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There is an urgent need for energy renovation of the existing building stock, in order to reach the climate goals, set in Paris in 2016. To reach climate targets, it is important to considerably lower energy demand as well as switch to fossil-free heating systems. Unfortunately, renovation rates across the EU remain at a low level of 1% per year. Deep renovation, which lowers energy use with 60% or more, accounts only for 0,2% of renovations. The heating transition thus progresses much more slowly than the electricity transition. We draw on the framework of technological innovation systems, which allows comparison of different transitions. In the literature, it is argued that the configurational nature of the renovation system is one of the main reasons for the slow heating transition. The renovation system is context-bound and consists of many actors both on the demand-side and the supply-side, which leads to a fragmented market. For increasing the speed of the heating transition, it is deemed important to counter this fragmentation. We carried out a review of reports and publications of EU-funded projects on energy renovation. In many projects fragmentation in the building sector was identified as one of the main obstacles. We analyzed the deliverables of these energy renovation projects to find tried and tested solutions. One of these is the so-called one-stop-shop, which promises to improve the organization of the supply side, while also providing an appropriate and affordable solution to the customer. In the discussion we argue that the energy renovation system could be improved by increasing collaboration on the supply side and at the same time simplifying the renovation process for customers. A promising tool to make this happen is the one-stop-shop.

Om de energiehuishouding van gebouwen kaart te brengen, bestudeert het lectoraat Smart Energy verschillende type gebouwen, van complexe locaties naar eenvoudige panden op bedrijventerreinen en in binnensteden. Vandaag presenteren we twee van onze subsidie projecten (Interreg-TERTS; MOOI-Brains for Buildings) waarin we onderzoek verrichten naar deze typen gebouwen. Hierbij maken we gebruik van software zoals Vabi-elements en Energieberater. Deze software is vrij complex, terwijl wij met name een eerste orde inschatting willen maken van het energieverbruik. Onze vraag is: "Hoe komen we aan een snellere/eenvoudiger inschatting van de energiestromen in en rond gebouwen, voor en na de invoering van energiemaatregelen, om hiermee mogelijke besparingen in te schatten als startput voor de business case.

Om de energiehuishouding van gebouwen kaart te brengen, bestudeert het lectoraat Smart Energy verschillende type gebouwen, van complexe locaties naar eenvoudige panden op bedrijventerreinen en in binnensteden. Vandaag presenteren we twee van onze subsidie projecten (Interreg-TERTS; MOOI-Brains for Buildings) waarin we onderzoek verrichten naar deze typen gebouwen. Hierbij maken we gebruik van software zoals Vabi-elements en Energieberater. Deze software is vrij complex, terwijl wij met name een eerste orde inschatting willen maken van het energieverbruik. Onze vraag is: "Hoe komen we aan een snellere/eenvoudiger inschatting van de energiestromen in en rond gebouwen, voor en na de invoering van energiemaatregelen, om hiermee mogelijke besparingen in te schatten als startput voor de business case.

The majority of houses in the Groningen gas field region, the largest in Europe, consist of unreinforced masonry material. Because of their particular characteristics (cavity walls of different material, large openings, limited bearing walls in one direction, etc.) these houses are exceptionally vulnerable to shallow induced earthquakes, frequently occurring in the region during the last decade. Raised by the damage incurred in the Groningen buildings due to induced earthquakes, the question whether the small and sometimes invisible plastic deformations prior to a major earthquake affect the overall final response becomes of high importance as its answer is associated with legal liability and consequences due to the damage-claim procedures employed in the region. This paper presents, for the first time, evidence of cumulative damage from available experimental and numerical data reported in the literature. Furthermore, the available modelling tools are scrutinized in terms of their pros and cons in modelling cumulative damage in masonry. Results of full-scale shake-table tests, cyclic wall tests, complex 3D nonlinear time-history analyses, single degree of freedom (SDOF) analyses and finally wall element analyses under periodic dynamic loading have been used for better explaining the phenomenon. It was concluded that a user intervention is needed for most of the SDOF modelling tools if cumulative damage is to be modelled. Furthermore, the results of the cumulative damage in SDOF models are sensitive to the degradation parameters, which require calibration against experimental data. The overall results of numerical models, such as SDOF residual displacement or floor lateral displacements, may be misleading in understanding the damage accumulation. On the other hand, detailed discrete-element modelling is found to be computationally expensive but more consistent in terms of providing insights in real damage accumulation.

The majority of houses in the Groningen gas field region, the largest in Europe, consist of unreinforced masonry material. Because of their particular characteristics (cavity walls of different material, large openings, limited bearing walls in one direction, etc.) these houses are exceptionally vulnerable to shallow induced earthquakes, frequently occurring in the region during the last decade. Raised by the damage incurred in the Groningen buildings due to induced earthquakes, the question whether the small and sometimes invisible plastic deformations prior to a major earthquake affect the overall final response becomes of high importance as its answer is associated with legal liability and consequences due to the damage-claim procedures employed in the region. This paper presents, for the first time, evidence of cumulative damage from available experimental and numerical data reported in the literature. Furthermore, the available modelling tools are scrutinized in terms of their pros and cons in modelling cumulative damage in masonry. Results of full-scale shake-table tests, cyclic wall tests, complex 3D nonlinear time-history analyses, single degree of freedom (SDOF) analyses and finally wall element analyses under periodic dynamic loading have been used for better explaining the phenomenon. It was concluded that a user intervention is needed for most of the SDOF modelling tools if cumulative damage is to be modelled. Furthermore, the results of the cumulative damage in SDOF models are sensitive to the degradation parameters, which require calibration against experimental data. The overall results of numerical models, such as SDOF residual displacement or floor lateral displacements, may be misleading in understanding the damage accumulation. On the other hand, detailed discrete-element modelling is found to be computationally expensive but more consistent in terms of providing insights in real damage accumulation.

A conceptual model was developed, describing the short-term, medium and long-term effects of plants on the indoor climate and the health and well-being of people. The model was tested by means of intervention research at three companies and eight homes for the elderly. The effect of plants on the physical indoor climate was measured with sensors, the effect on the health and well-being of employees with questionnaires. In principle, a ‘Before After Control Impact’ approach was used at the locations. A control room and an intervention room were selected for each location. After a pre-measurement, plants were placed in the intervention room and up to three post-measurements were conducted. At the companies, significant effects were found on relative humidity (up), attractiveness of the workplace (more attractive), state of mind (more positive), satisfaction with own functioning (higher) and sickness absence reporting (less). The need for recovery after a working day showed a reversed effect (rising). No significant effects were found for the other variables in the model. Similar effects were not observed in the homes for the elderly. Possible reasons for the latter are: the small number of employees working in the same room (i.e., living room for clients), a low willingness amongst these employees to participate in the study (high work pressure), a high mobility amongst employees and working in both the intervention and the control room. Een conceptueel model is uitgewerkt dat het korte-termijn-, middellange en langetermijneffect van planten op het binnenklimaat en gezondheid en welzijn van mensen beschrijft. Bij drie bedrijven en acht zorginstellingen is het model via interventieonderzoek getoetst. Het effect van planten op het fysieke binnenklimaat is gemeten met sensoren, het effect op gezondheid en welzijn van de medewerkers met vragenlijsten. Op de locaties is in principe voor een ‘Before After Control Impact’-aanpak gekozen. Per locatie zijn een controle- en een interventieruimte geselecteerd. In beide heeft een voormeting plaatsgevonden. Na het plaatsen van planten hebben maximaal drie nametingen plaatsgevonden. Bij de bedrijven zijn significante effecten gevonden op de relatieve luchtvochtigheid (hoger), aantrekkelijkheid van de werkplek (aantrekkelijker), gemoedstoestand (positiever), tevredenheid over eigen functioneren (hoger) en ziekteverzuimmeldingen (minder). Een van de variabelen had een significant omgekeerd effect: herstelbehoefte (stijgt). Voor de overige variabelen is geen significant effect gevonden. In de zorginstellingen zijn geen soortgelijke effecten gevonden. Onderzoekstechnische problemen bij zorginstellingen waren het geringe aantal medewerkers per huiskamer, een geringe bereidheid onder die medewerkers om aan het onderzoek deel te nemen (hoge werkdruk), een groot verloop onder de medewerkers en het zowel op de beplante als op de controlehuiskamer werkzaam zijn.

This paper presents a new Value Adding Management (VAM) model that aims to support decision makers in identifying appropriate interventions in buildings, other facilities and services that add value to the organisation, to manage its implementation, and to measure the output and outcomes. The paper builds on value adding management theories and models that use the triplet input-throughput-output, a distinction between output, outcome and added value, and concepts, theories and data on the impact of interventions in corporate real estate and facility services, change management and performance measurement. Furthermore, input has been used from a cross-chapter analysis of a new book in which 23 authors from five different European countries present a state of the art of theory and research on 12 value parameters: satisfaction, image, culture, health and safety, productivity, adaptability, innovation, risk, cost, value of assets, sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility. The new VAM model follows the steps from the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, which are supported by various tools that were found in the literature or came to the fore in the state-of-the-art sections. In order to be able to select appropriate interventions in the Plan-phase, this paper includes a typology of typical interventions in corporate real estate and facility services that may add value to the organisation. The Check-phase is supported by an overview of ways to measure the 12 value parameters and related Key Performance Indicators. The new Value Adding Management model connects Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM) and Facilities Management (FM) with general business management in order to align CREM/FM interventions to the organizational context and organizational objectives. The VAM model opens the black box of input-throughput-output-outcome and is action oriented due to the connection to various management and measurement tools.

Het niet langer aansluiten van nieuwe woningen op het gasnet is een belangrijke stap in de energietransitie. Aardgasvrij verwarmen in bestaande woningen en gebouwen is echter een enorme opgave. TNO inclusief de unit ECN part of TNO draagt op uiteenlopende gebieden bij aan het realiseren van een CO2- neutrale toekomst: technologie voor energie producerende gebouwen, innovatieve eenovatieconcepten, verduurzaming van de lokale warmtevoorziening en een succesvolle wijkaanpak.

Het niet langer aansluiten van nieuwe woningen op het gasnet is een belangrijke stap in de energietransitie. Aardgasvrij verwarmen in bestaande woningen en gebouwen is echter een enorme opgave. TNO inclusief de unit ECN part of TNO draagt op uiteenlopende gebieden bij aan het realiseren van een CO2- neutrale toekomst: technologie voor energie producerende gebouwen, innovatieve eenovatieconcepten, verduurzaming van de lokale warmtevoorziening en een succesvolle wijkaanpak.

Coupling beams between shear walls are one of the key elements for energy dissipation in tall buildings. A representative mathematical model of coupling beam should represent flexure, shear and interface slip/extension mechanisms simultaneously. This goal can be achieved by using either detailed finite element models or by using macro models. This paper presents a review of various macro model alternatives for diagonally reinforced coupling beams in the literature. Three distinct methods have been reviewed in terms of their modeling techniques, the cyclic response overlap and the amount of cumulative plastic energy dissipated based on the results of previously performed tests. Through an analytical study, adequately accurate results can be captured by using macro models, although they are simpler in practice compared to sophisticated micro models. This study shows that, by modifying ultimate shear capacities where concrete material between diagonal bundles is adequately confined, it is possible to capture a more realistic result and a better approximation to the actual responses. It is also concluded that a simpler numerical model for diagonally reinforced coupling beams can be achieved by introducing linear part of slip/extension behavior into elastic part of the beam. It is observed, as a result of this study, that the ratio of effective stiffness to that of the gross cross-sectional one ranges from 0.04 to 0.14 in diagonally reinforced coupling beams depending on the aspect ratio and the beam strength parameters.

Presentation was developed for the Springtij convention (on the island of Terschelling).

Existing unreinforced masonry buildings in seismically active regions are in urgent need of consolidation and preservation against seismic action to prevent damage and loss of financial resources. In this research, an experimental study of externally confined brick masonry piers, which are frequently preferred as load-bearing elements in historical buildings, was conducted. The confinement system included a combination of open-grid basalt textile and mortar. Eighteen masonry pier specimens were produced using solid bricks collected from a historical building constructed in approximately the 1930s and a local mortar with substandard mechanical characteristics to simulate mortar properties in existing heritage buildings. All the square/rectangular pier specimens were tested under concentric compressive loads. In general, confinement of the tested textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) improved the energy dissipation of the masonry piers significantly. A comparison was made between the experimental results and theoretical predictions using the available analytical models. The compressive strengths predicted by the models are satisfactory.

Op locaties waar geen hoogtemetingen beschikbaar zijn, bevat het AHN geen hoogtegegevens. Reden genoeg voor Alterra om een vlakdekkend bestand te maken met alle hoogten boven maaiveld: het bestand Object Hoogte Nederland (OHN). Met OHN is het mogelijk om de vraag te beantwoorden "hoe hoog is deze boom"

This paper presents a new Value Adding Management (VAM) model that aims to support decision makers in identifying appropriate interventions in buildings, other facilities and services that add value to the organisation, to manage its implementation, and to measure the output and outcomes. The paper builds on value adding management theories and models that use the triplet input-throughput-output, a distinction between output, outcome and added value, and concepts, theories and data on the impact of interventions in corporate real estate and facility services, change management and performance measurement. Furthermore, input has been used from a cross-chapter analysis of a new book in which 23 authors from five different European countries present a state of the art of theory and research on 12 value parameters: satisfaction, image, culture, health and safety, productivity, adaptability, innovation, risk, cost, value of assets, sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility. The new VAM model follows the steps from the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, which are supported by various tools that were found in the literature or came to the fore in the state-of-the-art sections. In order to be able to select appropriate interventions in the Plan-phase, this paper includes a typology of typical interventions in corporate real estate and facility services that may add value to the organisation. The Check-phase is supported by an overview of ways to measure the 12 value parameters and related Key Performance Indicators. The new Value Adding Management model connects Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM) and Facilities Management (FM) with general business management in order to align CREM/FM interventions to the organizational context and organizational objectives. The VAM model opens the black box of input-throughput-output-outcome and is action oriented due to the connection to various management and measurement tools.