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Patients with unilateral (left or right) medial temporal lobe lesions and normal control (NC) volunteers participated in two experiments, both using a duration bisection procedure. Experiment 1 assessed discrimination of auditory and visual signal durations ranging from 2 to 8 s, in the same test session. Patients and NC participants judged auditory signals as longer than equivalent duration visual signals. The difference between auditory and visual time discrimination was equivalent for the three groups, suggesting that a unilateral temporal lobe resection does not modulate the modality effect. To document interval-timing abilities after temporal lobe resection for different duration ranges, Experiment 2 investigated the discrimination of brief, 50-200 ms, auditory durations in the same patients. Overall, patients with right temporal lobe resection were found to have more variable duration judgments across both signal modality and duration range. These findings suggest the involvement of the right temporal lobe at the level of the decision process in temporal discriminations. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.)

Copyright of JMD: Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, the students' achievements in learning Calculus, before and during COVID-19 crisis, are analyzed and compared. Two groups of students, the experimental and the control one, were monitored. Both groups worked in three corresponding subgroups (traditional, hybrid and online) in the frame of different learning environment. The distance learning was applied with the students in the experimental group, in autumn 2020, during COVID-19 crisis, while the control group students learned in autumn 2019, before COVID-19 crisis. The new teaching material was prepared for the students in the experimental group. The comparison between these two groups and their subgroups is described in this paper. It turned out that the students from the experimental group, who used new teaching material for distance learning, had better results than the students in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kimchi is a Korean traditional vegetable fermented food with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fermented kimchi contains live LAB (probiotics), dietary fibers (prebiotics) and dead LAB and fermented metabolites (postbiotics), and it may have various health benefits. The taste and functionalities of kimchi are dependent on its main ingredients and subingredients, fermentation conditions, LAB in the fermentation, etc. There are many types of kimchi, but Baechu kimchi is the most popular and commonly used kimchi in Korea. Baechu kimchi is prepared by LAB fermentation of Baechu cabbage mixed with other subingredients such as radish, green onion, red pepper powder, garlic, ginger and fermented small sea fishes. Kimchi contains high levels of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other functional components and fermented metabolites. Various studies have reported on kimchi and its antimutagenic and anticancer, antioxidative and antiaging, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Fermented kimchi contains high levels of LAB (108–9 CFU/g) and LAB also contribute functionalities to kimchi. We will discuss the process of manufacturing kimchi, fermentation of kimchi and related microorganisms. Though it briefly discuss on the general functionalities of kimchi, we will focus on the history and functions of the antiobesity, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects of kimchi in detail with better taste and preservation period. To increase the antiobesity and anticancer functions of kimchi we will introduce kimchi recipes, salt kinds, other added ingredients, etc. It was finally discussed on postbiotics in kimchi and their health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting resilience is highly relevant to preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. For coral reefs, parrotfish protection emerged as a mainstream action for reversing the degradation experienced by these systems. The rationale is that restoring their populations will increase grazing activity and reinforce control of fast‐growing macroalgae, facilitating coral cover recovery. A lack of a link between parrotfish trends and macroalgae and coral cover trends at a large scale has, however, often been the case. Suggesting more complex underlying dynamics that should be reexamined. In this review, we discuss how lumping parrotfish species as if they were functionally redundant may obscure trends. And how a lack of appreciation of other functions around the parrotfish paradigm, specifically bioerosion, may have unforeseen and potentially adverse effects on degraded reefs. We show that bioerosion responded more directly and quickly to spatial and temporal changes in parrotfish assemblages than macroalgae consumption, arguably due to the varying vulnerability among Caribbean parrotfishes to fisheries and habitat loss. For highly degraded reefs, positive changes in parrotfish populations could hence compromise the remaining coral skeleton structures and the reef framework, further accentuating reef degradation, where increases in macroalgae consumption could not necessarily compensate for higher rates of bioerosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although non-suicidal self-injury (i.e., NSSI) has been suggested as a robust risk factor of suicide, NSSI related information that is most related to suicide risk remains unclear. Commonly studied NSSI characteristics are its frequency and the number of methods endorsed. However, it may not be merely how frequent or how many different methods that matters, but "why," which alludes to the importance of NSSI functions (or why individuals engage in NSSI). Thus, this study examined how the interactions between NSSI characteristics and functions are associated with suicide risk. Methods: Undergraduate students (n = 820) with a lifetime history of NSSI, filled out self-report measures on NSSI and suicide risk. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderation effects between four 2-way interactions (i.e., method X intrapersonal; method X interpersonal; frequency X intrapersonal; frequency X interpersonal) on suicide risk. Results: Main effects of all four independent variables were statistically significant. In terms of interactions, the intrapersonal function moderated both the effects of NSSI frequency and methods on suicide risk, whereas the interpersonal function moderated the effects of NSSI frequency on suicide risk. Conclusion: Our results highlight that some NSSI related information than others are more indicative of suicide risk. In particular, the combination of NSSI functions, along with its frequency and number of methods, holds promise when assessing for current and lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If money is used in a market setting, and if it fulfils its three traditional functions well, this creates normative problems. Arguably, the two most pressing problems linked to markets – inequality and corruption – are partly caused by the prevailing monetary design. Given the history of suggested monetary reforms, one might reasonably hope that, by consciously re-designing the functions of a currency, one might overcome these issues. This essay argues that there are clear moral limits to this. Because of the way inequality and corruption are intertwined via money's functions, we cannot simultaneously overcome both problems. This also means that even though these problems have monetary causes, they do not have purely monetary solutions, but need to be addressed relying on fiscal or market reform as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamb's Problem, a cornerstone in theoretical seismology, investigates the displacement of an elastic half-space due to surficial or buried point sources. Although the exact closed-form solution for surface displacements from surficial sources is well established, the solutions for buried sources in the 3D case have remained limited, either confined to integral forms or applicable only for certain Poisson's ratios. This study addresses this gap by generalizing the existing closed-form solutions to accommodate Poisson's ratio for buried sources. Our solutions are expressed in terms of elementary algebraic expressions, elliptic integrals, and Gauss hypergeometric functions. The derived solution is validated by numerical tests. With the newly derived solution, we also explore the properties of the leaking mode, which stems from the complex conjugate roots of the Rayleigh equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpus-based studies of lexical bundles have opened new avenues for language teaching research. The fact that naturally occurring language consists of patterns of lexical repetition and multi-word units has given rise to the question of chunkiness in learner language. This study was designed to examine lexical bundles and their functions in a small, specialized learner corpus of opinion paragraphs written by Saudi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at the University of Jeddah. The study takes a frequency-driven approach to identify common lexical bundles. A learner corpus of 237 writing tasks produced by Saudi undergraduate students from 11 different sections is compiled and explored. The primary aim was to identify high-frequency five-word lexical bundles and explore their functions in the learner corpus, as well as investigate any distributional differences in bundle use across the various student sections. The findings revealed that learners utilized lexical bundles primarily to serve four key functions: expressing stance, supporting a point, introducing an item, and making recommendations. Notably, variations were observed in the distribution of these functional categories among the different student groups. The study concludes by outlining some pedagogical applications for educators and language practitioners, highlighting the value of learner corpus-informed approaches to enhancing learners' awareness and mastery of lexical patterning in academic writing. By better understanding the role of formulaic language in learner production, instructors can tailor their teaching to more effectively support students' linguistic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to investigate the problem of globalization and transformation processes in contemporary education under the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on the basis of systemic literature review, to examine AI implications in education and to outline the opportunities for AI research in future. To achieve the objective, we analyzed 159 articles published in Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCO, PubMed, Index Copernicus, and Google Scholar databases between 2019 and 2023. The research was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement in four phases: reference search, selection of relevant papers, specific analysis, evaluation of publications' contributions and preparing the review. The results show that a great number of scientific publications are related to AI research. We found that most of the articles were published in Asia, Europe, and North America in 2022. AI tools are most used while training medical students, information technologies (IT) specialists, engineers, business or management students. The analysis of publications showed that AI is used for data analytics, introduction of personalized learning, providing feedback, online learning, and automated assessment most often. We consider that AI-driven technologies currently play an important role in education and the number of publications testify that its implementations will extend in future. The study has contributions for outlining the role of AI-related tools in educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saudi Vision 2030 initiative is critical to boosting national development, particularly in the construction industry. The construction industry is getting a lot of attention in a variety of ways, the most visible of which is the promotion of best practices, including project management office (PMO) applications. Hail province, like others, is experiencing project delivery issues. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the most suitable PMO model for Hail public construction projects. A literature review included an examination of the driving factors for establishing PMOs in construction firms, as well as PMO models and typologies that describe their functions. Therefore, those driving factors and PMO models were examined in a focus group to explore their suitability in the context of Hail. The research findings revealed that the Enterprise PMO is the main model for Hail public construction projects, followed, respectively, by the Program Management Office model and the Project Management Center of Excellence (PMCOE). This method of selection for a PMO model encourages construction companies and related businesses to change in order to improve the sector while also addressing construction project delivery challenges in Hail province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School leadership plays a crucial role to quality education. Social changes have led to an increase in school principals' competencies, responsibilities, and demands. There are significant gaps in the literature on school leadership and limitations in the study of principals' responsibilities. This study aimed to analyse whether principals consider the competencies assigned to them by educational legislation to be within their scope. Participants were 394 principals from state-owned schools in Andalusia, southern Spain. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were performed. We identified four competencies that the principals believed they were unable to effectively assume within the Andalusian educational context: (1) awarding contracts for construction, services, or supplies; (2) authorising expenditures, arranging payments, and preparing the school budget; (3) promoting the qualifications and training of teaching staff; and (4) supervising non-teaching staff in the school. This study emphasises the need of a comprehensive reevaluation of how competencies assigned to school principals are managed, highlighting the significance of incorporating principals' perspectives. For future research, we recommend exploring alternative approaches in competency management to enhance their effectiveness and relevance in the educational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and play a role in the innate immune response by being the first cells attracted to the site of infection. While early studies presented neutrophils as almost exclusively glycolytic cells, recent advances show that these cells use several metabolic pathways other than glycolysis, such as the pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and glutaminolysis, which they modulate to perform their functions. Metabolism shifts from fatty acid oxidation–mediated mitochondrial respiration in immature neutrophils to glycolysis in mature neutrophils. Tissue environments largely influence neutrophil metabolism according to nutrient sources, inflammatory mediators, and oxygen availability. Inhibition of metabolic pathways in neutrophils results in impairment of certain effector functions, such as NETosis, chemotaxis, degranulation, and reactive oxygen species generation. Alteration of these neutrophil functions is implicated in certain human diseases, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019, and bronchiectasis. Metabolic regulators such as AMPK, HIF-1α, mTOR, and Arf6 are linked to neutrophil metabolism and function and could potentially be targeted for the treatment of diseases associated with neutrophil dysfunction. This review details the effects of alterations in neutrophil metabolism on the effector functions of these cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces a newer hybrid method (HAIS-GA) of optimizing and choosing the ideal machining parameters for cryogenic processing. It depends on two late methodologies genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial immune system (AIS), which are connected to numerous troublesome combinatorial streamlining issues with specific qualities and shortcomings. These developmental calculations are proposed to find the best arrangement of process factors for the clashing prerequisites in multi objective capacities. Hybrid model optimization also comes with challenges, such as selecting the right combination of techniques, tuning parameters, potential increases in complexity, and the need for expertise in multiple optimization methods. The key reason for this hybrid approach (HAIS-GA) is the improvement in the results that is achieved due to the characteristics of GA and AIS. Three test functions are employed to compare the outcomes in terms of these functions' ability to achieve the lowest value. Cryogenic processing is used to validate the optimised values that were obtained. The attained results showcase that HAIS-GA approach, in conclusion exhibits a more favourable minimal objective function within a reasonable duration. Due to the nature of Unrestricting to local optima, and it being self-adaptive HAIS-GA provides better result compared to GA and AIS. Based on the least value of the objective function and time for each method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Kimchi is a Korean traditional vegetable fermented food with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fermented kimchi contains live LAB (probiotics), dietary fibers (prebiotics) and dead LAB and fermented metabolites (postbiotics), and it may have various health benefits. The taste and functionalities of kimchi are dependent on its main ingredients and subingredients, fermentation conditions, LAB in the fermentation, etc. There are many types of kimchi, but Baechu kimchi is the most popular and commonly used kimchi in Korea. Baechu kimchi is prepared by LAB fermentation of Baechu cabbage mixed with other subingredients such as radish, green onion, red pepper powder, garlic, ginger and fermented small sea fishes. Kimchi contains high levels of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other functional components and fermented metabolites. Various studies have reported on kimchi and its antimutagenic and anticancer, antioxidative and antiaging, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Fermented kimchi contains high levels of LAB (108–9 CFU/g) and LAB also contribute functionalities to kimchi. We will discuss the process of manufacturing kimchi, fermentation of kimchi and related microorganisms. Though it briefly discuss on the general functionalities of kimchi, we will focus on the history and functions of the antiobesity, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects of kimchi in detail with better taste and preservation period. To increase the antiobesity and anticancer functions of kimchi we will introduce kimchi recipes, salt kinds, other added ingredients, etc. It was finally discussed on postbiotics in kimchi and their health benefits.

The article is a review of the book by three Czech museum experts - M.J. Půček, M. Plaček and F. Ochrana Museum Management: Opportunities and Threats for Successful Museums (Springer International Publishing; 2021. 176 p.). The authors consider museums as the most important institutions for preserving and transmitting information about the past, emphasizing their important social role confirmed by the huge number of museums (according to UNESCO data for 2020 - 95 thousand) and their visitors (annually from 10 thousand in the smallest museums to 10 million in the largest and most famous ones). The book will be useful and interesting for the sociologist, since it shows that the museum functions are not limited to aesthetic experience or educational impact. Museums provide essential information about the development of society and its subsystems in the form of “collections of the past”, i.e. museums help us to consider current problems and phenomena retrospectively - through exhibitions creatively organized, systematically selected and “adapted” to different perceptions. To perform such diverse functions, the museum should be perceived as a special organization that requires clear strategic management, especially of opportunities and risks, and the authors outline those management paths that can make a museum popular and successful.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be motivated by a broad range of functions and many individuals report multiple reasons for self-injuring. Most NSSI research has involved predominantly female samples and few studies have examined gender similarities and differences in function endorsement. We characterise the prevalence and versatility of NSSI functions within a gender-diverse online sample of cisgender women (cis-women ; n = 280), cisgender men (cis-men ; n = 176), and transgender, non-binary, and other gender non-conforming young adults (TGNC; n = 80) age 18–30 (M = 23.73, SD = 3.55). The Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI-F) assessed 24 intrapersonal and social functions across nine domains: affect regulation, self-punishment, anti-dissociation, anti-suicide, sensation seeking, sexuality, interpersonal influence, and body image. TGNC participants and cis-women were significantly more likely to report intrapersonally motivated NSSI and greater function versatility than cis-men. Low mood, emotional distress, suicidality, and trauma symptomology appeared to contribute to gender differences in function endorsement. Gender similarities also emerged; across groups, intrapersonal functions were substantially more common than social functions, and the most endorsed domains were affect regulation and self-punishment. No domains were gender specific. The OSI-F was developed from majority female samples and may not adequately capture the experiences of other gender groups. Interventions which reduce distress and strengthen emotion regulation are likely to benefit individuals who self-injure regardless of gender. However, most individuals report multiple NSSI functions and person-centred interventions which address this complexity are needed. Future research should develop gender-informed treatment models which consider the unique experiences of TGNC individuals and cis-men who self-injure. • We address the knowledge gap about NSSI among TGNC individuals and cisgender men. • The prevalence and versatility of NSSI functions significantly differs by gender. • NSSI is primarily motivated by affect regulation and self-punishment across genders. • Most participants in all gender groups report multiple reasons for NSSI. • Person-centred interventions should consider each individual's reasons for NSSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance‐related comparisons (A‐RCs) in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are under researched despite their probable role in disorder maintenance. The present study therefore aimed to explore the nature (frequency, direction and automaticity), and functions of A‐RCs in BDD. N = 43 including people with BDD (n = 23) and controls (n = 20) matched approximately on age and sex were recruited. A mixture of standardized and devised questionnaires on body image and A‐RCs were completed. A‐RCs were significantly more frequent, generally more upward (to more attractive standards of comparison), and more automatic in people with BDD relative to the control group. People with BDD also held significantly stronger agreement with beliefs about A‐RCs as serving functions of: self‐evaluation, self‐improvement, self‐enhancement, and in particular, self‐loathing (a way to confirm beliefs about physical unattractiveness) and social threat management. This research presents evidence that the nature and functions of A‐RCs in BDD have a role in this disorder's maintenance. Clinical implications, limitations, and future directions for research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let S denote the class of analytic and univalent (i.e., one-to-one) functions f (z) = z + ∑ n = 2 ∞ a n z n in the unit disk D = { z ∈ C : | z | < 1 } . For f ∈ S , In 1999, Ma proposed the generalized Zalcman conjecture that | a n a m - a n + m - 1 | ≤ (n - 1) (m - 1) , for n ≥ 2 , m ≥ 2 , with equality only for the Koebe function k (z) = z / (1 - z) 2 and its rotations. In the same paper, Ma (J Math Anal Appl 234:328–339, 1999) asked for what positive real values of λ does the following inequality hold? 0.1 | λ a n a m - a n + m - 1 | ≤ λ n m - n - m + 1 (n ≥ 2 , m ≥ 3). Clearly equality holds for the Koebe function k (z) = z / (1 - z) 2 and its rotations. In this paper, we prove the inequality (0.1) for λ = 3 , n = 2 , m = 3 . Further, we provide a geometric condition on extremal function maximizing (0.1) for λ = 2 , n = 2 , m = 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and function of microbial communities in aquaculture water bodies are important in the aquaculture ecosystem. To comprehensively and systematically evaluate the structure and functional composition of the microbial community in the water during Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) cultivation, the water quality indicators in the crab pond in Chongming District, Shanghai were monitored monthly from June to October 2022. The microbial species and functional structural characteristics in the water environment during the breeding period were analyzed based on metagenomics technology, and their relationships with environmental factors were discussed. The results showed that the major water quality indicators that exceeded the standard in the breeding pond were pH, permanganate index, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. During the breeding period, the diversity of the microbial community in the water body from June to August and the richness of the microbial community from July to August were high, and the dominant microbial phyla in the water body were mainly Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria, and Uroviricota. At the genus level, the top 10 dominant genera regarding abundance were significantly different among multiple groups. For example, the abundances of Microcystis bacteria in July and unclassified_o_Caudovirales viruses in August–October were significantly higher than those in other months. The primary function of microorganisms is metabolism, including energy metabolism, global and overview maps, and amino acid metabolism. Notable differences are present in the functional composition of different months; particularly, the abundance of metabolic pathways in June–July was significantly higher than that in August–October, and the dominant bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) were major contributors to the aforementioned functions. The influence trends of environmental factors on the structure and functional composition of microbial communities were consistent. Chlorophyll a and pH had the most significant impact on the structure and functional composition of microbial communities, whereas dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus had a slightly weaker impact. The pathogenic bacteria with a relatively large abundance in aquaculture water bodies are Salmonella enterica, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Staphylococcus aureus. The research results provide basic data for the study of microbial community structure and functional composition in water bodies of Chinese mitten crab breeding ponds and can provide a theoretical basis for aquaculture water quality control and ecosystem construction.

The article examines the functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings as an integral part of his/her criminal procedural status. The existing approaches to understanding the concept of “criminal procedural status” and its analogues are identified. It is noted that the function of the head of a pre-trial investigation body differs from the function of a prosecutor - procedural supervisor (at the pre-trial investigation stage) and a prosecutor supporting the public prosecution (at the trial stages of criminal proceedings). The above is determined by the prosecutor's powers which are determined by the criminal procedure law. The expediency of distinguishing four functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings is emphasized: procedural guidance, public prosecution, organisational and managerial function and quasi-judicial control function. Based on the analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine provisions which vest the head of a prosecution body with procedural powers, the article establishes that some of these functions are exercised by the head of a prosecution body depending on his/her specific position (Prosecutor General, head of a regional prosecution office, etc.). It is also established that the approaches to determining the criminal procedural status of participants to criminal proceedings (subjects of criminal proceedings) available in the current scientific literature through the use of the terms “legal status” and “procedural status” are inaccurate, although not entirely wrong. Their use significantly expands the content of this category, which is illogical. The functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings constitute the core, or basis, for determining his/her criminal procedural status in general, due to the close connection of this category with his/her powers (rights and obligations) in criminal proceedings, which opens up the possibility of studying other components of his/her status. It is also worth mentioning that under martial law, in certain circumstances, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office may also perform the supervisory function of the court. These powers are unique and inherent only to the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings. Thus, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office replaces the powers of the investigating judge to exercise the judicial control function, which indicates the quasi-judicial nature of such a function.

The aim of this study is to delve into the utilization of the mother tongue (Arabic) by English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in the Algerian context. Employing a qualitative approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews and observed nine first-year secondary school teachers across six schools in Batna city center, accumulating a total observation time of 16 hours. Analysis of both the interviews and classroom observations reveals that teachers primarily use L1 as an organizational and affective tool and occasionally as an academic one. In the former, it serves to manage the classroom, redirect the learners towards the task at hand, reproach them for not possessing prior knowledge, and express teachers’ frustration. In the latter, it is employed for explaining new vocabulary items and grammar rules, clarifying concepts and instructions, checking learners’ understanding, giving feedback, and bridging cultural gaps. Additionally, our findings indicate that L1 is used cautiously and only when deemed necessary, as teachers believe that its overuse hinders learning the target language (TL) and reinforces undesirable cognitive habits such as thinking in Arabic when using English.

Simple, inexpensive and relatively durable, the board seems a natural part of class. Paradoxically, considering it as a teaching technique in its own right (Cuq & Gruca, 2005) may seem surprising, but in reality, it is the most widespread technological medium in the classroom. Therefore, writing on the board is a practice considered an integral part of the teaching profession in order to streamline the transmission of knowledge. Despite the fact that its presence is almost systematic in all classes, its use and management are little studied. Reorganizing, witnessing interactions and materializing the transition from oral to written, the functions of the board are multiple, however, are teachers and learners aware of this? What representations do they have of the painting? Indeed, we attempted through a semi-directive interview, intended for 4th AM learners, to show whether they consider the whiteboard as a didactic tool and, to identify their representations in relation to the role that this tool would play in their learning in class, more particularly during a session of reading comprehension of an argumentative text. Furthermore, the preliminary results showed on the one hand the preponderant role played by the blackboard in the FFL class and on the other hand, that its management and organization are two factors which allowed optimal performance and a considerable contribution current teaching/learning techniques.

The article analyzes the role and significance of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. The analysis delves into both the merits and shortcomings of the approach, acknowledging initial limitations as well as those that emerged during subsequent development and structural reforms. The accumulated challenges over the thirty-year span of its operation underscore the necessity for reform and modernization of its norms to enhance constitutional law and legislation. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Constitution of the Russian Federation began to be subjected to meaningful and constructive criticism from the moment of its adoption as a document of the transition period. It is emphasized that advancing and refining national constitutional legislation is contingent upon drawing from progressive international practices and ensuring the preservation of social principles and traditional values inherent to its diverse populace. It is concluded that the provisions outlined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation serve as a fundamental component of the country's national security, providing legal assurance for the preservation of state sovereignty, independent domestic and foreign policies, as well as national and constitutional identity. The aim of this study is to argue for the imperative of comprehensive modernization of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It seeks to formulate specific recommendations and proposals for the Federal legislature to address current gaps and contradictions in its legal framework. The examination of changes and additions to the current Constitution of the Russian Federation during the constitutional reforms of 2014 and 2020 has highlighted significant deficiencies in the content of several provisions within Chapters 1 and 2, which remain unchanged. This underscores the imperative for further reform, not only within the constitutional mechanisms governing the functioning of the state apparatus but also across all branches of government in Russia. In achieving the research goal, the author drew upon contemporary cognitive methods identified and refined by legal science, validated through practical application. The research methodology was founded on a materialistic interpretation of the fundamental laws governing the development of the state and society, alongside a conceptual analysis of legal reality. This approach facilitated a comprehensive exploration of the categorical understanding of constitutional law and legislation, revealing their intricacies in inseparable unity with other legal phenomena and categories. Throughout the research, a combination of specific scientific and specialized methods of cognition were employed, including formal logical reasoning, historical analysis, synthesis, abstraction, and modeling, among others.

Abstract Recently, research on the human microbiome, especially concerning the bacteria within the digestive system, has substantially advanced. This exploration has unveiled a complex interplay between microbiota and health, particularly in the context of disease. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays vital roles in digestion, immunity and the synthesis of vitamins and neurotransmitters, highlighting its significance in maintaining overall health. Conversely, disruptions in these microbial communities, termed dysbiosis, have been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including digestive system cancers. These bacteria can influence cancer progression through mechanisms such as DNA damage, modulation of the tumour microenvironment, and effects on the host’s immune response. Changes in the composition and function within the tumours can also impact inflammation, immune response and cancer therapy effectiveness. These findings offer promising avenues for the clinical application of intratumoral bacteria for digestive system cancer treatment, including the potential use of microbial markers for early cancer detection, prognostication and the development of microbiome-targeted therapies to enhance treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pivotal roles played by gut microbiome bacteria in the development of digestive system cancers. Additionally, we delve into the specific contributions of intratumoral bacteria to digestive system cancer development, elucidating potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Ultimately, this review underscores the intricate interplay between intratumoral bacteria and digestive system cancers, underscoring the pivotal role of microbiome research in transforming diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic paradigms for digestive system cancers.

The transcription factors belonging to the Forkhead box (FOX) family are essential for the coordination of multiple cellular processes that are vital for the development of embryos, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and the genesis of diseases. Of these, FOXC1 stands out as a crucial regulator that has a significant impact both during and after organogenesis. One of the several transcription factors that make up the FOX family, FOXC1, is known for its ability to control cellular motility, proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination. It is important for many organ systems, such as the ocular, central neurological, and cardiovascular systems, where it controls important developmental processes. Furthermore, new data highlights the role FOXC1 plays in a variety of clinical situations, from prenatal abnormalities to the advancement of cancer. FOXC1 also modulates gene expression networks critical for skeletal morphogenesis and cartilage integrity. This review attempts at exploring the role of FOXC1, elucidating its dynamics in organogenesis, developmental complexities, and numerous functions and providing insight into its critical role in determining biological complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor with rising medication resistance and mortality. Due to a dearth of specific and trustworthy biomarkers and therapeutic targets, pancreatic cancer early detection and treatment are still not at their best. Exosomal LncRNAs have been found to be plentiful and persistent within exosomes, and they are capable of functioning whether the exosomes are traveling to close or distant cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that exosomal LncRNA, identified as an oncogene or tumor suppressor-control the growth, metastasis, and susceptibility of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Promising prospects for both antitumor targets and diagnostic biomarkers are exosomal LncRNAs. The primary features of exosomal LncRNAs, their biological roles in the onset and progression of pancreatic cancer, and their potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic molecular markers are outlined in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as human development, immune responses, and disease occurrence. The membrane proteins on exosomes are pivotal factors for their biological functionality. Currently, numerous membrane proteins have been identified on exosome membranes, participating in intercellular communication, mediating target cell recognition, and regulating immune processes. Furthermore, membrane proteins from exosomes derived from cancer cells can serve as relevant biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. This article provides a comprehensive review of the composition of exosome membrane proteins and their diverse functions in the organism's biological processes. Through in-depth exploration of exosome membrane proteins, it is expected to offer essential foundations for the future development of novel biomedical diagnostics and therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs a corpus-based approach to examine and compare the use of two discourse markers (DMs), "you know" and "I mean", within the context of two mediatised English political interviews. The analysis encompasses frequencies, functions, co-occurrences, and positional distributions of these DMs. The study utilizes specialized corpora from two political interview programs: CGTN's The Point with Liu Xin and BBC's HARDtalk. The frequency analysis reveals that "you know" is statistically more prevalent than "I mean" in both programs, reflecting the spontaneity, interactivity, and need for clarification characteristic of political interviews. Notably, the Chinese interviewer (IR) uses "you know" more extensively, possibly due to a cultural preference for ensuring mutual understanding and engaging the audience, while the British IR employs "I mean" slightly more frequently, likely reflecting a tendency to clarify or reframe statements for precision. Functionally, these DMs serve diverse purposes such as hedging, agreeing, and monitoring across various domains including interpersonal, sequential, and rhetorical. Positional analysis shows "you know" typically appearing medially and "I mean" often in initial positions. These results underscore the distinctive interviewing styles of the two IRs and the pivotal role of these DMs in fulfilling a spectrum of communicative functions. This research offers valuable insights into the interviewer's perspective in political interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The VlLOG11 mediates the cytokinin signaling pathway to regulate grape fruit setting. Fruit set, as an accepted agronomic trait, is inextricably linked with fruit quality and yield. Previous studies have demonstrated that exogenous treatment with the synthetic cytokinin analog, forchlorfenuron (CPPU), significantly enhances fruit set. In this study, a significant reduction in endogenous cytokinins was found by measuring the content of cytokinins in young grape berries after CPPU treatment. LONELY GUYs (VlLOGs), a key cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the biosynthesis pathway of cytokinins, exhibited differential expression. Some differentially expressed VlLOGs genes were presented by RNA seq data and their functions and regulation patterns were further investigated. The results showed that VlLOG11 was differentially expressed in young grape berries after CPPU treatment. Overexpression of VlLOG11 in tomato increases the amount of fruit set, and upregulated the expression of genes associated with cytokinin signaling including SlHK4, SlHK5, SlHP3, SlHP4, SlPHP1, SlPHP2. VlMYB4 and VlCDF3 could regulate the expression of VlLOG11 by directly binding to its promoter in young grape berries during fruit set. These results strongly demonstrated that VlMYB4/VlCDF3-VlLOG11 regulatory module plays a key role in the process of fruit setting in grape. This provided a basis for the molecular mechanism of VlLOG11-mediated cytokinin biosynthesis in young grape fruit set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (patho)physiological function of the sphingolipids ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) in articular joints during osteoarthritis (OA) is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the influence of these lipids on protein expression by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from OA knees. Cultured human FLSs (n = 7) were treated with 1 of 3 lipid species—C1P, S1P, or SPC—IL-1β, or with vehicle. The expression of individual proteins was determined by tandem mass tag peptide labeling followed by high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry after liquid chromatographic separation (LC-MS/MS/MS). The mRNA levels of selected proteins were analyzed using RT-PCR. The 3sphingolipids were quantified in the SF of 18 OA patients using LC-MS/MS. A total of 4930 proteins were determined using multiplex MS, of which 136, 9, 1, and 0 were regulated both reproducibly and significantly by IL-1β, C1P, S1P, and SPC, respectively. In the presence of IL-1ß, all 3 sphingolipids exerted ancillary effects. Only low SF levels of C1P and SPC were found. In conclusion, the 3 lipid species regulated proteins that have not been described in OA. Our results indicate that charged multivesicular body protein 1b, metal cation symporter ZIP14, glutamine-fructose-6-P transaminase, metallothionein-1F and -2A, ferritin, and prosaposin are particularly interesting proteins due to their potential to affect inflammatory, anabolic, catabolic, and apoptotic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algebra as a school subject is ill defined. Students experience algebra quite differently depending on the perspective of algebra taken by authors of the textbooks from which they learn. Through a content analysis of problems (n = 63,174) in the narrative and homework sections of six high school mathematics textbook series published in the U.S., we acquired systematic and reliable information about the algebra strand (i.e., symbolic algebra and functions) of each textbook series. We introduce plots to show the density, distribution, and sequencing of content, and present analyses of data for cognitive behavior, real-world context, technology, and manipulatives. Feedback on this study from an author of each textbook series is shared, and findings are discussed in terms of students' opportunities to learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRC poses a significant challenge in the global health domain, with a high number of deaths attributed to this disease annually. If CRC is detected only in its advanced stages, the difficulty of treatment increases significantly. Therefore, biomarkers for the early detection of CRC play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and increasing survival rates. The development of a reliable biomarker for early detection of CRC is particularly important for timely diagnosis and treatment. However, current methods for CRC detection, such as endoscopic examination, blood, and stool tests, have certain limitations and often only detect cases in the late stages. To overcome these constraints, researchers have turned their attention to molecular biomarkers, which are considered a promising approach to improving CRC detection. Non-invasive methods using biomarkers such as mRNA, circulating cell-free DNA, microRNA, LncRNA, and proteins can provide more reliable diagnostic information. These biomarkers can be found in blood, tissue, stool, and volatile organic compounds. Identifying molecular biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early and safe, economic, and easily measurable detection of CRC remains a significant challenge for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved protein modification that changes protein functions and plays an essential role in many cellular processes, such as central metabolism, transcriptional regulation, chemotaxis, and pathogen virulence. It can alter DNA binding, enzymatic activity, proteinprotein interactions, protein stability, or protein localization. In prokaryotes, lysine acetylation occurs non-enzymatically and by the action of lysine acetyltransferases (KAT). In enzymatic acetylation, KAT transfers the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) to the lysine side chain. In contrast, acetyl phosphate (AcP) is the acetyl donor of chemical acetylation. Regardless of the acetylation type, the removal of acetyl groups from acetyl lysines occurs only enzymatically by lysine deacetylases (KDAC). KATs are grouped into three main superfamilies based on their catalytic domain sequences and biochemical characteristics of catalysis. Specifically, members of the GNAT are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and have a core structural domain architecture. These enzymes can acetylate small molecules, metabolites, peptides, and proteins. This review presents current knowledge of acetylation mechanisms and functional implications in bacterial metabolism, pathogenicity, stress response, translation, and the emerging topic of protein acetylation in the gut microbiome. Additionally, the methods used to elucidate the biological significance of acetylation in bacteria, such as relative quantification and stoichiometry quantification, and the genetic code expansion tool (CGE), are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence and addictive features of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents have been documented, but the role of addictive features in the process from NSSI functions to behaviour remains unclear. The major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of addictive features on NSSI functions and the severity of repeated NSSI. A total of 10,781 students from primary and middle schools in Chengdu and Karamay were invited to participate in the online cross-sectional survey, and 10,501 completed the survey. Two self-report questionnaires, the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI) and the Adolescent Self-Harm Scale (ASHS), were used to collect data from all participants. Among the students, 23.45% and 6.64% reported having engaged in NSSI at least once or at least five times in the past year. Being a girl, being an only child, and being in a single-parent family were significantly associated with more severe NSSI. Addictive features have high value for predicting repeated NSSI. In addition to their significant independent/direct additive effects, addictive features mediated and moderated the relationship between NSSI functions and increased severity of NSSI in adolescents. The findings suggest that addictive features play a critical role in the development of repeated NSSI in adolescents, which indicates that addiction models may partially explain the mechanism underlying increased severity of NSSI. This may enhance understanding of the reasons for repeated NSSI and inform interventions for repeated NSSI among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the micronutrients, boron (B) is required in very minute quantity, but deficiency can cause a deleterious impact on crop yield and quality, similar to any macronutrient. The critical B level in soil is usually between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm, but it varies widely depending on the crops and growing conditions. The prevalent deficiency in agricultural fields, coupled with insufficient attention to micronutrient application in field crops, creates a substantial production gap impacting growth, yield, and produce quality. A major portion of the tuber crops show extreme sensitivity to boron deficiency, which causes severe yield reduction alongside a decline in the tuber quality. Excess application may exhibit toxicity symptoms in plants since it occupies a narrow window between deficiency and toxicity. Therefore, efficient nutrient management practice, including the judicious use of boron fertilizers in terms of appropriate sources and doses, is needed to ensure the B nutrient balance in soil as well as augmenting the crop growth and yield. To understand the research and progress toward B nutrition in tuber crops, a modern machine learning approach has also been implemented. This review underscores a paradigm shift in understanding the essential role of B fertilizers in tuber crops there by suggesting a potentially sustainable solution for achieving judicious and balanced application of boron in acquiring healthy plant produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines ASEAN's function and the effectiveness of that function in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. The author examines this problem because there is a gap that has no explanation, namely between the excellent performance of ASEAN member countries in handling the COVID-19 pandemic on the one hand and the lack of ASEAN functions in handling the pandemic. If ASEAN does not function much in handling the COVID-19 pandemic, why are its member countries performing better than countries in Europe and Latin America? The author uses a regionalism framework and finds four things that affect ASEAN's function in handling the COVID-19 pandemic, namely: the level of member trust in regional organisations, the level of complexity of problems, the involvement of global organisations, and the amount of autonomy of regional organisations compared to member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of online resources in developing students' digital competence skills. It discusses the importance of digital competence in today's society and the need for educational institutions to provide students with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in the digital age. The study involved a survey of 147 first-year university students to assess their level of digital competence. The findings reveal that the majority of students have a moderate level of digital competence, with some demonstrating a high level and others requiring additional support. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing efforts to enhance students' digital competence through the effective integration of online resources in educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a tool that teachers can use to support children in planning science investigations. Using an extended example from a second-grade investigation into seed dispersal, we describe strategies for structuring conversations that anchor investigations in phenomena and provide opportunities for students to be involved in making decisions about what materials to use in an investigation, how to use materials, and what to look for or count as evidence. These teaching strategies can support children to engage deeply in science practice, while also keeping the activity manageable for students and their teachers. Our goal is that this article will provide teachers and curriculum designers with a tool that they can use to support children to engage in joyful, meaningful, and productive science investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research on the human microbiome, especially concerning the bacteria within the digestive system, has substantially advanced. This exploration has unveiled a complex interplay between microbiota and health, particularly in the context of disease. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays vital roles in digestion, immunity and the synthesis of vitamins and neurotransmitters, highlighting its significance in maintaining overall health. Conversely, disruptions in these microbial communities, termed dysbiosis, have been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including digestive system cancers. These bacteria can influence cancer progression through mechanisms such as DNA damage, modulation of the tumour microenvironment, and effects on the host's immune response. Changes in the composition and function within the tumours can also impact inflammation, immune response and cancer therapy effectiveness. These findings offer promising avenues for the clinical application of intratumoral bacteria for digestive system cancer treatment, including the potential use of microbial markers for early cancer detection, prognostication and the development of microbiome-targeted therapies to enhance treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pivotal roles played by gut microbiome bacteria in the development of digestive system cancers. Additionally, we delve into the specific contributions of intratumoral bacteria to digestive system cancer development, elucidating potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Ultimately, this review underscores the intricate interplay between intratumoral bacteria and digestive system cancers, underscoring the pivotal role of microbiome research in transforming diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic paradigms for digestive system cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural society, economy, culture and ecology have undergone some significant changes in the transition period from high-speed growth to high-quality development in China, particularly with the rapid industrialization and urbanization. Among them, the rural settlement is one of the indictors in the rural socioeconomic activities, including their multifunctionality. Furthermore, the number, scale and shape of rural settlement vary greatly in the background of the transformation and development of rural society. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the coupling relationship between functional diversity and settlement evolution for the rural revitalization and sustainable development. In this study, a theoretical framework was firstly constructed for the functional diversity and rural settlement evolution in mountain areas. The study area was taken as the Fengjie County in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. 21 indicators were selected from the three dimensions of production, living and ecological function. Four indices of landscape pattern were selected as the indicators from four dimensions of area, shape, density and aggregation. Secondly, the comprehensive evaluation model was used to calculate the composite index of rural functional diversity and rural settlement evolution. The coordination degree model, spatial autocorrelation model and elasticity coefficient model were combined to explore the coupling relationship between rural functional diversity and rural settlement evolution. Finally, the driving mechanism was determined using geo-detectors. The policy suggestions were also proposed, according to the regional conditions. The results show that: 1) The average composite indexes of rural functional diversity and rural settlement evolution increased from 0.222 to 0.281 and 0.184 to 0.262 during the study period, respectively, indicating a faster growth rate. The coupling coordination degree of the two systems increased year by year. The number of dysfunctional towns decreased with the patter of "low in the west and high in the east, low in the south and high in the north". 2) There was a positive correlation between rural functional diversity and the evolution of rural settlements at the township scale from 2000 to 2020. There were the outstanding spatial agglomeration. The high agglomeration areas were mainly concentrated in the outskirts of the central towns, such as Yong'an, Yu Fu and Kui Men Street. 3) According to the increase-decrease relationship of the composite index, the townships were categorized into four coupling modes: vibrant, declining, transforming and traditional type. 4) Socio-economic parameters (such as population density, per capita GDP, and intensity of human activity) were the main driving factors. Most of the interactions among the driving factors were nonlinearly and two-factor enhanced properties. The interactive driving factors with greater explanatory power were found in the land use degree/cultivated land area, number of rural employees/transportation convenience, human activity intensity/cultivated land area. Consequently, it is necessary to promote the positive interaction between rural functions and rural settlements in the process of rural revitalization. The adaptability of rural settlement transformation and development also need to improve for the sustainable and healthy rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated novice mathematics teachers participating in an online teacher education course focused on covariational reasoning and understanding the behavior of functions. The analysis centered on documenting the emergence of participants' sociomathematical norms for engaging in online asynchronous discussions. In this paper, we characterized participants' initial mathematical discourse and documented two emergent sociomathematical norms, namely explaining why and emergent shape discourse. When participants explained why, they used specific quantities or symbolic representations of functions to justify why function graphs have particular visual features. When participants engaged in emergent shape discourse, they coordinated change between covarying quantities to justify why function graphs behave in certain ways. This study provides evidence that online settings can provide context for mathematics teachers engaging in legitimate collaborative mathematical activity and that activity can be enhanced by participation in discourse featuring specific sociomathematical norms. We discuss conjectures regarding the potential of reflective discussion activities paired with the Notice and Wonder Framework to support the emergence of generative sociomathematical norms. We also discuss potential relationships between characteristics of participants' mathematical discourse and their membership with the core and periphery of a social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiological account of teleological function is beset by several difficulties, which I propose to solve by grafting onto the etiological theory a subordinated goal-contribution clause. This approach enables us to ascribe neither too many teleofunctions nor too few; to give a unitary, one-clause analysis that works just as well for teleological functions derived from Darwinian evolution, as for those derived from human intention; and finally, to save the etiological theory from falsification, by explaining how, in spite of appearances, the theory can allow for evolutionary function loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an information society, as the volume of information distribution increases, it is expected that the damage caused by the press, such as libel and invasion of privacy, will increase further. Therefore, the scientific debate on media accountability has focused on media councils with their codes of ethics. In media councils' self-regulatory system, the balance among public trust, incentives for the media, and effective sanctions for those who violate the code of ethics are of paramount importance if the self-regulatory system is to function and produce results. This paper focuses on the function, performance, and evaluation of the Media Council in Mongolia. It will examine changes in individual behavior and the media in the light of network theory and clarify the role and function of the self-regulatory system. Through these, it will discuss the conditions for the success of the self-regulatory system, its applicability, and some challenges it faces for accountability and solidarity in the media industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipids accumulation characteristics in 23Camellia oleifera lines from northern margin distribution area were investigated through quantitative lipidomics. Combined lipids content-function analysis indicated that NQ1, HT1, HT2, ZA2, ZB1, ZB2, and SN2 lines had potential to develop functional foods due to abundant glycerolipids (GLs), glycerophospholipids (GPs), fatty acids (FAs), and prenol lipids (PRs). 673 lipids components were detected, and 293 differential components were identified in NQ1, ZA2, HB1, and HT1. 4 kinds free fatty acids (FFAs) were higher in NQ1, 5 triglycerides (TGs) were higher in HT1, and 2 phosphatidyl serines (PSs) and 1 phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) were higher in ZA2. GLs, GPs, and FFAs had strong relation at intra- and inter-category level. Glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis were the significantly differential lipids pathways. Our study elucidated lipids differences of 23 C. oleifera lines, and offered valuable references for lipids biosynthesis, directional breeding, and lipids utilization.

BackgroundThe clinical efficacy of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), hemiarthroplasty (HA), and non-surgical management in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the clinical outcomes of arthroplasty and non-surgical management of PHFs.MethodsThe databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched on 5 May 2023 for studies comparing arthroplasty and non-surgical treatment of PHFs. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs), were included. Standard methodological quality assessments were conducted for both types of studies. The primary outcome was the Constant-Murley Score (CMS) after surgical or non-surgical treatment. Secondary study outcomes included the visual analog scale (VAS), range of motion, and complications. All functional scores and complications were subjected to subgroup and sensitivity analyses.ResultsA total of four RCTs and six nRCTs were included in this study, which provided 508 patients in total for meta-analysis: 238 treated with arthroplasty and 270 treated non-surgically, of which 83 were treated with HA and 155 with RSA. All relevant information was collected, including functional scores, VAS, range of motion, and complications. The study found no significant difference in functional outcomes (mean difference, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, −0.49 to 6.14; P = 0.10; I2 = 77%) and complications (mean difference, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–2.25; P = 0.85; I2 = 47%) between arthroplasty and non-surgical treatment. Both RCTs and nRCTs showed the same results. However, VAS scores were significantly lower in surgical treatment compared to non-surgical treatment. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed that RSA could achieve better functional scores than non-surgical treatment (mean difference, 6.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.97–10.03; P = 0.004; I2 = 0%), while the results for HA were not significant (P > 0.05).ConclusionThere were no significant differences in complications between arthroplasty and non-surgical treatment for PHFs. RSA could achieve better functional results than non-surgical treatment, while HA could only achieve better forward flexion.

In this note, we will present an intermediary result for giving a simple proof of a problem presented at the American Putnam Competition in 1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]