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Equality between men and women is one of the fundamental social issues addressed by states and organisations around the world, including the European Union. This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of gender equality in the labour market within the European Union and its legislation. Specifically, it works with binding and non-binding European Union legislation on this topic and describes its transposition in selected member states. This thesis first introduces key concepts such as gender and gender inequality within the work environment or the gender pay gap. Subsequently, the basic forms of European law are presented, as well as how it specifically addresses gender equality issues and what developments European legislation in this area has undergone. The thesis then outlines the binding and non-binding European legal acts that relate to this area and then assesses the adoption of this legislation in selected member states (Belgium, Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden) using the example of Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU. The paper interprets these data and places them in the context of European gender equality legislation.

Is Czech Spotify gender-biased? Alžběta Křížková Abstract This thesis analyses the gender inequality of music streaming platform Spotify. It focuses on Czech Spotify, ergo, on the Czech music industry between May 2020 and March 2021. The interdisciplinary study covers crucial theoretical concepts from the theory of platforms, popular music, and gender studies. It verifies whether the theory built on Anglo-Saxon tradition can be applied to the local setting. The dataset comprises of songs placed in the "TOP 200" chart and select editorial playlists. The chart illustrates song popularity based on listeners (organic listening), and chosen editorial playlists indicate the platform's promotion of songs (suggested listening). The gender gap analysis is based on a comparison of three gender ratios of songs entering the platform in total, in the playlists, and songs that make it to the chart. The empirical research utilises fundamental statistics and presents various song aspects (genre, record label, band formation, and others) in relation to artists' gender on Spotify, but also in the Czech music industry. The results show a low representation of female artists in the whole industry, while the platform actively promotes female artists via suggested listening. Organic listening endorses gender stereotypes and...

The aim of this Bachelor's thesis The position of female journalists in Czech media. A case study of MF DNES from 1989 up to the present is to analyze the potential influence of gender in the journalistic profession. Through the analysis of articles published in the Czech daily MF DNES, the thesis presents in which sections women publish their stories, what type of news they cover and to what extent they cocreate the media content. The self-reflection of the female journalists themselves is presented through semi-structured interviews with two current and four former newsroom members. Interviewees answered several general questions about the profession's characteristics, followed by questions focused on the potential gender inequalities that women in journalism may face. Their experiences, thoughts, feelings and wishes provide an in-depth insight into the issue. The theoretical part deals with the development of women's position in journalism. Quite a significant part is devoted to the presnce of gender in newsrooms and gender stereotypes, differences and inequalities that occur the most in the journalistic environment.

This thesis investigates the association between education and person's labour market status in African countries, with specific focus on Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Data from the most recent household surveys conducted by respec- tive countries' statistical agencies are applied to this research. The analysis was further broken down by sex to examine, whether similar results could be derived for male and female population. This was achieved by carrying out the series of gender-specific logit models. The findings of this thesis suggest that more edu- cated people are more likely to engage in formal employment and less likely to engage in subsistence farming, regardless of gender or country. However, no clear association was found between education and unemployment. Furthermore, the returns to male's education were at least as significant as female's returns, if not larger, in terms of formal employment incidence. Keywords education, formal employment, gender disparity, subsistence farming, logit

This thesis examines whether in the United States among young college gradu- ates in male-dominated dominated job fields the the gender wage differential is reversed, i.e, women earn more than similar men. The thesis further adds two additional hypotheses that narrow the examination down to large employers and singles. To evaluate those hypotheses the thesis estimates linear regression models for each of the male-dominated job field and each hypothesis using data from 2017 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG). Although the results revealed that in IT and mathematics and in physical sciences women earned more than similar men, with the effects being more pro- found among those working for large employers and among singles, the results were not statistically significant. Those results are, however, still important in context of societal narrative and gender wage gap literature, since they do not hint any potential discrimination of women in male-dominated fields. JEL Classification J31, J38, J70 Keywords United States, gender wage gap, gender wage differential, gender inequality, discrimination, college, men, women

This bachelor thesis deals with gender policies adopted in Spain by individual governments in years 1982 - 2018. It analyzes election programs, legislative changes, the emergence of specialized institutions and in some cases the response of Spanish society to these measures. The aim of this work is to record the changes that have occurred in gender policy in Spain after the country's transition to democracy, and especially after the Socialist Party took over the government in 1982 and to find out whether the attitudes of the two main Spanish political parties on this issue differ. The work is divided into four main parts according to individual government periods. These four chapters examine whether the attitude of individual Spanish governments to the issue of women's rights has changed and what each government has emphasized. At the same time, it examines where, on the contrary, it has remained only with populist pre-election promises without the real fulfillment of the set goals. Last but not least, the work also evaluates other societal events and factors which, together with the policies of individual governments, have influenced the position of women in Spanish society on the path to achieving gender equality.

This bachelor thesis studies how the Czech version of the men's lifestyle magazine Playboy presents themes of gender and feminism. The theoretical part represents the theoretical basis of the thesis. It describes the content of gender studies and gender issues, the difference between sex and gender, the theoretical basis of gender and the issue of gender hierarchy in society are outlined. Furthermore, the theoretical part explains feminism as a movement, including its history. The concept of media representation of reality and the way media present feminism, masculinity and feminism are then introduced. The last part deals with the history and present of Playboy magazine, including its Czech version. The subject of the practical part is qualitative content analysis, carried out by the method of the grounded theory according to Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1993, 2007 and 2019 Czech versions of Playboy magazine were established as a research sample. Two research questions were asked for research purposes: 1) How did Playboy magazine present gender and feminism in the years 1993, 2007 and 2019? 2) How has the strategy and content of presenting gender and feminism issues in this magazine changed over the years under review? The findings of the analysis show that the magazine reproduces gender...

The thesis focuses on representation of gender inequality in Czech lifestyle magazines for men. The main research question explores the ways in which men's magazines represent the issues of gender inequality. The research method used in this thesis is qualitative content analysis by Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. The sample contains selected articles from Czech versions of the men's magazines Maxim and Esquire, covering all of 2016. The open coding process enabled labeling of the analyzed phenomena, discovering the prominent categories and their dimensions. Axial coding resulted in the reorganization of the categories, which emerged during open coding, by exploring the relationships between the categories and making connections between them. Selective coding identified the central phenomenon of the research. Male Dominance emerged as the core category, integrating the other categories - Manifestations of Gender Inequality, Men's Fear of Gender Equality and Partial Refutation of the Masculine Perspective - around the central phenomenon. The theories used as the sources of the enhancement of theoretical sensitivity are explored and presented in the theoretical part of this thesis. The research concludes that the analyzed lifestyle magazines for men spread negative gender stereotypes and...

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse various critical theoretical approaches towards women's role and learning at work. My research focuses on education-related gender inequalities at work and in relation to working conditions. This topic is then put into the context of critical approaches and theories. The aspects explored are the feminist views on the subject which differ according to individual movements, as well as the ongoing transformation of work; in this regard, the research deals with concrete phenomena, such as individualization and unequal distribution of social risks, and explores the way they are seen in terms of individual critical approaches. The thesis also describes and analyses the work of Iris Marion Young. An American socialist feminist, Young is the author of the theory of justice. Last but not least, the thesis examines how work, experience and learning are conceptualised in contemporary critical-oriented andragogical research in the area of gender-related issues at work.

The thesis deals with the gender inequalities in sport, specifically with the inadequate representation of women in management and decision-making positions in national sport organisations. The main aim of the thesis is, through the gender structure of members and management positions, to capture the gender aspects of sports culture, besides other things in time perspective, through which it is possible to consider the stability or change. On the basis of the carried out quantitative research, in which first the typology of sport organisations using the cluster analysis was created and then consequently the results of the gender analysis of the management structure were applied to it. It is possible to claim that sport organisations contribute to maintaining the masculine culture of sport. The main indicator is the predominance of men both in membership and mainly in the management of sport organisations, in which men strongly dominate, apart from sports, which are explicitly considered as feminine. In the background of the discovered results lies the gender significance of sport in society, i.e. whether it is a men's or women's sport, as well as the organisational culture of each sport organisation, which is closely linked with the social policy of the given country. The results of the thesis, which...

This thesis examines selected areas of common social policy of the European Union and their impact on the Czech Republic. In the first theoretical part contains general information on EU bodies, a summary of previous and current EU social policies, defines the basic concepts, contracts, agreements and directives issued by the EU. The second part analyzes the influence of common social EU policy on selected areas such as unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and gender inequality and their impact on comparisons with the current strategy of the Czech Republic.

This work aims to find out the range of unpaid work in the Czech Republic, specifically in the capital city Prague and its surroundings and to find out the measure of unpaid work of women and men, and if there are significant gender differences in the terms of unpaid work. I tried to reach this target by evaluating experience from abroad, mainly from OECD and research based on a survey in the Slovakia in 2011. In the Czech Republic I reached my aim through previously run surveys, but mainly based on my survey questionnaire, realized in Prague and in its surroundings. The work also contains a theoretical part, in which I tried to specify importance of unpaid work and gender inequalities mainly in the labour market. In the work, I summarize past results of surveys that addressed the issue of unpaid work. The main asset of my work is research in the Czech Republic, as there has not been any similar survey done by now. The benefit is also proposing possible amendments because the assumption that women spend more time on unpaid work than men was confirmed. These changes could help the inequality to compensate.

The thesis called "The impact of family policy on labour market efficiency" deals with the relation between family policy and the labour market, specifically with the economic gender inequality and the impact of parenthood on the economic status of families. While analyzing this relation it describes the historical development and the current situation of the labour market in the Czech Republic, with specific attention dedicated to the position of women and the possibilities of harmonizing work and motherhood. The situation in the Czech Republic is not only compared to the Visegrad countries and Germany, but general trends in other EU and OECD countries as well. The thesis clarifies the development of family policy in the Czech Republic and describes the current family-specific policy measures. It looks closely at the area of childcare services, which has strong impact on the position of parents, specifically mothers, in the labour market. In the last part of the thesis, the author evaluates the currently proposed and discussed family policy changes based on the acquired information, and analyses them as far as their impact and relation to the labour market are concerned. The author then provides additional suggestions stemming from both the acquired information and his own experience.

Teoretická část práce vystihuje problematiku genderu a vzdělávání se. V praktické části byla analyzována internetová seznamovací databáze ve struktuře: pohlaví, věk, deklarovaný zájem o CV a veškeré další deklarované zájmy. Pro zpracování dat byla použita metoda faktorové analýzy.