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28 results on '"gas: admixture"'

1. Data-driven precision determination of the material budget in ALICE

Author: Acharya, Shreyasi, Adamova, Dagmar, Adler, Alexander, Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca, Agnello, Michelangelo, Agrawal, Neelima, Ahammed, Zubayer, Ahmad, Shakeel, Ahn, Sang Un, Ahuja, Ishaan, Akindinov, Alexander, Al-Turany, Mohammad, Aleksandrov, Dmitry, Alessandro, Bruno, Alfanda, Haidar Mas'Ud, Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben, Ali, Bushra, Alici, Andrea, Alizadehvandchali, Negin, Alkin, Anton, Alme, Johan, Alocco, Giacomo, Alt, Torsten, Altsybeev, Igor, Anaam, Mustafa, Andrei, Cristian, Andronic, Anton, Anguelov, Venelin, Antinori, Federico, Antonioli, Pietro, Apadula, Nicole, Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard, Appelshaeuser, Harald, Arata, Carolina, Arcelli, Silvia, Aresti, Mauro, Arnaldi, Roberta, Martins Campos Almeida Arneiro, Jhoao Gabriel, Arsene, Ionut Cristian, Arslandok, Mesut, Augustinus, Andre, Averbeck, Ralf Peter, Azmi, Mohd Danish, Badala, Angela, Bae, Joonsuk, Baek, Yongwook, Bai, Xiaozhi, Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie, Bailung, Yoshini, Balbino, Alessandro, Baldisseri, Alberto, Balis, Bartosz, Banerjee, Debjani, Banoo, Zarina, Barbera, Roberto, Barile, Francesco, Barioglio, Luca, Barlou, Maria, Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor, Barnby, Lee Stuart, Ramillien Barret, Valerie, Barreto de Oliveira Campos, Leonardo, Bartels, Clara, Barth, Klaus, Bartsch, Esther, Bastid, Nicole, Basu, Sumit, Batigne, Guillaume, Battistini, Daniel, Batyunya, Boris, Bauri, Dibakar, Bazo Alba, Jose Luis, Bearden, Ian Gardner, Beattie, Caitlin, Becht, Pascal, Behera, Debadatta, Belikov, Iouri, Bell Hechavarria, Ailec, Bellini, Francesca, Bellwied, Rene, Belokurova, Svetlana, Bencedi, Gyula, Beole, Stefania Maria, Bercuci, Alexandru, Berdnikov, Yaroslav, Berdnikova, Anastasia, Bergmann, Luisa, Besoiu, Mihaela Gabriela, Betev, Latchezar, Bhaduri, Partha Pratim, Bhasin, Anju, Bhat, Mohammad Asif, Bhattacharjee, Buddhadeb, Bianchi, Livio, Bianchi, Nicola, Bielcik, Jaroslav, Bielcikova, Jana, Biernat, Jacek Bogumil, Bigot, Alexandre Patrick, Bilandzic, Ante, Biro, Gabor, Biswas, Saikat, Bize, Nicolas Luc, Blair, Justin Thomas, Blau, Dmitry, Blidaru, Mihail Bogdan, Bluhme, Nora, Blume, Christoph, Boca, Gianluigi, Bock, Friederike, Bodova, Tea, Bogdanov, Alexey, Boi, Stefano, Bok, Jeongsu, Boldizsar, Laszlo, Bombara, Marek, Bond, Peter Matthew, Bonomi, Germano, Borel, Herve, Borissov, Alexander, Bossi, Hannah, Botta, Elena, El Mard Bouziani, Youssef, Bratrud, Lars, Braun-Munzinger, Peter, Bregant, Marco, Broz, Michal, Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio, Buckland, Matthew Daniel, Budnikov, Dmitry, Buesching, Henner, Bufalino, Stefania, Buhler, Paul Alois, Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle, Bylinkin, Aleksandr, Bysiak, Sebastian Adam, Cai, Mengke, Caines, Helen Louise, Caliva, Alberto, Calvo Villar, Ernesto, Mejia Camacho, Juan Manuel, Camerini, Paolo, de Moraes Canedo, Fabio, Carabas, Mihai, Amatriain Carballo, Aitor, Borquez Carcamo, Andres Gerardo, Carnesecchi, Francesca, Caron, Robin Albert Andre, Abranches de Carvalho, Leopoldo, Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto, Catalano, Fabio, Ceballos Sanchez, Cesar, Chakaberia, Irakli, Chakraborty, Pritam, Chandra, Sinjini, Chapeland, Sylvain, Chartier, Marielle, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chattopadhyay, Sukalyan, Garcia Chavez, Tonatiuh, Cheng, Tiantian, Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev, Cheynis, Brigitte, Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel, Dobrigkeit Chinellato, David, Chizzali, Emma Sophia, Cho, Jaeyoon, Cho, Soyeon, Chochula, Peter, Christakoglou, Panagiotis, Christensen, Christian Holm, Christiansen, Peter, Chujo, Tatsuya, Ciacco, Mario, Cicalo, Corrado, Cindolo, Federico, Ciupek, Michael Rudolf, Clai, Giulia, Colamaria, Fabio Filippo, Colburn, Jonathan Samuel, Colella, Domenico, Colocci, Manuel, Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo, Conesa del Valle, Zaida, Contin, Giacomo, Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo, Coquet, Maurice Louis, Cormier, Thomas Michael, Cortese, Pietro, Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio, Costa, Filippo, Costanza, Susanna, Cot, Corentin, Crkovska, Jana, Crochet, Philippe, Cruz Torres, Reynier, Cui, Pengyao, Dainese, Andrea, Danisch, Meike Charlotte, Danu, Andrea, Das, Prottay, Das, Prottoy, Das, Supriya, Dash, Archita Rani, Dash, Sadhana, de Caro, Annalisa, de Cataldo, Giacinto, de Cuveland, Jan, de Falco, Alessandro, de Gruttola, Daniele, de Marco, Nora, de Martin, Chiara, de Pasquale, Salvatore, Deb, Rohaan, Deb, Suman, Deja, Kamil Rafal, del Grande, Raffaele, Dello Stritto, Luigi, Deng, Wenjing, Dhankher, Preeti, Di Bari, Domenico, Di Mauro, Antonio, Diab, Batoul, Arteche Diaz, Raul, Dietel, Thomas, Ding, Yanchun, Divia, Roberto, Dixit, Dhruv Utpalkumar, Djuvsland, Oeystein, Dmitrieva, Uliana, Dobrin, Alexandru Florin, Donigus, Benjamin, Dubinski, Jan Michal, Dubla, Andrea, Dudi, Sandeep, Dupieux, Pascal, Durkac, Martin, Dzalaiova, Natalia, Eder, Tabea Maria, Ehlers, Raymond James, Eisenhut, Florian, Elia, Domenico, Erazmus, Barbara Ewa, Ercolessi, Francesca, Erhardt, Filip, Ersdal, Magnus Rentsch, Espagnon, Bruno, Eulisse, Giulio, Evans, David, Evdokimov, Sergey, Fabbietti, Laura, Faggin, Mattia, Faivre, Julien, Fan, Feng, Fan, Wenqing, Fantoni, Alessandra, Fasel, Markus, Fecchio, Pietro, Feliciello, Alessandro, Feofilov, Grigorii, Fernandez Tellez, Arturo, Ferrandi de Oliveira, Lucas, Bertran Ferrer, Marta, Ferrero, Andrea, Ferrero, Chiara, Ferretti, Alessandro, Feuillard, Victor Jose Gaston, Filova, Vendulka, Finogeev, Dmitry, Fionda, Fiorella, Flor, Fernando Antonio, Flores, Amanda Nicole, Foertsch, Siegfried Valentin, Fokin, Ilya, Fokin, Sergey, Fragiacomo, Enrico, Frajna, Eszter, Fuchs, Ulrich, Funicello, Nicola, Furget, Christophe, Furs, Artur, Fusayasu, Takahiro, Gaardhoeje, Jens Joergen, Gagliardi, Martino, Gago Medina, Alberto Martin, Duarte Galvan, Carlos, Gangadharan, Dhevan Raja, Ganoti, Paraskevi, Garabatos Cuadrado, Jose Maria, Alvarado Garcia, Jesus Ricardo, Garcia-Solis, Edmundo Javier, Gargiulo, Corrado, Garibli, Aydan, Demmich, Katharina, Gasik, Piotr Jan, Gautam, Amrit, de Leone Gay, Maria Beatriz, Germain, Marie, Ghimouz, Abderrahmane, Ghosh, Chandrasekhar, Giacalone, Marco, Giubellino, Paolo, Giubilato, Piero, Glaenzer, Aude Marie Camille, Glassel, Peter, Glimos, Ewa, Goh, Daniel Jia Qin, Gonzalez Sebastian, Victor Luis, Gorbunov, Sergey, Gorgon, Marek Boguslaw, Goswami, Kangkan, Gotovac, Sven, Grabski, Varlen, Graczykowski, Lukasz Kamil, Grecka, Ekaterina, Grelli, Alessandro, Grigoras, Costin, Grigoryev, Vladislav, Grigoryan, Smbat, Grosa, Fabrizio, Grosse-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete, Grosso, Raffaele, Grund, David, Garcia Guardiano, Gabriel, Guernane, Rachid, Guilbaud, Maxime Rene Joseph, Gulbrandsen, Kristjan Herlache, Gundem, Tuba, Gunji, Taku, Guo, Wenda, Gupta, Anik, Gupta, Ramni, Gupta, Rashi, Paisano Guzman, Sergio, Gwizdziel, Katarzyna, Gyulai, Laszlo, Habib, Michael Karim, Hadjidakis, Cynthia Marie, Haider, Fakhar Ul, Hamagaki, Hideki, Hamdi, Abdennacer, Hamid, Mohammed, Han, Younghoon, Hanley, Brian Gerald, Hannigan, Ryan Patrick, Hansen, Joachim, Haque, Md Rihan, Harris, John William, Harton, Austin Vincent, Hassan, Hadi, Hatzifotiadou, Despina, Hauer, Philip, Havener, Laura Brittany, Heckel, Stefan Thomas, Hellbar, Ernst, Helstrup, Haavard, Hemmer, Marvin, Herman, Tomas, Herrera Corral, Gerardo Antonio, Herrmann, Florian, Herrmann, Sarah Nina Edwige, Hetland, Kristin Fanebust, Heybeck, Benedict, Hillemanns, Hartmut, Hippolyte, Boris, Hoffmann, Felix Willi, Hofman, Bas, Hohlweger, Bernhard, Hong, Geun Hee, Horst, Maximilian, Horzyk, Adrian, Hou, Yongzhen, Hristov, Peter Zahariev, Hughes, Charles, Huhn, Patrick, Huhta, Laura Maria, Humanic, Thomas, Tarasovicova, Lucia Anna, Hutson, Alek, Ilkaev, Radiy, Ilyas, Hira, Inaba, Motoi, Innocenti, Gian Michele, Ippolitov, Mikhail, Isakov, Artem, Isidori, Tommaso, Islam, Md Samsul, Ivanov, Marian, Ivanov, Vladimir, Iversen, Kaare Endrup, Jablonski, Miroslaw, Jacak, Barbara, Jacazio, Nicolo, Jacobs, Peter Martin, Jadlovska, Slavka, Jadlovsky, Jan, Jaelani, Syaefudin, Jahnke, Cristiane, Jakubowska, Monika Joanna, Janik, Malgorzata Anna, Janson, Thomas, Jercic, Marko, Ji, Su-Jeong, Jia, Shihai, Paz Jimenez, Alom Antonio, Jonas, Florian, Jowett, John, Jung, Jerome, Jung, Michael, Junique, Antoine Jean-Simon, Jusko, Anton, Kabus, Maja Jadwiga, Kaewjai, Jetnipit, Kalinak, Peter, Kalteyer, Annalena Sophie, Kalweit, Alexander Philipp, Kaplin, Vladimir, Karasu Uysal, Ayben, Karatovic, David, Karavichev, Oleg, Karavicheva, Tatiana, Karczmarczyk, Przemyslaw, Karpechev, Evgeny, Kebschull, Udo Wolfgang, Keidel, Ralf, Keijdener, Darius, Keil, Markus, Ketzer, Bernhard Franz, Khade, Swapnesh Santosh, Khan, Ahsan Mehmood, Khan, Shaista, Khanzadeev, Alexei, Kharlov, Yury, Khatun, Anisa, Khuntia, Arvind, Kidson, Miles Brower, Kileng, Bjarte, Kim, Beomkyu, Kim, Chong, Kim, Dong Jo, Kim, Eun Joo, Kim, Jaehyun, Kim, Jinsook, Kim, Jiyoung, Kim, Junlee, Kim, Minjung, Kim, Se Yong, Kim, Taejun, Kimura, Kento, Kirsch, Stefan, Kisel, Ivan, Kiselev, Sergey, Kisiel, Adam Ryszard, Kitowski, Jacek Pawel, Klay, Jennifer Lynn, Klein, Jochen, Klein, Spencer Robert, Klein-Boesing, Christian, Kleiner, Matthias, Klemenz, Thomas, Kluge, Alexander, Knospe, Anders Garritt, Kobdaj, Chinorat, Kollegger, Thorsten Sven, Kondratyev, Andrey, Kondratyeva, Natalia, Kondratyuk, Evgeny, Konig, Joshua Leon, Konigstorfer, Stephan Alexander, Konopka, Piotr Jan, Kornakov Van, Georgui, Koryciak, Sebastian Dominik, Kotliarov, Artem, Kovalenko, Vladimir, Kowalski, Marek, Kozhuharov, Venelin Valeriev, Kralik, Ivan, Kravcakova, Adela, Krcal, Lubos, Krivda, Marian, Krizek, Filip, Krizkova Gajdosova, Katarina, Kroesen, Martin, Kruger, Mario, Krupova, Diana Maria, Kryshen, Evgeny, Kucera, Vit, Kuhn, Christian Claude, Kuijer, Paulus Gerardus, Kumaoka, Takuya, Kumar, Deekshit, Kumar, Lokesh, Kumar, Navneet, Kumar, Shyam, Kundu, Sourav, Kurashvili, Podist, Kurepin, Alexander, Kurepin, Alexey, Kuryakin, Alexey, Kushpil, Svetlana, Kvapil, Jakub, Kweon, Min Jung, Kwon, Youngil, La Pointe, Sarah Louise, La Rocca, Paola, Lakrathok, Anantachai, Lamanna, Massimo, Langoy, Rune, Larionov, Pavel, 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Bedangadas, Khan, Mohammed Mohisin, Molander, Mikael Andreas, Moravcova, Zuzana, Mordasini, Cindy, Moreira de Godoy, Denise Aparecida, Morozov, Igor, Morsch, Andreas, Mrnjavac, Teo, Muccifora, Valeria, Muhuri, Sanjib, Mulligan, James Declan, Mulliri, Alice, Gameiro Munhoz, Marcelo, Munzer, Robert Helmut, Murakami, Hikari, Murray, Sean, Musa, Luciano, Musinsky, Jan, Myrcha, Julian Wojciech, Naik, Bharati, Nambrath, Anjali Ila, Nandi, Basanta Kumar, Nania, Rosario, Nappi, Eugenio, Nassirpour, Adrian Fereydon, Nath, Abhishek, Nattrass, Christine, Naydenov, Momchil Nikolaev, Neagu, Alexandra, Negru, Adrian-Eduard, Nellen, Lukas, Neskovic, Gvozden, Nielsen, Borge Svane, Nielsen, Emil Gorm, Nikolaev, Sergey, Nikulin, Sergey, Nikulin, Vladimir, Noferini, Francesco, Noh, Seoyoung, Nomokonov, Petr, Norman, Jaime, Novitzky, Norbert, Nowakowski, Piotr, Nyanin, Alexander, Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar, Ogino, Masanori, Ohlson, Alice Elisabeth, Okorokov, Vitaly, Oleniacz, Janusz, Oliveira da Silva, Antonio Carlos, Oliver, Michael Henry, Onnerstad, Anna, Oppedisano, Chiara, Ortiz Velasquez, Antonio, Otwinowski, Jacek Tomasz, Oya, Motomi, Oyama, Ken, Pachmayer, Yvonne Chiara, Padhan, Sonali, Pagano, Davide, Paic, Guy, Palasciano, Antonio, Panebianco, Stefano, Park, Hanseo, Park, Hyebin, Park, Jonghan, Parkkila, Jasper Elias, Patra, Rajendra Nath, Paul, Biswarup, Pei, Hua, Peitzmann, Thomas, Peng, Xinye, Pennisi, Michele, Peresunko, Dmitry Yurevich, Mesa Perez, Guillermo, Perrin, Sebastien, Pestov, Yury, Petrov, Vitalii, Petrovici, Mihai, Peretti Pezzi, Rafael, Piano, Stefano, Pikna, Miroslav, Pillot, Philippe, Pinazza, Ombretta, Pinsky, Lawrence, Pinto, Chiara, Pisano, Silvia, Ploskon, Mateusz Andrzej, Planinic, Mirko, Pliquett, Fabian, Poghosyan, Martin, Polishchuk, Boris, Politano, Stefano, Poljak, Nikola, Pop, Amalia, Porteboeuf, Sarah Julie, Pozdniakov, Valeriy, Yoval Pozos, Irandheny, Pradhan, Kshitish Kumar, Prasad, Sidharth Kumar, Prasad, Suraj, Preghenella, Roberto, Prino, Francesco, Pruneau, Claude Andre, Pshenichnov, Igor, Puccio, Maximiliano, Pucillo, Sara, Pugelova, Zuzana, Qiu, Shi, Quaglia, Luca, Quishpe Quishpe, Raquel Estefania, Ragoni, Simone, Rakotozafindrabe, Andry Malala, Ramello, Luciano, Rami, Fouad, Rodriguez Ramirez, Saul Anibal, Rancien, Thibaut Albert, Rasa, Marika, Rasanen, Sami Sakari, Rath, Rutuparna, Rauch, Max Philip, Ravasenga, Ivan, Read, Kenneth Francis, Reckziegel, Christian, Redelbach, Andreas Ralph, Redlich, Krzysztof, Reetz, Carolina Anna, Rehman, Attiq Ur, Reidt, Felix, Reme-Ness, Haakon Andre, Jakubcinova, Zuzana, Reygers, Klaus Johannes, Riabov, Andrei, Riabov, Viktor, Ricci, Riccardo, Richter, Matthias Rudolph, Riedel, Anton Albert, Riegler, Werner, Ristea, Catalin-Lucian, Viqueira Rodriguez, Manuel, Rodriguez Cahuantzi, Mario, Roeed, Ketil, Rogalev, Roman, Rogochaya, Elena, Rogoschinski, Tim Sebastian, Rohr, David Michael, Roehrich, Dieter, Fierro Rojas, Pablo, Rojas Torres, Solangel, Rokita, Przemyslaw Stefan, Romanenko, Gleb, Ronchetti, Federico, Rosano, Antonina, Dominguez Rosas, Edgar, Roslon, Krystian, Rossi, Andrea, Roy, Ankhi, Roy, Subhadeep, Rubini, Nicola, Vazquez Rueda, Omar, Ruggiano, Daniela, Rui, Rinaldo, Russek, Pawel Grzegorz, Russo, Roberto, Rustamov, Anar, Ryabinkin, Evgeny, Ryabov, Yury, Rybicki, Andrzej, Rytkonen, Heidi Maria, Ryu, Jaehyeok, Rzesa, Wioleta, Saarimaki, Oskari Antti Matti, Sadek, Rita, Sadhu, Samrangy, Sadovskiy, Sergey, Saetre, Jon-Are, Safarik, Karel, Saha, Pallabi, Saha, Sumit Kumar, Saha, Swati, Sahoo, Baidyanath, Sahoo, Bhagyarathi, Sahoo, Raghunath, Sahoo, Sarita, Sahu, Dushmanta, Sahu, Pradip Kumar, Saini, Jogender, Tropp, Klaudia, Sakai, Shingo, Panikkassery Salvan, Malavika, Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh, Sanna, Isabella, Badaro Saramela, Thiago, Sarkar, Debojit, Sarkar, Nachiketa, Sarma, Pranjal, Sarritzu, Valerio, Mantovani Sarti, Valentina, Sas, Mike, Schambach, Johann Joachim, Scheid, Horst Sebastian, Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel, Schicker, Rainer Martin, Schmah, Alexander, Schmidt, Christian Joachim, Schmidt, Hans Rudolf, Schmidt, Marten Ole, Schmidt, Martin, Schmidt, Nicolas, Schmier, Austin Robert, Schotter, Romain, Schroter, Alexander, Schukraft, Jurgen, Schwarz, Kilian Eberhard, Schweda, Kai Oliver, Scioli, Gilda, Scomparin, Enrico, Seger, Janet Elizabeth, Sekiguchi, Yuko, Sekihata, Daiki, Selyuzhenkov, Ilya, Senyukov, Serhiy, Seo, Jin Joo, Serebryakov, Dmitry, Serksnyte, Laura, Sevcenco, Adrian, Shaba, Tebogo Joyce, Shabetai, Alexandre, Shahoyan, Ruben, Shangaraev, Artem, Sharma, Anjali, Sharma, Binti, Sharma, Deependra, Sharma, Himanshu, Sharma, Meenakshi, Sharma, Samarth, Sharma, Sheetal, Sharma, Upasana, Shatat, Afnan, Sheibani, Oveis, Shigaki, Kenta, Hachiya Shimomura, Maya, Shin, Jaehyuck, Shirinkin, Sergey, Shou, Qiye, Sibiryak, Yury, Siddhanta, Sabyasachi, Siemiarczuk, Teodor, Fiorini da Silva, Tiago, Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard, Simantathammakul, Tawanchat, Simeonov, Radoslav, Singh, Balwan, Singh, Bhawani, Singh, Kamaljeet, Singh, Ranbir, Singh, Randhir, Singh, Ravindra, Singh, Sweta, Singh, Vivek, Singhal, Vikas, Sarkar - Sinha, Tinku, Sitar, Branislav, Sitta, Mario, Skaali, Bernhard, Skorodumovs, Georgijs, Slupecki, Maciej, Smirnov, Nikolai, Snellings, Raimond, Haugland Solheim, Emilie, Song, Jihye, Songmoolnak, Arnon, Sonnabend, Christian, Soramel, Francesca, Soto-Hernandez, Analyce Bella, Spijkers, Rik, Sputowska, Iwona Anna, Staa, Joey, Stachel, Johanna, Stan, Ionel, Steffanic, Patrick John, Stiefelmaier, Stephan Friedrich, Stocco, Diego, Storehaug, Ida, Stratmann, Peter, Strazzi, Sofia, Pliatskas Stylianidis, Christos, Alarcon Do Passo Suaide, Alexandre, Suire, Christophe Pierre, Sukhanov, Mikhail, Suljic, Miljenko, Sultanov, Rishat, Sumberia, Vikash, Sumowidagdo, Suharyo, Swain, Sagarika, Szarka, Imrich, Szymkowski, Maciej, Taghavi, Seyed Farid, Taillepied, Guillaume, Takahashi, Jun, Tambave, Ganesh Jagannath, Tang, Siyu, Tang, Zebo, Tapia Takaki, Daniel Jesus, Tapus, Nicolae, Tarzila, Madalina-Gabriela, Tassielli, Giovanni Francesco, Tauro, Arturo, Tejeda Munoz, Guillermo, Telesca, Adriana, Terlizzi, Livia, Terrevoli, Cristina, Thakur, Sanchari, Thomas, Deepa, Tikhonov, Anatoly, Timmins, Anthony Robert, Tkacik, Milan, Tkacik, Tomas, Toia, Alberica, Tokumoto, Ryoka, Topilskaya, Nataliya, Toppi, Marco, Tork, Theraa M.A, Torres Ramos, Arianna Grisel, Trifiro, Antonio, Triolo, Andrea Sofia, Tripathy, Sushanta, Tripathy, Tulika, Trogolo, Stefano, Trubnikov, Victor, Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk, Trzcinski, Tomasz Piotr, Tumkin, Alexandr, Turrisi, Rosario, Tveter, Trine Spedstad, Ullaland, Kjetil, Ulukutlu, Berkin, Uras, Antonio, Urioni, Marta, Usai, Gianluca, Vala, Martin, Valle, Nicolo, van Doremalen, Lennart, van Leeuwen, Marco, van Veen, Casper Arie, van Weelden, Roelof Jan Gijs, Vande Vyvre, Pierre, Varga, Dezso, Varga, Zoltan, Vasileiou, Maria, Vasiliev, Andrey, Vazquez Doce, Oton, Vechernin, Vladimir, Vercellin, Ermanno, Vergara Limon, Sergio, Vermunt, Lucas Anne, Vertesi, Robert, Verweij, Marta, Vickovic, Linda, Vilakazi, Zabulon, Villalobos Baillie, Orlando, Villani, Anna, Vino, Gioacchino, Vinogradov, Alexander, Virgili, Tiziano, Virta, Maxim Mikael Olavi, Vislavicius, Vytautas, Vodopyanov, Alexander, Voelkel, Benedikt, Volkl, Martin Andreas, Voloshin, Kirill, Voloshin, Sergey, Volpe, Giacomo, von Haller, Barthelemy, Vorobyev, Ivan, Vozniuk, Nikita, Vrlakova, Janka, Wan, Jie, Wang, Chunzheng, Wang, Dongfang, Wang, Yuanzhe, Wegrzynek, Adam Tadeusz, Weiglhofer, Felix Thomas, Wenzel, Sandro Christian, Wessels, Johannes Peter, Weyhmiller, Sierra Lisa, Wiechula, Jens, Wikne, Jon, Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej, Wilkinson, Jeremy John, Willems, Guido Alexander, Windelband, Bernd Stefan, Winn, Michael Andreas, Wright, Josephina Rae, Wu, Wenya, Wu, Yitao, Xu, Ran, Yadav, Ankur, Yadav, Arun Kumar, Yalcin Kuzu, Serpil, Yamaguchi, Yorito, Yang, Shiming, Yano, Satoshi, Yin, Zhongbao, Yoo, In Kwon, Yoon, Jin Hee, Yu, Hyeonjin, Yuan, Shiming, Yuncu, Alperen, Zaccolo, Valentina, Zampolli, Chiara, Zanone, Federica, Zardoshti, Nima, Zarochentsev, Andrey, Zavada, Petr, Zavyalov, Nikolay, Zhalov, Mikhail, Zhang, Biao, Zhang, Liuyao, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Xiaoming, Zhang, Yifei, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Mingrui, Zherebchevskii, Vladimir, Yu, Zhi, Zhou, Daicui, Zhou, You, Zhu, Jianhui, Zhu, Ya, Zugravel, Stefan Cristi, Zurlo, Nicola, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ALICE
Subjects: data analysis method, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, photon: transition, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), pi: production, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], programming, High Energy Physics - Experiment, time projection chamber, photon: direct production, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), ALICE, isospin: symmetry, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Nuclear Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), numerical calculations, Nuclear Experiment, performance, gas: admixture
Abstract: The knowledge of the material budget with a high precision is fundamental for measurements of direct photon production using the photon conversion method due to its direct impact on the total systematic uncertainty. Moreover, it influences many aspects of the charged-particle reconstruction performance. In this article, two procedures to determine data-driven corrections to the material-budget description in ALICE simulation software are developed. One is based on the precise knowledge of the gas composition in the Time Projection Chamber. The other is based on the robustness of the ratio between the produced number of photons and charged particles, to a large extent due to the approximate isospin symmetry in the number of produced neutral and charged pions. Both methods are applied to ALICE data allowing for a reduction of the overall material budget systematic uncertainty from 4.5% down to 2.5%. Using these methods, a locally correct material budget is also achieved. The two proposed methods are generic and can be applied to any experiment in a similar fashion., Comment: 22 pages, 5 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 17, submitted to JINST, figures at http://alice-publications.web.cern.ch/node/9207
Published: 2023

2. Eco-friendly Resistive Plate Chambers for detectors in future HEP applications

Author: Quaglia, Luca, Cardarelli, R., Liberti, B., Pastori, E., Proto, G., Pizzimento, L., Rocchi, A., Aielli, G., Camarri, P., Di Ciacco, A., Di Stante, L., Santonico, R., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Massa, L., Polini, A., Romano, M., Benussi, L., Bianco, S., Piccolo, D., Saviano, G., Abbrescia, M., Congedo, L., De Serio, M., Galati, G., Pugliese, G., Simone, S., Ramos, D., Salvini, P., Samalan, A., Tytgat, M., Zaganidis, N., Eysermans, J., Ferretti, A., Gagliardi, M., Terlizzi, L., Vercellin, E., Dupieux, P., Joly, B., Manen, S.P., Guida, R., Mandelli, B., Rigoletti, G., Barroso, M., Arena, M.C., Pastore, A., Aly, R., Verzeroli, M., Buontempo, S., HEP, INSPIRE, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, and RPC-EcoGas@GIF++
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, CERN Lab, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], hep-ex, FOS: Physical sciences, resistive plate chamber, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), carbon: hydrogen, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], performance: time dependence, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], carbon: fluorine, electronics: readout, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, physics.ins-det, Particle Physics - Experiment, activity report, detector: design, gas: admixture
Abstract: Resistive Plate Chamber detectors are largely used in current High Energy Physics experiments, typically operated in avalanche mode with large fractions of Tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4), a gas recently banned by the European Union due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP). An intense R&D activity is ongoing to improve RPC technology in view of future HEP applications. In the last few years the RPC EcoGas@GIF++ Collaboration has been putting in place a joint effort between the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb/SHiP and EP-DT Communities to investigate the performance of present and future RPC generations with eco-friendly gas mixtures. Detectors with different layout and electronics have been operated with ecological gas mixtures, with and without irradiation at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Results of these performance studies together with plans for an aging test campaign are discussed in this article., 5 pages
Published: 2023

3. Searching for an eco-friendly gas mixture for the ALICE Resistive Plate Chambers

Author: Quaglia, Luca, Cardarelli, R., Liberti, B., Pastori, E., Proto, G., Aielli, G., Camarri, P., Di Ciacco, A., Di Stante, L., Santonico, R., Alberghi, G., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Massa, L., Polini, A., Romano, M., Benussi, L., Bianco, S., Passamonti, L., Piccolo, D., Pierluigi, D., Ferrini, A. Russo M., Saviano, G., Abbrescia, M., Congedo, L., de Serio, M., Galati, G., Pugliese, G., Simone, S., Salvini, P., Samalan, A., Tytgat, M., Zaganidis, N., Eysermans, J., Ferretti, A., Gagliardi, M., Terlizzi, L., Vercellin, E., Dupieux, P., Joly, B., Manen, S.P., Corbetta, M., Guida, R., Mandelli, B., Rigoletti, G., Barroso, M., Arena, M.C., Verzeroli, M., Pastore, A., Aly, R., HEP, INSPIRE, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), ALICE, and ECOgas@GIF++
Subjects: CERN Lab, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, sulfur: fluorine, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], hep-ex, FOS: Physical sciences, resistive plate chamber, carbon: hydrogen, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), damage: time dependence, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), ALICE, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], carbon: fluorine, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, physics.ins-det, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, gas: admixture
Abstract: The ALICE RPCs are operated with a mixture of 89.7% $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, 10% i-$C_{4}H_{10}$ and 0.3% $SF_{6}$. $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ and $SF_{6}$ are fluorinated greenhouse gases with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP). New European Union regulations have imposed a progressive phase-down of the production and usage of F-gases, aiming to cut down their emission by two thirds in 2030 with respect to 2014. Even though research activities are excluded from these regulations, the phase-down will inevitably increase their price and CERN is also aiming to cut down on its emissions. For these reasons it is crucial to find a more eco-friendly gas mixture for RPCs by the time of the LHC long shutdown 3, foreseen in 2026. Since $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ is the main contributor to the mixture GWP, an extensive R&D process has started to replace it with tetrafluoropropene ($C_{3}H_{2}F_{4}$), due to its chemical similarity with $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ and its low GWP (around 7). Preliminary tests with cosmic rays have shown promising results in terms of detector performance. The next step is to study the long-term behavior of RPCs operated with these new gas mixtures (aging studies). Since this is a subject of interest for all (and not only) the LHC experiments, a collaboration, ECOgas@GIF++, was setup to carry out joint studies. Among others, a small ALICE-like RPC was installed at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN, where they are exposed to a strong radiation field, coming from a 12.5 TBq $^{137}$Cs source, which allows one to simulate many years of operation in a relatively short time. The facility also provides a muon beam at specific times of the year, which can be used to study the detector performance (e.g. efficiency and cluster size) during and after irradiation., Proceedings of the LHCp 2022 conference
Published: 2022

4. Eco-friendly gas mixtures for future RPC detectors

Author: Proto, G., Abbrescia, M., Aielli, G., Alberghi, G., Aly, R., Arena, M.C., Barroso, M., Benussi, L., Bianchi, A., Bianco, S., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Camarri, P., Cardarelli, R., Congedo, L., Di Ciaccio, A., Di Stante, L., de Serio, M., Dupieux, P., Eysermans, J., Ferretti, A., Galati, G., Gagliardi, M., Guida, R., Joly, B., Liberti, B., Mandelli, B., Massa, L., Manen, S.P., Pastore, A., Pastori, E., Piccolo, D., Pizzimento, L., Polini, A., Pugliese, G., Quaglia, L., Ramos, D., Rigoletti, G., Rocchi, A., Romano, M., Samalan, A., Salvini, P., Santonico, R., Saviano, G., Simone, S., Terlizzi, L., Tytgat, M., Vercellin, E., Verzeroli, M., Zaganidis, N., Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: carbon: oxygen, CERN Lab, performance: time dependence, electronics: readout, resistive plate chamber, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], gamma ray: irradiation, activity report, gas: admixture
Abstract: International audience; Since a few years a joint collaboration between ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb/SHiP and CERN EP-DT groups is in place with the goal to study the performance of RPCs operated with eco-friendly gas mixtures under different irradiation conditions at GIF++.The performance of several chambers with different layout and electronics has been studied during dedicated beam tests, with and without gamma irradiation at GIF++. The RPCs have been operated with different gas mixtures based on $\rm{CO_{2}}$ and HFO1234ze gases. Results of these tests together with the future plans for aging studies of the chambers will be presented.
Published: 2022

5. Studies on tetrafluoropropene-CO2 based gas mixtures for the Resistive Plate Chambers of the ALICE Muon IDentifier

Author: Ferretti, A., Abbrescia, M., Aielli, G., Alberghi, G., Arena, M.C., Barroso, M., Benussi, L., Bianchi, A., Bianco, S., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Camarri, P., Cardarelli, R., Corbetta, M., Di Ciaccio, A., Congedo, L., De Serio, M., Di Stante, L., Dupieux, P., Eysermans, J., Ferrini, M., Gagliardi, M., Galati, G., Gelmi, A., Guida, R., Joly, B., Liberti, B., Mandelli, B., Manen, S.P., Massa, L., Micheletti, L., Passamonti, L., Pastore, A., Pastori, E., Piccolo, D., Pierluigi, D., Polini, A., Proto, G., Pugliese, G., Quaglia, L., Rigoletti, G., Romano, M., Russo, A., Samalan, A., Salvini, P., Santonico, R., Saviano, G., Simone, S., Terlizzi, L., Tytgat, M., Vercellin, E., Verzeroli, M., Zaganidis, N., Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, ECOGAS, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, sulfur: fluorine, Heavy-ion detectors, Counting gases and liquids, FOS: Physical sciences, carbon: hydrogen, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Gaseous detectors, carbon: oxygen, ALICE, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Settore FIS/01, hep-ex, resistive plate chamber, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), electrode, cosmic radiation, carbon: fluorine, Detector design and construction technologies and materials, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, muon: spectrometer
Abstract: Due to their simplicity and comparatively low cost Resistive Plate Chambers are gaseous detectors widely used in high-energy and cosmic rays physics when large detection areas are needed. However, the best gaseous mixtures are currently based on tetrafluoroethane, which has the undesirable characteristic of a large Global Warming Potential (GWP) of about 1400 and because of this, it is currently being phased out from industrial use. As a possible replacement, tetrafluoropropene (which has a GWP close to 1) has been taken into account. Since tetrafluoropropene is more electronegative than tetrafluoroethane, it has to be diluted with gases with a lower attachment coefficient in order to maintain the operating voltage close to 10 kV. One of the main candidates for this role is carbon dioxide. In order to ascertain the feasibility and the performance of tetrafluoropropene-CO2 based mixtures, an R&D program is being carried out in the ALICE collaboration, which employs an array of 72 Bakelite RPCs (Muon Identifier, MID) to identify muons. Different proportions of tetrafluoropropene and CO2, with the addition of small quantities of isobutane and sulphur hexafluoride, have been tested with 50x50 cm2 RPC prototypes with 2 mm wide gas gap and 2 mm thick Bakelite electrodes. In the presentation, results from tests with cosmic rays will be presented, together with data concerning the current drawn by a RPC exposed to the gamma-ray flux of the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at CERN., 4 pages, 3 figures, proceeding of the 12th International Conference on Position Sensitive Detectors
Published: 2021

6. Studies on environment-friendly gas mixtures for the Resistive Plate Chambers of the ALICE Muon Identifier

Author: Terlizzi, Livia, Abbrescia, M., Aielli, G., Alberghi, G., Arena, M.C., Barroso, M., Benussi, L., Bianchi, A., Bianco, S., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Camarri, P., Cardarelli, R., Corbetta, M., Di Ciaccio, A., Congedo, L., De Serio, M., Di Stante, L., Dupieux, P., Eysermans, J., Ferretti, A., Ferrini, M., Gagliardi, M., Galati, G., Gelmi, A., Guida, R., Joly, B., Liberti, B., Mandelli, B., Manen, S.P., Massa, L., Mereu, P., Micheletti, L., Passamonti, L., Pastore, A., Pastori, E., Piccolo, D., Pierluigi, D., Polini, A., Proto, G., Pugliese, G., Puleo, E., Quaglia, L., Rigoletti, G., Romano, M., Russo, A., Samalan, A., Salvini, P., Santonico, R., Saviano, G., Simone, S., Tytgat, M., Vercellin, E., Verzeroli, M., Zaganidis, N., Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, ALICE, ECOGAS, and HEP, INSPIRE
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], sulfur: fluorine, hep-ex, FOS: Physical sciences, resistive plate chamber, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), carbon: hydrogen, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), carbon: oxygen, ALICE, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], carbon: fluorine, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, physics.ins-det, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, gas: admixture
Abstract: Due to their simplicity and comparatively low cost, Resistive Plate Chambers are gaseous detectors widely used in high-energy and cosmic rays physics, when large detection areas are needed. However, the best gaseous mixtures are currently based on tetrafluoroethane, which has the undesirable characteristic of a large Global Warming Potential (GWP) of about 1400 and, because of this, it is currently being phased out from industrial use. Tetrafluoropropene (which has a GWP close to 1) is being considered as a possible replacement. Since tetrafluoropropene is more electronegative than tetrafluoroethane, it has to be diluted with gases with a lower attachment coefficient in order to maintain the operating voltage close to 10 kV. One of the main candidates for this role is carbon dioxide. In order to ascertain the feasibility and the performance of tetrafluoropropene-CO2 based mixtures, an R&D program is being carried out within the ALICE collaboration, employing an array of 72 Bakelite RPCs (Muon IDentifier, MID) in order to identify muons. Different proportions of tetrafluoropropene and CO2, with the addition of small quantities of isobutane and sulphur hexafluoride, have been tested with 50x50 cm 2 RPC prototypes with 2 mm wide gas gap and 2 mm thick Bakelite electrodes. In this contribution, results from tests with cosmic rays will be presented, together with data concerning the current drawn by a RPC exposed to the gamma-ray flux of the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at CERN., Proceedings of 10th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP 2021), 2021-08-23 to 2021-09-02
Published: 2021

7. Performance studies at RPC detectors operated with new environmentally-friendly gas mixtures in presence of LHC-like radiation background

Author: Gianluca Rigoletti, R. Guida, Beatrice Mandelli, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, costs, Radiation, 7. Clean energy, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, spatial resolution, time resolution, gas: admixture, radiation: damage, Freon, Large Hadron Collider, Detector, resistive plate chamber, Environmentally friendly, 13. Climate action, muon: irradiation, Greenhouse gas, 8. Economic growth, Cluster size, Environmental science, performance, radiation: background, Gamma irradiation
Abstract: International audience; Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used thanks to their excellent time resolution and low production cost. At the CERN LHC experiments, the large RPC systems are operated in avalanche mode thanks to a Freon-based gas mixture containing C2H2F4 and SF6, both greenhouse gases with a very high global warming potential (GWP). The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is advisable for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, costs as well as to optimize RPC performance and possible detector aging issues.Several hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and innovative industrial alternative to SF6 gases with very low GWP have been identified as possible replacements of C2H2F4 and SF6. More than 60 environmentally friendly gas mixtures have been investigated on 2 mm single-gap RPCs. The RPC detectors have been tested in laboratory conditions and at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides a high energy muon beam combined with an intense gamma source allowing to simulate the background expected at HL-LHC.RPCs performance have been studied at different gamma rates with the new environmentally friendly gases by measuring efficiency, streamer probability, rate capability, induced charge, cluster size and time resolution. Encouraging results of RPC operation in avalanche mode have been obtained with 4 and 5 components gas mixtures. To finalize the studies, the RPCs are now operated under gas recirculation with the selected new gas mixture and exposed to the intense gamma radiation at the CERN GIF++ facility for evaluating possible long-term aging effects, gas damage due to radiation and compatibility of LHC gas system with new gases.
Published: 2021

8. Studies on fluorine-based impurity production in Triple-GEM detectors operated with CF$_4$-based gas mixture

Author: Corbetta, Mara, Guida, Roberto, Mandelli, Beatrice, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: GIF++, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, molecule: gas, chemistry, gas electron multiplier, performance: time dependence, carbon: fluorine, Triple-GEM, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, Fluoride, damage, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, gas: admixture, Impurities, MPGD
Abstract: International audience; One of the primary elements influencing gaseous detector operation is the purity of the gas mixture. Its quality can be undermined by the presence of impurities, already present in the supply gas bottles or that could be created in the gas system or from the detector itself. Gaseous detectors operated with Freon-based gas mixtures are subject to the formation of the products of gas molecules break up, occurring when the gas is exposed to high-rate radiation, and enhanced by the presence of high electric field. The release of highly reactive products could be critical as they could either create polymerized deposits or cause material etching, that could compromise detector performance and accelerate aging processes. Moreover, the operation of gas systems with gas recirculation, nowadays common in many gas systems, could worsen the risk of damage due to possible impurities accumulation. This work focuses on the production of fluorine-based impurities in Triple-GEMs detectors operated with C F4 -based gas mixture. Detectors are operated in a LHC-like gas system and exposed to high-rate gamma irradiation thanks to the intense 137 Cs source provided by the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Impurity production is characterized for different detector operation conditions such as gas mixture, working voltage, input flow rate, and irradiation rates. Furthermore, purifier module operation is validated proving its efficiency in removing Fluoride impurities.
Published: 2021

9. Triple-GEM detectors gas mixture studies

Author: R. Guida, Beatrice Mandelli, Mara Corbetta, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: water: admixture, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, oxygen: admixture, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, carbon: oxygen, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, numerical calculations, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Physics, nitrogen: admixture, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, stability, CERN LHC Coll, gas electron multiplier, argon, carbon: fluorine, business, performance
Abstract: International audience; Good and safe long-term operation of gaseous detectors are mainly guaranteed by the quality and stability of their gas mixture. Among Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD), Triple Gas Electron Multipliers (Triple-GEMs) have lately been more and more considered as tracking devices for LHC Experiments Muon Systems, as well as for others physics applications. Triple-GEM detectors are commonly operated with Ar/CO$_2$ or Ar/CO$_2$/CF$_4$ gas mixtures, and the correct proportion between the different gas mixture components is fundamental for stable detector operation. Moreover, common impurities such as N$_2$, O$_2$ and H$_2$O can affect their performance, mining their response reliability. This study presents a characterization of Triple-GEM detectors performance in relation to their gas mixture composition. Results are reported in terms of experimental measurements as well as computer simulations of the Triple-GEM electron amplification process.
Published: 2021

10. Applications and Perspectives of Ultrasonic Multi-Gas Analysis with Simultaneous Flowmetry

Author: HALLEWELL, Gregory, BATTISTIN, Michele M., BORTOLIN, Claudio C., CRESPO-LOPEZ, Olivier O., DETERRE, Cecile C., DOUBEK, Martin M., KATUNIN, Sergey S., NAGAI, Koichi K., PEARSON, Benjamin B., ROBINSON, David D., ROSSI, Cecilia C., ROZANOV, Alexandre, VACEK, Vaclav V., ZWALINSKI, Lukasz L., Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Robinson, David [0000-0001-6169-4868], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Materials science, Ultrasonic Gas Mixture analysis, Acoustics, Instrumentation, Flow (psychology), measurement methods, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, 03 medical and health sciences, carbon: oxygen, 0302 clinical medicine, Xenon, 030202 anesthesiology, 0103 physical sciences, xenon anesthesia, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, detector: design, gas: admixture, [PHYS.MECA.VIBR]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Vibrations [physics.class-ph], wave: acoustic, gas: flow, 34 Chemical Sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ATLAS experiment, Leak detection, Ultrasonic flowmetry, ATLAS, lcsh:QC1-999, Coolant, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], chemistry, ultrasonic gas analysis, 13. Climate action, 3401 Analytical Chemistry, carbon: fluorine, lcsh:QC770-798, Xenon anasethesia, Ultrasonic sensor, Thermosiphon, detector: acoustic, 51 Physical Sciences, lcsh:Physics, Evaporative cooler
Abstract: We have developed ultrasonic instrumentation for simultaneous flow and composition measurement in a variety of gas mixtures. Flow and composition are respectively derived from measurements of the difference and average of sound transit times in opposite directions in a flowing process gas. We have developed a sound velocity-based algorithm to compensate for the effects of additional gases, allowing the concentrations of a pair of gases of primary interest to be acoustically measured on top of a varying baseline from &lsquo, third party&rsquo, gases whose concentrations in the multi-gas mixture are measured by other means. Several instruments are used in the CERN ATLAS experiment. Three monitor C3F8, (R218), and CO2 coolant leaks into N2-purged environmental envelopes. Precision in molar concentration of better than 2 &times, 10&minus, 5 is routinely seen in mixtures of C3F8 in N2 in the presence of varying known concentrations of CO2. Further instruments monitor air ingress and C3F8 vapor flow (at high mass flows around 1.1 kg s&minus, 1) in the 60 kW thermosiphon C3F8 evaporative cooling recirculator. This instrumentation and analysis technique, targeting binary pairs of gases of interest in multi-gas mixtures, is promising for mixtures of anesthetic gases, particularly in the developing area of xenon anesthesia.
Published: 2020

11. Studies on Triple-GEM Detectors in high radiation environment with gas recirculation

Author: Mara Corbetta, Beatrice Mandelli, Roberto Guida, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Radiation effects, Context (language use), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Irradiation, gamma ray: irradiation, gas: admixture, Background radiation, Electron multipliers, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, Mesons, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, radiation: effect, Detector, Conferences, Water, stability, Particle beams, CERN LHC Coll, efficiency, gas electron multiplier, muon: irradiation, Gas electron multiplier, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, performance, Beam (structure)
Abstract: International audience; At the CERN LHC experiments, several gaseous detector technologies are operated in gas recirculation mode to lower operational costs and gas emissions. In the next years, Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) technologies will be largely implemented in the LHC experiments, with dedicated gas systems, and they will experience a significantly increased background radiation rate, especially in the HL-LHC phase. It is therefore fundamental to study MPGD operated with LHC gas systems, especially under gas recirculation, to be able to guarantee their safe long-term operation. In this context, the performance of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors operated in gas recirculating systems have been studied at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides an intense gamma irradiation along with a Muon beam from the SPS accelerator. Triple-GEM detectors performance has been studied in relation to operation stability during long-term high rate irradiation, as well as in terms of Muon detection efficiency with different gamma background rates. Both tests were realized with various gas mixtures and gas system conditions. A complete overview of the results obtained at the GIF++is presented, showing the successful operation of Triple-GEM detectors during long-term high-rate irradiation and good Muon detection efficiency in HL-like background radiation.
Published: 2020

12. Environment-friendly gas mixtures for Resistive Plate Chambers: an experimental and simulation study

Author: L. Terlizzi, Ermanno Vercellin, M. Gagliardi, M. Marchisone, A. Bianchi, Alessandro Ferretti, S. Manen, S. Delsanto, B. Joly, Pascal Dupieux, L. Micheletti, Luca Quaglia, A. Rosano, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermodynamics, costs, carbon: hydrogen, helium, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, carbon: oxygen, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, media_common.cataloged_instance, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], European union, numerical calculations, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Helium, media_common, gas: admixture, Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Resistive plate chamber, resistive plate chamber, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Hydrofluoroolefin, CERN LHC Coll, chemistry, 13. Climate action, efficiency, argon, carbon: fluorine, Production (computer science), Global-warming potential
Abstract: Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) have shown stable operation at the Large Hadron Collider and satisfactory efficiency for the entire Run 1 (2010-2013) and Run 2 (2015-2018) with C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$-based gas mixtures and the addition of SF$_{6}$ and i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$. Since its global warming potential (GWP) is high, C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ is phasing out of production due to recent European Union regulations and as a result its cost is progressively increasing. Therefore, finding a new RPC gas mixture with a low GWP has become extremely important. This contribution describes the simulation of the RPC efficiency with tetrafluoropropene C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ (HFO1234ze), a hydrofluoroolefin with very low GWP. Simulation results are systematically compared with measurements of RPC efficiency in C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$-based gas mixtures with the addition of different combinations of Ar, He, CO$_{2}$, O$_{2}$ and i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ in various concentrations. This simulation allows the study of the interplay between C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ and the other gas components in the mixture as well as may allow the identification of the most promising environment-friendly gas mixtures with C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ for RPCs., Comment: 15th Workshop on Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors (RPC 2020)
Published: 2020

13. Triple-GEM detectors operation under gas recirculation in high-rate radiation environment

Author: Beatrice Mandelli, Roberto Guida, Mara Corbetta, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, gamma ray: background, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, muon: particle identification, Context (language use), Radiation, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, gamma ray: irradiation, Instrumentation, Gas recirculation, Background radiation, gas: admixture, Physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, GIF++, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, micro-pattern detector, Detector, Gas purity, stability, CERN LHC Coll, efficiency, gas electron multiplier, Gas electron multiplier, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Triple-GEM, control system, performance, MPGD, HL-LHC
Abstract: International audience; At the CERN LHC experiments, several gaseous detector technologies are operated in gas recirculation mode to lower operational costs and gas emissions. In the next years, Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) technologies will be largely implemented in the LHC experiments, with dedicated gas systems, and they will experience a significantly increased background radiation rate, especially in the HL-LHC phase. It is therefore fundamental to study MPGD operated with LHC gas systems, especially under gas recirculation, to be able to guarantee their safe long-term operation. In this context, the performance of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors operated in gas recirculating systems have been studied at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides an intense gamma irradiation along with a Muon beam from the SPS accelerator. Triple-GEM detectors performance has been studied in relation to operation stability during long-term high rate irradiation, as well as in terms of Muon detection efficiency with different gamma background rates. Both tests were realized with various gas mixtures and gas system conditions. A complete overview of the results obtained at the GIF++ is presented, showing the successful operation of Triple-GEM detectors during long-term high-rate irradiation and good Muon detection efficiency in LHC HL-like background radiation.
Published: 2020

14. Performance studies of RPC detectors with new environmentally friendly gas mixtures in presence of LHC-like radiation background

Author: Beatrice Mandelli, R. Guida, G. Rigoletti, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, costs, Radiation, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Process engineering, gamma ray: irradiation, Instrumentation, time resolution, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, Freon, business.industry, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Resistive plate chamber, muon: trigger, resistive plate chamber, Environmentally friendly, 0104 chemical sciences, CERN LHC Coll, 13. Climate action, efficiency, Greenhouse gas, business, performance
Abstract: Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. They are operated with a Freon-based gas mixture containing C 2 H 2 F 4 and S F 6 , both greenhouse gases (GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP). The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions and costs as well as to optimize RPC performance. Several recently available gases with low GWP have been identified as possible replacements for C 2 H 2 F 4 and S F 6 . More than 60 environmentally friendly gas mixtures have been investigated on 2 mm single-gap RPCs. The RPC detectors have been tested in laboratory conditions and at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides a high energy muon beam combined with an intense gamma source allowing to simulate the background expected at HL-LHC. The performance of RPCs were studied at different gamma rates with the new environmentally friendly gases by measuring efficiency, streamer probability, rate capability, induced charge, cluster size and time resolution. To finalize the studies, the RPCs are now operated under gas recirculation with the selected new gas mixture and exposed to the intense gamma radiation of GIF++ for evaluating possible long-term aging effects, gas damage due to radiation and compatibility of LHC gas system with new gases.
Published: 2019

15. Development of a Simulation Framework for Spherical Proportional Counters

Author: J. Matthews, R. Ward, Thomas James Neep, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, P. Knights, R. E. Owen, I. Katsioulas, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Electron, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Gaseous detectors, n: spectrometer, 0302 clinical medicine, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Physics, Detector, interaction of photons with matter, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Radius, Simulation software, interaction of hadrons with matter, GEANT, proportional chamber, pulse formation, Dark matter, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Proportional counter, 03 medical and health sciences, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], numerical calculations, detector: design, etc), multiplication and induction, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, dark matter: detector, electrode, Anode, charge transport, Neutron spectroscopy, Computational physics, electron emission, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Simulation methods and programs, computer
Abstract: The spherical proportional counter is a novel gaseous detector with numerous applications, including direct dark matter searches and neutron spectroscopy. The strengths of the Geant4 and Garfield++ toolkits are combined to create a simulation framework for spherical proportional counters. The interface is implemented by introducing Garfield++ classes within a Geant4 application. Simulated muon, electron, and photon signals are presented, and the effects of gas mixture composition and anode support structure on detector response are discussed., 11 pages, 11 figures, proceedings of 15th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors (IPRD19) 14-17 October 2019 Siena, Italy
Published: 2019

16. Studies of RPC detector operation with eco-friendly gas mixtures under irradiation at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility

Author: Anna Di Ciaccio, Paolo Camarri, Barbara Liberti, L. Benussi, P. Salvini, Gabriella Pugliese, Michael Tytgat, Gianluca Rigoletti, Andrea Gelmi, Ermanno Vercellin, Luca Micheletti, Jan Eysermans, R. Santonico, Baptiste Joly, D. Pierluigi, Alessia Bruni, Martino Gagliardi, Giovanna Saviano, Silvia Delsanto, L. Passamonti, R. Guida, Alessandro Polini, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Samuel Pierre Manen, Nikolaos Zaganidis, Mauro Ferrini, Pascal Dupieux, Giulio Aielli, Enrico Pastori, Luigi Di Stante, Roberto Cardarelli, Livia Terlizzi, Luca Quaglia, A. Russo, Beatrice Mandelli, Alessandro Ferretti, S. Bianco, Davide Boscherini, Antonio Bianchi, Mara Corbetta, D. Piccolo, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Settore FIS/01, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, Freon, CERN Lab, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, background, Nuclear engineering, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, muon: trigger, resistive plate chamber, 7. Clean energy, Environmentally friendly, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, fluorine, Fluorine, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, gamma ray: irradiation, performance, gas: admixture
Abstract: International audience; Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. They are operated with a Freon-based gas mixture containing $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$, both greenhouse gases (GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP).The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions and costs as well as to optimize RPC performance.Several recently available gases with low GWP have been identified as possible replacements for $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$.In particular, eco-friendly gas mixtures based on the HFO-1234ze have been investigated on 1.4 and 2 mm single-gap and double-gap RPCs.The RPC detectors have been tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides a high energy muon beam combined with an intense gamma source allowing to simulate the background expected at HL-LHC.The performance of RPCs were studied at different gamma rates with the new environmentally friendly gases by measuring ohmic and physics currents, fluorine radicals and HF production, rate capability and induced charge.Preliminary results on the long-term effects on the performance of the detectors are presented in this study.
Published: 2019

17. Fast neutron spectroscopy with Mimac-FastN : a mobile and directional fast neutron spectrometer, from 1 MeV up to 15 MeV

Author: Nadine Sauzet, Jean-François Muraz, J. Bouvier, G. Bosson, O. Guillaudin, M. Marton, T. Descombes, D. Santos, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Physics, History, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Theory, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, MIMAC, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, n: energy, Computer Science Applications, Education, Neutron spectroscopy, Nuclear physics, n: spectrometer, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, spectrometer: design, gas: pressure, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, performance, gas: admixture
Abstract: In the frame of direct dark matter search, the fast neutrons producing elastic collisions are the ultimate background. The MIMAC (MIcro-tpc MAtrix Chambers) project has developed a directional detector providing the directional signature to discriminate them based on 3D nuclear tracks reconstruction. The MIMAC team of the LPSC has adapted one MIMAC chamber as a portable fast neutron spectrometer, the Mimac-FastN detector, having a very large neutron energy range (10 keV - 200 MeV) with different gas mixtures and pressures. The present paper shows its main features and functionality and demonstrates its potential in the energy range from 1 MeV to 15 MeV.
Published: 2019

18. Gas R&D on gas recirculation and recuperation for the Resistive Plate Chamber detectors

Author: Beatrice Mandelli, G. Rigoletti, Mara Corbetta, Roberto Guida, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: detector: performance, sulfur: fluorine, Greenhouse, carbon: hydrogen, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Refrigerant, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Process engineering, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Process (computing), Resistive plate chamber, resistive plate chamber, CERN LHC Coll, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, atmosphere, carbon: fluorine, Environmental science, business, Global-warming potential
Abstract: International audience; Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments are operated with a gas mixture containing C2H2F4 (R134a) and SF6. These gases are used because they allow to achieve specific detector performance. However, due to their high Global Warming Potential (GWP) they are currently subject to a phase down policy that started to affect the market with price increase and it may cause a decrease in their long-term availability. To minimize these risks, four different strategies have been identified for optimizing their usage. As immediate actions and where possible, during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) the RPC gas systems will be upgraded to cope with new detector requirements and, in parallel, extensive campaigns for fixing leaks at detector level will be performed. Since R134a dominates the greenhouse gas consumption, the development of a R134a gas recuperation plant is going to be the next step and it might have an important positive impact on the overall optimization process. Recently a prototype system was tested with encouraging results. For future long-term detector operation, R&D studies are ongoing for finding “green” alternatives to the currently used gases. Unfortunately, new gases developed by industry as refrigerant fluids are not behaving as the R134a in particle detectors which makes the replacement for present experiments difficult. The last strategy consists in the possibility of using industrial plants for the disposal of greenhouse gases by decomposition in harmless compounds. This solution avoids the emission in the atmosphere but it does not optimize the gas usage and problems like gas availability and price for detector operation might become the challenge in the coming years due to the greenhouse phase down policy.
Published: 2020

19. Studies on tetrafluoropropene-based gas mixtures with low environmental impact for Resistive Plate Chambers

Author: Antonio Bianchi, Alessandro Ferretti, M. Gagliardi, Ermanno Vercellin, L. Micheletti, B. Joly, S. Manen, Pascal Dupieux, S. Delsanto, A. Rosano, M. Marchisone, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)
Subjects: Imagination, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemical substance, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, media_common.quotation_subject, costs, FOS: Physical sciences, carbon: hydrogen, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Gaseous detectors, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Carbon–fluorine bond, media_common.cataloged_instance, Environmental impact assessment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], European union, Process engineering, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, media_common, Charge transport and multiplication in gas, Resistive touchscreen, Large Hadron Collider, Resistive-plate chambers, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, resistive plate chamber, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, atmosphere, carbon: fluorine, business
Abstract: Gaseous detectors are widely used in high-energy physics experiments, and in particular at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to provide tracking and triggering over large volumes. It has been recently estimated that Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), used for muon detection, have the highest contribution on the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the LHC experiments. Gas mixtures for RPCs are mainly made of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$, which is a greenhouse gas with a high environmental impact in the atmosphere. C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ is already phasing out of production, due to recent European Union (EU) regulations, and its cost is expected to increase in the near future. Therefore, finding alternative gas mixtures made of gas components with a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) has become extremely important for limiting the GHG emissions as well as for economic reasons. The novel hydrofluoroolefins are likely appropriate candidates to replace C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ due to their similar chemical structures. This study is focused on the characterization of innovative gas mixtures with tetrafluoropropene HFO1234ze(E) (C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$) that is one of the most eco-friendly hydrofluoroolefins, thanks to its very low GWP. HFO1234ze(E)-based gas mixtures with the addition of Ar, N$_{2}$, O$_{2}$ and CO$_{2}$ are extensively discussed in this paper as well as the role of i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ and SF$_{6}$ in such mixtures., Comment: 15th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors (IPRD19)
Published: 2020

20. Effects of gas mixture quality on GEM detectors operation

Author: Beatrice Mandelli, Roberto Guida, Mara Corbetta, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon
Subjects: History, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ionization: yield, Nuclear engineering, water, Flow (psychology), 01 natural sciences, Signal, nitrogen, Education, Quality (physics), Impurity, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, gas: admixture, gas: flow, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Humidity, stability, Computer Science Applications, CERN LHC Coll, efficiency, quality, 13. Climate action, Gas electron multiplier, Environmental science, gas electron multiplier: performance, oxygen
Abstract: Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors have been successfully operated in the LHCb experiment and they will be installed in the CMS and ALICE experiments during LHC Long Shutdown 2. As for others LHC gaseous detector systems, gas mixture is individually provided by dedicated Gas Systems. Several studies have been performed in laboratory to characterize GEM performance from the point of view of their use in LHC Gas Systems, where many variables can influence detectors operation. A Triple-GEM prototype was tested with the aim of probing the possible effects of specific changes that could occur in the Gas System, such as variations in gas mixture composition, input gas flow and presence of impurities. A complete overview of the obtained results will be presented. The test confirms the importance of having a stable gas mixture composition, as it influences GEMs working point, with significant variations in the amplification gain. It was also seen how the input gas flow can affect GEMs performance, since it conditions the accumulation of humidity and air. Moreover, it was found that the presence of pollutants such as O2, N2 and H2O, commonly present during operation in the experiments, influences GEMs performance in terms of signal efficiency and amplification gain. While detector gain is weakly affected by the presence of N2, the presence of even small concentrations of O2 causes a significant performance decrease in terms of amplification gain.
Published: 2020

21. Gas mixture quality monitoring for the RPC detectors at the LHC experiments

Author: Beatrice Mandelli, M. Marchisone, R. Guida, Martino Gagliardi, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Computer science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, measurement methods, carbon: hydrogen, quality: monitoring, computer.software_genre, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Gaseous detectors, ALICE, 0103 physical sciences, Gas systems and purification, Quality monitoring, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, gas: admixture, Materials for gaseous detectors, Thesaurus (information retrieval), Large Hadron Collider, Database, Resistive-plate chambers, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, CMS, Detector, muon: trigger, resistive plate chamber, 13. Climate action, fluorine: ion, carbon: fluorine, mass: spectrometer, computer
Abstract: International audience; Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely employed in the muon trigger systems of three experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) thanks to their excellent time resolution. The LHC RPC systems are operated under gas recirculation to reduce operation cost and greenhouse gas emissions since their gas mixture is based on C2H2F4, which has a global warning potential of 1430 and it is subject to the European F-gas Regulation. Extensive gas analysis campaigns have been performed during LHC Run 2 for the CMS RPC and ALICE Muon Trigger (MTR) systems to verify the gas mixture quality and possible accumulation of impurities. A particular attention has been addressed to the ALICE MTR system, which has been operated under gas recirculation from the end of 2015. In order to validate the system ensuring good detector operation, the gas recirculation has been increased in steps: 30%, 60% and 70%. Detector currents and gas mixture quality have been closely monitored. A gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC/MS) station has been installed to analyze the MTR gas mixture in different points of the gas system: fresh gas from the mixer, detectors output and output of the purifier module. Several impurities have been found and identified. Most of the impurities are created inside the detector gas gap due to the fragmentation of the C2H2F4 molecule under the effects of electric field and radiation. The GC/MS analyses have been regularly performed in 2016 and 2017. It has been demonstrated that impurities concentration (at the level of tens of ppm) increases with the increase of the gas recirculation fraction. GC/MS analyses have been also performed after the purifier module showing that some impurities are filtered while others not. In parallel, the RPC currents have been constantly monitored, and their trend showed no correlation with the gas recirculation fraction. In 2017 an Ion Selective Electrode station was installed to measure the fluoride ions (F−) concentration in the MTR RPC gas mixture. Indeed the products of the C2H2F4 fragmentation not always recombine and F^− species can stay free in the gas mixture. The analyses show that F− are present in the mixture exiting the RPCs and their concentration increases with the increase of luminosity, even if it stays at the level of ppb per day. A comprehensive overview of the results obtained from the different types of gas analyses and possible correlation with RPC currents and LHC luminosity will be presented.
Published: 2018

22. A 4 tonne demonstrator for large-scale dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers

Author: T. Hasegawa, S. Bordoni, M. Chalifour, Sampsa Vihonen, G. Maire, D. Redondo, N. Geffroy, F. Duval, Ionel Lazanu, A. Verdugo, A. Saftoiu, M. Calin, J. Asaadi, S. Horikawa, Marc Weber, Marzio Nessi, D. Lorca, Masatoshi Maki, B.M. Cautisanu, K. Cankocak, Filippo Resnati, F. Sergiampietri, H. Pessard, M. Parvu, F. Vannucci, L. Zambelli, R. Sulej, M.M. Badoi, A.M. Blebea-Apostu, V. Galymov, G. Misitano, I. De Bonis, I. Gil-Botella, Paolo Crivelli, A. Gendotti, A. Noury, L. Balleyguier, V. Aushev, M.C. Gomoiu, Thorsten Lux, P. Lutz, A. Falcone, Romul Margineanu, B. Aimard, S. Wu, I. Kreslo, D. Stanca, K. Nakayoshi, A. Gallego-Ros, Laura Manenti, V. Toboaru, Y. Pénichot, L. Molina Bueno, D. Pugnere, D. Caiulo, Alexandru Jipa, N. Bourgeois, S. Vilalte, D. Kryn, Animesh Chatterjee, T. Viant, Y. Piret, E. Pennacchio, J. Soto-Oton, D. Autiero, T. Kishishita, E. Mazzucato, Diana Navas-Nicolas, S. Jiménez, Mario Campanelli, L. Scotto Lavina, Enrique Calvo, D. Stefan, C. Drancourt, Y. Karyotakis, J. Sinclair, C. Regenfus, C. Alt, N. Lira, Wladyslaw Henryk Trzaska, Antonio Ereditato, G. Lehmann-Miotto, P. Cotte, J.V. Dawson, Masahiro Ikeno, A. Holin, B. A. Popov, C. Girerd, J. Dumarchez, Yu. Onishchuk, T.S. Mosu, S. Kasai, D. Belver, Jong-Sung Yu, E. Bechetoille, B. Mitrica, S. Shahsavarani, A. Munteanu, B. Radics, K. Sakashita, F. Dulucq, B. Bourguille, Nikolaos Charitonidis, K. Fusshoeller, B.S. Dimitru, T. Patzak, G. Brunetti, P. Gorodetzky, K. Negishi, F. Doizon, J.P. Mols, S. Bolognesi, M. Zito, M. Gherghel-Lascu, A. Tonazzo, André Rubbia, A. Balaceanu, C. Ristea, J. Marteau, D. Mladenov, C. Cantini, H. Mathez, C. Moreno Martinez, L. Periale, F. Noto, Kai Loo, G. Martin-Chassard, Federico Sanchez, L. Brunetti, Y. Rigaut, G. Vasseur, A. Remoto, B. Carlus, C. M. Schloesser, Tomohisa Uchida, G. Brown, W. Tromeur, A. Delbart, W. Mu, P. Chiu, R. Hanni, Masashi Tanaka, S. Conforti, C. Santos, S. Narita, S. Murphy, L. Nita, Martin Auger, S. Di Luise, Jukka Maalampi, M. Shoji, P. Stroescu, T. Esanu, C. de la Taille, C. Lastoria, E. Hamada, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu, J. Bremer, S. Emery, A. Scarpelli, C. Cuesta, D. Desforge, A. Chiriacescu, C. Giganti, D. Duchesneau, K. Sendai, C. Palomares, A. Chappuis, Katsuyu Kasami, M. Karolak, G. Balik, F. Pietropaolo, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Organisation de Micro-Électronique Générale Avancée (OMEGA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aimard, B, Alt, C, Asaadi, J, Auger, M, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Badoi, M, Balaceanu, A, Balik, G, Balleyguier, L, Bechetoille, E, Belver, D, Blebea-Apostu, A, Bolognesi, S, Bordoni, S, Bourgeois, N, Bourguille, B, Bremer, J, Brown, G, Brunetti, G, Brunetti, L, Caiulo, D, Calin, M, Calvo, E, Campanelli, M, Cankocak, K, Cantini, C, Carlus, B, Cautisanu, B, Chalifour, M, Chappuis, A, Charitonidis, N, Chatterjee, A, Chiriacescu, A, Chiu, P, Conforti, S, Cotte, P, Crivelli, P, Cuesta, C, Dawson, J, De Bonis, I, De La Taille, C, Delbart, A, Desforge, D, Di Luise, S, Dimitru, B, Doizon, F, Drancourt, C, Duchesneau, D, Dulucq, F, Dumarchez, J, Duval, F, Emery, S, Ereditato, A, Esanu, T, Falcone, A, Fusshoeller, K, Gallego-Ros, A, Galymov, V, Geffroy, N, Gendotti, A, Gherghel-Lascu, M, Giganti, C, Gil-Botella, I, Girerd, C, Gomoiu, M, Gorodetzky, P, Hamada, E, Hanni, R, Hasegawa, T, Holin, A, Horikawa, S, Ikeno, M, Jimenez, S, Jipa, A, Karolak, M, Karyotakis, Y, Kasai, S, Kasami, K, Kishishita, T, Kreslo, I, Kryn, D, Lastoria, C, Lazanu, I, Lehmann-Miotto, G, Lira, N, Loo, K, Lorca, D, Lutz, P, Lux, T, Maalampi, J, Maire, G, Maki, M, Manenti, L, Margineanu, R, Marteau, J, Martin-Chassard, G, Mathez, H, Mazzucato, E, Misitano, G, Mitrica, B, Mladenov, D, Bueno, L, Martinez, C, Mols, J, Mosu, T, Mu, W, Munteanu, A, Murphy, S, Nakayoshi, K, Narita, S, Navas-Nicolas, D, Negishi, K, Nessi, M, Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M, Nita, L, Noto, F, Noury, A, Onishchuk, Y, Palomares, C, Parvu, M, Patzak, T, Penichot, Y, Pennacchio, E, Periale, L, Pessard, H, Pietropaolo, F, Piret, Y, Popov, B, Pugnere, D, Radics, B, Redondo, D, Regenfus, C, Remoto, A, Resnati, F, Rigaut, Y, Ristea, C, Rubbia, A, Saftoiu, A, Sakashita, K, Sanchez, F, Santos, C, Scarpelli, A, Schloesser, C, Lavina, L, Sendai, K, Sergiampietri, F, Shahsavarani, S, Shoji, M, Sinclair, J, Soto-Oton, J, Stanca, D, Stefan, D, Stroescu, P, Sulej, R, Tanaka, M, Toboaru, V, Tonazzo, A, Tromeur, W, Trzaska, W, Uchida, T, Vannucci, F, Vasseur, G, Verdugo, A, Viant, T, Vihonen, S, Vilalte, S, Weber, M, Wu, S, Yu, J, Zambelli, L, Zito, M, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, hiukkasfysiikka, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Ionization, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutrino detectors, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, gas: admixture, Large Hadron Collider, Detector, neutriinot, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), experimental equipment, neutrino: detector, Time projection chamber, ilmaisimet, time projection chambers, Large scale cryogenic liquid detectors [8], photon: yield, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, Materials science, CERN Lab, Time projection chambers, Particle tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors), ionization: yield, particle tracking detectors (gaseous detectors), tutkimuslaitteet, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Scintillation, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, time projection chamber: liquid argon, chemistry, muon: cosmic radiation, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Tonne, neutrino detectors
Abstract: A 10 kilo-tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC is one of the detector options considered for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The detector technology relies on amplification of the ionisation charge in ultra-pure argon vapour and offers several advantages compared to the traditional single-phase liquid argon TPCs. A 4.2 tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC prototype, the largest of its kind, with an active volume of \three has been constructed and operated at CERN. In this paper we describe in detail the experimental setup and detector components as well as report on the operation experience. We also present the first results on the achieved charge amplification, prompt scintillation and electroluminescence detection, and purity of the liquid argon from analyses of a collected sample of cosmic ray muons. A 10 kilo-tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC is one of the detector options considered for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The detector technology relies on amplification of the ionisation charge in ultra-pure argon vapour and oers several advantages compared to the traditional single-phase liquid argon TPCs. A 4.2 tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC prototype, the largest of its kind, with an active volume of 3x1x1 $m^3$ has been constructed and operated at CERN. In this paper we describe in detail the experimental setup and detector components as well as report on the operation experience. We also present the first results on the achieved charge amplification, prompt scintillation and electroluminescence detection, and purity of the liquid argon from analyses of a collected sample of cosmic ray muons.
Published: 2018

23. Custom real-time ultrasonic instrumentation for simultaneous mixture and flow analysis of binary gases in the CERN ATLAS experiment

Author: David Robinson, J. Young, Michael A. Strauss, C. Rossi, A. Hasib, A. O'Rourke, C. Degeorge, O. Crespo-Lopez, E. Stanecka, Vaclav Vacek, S. Katunin, B. Di Girolamo, G. D. Hallewell, Alexandre Rozanov, Lukasz Zwalinski, Muhammad Alhroob, S. Berry, S. McMahon, Benjamin Pearson, R. Vaglio, Martin Doubek, G. Boyd, G. Favre, Koichi Nagai, A. Bitadze, Cecile Deterre, M. Battistin, Alexander Madsen, P. Bonneau, D. Lombard, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, admixture [gas], Acoustics, Instrumentation, measurement methods, Sonar, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Flow measurement, Particle detector, nitrogen, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, carbon: oxygen, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Ultrasonic binary gas analysis, fluorine [carbon], Thermosiphon operation, 0103 physical sciences, acoustic [velocity], ddc:530, Gas composition, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Condenser (heat transfer), gas: admixture, Physics, Evaporative cooling, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Ultrasonic flowmetry, resolution, ATLAS, velocity: acoustic, ATLAS detector control system, acoustic [detector], Measuring instrument, carbon: fluorine, Ultrasonic sensor, oxygen [carbon], control system, detector: acoustic
Abstract: Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for simultaneous monitoring of binary gas mixture and flow in the ATLAS Inner Detector. Sound transit times are measured in opposite directions in flowing gas. Flow rate and sound velocity are respectively calculated from their difference and average. Gas composition is evaluated in real-time by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database, based on the direct dependence of sound velocity on component concentrations in a mixture at known temperature and pressure. Five devices are integrated into the ATLAS Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor coolant leaks into N2 envelopes of the silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Resolutions better than ±2×10−5±2×10−5 and ±2×10−4±2×10−4 are seen for C3F8 and CO2 leak concentrations in N2 respectively. A fourth instrument detects sub-percent levels of air ingress into the C3F8 condenser of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator. Following extensive studies a fifth instrument was built as an angled sound path flowmeter to measure the high returning C3F8 vapour flux View the MathML source(∼1.2kgs−1). A precision of
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Untersuchungen an nichtbrennbaren Gasmischungen für H1-Streamerrohrkammern

Author: Dünger, O.
Subjects: pressure, DESY DESY HERA Stor Stor, streamer chamber: drift tube, argon, thesis, H1, mechanical engineering, temperature, drift velocity, calibration, organic compounds, gas: admixture
Abstract: 34 pp. (1990).
Published: 1990
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. ENERGY LOSS MEASUREMENTS IN A PROTOTYPE DRIFT CHAMBER FOR THE H1-CJC WITH VARIOUS NOBLE GAS MIXTURES

Author: Vick, Rainer, Schenuit, Eduard, and Spitzer, Hartwig
Subjects: admixture [gas], drift chamber: jet, DESY DESY HERA Stor Stor, H1, jet [drift chamber], ionization [energy loss], gas: admixture, energy loss: ionization
Abstract: 21 pp. (1990).
Published: 1990
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Bestimmung der Ortsauflösung des Full-Size-Prototypen für die zentrale Jetkammer des H1-Detektors

Author: Schernau, M.
Subjects: drift chamber: jet, DESY DESY HERA Stor Stor, H1, tracks, spatial resolution, gas: admixture
Abstract: 20 pp. (1990).
Published: 1990
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Vorbereitende Studien zum Bau und Betrieb des Full-Size-Prototypen für die zentrale Jetkammer des Detektors H 1

Author: Schmidt, Ralf
Subjects: ELECTRIC FIELD: WIRE, THESIS, DRIFT CHAMBER: JET, WIRE [ELECTRIC FIELD], EFFICIENCY, READOUT [ELECTRONICS], GAS: ADMIXTURE, DESY DESY HERA Stor STOR, ELECTRONICS: READOUT, H1, JET [DRIFT CHAMBER], ADMIXTURE [GAS]
Abstract: Universität Hamburg, Diplomarbeit, 1989; 87 pp. (1989). = Universität Hamburg, Diplomarbeit, 1989
Published: 1989

28. Custom real-time ultrasonic instrumentation for simultaneous mixture and flow analysis of binary gases in the CERN ATLAS experiment

Author: Alhroob, M., Battistin, M., Berry, S., Bitadze, A., Bonneau, P., Boyd, G., Crespo-Lopez, O., Degeorge, C., Deterre, C., Di Girolamo, B., Doubek, M., Favre, G., Hallewell, G., Hasib, A., Katunin, S., Lombard, D., Madsen, Alexander, McMahon, S., Nagai, K., O'Rourke, A., Pearson, B., Robinson, D., Rossi, C., Rozanov, A., Stanecka, E., Strauss, M., Vacek, V., Vaglio, R., Young, J., and Zwalinski, L.
Subjects: carbon: oxygen, measurement methods, carbon: fluorine, resolution, control system, ATLAS, detector: acoustic, 7. Clean energy, velocity: acoustic, nitrogen, gas: admixture
Abstract: 14th Vienna Conference on Instrumentation, Vienna, Austria, 15 Feb 2016 - 19 Feb 2016; Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 845, 273 - 277 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.04.104, Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for simultaneous monitoring of binary gas mixture and flow in the ATLAS Inner Detector. Sound transit times are measured in opposite directions in flowing gas. Flow rate and sound velocity are respectively calculated from their difference and average. Gas composition is evaluated in real-time by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database, based on the direct dependence of sound velocity on component concentrations in a mixture at known temperature and pressure. Five devices are integrated into the ATLAS Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor coolant leaks into N$_2$ envelopes of the silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Resolutions better than ±2 × 10$^{−5}$ and ± 2 × 10$^{−4}$ are seen for C$_3$F$_8$ and CO$_2$ leak concentrations in N$_2$ respectively. A fourth instrument detects sub-percent levels of air ingress into the C 3 F 8 condenser of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator. Following extensive studies a fifth instrument was built as an angled sound path flowmeter to measure the high returning C$_3$F$_8$ vapour flux (∼1.2kgs$^{−1}$) . A precision of, Published by North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam

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28 results on '"gas: admixture"'

1. Data-driven precision determination of the material budget in ALICE

2. Eco-friendly Resistive Plate Chambers for detectors in future HEP applications

3. Searching for an eco-friendly gas mixture for the ALICE Resistive Plate Chambers

4. Eco-friendly gas mixtures for future RPC detectors

5. Studies on tetrafluoropropene-CO2 based gas mixtures for the Resistive Plate Chambers of the ALICE Muon IDentifier

6. Studies on environment-friendly gas mixtures for the Resistive Plate Chambers of the ALICE Muon Identifier

7. Performance studies at RPC detectors operated with new environmentally-friendly gas mixtures in presence of LHC-like radiation background

8. Studies on fluorine-based impurity production in Triple-GEM detectors operated with CF$_4$-based gas mixture

9. Triple-GEM detectors gas mixture studies

10. Applications and Perspectives of Ultrasonic Multi-Gas Analysis with Simultaneous Flowmetry

11. Studies on Triple-GEM Detectors in high radiation environment with gas recirculation

12. Environment-friendly gas mixtures for Resistive Plate Chambers: an experimental and simulation study

13. Triple-GEM detectors operation under gas recirculation in high-rate radiation environment

14. Performance studies of RPC detectors with new environmentally friendly gas mixtures in presence of LHC-like radiation background

15. Development of a Simulation Framework for Spherical Proportional Counters

16. Studies of RPC detector operation with eco-friendly gas mixtures under irradiation at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility

17. Fast neutron spectroscopy with Mimac-FastN : a mobile and directional fast neutron spectrometer, from 1 MeV up to 15 MeV

18. Gas R&D on gas recirculation and recuperation for the Resistive Plate Chamber detectors

19. Studies on tetrafluoropropene-based gas mixtures with low environmental impact for Resistive Plate Chambers

20. Effects of gas mixture quality on GEM detectors operation

21. Gas mixture quality monitoring for the RPC detectors at the LHC experiments

22. A 4 tonne demonstrator for large-scale dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers

23. Custom real-time ultrasonic instrumentation for simultaneous mixture and flow analysis of binary gases in the CERN ATLAS experiment

24. Untersuchungen an nichtbrennbaren Gasmischungen für H1-Streamerrohrkammern

25. ENERGY LOSS MEASUREMENTS IN A PROTOTYPE DRIFT CHAMBER FOR THE H1-CJC WITH VARIOUS NOBLE GAS MIXTURES

26. Bestimmung der Ortsauflösung des Full-Size-Prototypen für die zentrale Jetkammer des H1-Detektors

27. Vorbereitende Studien zum Bau und Betrieb des Full-Size-Prototypen für die zentrale Jetkammer des Detektors H 1

28. Custom real-time ultrasonic instrumentation for simultaneous mixture and flow analysis of binary gases in the CERN ATLAS experiment

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28 results on '"gas: admixture"'

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