept inanimate subjects, differ from intention forms (Nevskaya, 2005). According to Rafiei (2017), 4 constructions represent prospective forms of in Persian: present progressive with “dāštan” (to have), “xāstan” (to want), “raftan” (to go), and the idiomatic construction “dar šorof-e” with infinitive and verb “be”. In Persian, some aspectual classes can represent events occurring in future, which was investigated in this paper. Discussion and ConclusionIn the recent grammar books of Persian, the auxiliary “xāstan” (“to want”) that is inflected for person and number, besides implying the past stem of the main verb, is mostly introduced as a future construction (Bateni, 1969; Shafaei, 1984; NatelKhanlari, 1991; Anvari and Givi, 1991; Lazard, 1992; Mahootiyan, 1997), while future can be expressed in other syntactic or morphological forms as well. As Dahl (2000: 313) has stated, there is a preparatory context in prospective aspect that is already in place at the time of speaking and its outcome is an extrapolation, while a state of affair is predicted in a dedicated future tense. For example, the sentence “Goldān dārad mi-oftad” (The vase is falling) refers to an event that may occur imminently despite progression of the achievement verb or in the sentence “Vaghti man residam, zang mi-zanam” (When I arrive, I will call), the achievement verb in perfective aspect refers to an event that may occur after speech time in future. In “Ta fardā, nāme rā nevešte-am” (Till tomorrow, I will have written the letter), the perfect aspect of the accomplishment verb actually refers to the completion of the verb in future. In this sentence, the temporal adverb and positive form of the sentence are the important factors for denoting future. Investigating prospective aspect of Aktionsart in Persian in this study revealed that state verbs could not denote prospective aspect due to non-agentivity of their subjects and their contexts were determinative in most cases. Activity verbs in perfective, imperfective, and perfect aspects could refer to prospective aspect if they had some adverbs denoting future time. Imperfective aspect in achievement verbs usually refers to imminent future as noted by Rezai (2012) and Gyarmathy (2015). Depending on the existence of a future temporal adverb and the positive form of a verb, accomplishment verbs in imperfective and perfect aspects could denote prospective aspect and otherwise, their common function would be understood.

The article presents the authors` position on the development and application of a functional approach to the design and development of intelligent control systems for technical objects of various nature (cyberphysical systems) based on the principles of complex engineering. Complex engineering and a functional approach can, for example, be used together to manage such complex technical objects as intelligent buildings, which in the future allows us to transfer their functioning to a higher level of efficiency not only of the management object itself, but also of the hierarchy of its super – systems from the municipality and the region to the state as a whole. However, the system approach can also be applied in conjunction with complex engineering, which allows us, at least partially, to smooth out certain shortcomings of the functional approach, which are manifested when it is applied exclusively within the framework of system engineering when considering aspects of managing cyber-physical systems with a high degree of intelligence based on the system approach.The authors clearly show the techniques and methods of this set of complex engineering, functional and system approaches in the proposed article using infographic models. Complex engineering allows you to solve the problem of transferring the control object to a connected intellectualized control complex, which, in turn, increases the level of its intelligence. At the same time, the authors use an interdisciplinary approach, since it is the most effective one when considering complex cyberphysical systems. Complex engineering initially includes an interdisciplinary approach, which allows us to apply it to the analysis and study of cyberphysical systems with the subsequent application of already a functional approach to solving problems of intellectualization. According to the authors, this will allow us to reach new frontiers in the field of creating “smart” systems for managing technological and managerial processes in various branches of human economic activity.

Process capability of simple linear profiles (SLPs) has been already measured by functional process capability indices ( C p (p r o f i l e) and C p k (p r o f i l e)), which are unable to distinguish between on-target and off-target processes. Hence, in this paper, we develop traditional loss-based indices for simple linear profiles using a functional approach. These new indices are based on the Taguchi loss function and can adequately reflect process mean deviations from the target value. The performance of the proposed indices and existing ones are studied using simulation studies. The simulation results show that the proposed methods outperform the existing functional indices regarding smaller mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE) metrics. Also, a procedure is introduced to determine minimum number of profile samples for the estimation of proposed indices. In addition, bootstrap confidence intervals are constructed for the proposed indices. Finally, a real case study is given to show the application of the proposed indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Czech philologists actively worked on the cultivated variant of the language. In the 1930s, the Prague Linguistic Circle proposed a theory of standard language and language culture, based on the functional criterion, which has become the basis of all reflection on Czech standard language till today. In the 1990s and 2000s, some bohemists considered the standard Czech thus conceived as an imposed code, in conflict with everyday uses, and sought to propose new solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of creating hybrid processing processes based on the functional approach are given. It is proposed to consider the formation of individual elements of the product (planes, holes, fillets, ledges) through functions that are provided by a combination of such elements. At the same time, the required depth of technological influences is analyzed, based on which a set of influences that are different in nature, but compatible, on some basic carrier, is selected. It is proposed to use a high-speed liquid flow as such a carrier. Hybridization of a tool based on a water jet of small diameter can be achieved by combining with laser heating, cryogenic cooling, and the formation of a flow of ice particles, mechanical initiation of surface damage with further development of surface defects. The high efficiency of hybrid processes for processing composite materials is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper is devoted to the development of methodological foundations of bank lending to industrial enterprises in accordance with the formation of new economic relations based on the priority of knowledge, deepening of digitalization and dissemination of ideas of social ecology in its broad sense. In particular, the article is clarified the economic essence of the concept of «bank lending to industrial enterprises» through the prism of a set of scientific approaches. The modern principles of implementation of bank lending to industrial enterprises are also formulated in this article. A comprehensive refinement of the economic content of the concept under study was carried out using the institutional, functional and reproductive approaches of scientific cognition. Each of the scientific approaches has contributed to a comprehensive disclosure of the characteristics of bank lending to industry. As a result of using an institutional scientific approach to disclose the economic essence of bank lending to industrial enterprises, a species structure of its institutional environment was formulated. It was reasoned that the institutional environment of bank lending to industrial enterprises should be structured in terms of the following components: financial institution (in which banks, especially industrial banks, play a special role); production and technology institution (in which innovative industrial enterprises and smart industry enterprises play a special role); legal institution; industrial lending infrastructure institution; sustainable finance institution; institutional arrangements and its social relations. Through the functional approach, a number of functions of the financial and economic nature of bank credit and the activities of industrial enterprises were traced in a cause-and-effect relationship. The reproductive approach of scientific cognition has helped to reveal the economic essence of bank lending to industrial enterprises, emphasizing its role in reproductive processes and its importance for the development of the whole economy. The formulated principles of bank lending to industrial enterprises are in line with current trends in financial and credit relations between banks and industry, and also take into account the basic principles of the transition to a knowledge-based economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines approaches to the monitoring of paraprofessional activities in the field of social work on the example of international and Ukrainian experience. The article aims to highlight alternative options for monitoring the work of paraprofessional social workers: on the basis of social services, within the inclusion in an intradisciplinary team, as well as in the format of individual activities of paraprofessionals in society. Based on the results of a desk study of international experience in monitoring the activities of paraprofessional communities, analysis of monitoring reports and surveys of public advisers in Ukraine who are paraprofessionals and work individually in small communities, practical issues of monitoring procedures for paraprofessionals are considered. The complexity of monitoring the activities of this network is connected with the fact that the functions of community advisers are new to the practice of Ukrainian social work, since everyone in this network works in his / her own format. In the context of this monitoring complexity, the analysis was made on the limitations of existing monitoring procedures of the network of public advisers. The results of this study revealed the limitations of formalized and functional approaches to the analysis of paraprofessionals in social work, such as: ineffective approach to paraprofessionals whose functions are blurred, lack of motivation and perception of monitoring procedures as control by professionals. In addition, taking into consideration the demand from the community of public advisers, some alternative approaches to monitoring the activities of paraprofessional volunteers have been proposed, including the motivation-centred approach based on the supervision of public advisers in the performance of their functions.

The article reflects the linguistic and stylistic analysis of the prose of the modern American writer W. Le Guin in terms of its emotional significance and colour, as well as analysis of the methods and techniques used by the writer to create “emotional subtext” on the example of stories from the series “Earthsea”. The consistent analysis of language tools by language levels from lower to higher in the story from the trilogy of W. Le Guin “Earthsea” – “Wizard of Earthsea” has been performed. It is established that stylistic devices at the phonographic level (alliteration, assonance, capitalization) play a significant role in the oeuvre of the writer, as well as create powerful emotional effects and logical emphasis. Stylistic techniques of the lexical level (metaphor, personification, affective and metaphorical epithets, nonsense, hyperbole, oxymoron) are original, unusual and vivid, are used to create a plot, describe the unfolding of events, landscapes and characters. They in a way contribute to the atmosphere of reading and are certain components in the reproduction of the fantastic world of storytelling. The largest number of stylistic devices at the syntactic level of linguistic-stylistic analysis has been recorded, among them: anaphora and epiphora, parallel constructions, polysyndeton, asyndeton, inversion, ellipsis and aposiopesis (pause), punctuation separation of subordinate clauses, etc. These techniques bring a logical emphasis, lead to a very strong emotional, expressive, rhythmic effect during the perception of the text by the reader. It is emphasized that the most important role in creating the outer fabric of the work, reflecting the author’s own style, is played by stylistic techniques of lexical and syntactic level. Among them are the methods of comparison, antithesis, growth and culmination, and so on. The article gives examples of successful use of the writer’s synthesis of various stylistic devices, which achieves the effect of increased emotional perception, a fairly accurate description of the atmosphere in which the action takes place, as well as the feelings and experiences of the characters. It is concluded that the linguistic and stylistic analysis of the best literary works contribute to the enrichment and expansion of language, the introduction of vivid stylistic devices, increasing the expressiveness and artistry of speech, creating an emotional connotation. The linguistic-stylistic analysis of U. Le Guin`s story “The Wizard of The Earthsea” from the series “Earthsea” on the phonographic, morphological, lexical-semantic and syntactic levels has made it possible to identify a number of stylistic devices used to create a certain artistic subtext. The study and research of linguistic-stylistic expressive means of the best literary works, including the works of U. Le Guin, contributes to the enrichment and expansion of language, the introduction of bright stylistic techniques, increasing the expressiveness and art of speech, creating an emotional connotation. Prospects for further research can be seen in the linguistic-stylistic analysis of other works by U. Le Guin, written in the fantasy genre, in order to determine the features of the author’s style and an invariant set of stylistic techniques that characterize her author’s handwriting and create recognition effect.

One way to ensure the economic reliability of industrial enterprises in modern conditions of digitalization of the economy is to form mechanisms of economic reliability of intellectual infrastructure of technological development of industrial enterprises, which are adequate to these conditions. The work presents the results of the study aimed at justifying and choosing a methodological approach to the formation of mechanisms of economic reliability of the intellectual infrastructure of technological development of industrial enterprises subject to digital transformation of business processes, which causes theoretical significance and novelty of the results obtained. The methodological basis of the study is the popular scientific methods of classification, generalization, comparison, analysis

Assessments of the economic security of the State along with other components (for example, resources) are the basis for its provision, which determines the relevance of the assessment of the security of the country’s economy. In assessing the economic security of the State, the starting position is to understand the content of this category, which provides an answer to the question of what constitutes the economic security of the State. Further operationalization of the constructs of the selected approach to the interpretation of the content of the category of «economic security of the State» directly lays the foundations of the methodical base of its assessment. The most common in assessing the economic security of the State is the functional approach, which provides for the allocation of a number of components of economic security of the State, which, as a rule, is not specified in the attributes of determining the category of «economic security of the State». According to the analysis of the application of the functional approach in the assessment of the economic security of the State, contradictory aspects have been found, which are caused by the inconsistency of the main directions of assessment of the constructs of the category of «economic security of the State» (as a rule, the main directions of evaluation coincide with the results of the functioning of the national economy system). In order to overcome the identified contradictory aspects, the definition of the category «economic security of the State», consisting of three constructs, is suggested; in each case 5-6 primary quantitative indicators are selected for the operationalization of them. The assessment of the economic security of the State used temporal form of indicators, which has several undoubted advantages, which, in particular, include the receipt of assessments of changes in the economic security of the State during the analyzed period. The operationalization of the proposed construct approach to the assessment of the economic security of the State allows to obtain a quantitative dynamic assessment for each of its constructs, which are adequate to (correspond to) the selected definition of the content of the category «economic security of the State». The proposed construct approach to assessing the economic security of the State and its operationalization allow to avoid the primary indicators, necessary in the use of functional approach of rationing of the different in nature and dimension, their multiple convolution, which inevitably affects the quality of assessments of economic security of the State, because to some extent distorts and impersonates them.

MONOGRAFÍA: ENSEÑANZA DE LA GRAMÁTICA EN ELE: RESULTADOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y NUEVAS PROPUESTAS La enseñanza de la gramática del español en Taiwán, al igual que como tradicionalmente se enseña para las demás lenguas europeas en los países del extremo Oriente, se ha venido impartiendo de manera desvinculada de la competencia discursiva y del conjunto de las destrezas comunicativas y saberes pragmáticos y culturales que supone el aprendizaje de un idioma culturalmente muy distante. El excluir la práctica oral y la creatividad, impidiendo de este modo suscitar ambientes comunicativos, no solo produce dificultades en el aprendizaje integrado de la lengua en su conjunto, sino que aumenta la pasividad ya innata del alumnado y, en muchos casos, produce una gran desmotivación en ellos por cuanto ven frustrada la consecución de unos objetivos básicos de interacción y funcionalidad comunicativa que se deberían propiciar al aprender un idioma extranjero. Por este motivo, es altamente beneficioso proponer la puesta en marcha de un nuevo enfoque que haga las necesarias correcciones a las limitaciones de las que adolece la enseñanza tradicional. Para ello es indispensable conocer, partiendo incluso de un nivel filosófico y cultural, el proceso diacrónico que rige el pensamiento occidental hispánico y el idioma, para de este modo poder reconocer también en su debida profundidad las diferencias que se generan desde la mentalidad china y oriental. Y, por otra parte, para que pueda ser efectivamente funcional y comunicativo el enfoque dialógico-funcional, que consiste en comprender que la gramática castellana solo puede enseñarse de modo diacrónico –desinstalándola de la sincronía del chino– con base en un diseño funcional que haga efectivo y real el uso comunicativo, en principio tendríamos que reestructurar la programación, selección y secuenciación de las funciones comunicativas que servirían de soporte didáctico, para de este modo poder integrar la propuesta a la enseñanza de la gramática en los centros de estudio de los países extremo orientales, comenzando por Taiwán. ABSTRACT The teaching of Spanish grammar in Taiwan, as is traditionally taught for the other European languages in the far East countries, has been imparted in a way delinked from the discursive competence, the communicative and pragmatic abilities and the cultural knowledge that entails learning a culturally very distant language. Excluding oral practice and creativity, thus preventing the creation of communicative environments, not only causes difficulties in learning the language as a whole, but increases the already innate passivity of students and, in many cases, produces a great demotivation in them because they don’t achieve basic objectives such as interaction and communicative functionality that should be conducive to learning a language. For this reason, it is highly beneficial to propose the start-up of a new approach that will make the necessary correction to the limitations of traditional teaching. For these purposes, it is essential to know, starting even from a philosophical and cultural level, the diachronic process that governs the Western Hispanic thought and the language, so as to be able to recognize in its proper depth the differences from the Chinese and oriental mentality. And on the other hand, for the dialogic-functional approach, which consists in understanding that Castilian grammar can only be taught in a diachronic way –uninstalling of Chinese synchrony– based on a functional design that makes effective and real the communicative use, to be effectively functional and communicative, in principle we would have to restructure the programming, selection and sequencing of the communicative functions that would serve as didactic support, in order to be able to integrate the Proposal to the teaching of grammar in the study centres of the extreme eastern countries, starting with Taiwan.