31 results on '"generation mechanisms"'
Search Results
2. Unravelling the Role of Free Radicals in Photocatalysis.
- Author
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Chen, Yao, Xu, Shuyang, Fang Wen, Chun, Zhang, Hanyun, Zhang, Ting, Lv, Fujian, Yue, Yinghong, and Bian, Zhenfeng
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- *
FREE radicals , *RADICALS (Chemistry) , *CHEMICAL reactions , *ORGANIC compounds , *PRECIOUS metals , *PHOTOCATALYSIS - Abstract
Free radicals are increasingly recognized as active intermediate reactive species that can participate in various redox processes, significantly influencing the mechanistic pathways of reactions. Numerous researchers have investigated the generation of one or more distinct photogenerated radicals, proposing various hypotheses to explain the reaction mechanisms. Notably, recent research has demonstrated the emergence of photogenerated radicals in innovative processes, including organic chemical reactions and the photocatalytic dissolution of precious metals. To harness the potential of these free radicals more effectively, it is imperative to consolidate and analyze the processes and action modes of these photogenerated radicals. This conceptual paper delves into the latest advancements in understanding the mechanics of photogenerated radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Generation Mechanisms and Probabilistic Assessment of Peak Spring Streamflow in the Canadian Prairies.
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Zaghloul, Mohanad A. and Papalexiou, Simon Michael
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STREAMFLOW , *PRAIRIES , *FLOODS , *HETEROGENEITY - Abstract
Peak spring streamflow is triggered in the Canadian prairies with complex generation mechanisms. The study characterizes the generation mechanisms of peak spring streamflow and models the basin response to changing hydro-climatic basin conditions. Key hydro-climatic basin descriptors were defined and used to set criteria for identifying different flood generation mechanisms, associated with the historical floods at 109 Canadian prairie basins. The temporal and spatial heterogeneity of these mechanisms were investigated, and a t-copula model was used to model the dependence structure between the basin descriptors and peak spring streamflow. The study: (1) suggests seven basin descriptors for characterizing the generation mechanism of peak spring streamflow; (2) discloses four levels of wetness conditions and nine flood generation mechanisms in the Canadian prairies; and (3) highlights the advantages and challenges of probabilistically assessing the basin response (peak spring streamflow) in relevance to historical and hypothetical basin conditions. We deem these results enhance the characterization of flood generation mechanisms in the Canadian prairies and advance the risk estimation of peak spring streamflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Water-Based Generators with Cellulose Acetate: Uncovering the Mechanisms of Power Generation.
- Author
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Lee, Seung-Hwan, Lee, Hyun-Woo, Baek, So Hyun, Yun, Jeungjai, Kwon, Yongbum, Song, Yoseb, Kim, Bum Sung, Choa, Yong-Ho, and Jeong, Da-Woon
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CELLULOSE acetate , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *SURFACE of the earth , *CARBON-black , *NATURAL fibers , *ELECTRIC generators - Abstract
Power generation technologies based on water movement and evaporation use water, which covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and can also generate power from moisture in the air. Studies are conducted to diversify materials to increase power generation performance and validate energy generation mechanisms. In this study, a water-based generator was fabricated by coating cellulose acetate with carbon black. To optimize the generator, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area, zeta potential, particle size, and electrical performance analyses were conducted. The developed generator is a cylindrical generator with a diameter of 7.5 mm and length of 20 mm, which can generate a voltage of 0.15 V and current of 82 μA. Additionally, we analyzed the power generation performance using three factors (physical properties, cation effect, and evaporation environment) and proposed an energy generation mechanism. Furthermore, we developed an eco-friendly and low-cost generator using natural fibers with a simple manufacturing process. The proposed generator can contribute to the identification of energy generation mechanisms and is expected to be used as an alternative energy source in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
5. Characteristics of secondary microseisms generated in the Bohai Sea and their impact on seismic noise
- Author
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Yin, Kang-Da, Zhang, Xiao-Gang, Li, Xiao-Jun, Mao, Guo-Liang, Zhang, Xing-Xing, and Jia, Xiao-Hui
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- 2024
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6. 从“失序”到“有序”:生成式人工智能教育应用的转向 及其生成机制.
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吴南中, 陈咸彰, and 冯永
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Distance Education (1672-0008) is the property of Zhejiang Open University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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7. 微观基础与生成机制: 乔恩·埃尔斯特对意识形态理论的新探索.
- Author
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孔明安 and 酒海明
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Turbulence Influence on the Thickness of the Mixed Layer in the Coastal Zone of the Black Sea
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Korzhuev, V. A., Bezaeva, Natalia S., Series Editor, Gomes Coe, Heloisa Helena, Series Editor, Nawaz, Muhammad Farrakh, Series Editor, and Chaplina, Tatiana, editor
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- 2023
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9. Water-Based Generators with Cellulose Acetate: Uncovering the Mechanisms of Power Generation
- Author
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Seung-Hwan Lee, Hyun-Woo Lee, So Hyun Baek, Jeungjai Yun, Yongbum Kwon, Yoseb Song, Bum Sung Kim, Yong-Ho Choa, and Da-Woon Jeong
- Subjects
cellulose acetate ,eco-friendly generator ,water ,generation mechanisms ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
Power generation technologies based on water movement and evaporation use water, which covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and can also generate power from moisture in the air. Studies are conducted to diversify materials to increase power generation performance and validate energy generation mechanisms. In this study, a water-based generator was fabricated by coating cellulose acetate with carbon black. To optimize the generator, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area, zeta potential, particle size, and electrical performance analyses were conducted. The developed generator is a cylindrical generator with a diameter of 7.5 mm and length of 20 mm, which can generate a voltage of 0.15 V and current of 82 μA. Additionally, we analyzed the power generation performance using three factors (physical properties, cation effect, and evaporation environment) and proposed an energy generation mechanism. Furthermore, we developed an eco-friendly and low-cost generator using natural fibers with a simple manufacturing process. The proposed generator can contribute to the identification of energy generation mechanisms and is expected to be used as an alternative energy source in the future.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A General FEM Model for Analysis of Third-Order Nonlinearity in RF Surface Acoustic Wave Devices Based on Perturbation Theory.
- Author
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Li, Baichuan, Zhang, Qiaozhen, Zhao, Xiangyong, Zhi, Shaotao, Qiu, Luyan, Fu, Sulei, and Wang, Weibiao
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ACOUSTIC surface wave devices ,PERTURBATION theory ,ACOUSTIC surface waves ,FINITE element method ,INTERMODULATION distortion - Abstract
This article presents a general-purpose model that enables efficient and accurate calculation of third-order nonlinear signals in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. This model is based on piezoelectric constitutive equations combined with perturbation theory, which can be analyzed by full finite element method (FEM). For validation, third-order harmonic (H3) responses and intermodulation distortions (IMD3) in SAW resonators are simulated, and their calculation results fit well to experimental data in the literature. Then, the generation mechanisms of the third-order nonlinearity in SAW resonators are discussed. The dominant generation mechanisms for different nonlinear signals and the relation between electrode materials and H3 peak magnitude are revealed, which provides an important guideline for further nonlinear suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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11. Characteristics of the quasi-16-day wave in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region as revealed by meteor radar, Aura satellite, and MERRA2 reanalysis data from 2008 to 2017
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Yun Gong, Zheng Ma, Chun Li, XieDong Lv, ShaoDong Zhang, QiHou Zhou, ChunMing Huang, KaiMing Huang, You Yu, and GuoZhu Li
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quasi-16-day waves ,seasonal variations ,meteor radar winds ,aura mls temperature ,generation mechanisms ,Science ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This study presents an analysis of the quasi-16-day wave (Q16DW) at three stations in the middle latitudes by using a meteor radar chain in conjunction with Aura Microwave Limb Sounder temperature data and MERRA2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2) reanalysis data from 2008 to 2017. The radar chain consists of three meteor radar stations located at Mohe (MH, 53.5°N, 122.3°E), Beijing (BJ, 40.3°N, 116.2°E), and Wuhan (WH, 30.5°N, 114.6°E). The Q16DW wave exhibits similar seasonal variation in the neutral wind and temperature, and the Q16DW amplitude is generally strong during winter and weak around summer. The Q16DW at BJ was found to have secondary enhancement around September in the zonal wind, which is rarely reported at similar latitudes. The latitudinal variations of the Q16DW in the neutral wind and temperature are quite different. The Q16DW at BJ is the most prominent in both neutral wind components among the three stations and the Q16DW amplitudes at MH and WH are comparable, whereas the wave amplitude in temperature decreases with decreasing latitude. The quasi-geostrophic refractive index squared at the three stations in the period from 2008 to 2017 was revealed. The results indicate that the Q16DW in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) at MH has a limited contribution from the lower atmosphere. Around March and October, the Q16DW in the troposphere at BJ can propagate upward into the MLT region, whereas at WH, the contribution to the Q16DW in the MLT region is largely from the mesosphere.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
12. A General FEM Model for Analysis of Third-Order Nonlinearity in RF Surface Acoustic Wave Devices Based on Perturbation Theory
- Author
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Baichuan Li, Qiaozhen Zhang, Xiangyong Zhao, Shaotao Zhi, Luyan Qiu, Sulei Fu, and Weibiao Wang
- Subjects
surface acoustic wave (SAW) ,perturbation theory ,finite element method (FEM) ,nonlinearity ,generation mechanisms ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
This article presents a general-purpose model that enables efficient and accurate calculation of third-order nonlinear signals in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. This model is based on piezoelectric constitutive equations combined with perturbation theory, which can be analyzed by full finite element method (FEM). For validation, third-order harmonic (H3) responses and intermodulation distortions (IMD3) in SAW resonators are simulated, and their calculation results fit well to experimental data in the literature. Then, the generation mechanisms of the third-order nonlinearity in SAW resonators are discussed. The dominant generation mechanisms for different nonlinear signals and the relation between electrode materials and H3 peak magnitude are revealed, which provides an important guideline for further nonlinear suppression.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Revealing the formation mechanisms of key flavors in fermented broad bean paste.
- Author
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Xiang, Yue, Zhou, Binbin, Jiang, Chunyan, Tang, Zhirui, Liu, Ping, Ding, Wenwu, Lin, Hongbin, and Tang, Jie
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AMINO acid metabolism , *FLAVOR , *MICROBIAL enzymes , *PEDIOCOCCUS acidilactici , *CARBOHYDRATE metabolism , *CACAO beans , *FAVA bean - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Changes in the key flavor substances were elucidated during broad bean fermentation. • The core microorganisms during the fermentation process were identified. • The pathways and mechanisms for forming the key flavor substances were established. Pixian Douban (PXDB) is a popular Chinese condiment for its distinctive flavor. Broad bean fermentation (Meju) is the most important process in the formation of flavor substances. Key flavors were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and metagenomic technology was applied to study the microbial diversity during broad bean fermentation. In addition, the main metabolic pathways of key flavors were explored. Results indicated that Staphylococcus_gallinarum was the main microorganism in the microbial community, accounting for 39.13%, followed by Lactobacillus_agilis , accounting for 13.76%. Aspergillus_flavus was the fungus with the highest species abundance, accounting for 3.02%. The KEGG Pathway enrichment analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism were the main metabolic pathways. Glycoside hydrolase and glycosyltransferase genes were the most abundant, accounting for more than 70% of the total number of active enzyme genes. A total of 113 enzymes related to key flavors and 39 microorganisms corresponding to enzymes were annotated. And Staphylococcus_gallinarum, Lactobacillus_agilis, Weissella_confusa, Pediococcus_acidilactici, Staphylococcus_kloosii, Aspergillus_oryzae, and Aspergillus_flavus played a key role in the metabolic pathway. This study reveals the formation mechanism of key flavors in fermented broad bean, it is important for guiding the industrial production of PXDB and improving product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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14. Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Inorganic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics
- Author
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Lizhen Zhang, Chengyuan Zhu, Rongtao Huang, Yanwen Ding, Changping Ruan, and Xing-Can Shen
- Subjects
reactive oxygen species ,cancer therapeutics ,inorganic nanomaterials ,generation mechanisms ,photodynamic therapy ,chemodynamic therapy ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Recently, inorganic nanomaterials have received considerable attention for use in biomedical applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties based on their shapes, sizes, and surface characteristics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and chemical dynamic therapy (CDT), which are cancer therapeutics mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), have the potential to significantly enhance the therapeutic precision and efficacy for cancer. To facilitate cancer therapeutics, numerous inorganic nanomaterials have been developed to generate ROS. This mini review provides an overview of the generation mechanisms of ROS by representative inorganic nanomaterials for cancer therapeutics, including the structures of engineered inorganic nanomaterials, ROS production conditions, ROS types, and the applications of the inorganic nanomaterials in cancer PDT, SDT, and CDT.
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- 2021
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15. Seasonal Variability and Generation Mechanisms of Nonlinear Internal Waves in the Strait of Georgia.
- Author
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Li, Lan, Pawlowicz, Richard, and Wang, Caixia
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NONLINEAR waves ,INTERNAL waves ,SEASONAL temperature variations ,DOPPLER effect ,THEORY of wave motion - Abstract
Abstract: Seasonal variability and generation mechanisms of large nonlinear internal waves are reported, based on an analysis of 9 years of continuous observational data collected at nodes of the Ocean Networks Canada coastal observatory in the Strait of Georgia, Canada. About one thousand large nonlinear internal wave packets were identified. The timing of these packets suggests a very strong correlation with daily tides and fortnightly cycles. More waves are seen during the stronger tides of the fortnightly cycle but overall waves are seen in less than 40% of all days. Other wave characteristics show seasonal variations. In winter, when the pycnocline is weaker, both the spatial and temporal scales of internal waves are several times larger than summertime waves and wave amplitudes can approach 30 m. These waves are large enough vertically but small enough horizontally that standard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) processing algorithms present a strongly distorted view of wave shape and features. A specialized reprocessing of the beam velocities is used to correctly measure the wave velocity field and to determine wave propagation speed and direction. In addition to the previously known northward‐propagating waves in the Strait, we also found waves propagating in other directions and a noticeable correlation with winds, which may be a proxy for spatial variations in density and/or velocity shear. By considering wave propagation direction, relationship with tidal phase, and relationship with wind, three generation mechanisms were found. Two particularly interesting generation mechanisms involve waves radiating from the Sand Heads area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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16. On the origin of epileptic High Frequency Oscillations observed on clinical electrodes.
- Author
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Shamas, Mohamad, Benquet, Pascal, Merlet, Isabelle, Khalil, Mohamad, El Falou, Wassim, Nica, Anca, and Wendling, Fabrice
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NEUROPHYSIOLOGY , *NEURAL transmission , *GABAERGIC neurons , *ACTION potentials , *GAUSSIAN distribution - Abstract
Objective In this study we aim to identify the key (patho)physiological mechanisms and biophysical factors which impact the observability and spectral features of High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs). Methods In order to accurately replicate HFOs we developed virtual-brain/virtual-electrode simulation environment combining novel neurophysiological models of neuronal populations with biophysical models for the source/sensor relationship. Both (patho)physiological mechanisms (synaptic transmission, depolarizing GABA A effect, hyperexcitability) and physical factors (geometry of extended cortical sources, size and position of electrodes) were taken into account. Simulated HFOs were compared to real HFOs extracted from intracerebral recordings of 2 patients. Results Our results revealed that HFO pathological activity is being generated by feed-forward activation of cortical interneurons that produce fast depolarizing GABAergic post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) onto pyramidal cells. Out of phase patterns of depolarizing GABAergic PSPs explained the shape, entropy and spatiotemporal features of real human HFOs. Conclusions The terminology “high-frequency oscillation” (HFO) might be misleading as the fast ripple component (200–600 Hz) is more likely a “high-frequency activity” (HFA), the origin of which is independent from any oscillatory process. Significance New insights regarding the origins and observability of HFOs along depth-EEG electrodes were gained in terms of spatial extent and 3D geometry of neuronal sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Study of the road surface properties that control the acoustic performance of a rubberised asphalt mixture.
- Author
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Vázquez, V.F. and Paje, S.E.
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SURFACE properties , *SURFACE pressure , *ASPHALT , *RUBBER , *PAVEMENTS - Abstract
Simultaneously with the fact that vehicle industry has been able to lower the noise emission from driving vehicles, tire/pavement noise has become the most significant source of traffic noise. In order to reduce it, low noise surfaces are seen as a practical solution. One of these types of surfaces may be elaborated with bituminous mixtures with crumb tire rubber added to the binder in high content by a wet process. However, the generation mechanisms involved in the tire/pavement sound and the reasons of the noise attenuation achieved with these mixtures are not so clear. This study analyses the different generation mechanisms that take place in the tire/pavement sound generation in these crumb tire rubber pavements. The surface properties of the in-service pavement, which are most important in controlling the acoustic performance (texture, acoustic absorption and dynamic stiffness or mechanical impedance), have been measured for the characterization of a test track constructed with and without crumb tire rubber. After results correlation of these surface characteristics in a pavement with crumb tire rubber added by a wet process, it seems that the parameters of roughness and texture could have a relevant role in the global tire/pavement sound emission, whereas dynamic stiffness influence is relatively minor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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18. Multi-instrument observations of microseisms generated by typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) over the Northwestern Pacific.
- Author
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Lin, Jianmin, Fang, Sunke, Xu, Wen, Ni, Sidao, Zhang, Han, and Yang, Ting
- Subjects
- *
TYPHOONS , *MICROSEISMS , *SEISMIC arrays , *OCEAN waves , *OCEAN bottom - Abstract
• We investigated microseisms induced by Kalmaegi with multi-instrument observations. • A novel frequency-domain beamforming method was proposed to track microseism source. • Kalmaegi generated microseisms with source trailing behind only while moving fast. • Microseisms observed at the ocean bottom seismometers were dominated by Kalmaegi. • Coastal generated microseisms cannot propagate effectively across the ocean basin. The typhoon-generated microseisms, originating from the complex energy coupling and transferring among the Atmosphere-Ocean-Solid Earth spheres, can be detected remotely by seismometers as the strongest ambient seismic noise. The lack of in situ observations during the passage of typhoons has hampered numerical modeling of wind fields and ocean waves, and limited our understanding of the generation mechanisms of microseisms associated with typhoons. Here we present a comprehensive investigation of microseisms generated by typhoon Kalmaegi (September 2014) based on multiple-instrument constraints from observations including terrestrial and ocean-bottom seismic stations as well as ocean buoys. To understand the generation mechanisms, we apply an improved frequency-domain beamforming method to seismic array data leading to successful location of double-frequency (DF) microseism source regions. For comparison, we calculate the typhoon-induced ocean waves and theoretical source regions of the DF microseisms using the coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport modeling system with validation by ocean buoy observations. Both observations and numerical modeling results reveal two different generation mechanisms for typhoon-induced DF microseisms during the lifespan of Kalmaegi. When over the Philippine Sea, the DF microseisms were generated mainly by opposing ocean waves from two distinct storms. After Kalmaegi entered the South China Sea, the DF microseisms were generated mainly by the fast-moving typhoon with source regions just trailing behind, with the minimum frequencies determined by the typhoon translation speed. DF microseisms generated in coastal source regions were not detected by ocean bottom seismometers, suggesting that DF microseisms might not effectively propagate across the ocean-basin seafloor covered by thick sediments, owing to severe seismic attenuation and spreading losses. This information is crucial for the use of DF microseisms for future tracking and monitoring of typhoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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19. Fundamental role of crystal structure curvature in plasticity and strength of solids.
- Author
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Panin, V., Panin, A., Elsukova, T., and Popkova, Yu.
- Abstract
In the paper, we use the nonlinear multiscale approach of physical mesomechanics to demonstrate that the scales of local crystal structure curvature in solids play a fundamental role in the generation of strain-induced defects and cracks. It is shown that strain-induced defects arise at the interfaces of 2D planar and 3D crystal subsystems by the mechanism of 'laser pumping' and cracks nucleate as structural phase decay in the zones of crystal structure curvature where the nonequilibrium thermodynamic potential or so-called Gibbs energy is higher than zero. Nonlinear fracture mechanics eliminates the problem of singularity 1/ r in equations of crack growth but requires accounting for local lattice curvature at the crack tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Generation mechanisms of convectively induced internal gravity waves in a three-dimensional framework.
- Author
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Choi, Eun-Ho and Chun, Hye-Yeong
- Abstract
The generation mechanisms of convective gravity waves in the stratosphere are investigated in a three-dimensional framework by conducting numerical simulations of four ideal storms under different environmental conditions: one un-sheared and three constant low-level sheared basic-state winds with the depth of the shear layer of 6 km and the surface wind speeds (U) of 8, 18, and 28 m s, using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model. The storms simulated under the un-sheared (U = 0 m s), weakly sheared (U = 8 and 18ms), and strongly sheared (U = 28ms) basicstate winds are classified into single-cell, multicell, and supercell storms, respectively. For each storm, the wave perturbations in a control simulation, including nonlinearity and microphysical processes, are compared with those in quasi-linear dry simulations forced by diabatic forcing and nonlinear forcing that are obtained from the control simulation. The gravity waves generated by the two forcing terms in the quasi-linear dry simulations are out of phase with each other for all of the storms. The gravity waves in the control simulation are represented by a linear sum of the wave perturbations generated by the nonlinear forcing and diabatic forcing. This result is consistent with the results of previous studies in a two-dimensional framework. This implies that both forcing mechanisms are important for generating the convective gravity waves in the three-dimensional framework as well. The characteristics of the three-dimensional gravity waves in the stratosphere were determined by the spectral combination of the forcing terms and the wave-filtering and resonance factor that is determined from the basic-state wind and stability as well as the vertical structure of the forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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21. On the origin of epileptic High Frequency Oscillations observed on clinical electrodes
- Author
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Fabrice Wendling, Wassim El Falou, Mohamad Khalil, Anca Nica, Mohamad Shamas, Isabelle Merlet, Pascal Benquet, Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), French ANR and GDOS, AZM and SAADE Association (Tripoli, Lebanon), ANR-13-PRTS-0011,VIBRATIONS,Interprétation des signaux électrophysiologiques en épilepsie basée sur un cerveau virtuel(2013), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Drug Resistant Epilepsy ,Depolarizing GABA ,High frequency oscillations ,Neurotransmission ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,Humans ,3d geometry ,Cerebral Cortex ,Physics ,Brain Mapping ,Oscillation ,Generation mechanisms ,Depth-EEG ,Electroencephalography ,Depolarization ,Synaptic Potentials ,Neurophysiology ,Sensory Systems ,Electrodes, Implanted ,Out of phase ,030104 developmental biology ,Neurology ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-MED-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Medical Physics [physics.med-ph] ,GABAergic ,[SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC] ,Neurology (clinical) ,Spatial extent ,Neuroscience ,Neuronal population model ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Objective In this study we aim to identify the key (patho)physiological mechanisms and biophysical factors which impact the observability and spectral features of High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs). Methods In order to accurately replicate HFOs we developed virtual-brain/virtual-electrode simulation environment combining novel neurophysiological models of neuronal populations with biophysical models for the source/sensor relationship. Both (patho)physiological mechanisms (synaptic transmission, depolarizing GABAA effect, hyperexcitability) and physical factors (geometry of extended cortical sources, size and position of electrodes) were taken into account. Simulated HFOs were compared to real HFOs extracted from intracerebral recordings of 2 patients. Results Our results revealed that HFO pathological activity is being generated by feed-forward activation of cortical interneurons that produce fast depolarizing GABAergic post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) onto pyramidal cells. Out of phase patterns of depolarizing GABAergic PSPs explained the shape, entropy and spatiotemporal features of real human HFOs. Conclusions The terminology “high-frequency oscillation” (HFO) might be misleading as the fast ripple component (200–600 Hz) is more likely a “high-frequency activity” (HFA), the origin of which is independent from any oscillatory process. Significance New insights regarding the origins and observability of HFOs along depth-EEG electrodes were gained in terms of spatial extent and 3D geometry of neuronal sources.
- Published
- 2018
22. Generation mechanism of the 26 s and 28 s tremors in the Gulf of Guinea from statistical analysis of magnitudes and event intervals.
- Author
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Chen, Yongyan, Xie, Jun, and Ni, SiDao
- Subjects
- *
STATISTICS , *OCEAN waves , *TREMOR , *POISSON processes , *STOCHASTIC processes - Abstract
• Magnitude of the 26 s and 28 s signals are like the Gutenberg-Richter relation. • Interval time distributions of the 26 s and 28 s signals conform to a Poisson process. • Swell transiently affects the 26 s signal; primary microseism modulates both signals. • Both signals are generated by resonance of underground fluid-filled conduits. • Reservoir networks compose of lots of tiny cracks without a characteristic scale. The earth is a dynamic planet with abundant vibrating processes. Besides the earthquakes, volcanoes and other activities, there is a special type of sources called persistent localized microseismic source (PL) with long-period almost harmonic signals and fixed location. The 26 s (0.038 Hz) and 28 s (0.036 Hz) tremors in the Gulf of Guinea are two typical PL sources in the world, but their generation mechanisms are still enigmatic. Moreover, understanding behaviors of these two sources helps to reduce their interference to ambient noise tomography. We implemented an algorithm to detect events in the PL signals for the past 30 years, and then performed statistical analysis of magnitude-cumulative number (M-N) and interval time-number (T-N). We found that the magnitude distribution is similar to the Gutenberg-Richter relation (G-R relation or power law) and the distribution of interval between events is consistent with a Poisson process. We propose that the two sources are probably related to underground complex crack networks featuring fractal characteristics, and are dominantly driven by temporally random dynamic processes. However, ocean swell might affect the 26 s source occasionally while the primary microseism seems to modulate the two PL sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Multitime scale model of turbulence in the sea surface layer.
- Author
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Chukharev, A.
- Subjects
- *
TURBULENCE , *SEA surface microlayer , *WHIRLWINDS , *GLACIAL drift , *MODELS & modelmaking - Abstract
A model has been developed to describe the turbulent structure of the surface layer which takes into account the differences in the scales of turbulent vortices generated by different mechanisms. We consider the shear of the drift current, nonlinear effects of surface waves, and their breaking as the main sources of turbulent energy. The power spectrum is divided into ranges with respect to the scales. The equation system for each range is solved numerically. The modeling results are compared with the experimental data and with other currently known models. The advantages of the suggested approach are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia
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Charbonnier, S.J. and Gertisser, R.
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VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. , *LAVA , *TEMPERATURE - Abstract
Abstract: A series of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the May–June 2006 eruption of Merapi represent an exceptional record of small-volume pyroclastic flows generated by gravitational lava-dome collapses over a period of about two months. The deposits form nine overlapping lobes reaching ~7 km from the summit in the Gendol River valley on the volcano''s southern flank, which were produced by successive flows generated during and after the major dome-collapse event on June 14. Both, single pulse (post-June 14 events) and multiple-pulse pyroclastic flows generated by sustained dome collapses on June 14 are recognised and three types of deposits, spread over an area of 4.7 km², are distinguished, totalling 13.3×106 m3: (1) valley-confined basal avalanche deposits (11.7×106 m3) in the Gendol River valley, (2) overbank pyroclastic-flow and associated surge deposits (1.4×106 m3), where parts of the basal avalanche spread laterally onto interfluves and were subsequently channeled into the surrounding river valleys and (3) dilute ash-cloud surge deposits (0.2×106 m3) along valley margins. Variations in the distribution, surface morphology and lithology of the deposits are related to the source materials involved in individual pyroclastic-flow-forming events and varying modes of transport and deposition of the different flows. Inferred flow velocities of the largest block-and-ash flows generated on June 14 vary from 43.8–13.5 m/s for the basal avalanche and from 62.6–24.2 m/s for the ash-cloud surge. The minimum temperatures range from 400 °C for the basal avalanche to 165 °C for the overlying ash cloud. Due to the potential of being re-channeled into adjacent river valleys and flowing laterally away from the main river channel, the overbank pyroclastic flows are considered the most hazardous part of the block-and-ash flow system. The conditions that lead to their development during flow transport and deposition must be taken into account when assessing future pyroclastic flow hazards at Merapi and similar volcanoes elsewhere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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25. Mimicking Dolphins to Produce Ring Bubbles in Water
- Author
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Souhila Poncin, Philippe Lesage, Huai-Zhi Li, Mohammed Kemiha, Noël Midoux, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Materials science ,Bubble ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Ring (chemistry) ,Biochemistry ,Biomaterials ,03 medical and health sciences ,mimicking ,Solenoid valve ,14. Life underwater ,[PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph] ,ring bubble ,Simulation ,dolphin ,Communication ,[SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology ,generation mechanisms ,Mechanics ,030104 developmental biology ,Blowhole (anatomy) ,hydrodynamics ,Molecular Medicine ,human activities ,Body orifice ,Biotechnology - Abstract
International audience; Several studies report that dolphins, either captive or wild, can expel air from their blowhole to form ring bubbles. By means of an experimental setup consisting of an orifice coupled to a computer-controlled solenoid valve to simulate the dolphin’s blowhole and a vessel as the lungs, we examined the formation mechanism of a ring bubble under varying experimental conditions. With a better record than the most talented dolphin, we show that two aspects were demonstrated as essential to the successful generation of a ring bubble in water: the valve’s opening duration, and the pressure inside the vessel. The present findings suggest that during ring bubble production, dolphins are likely to anticipate their action by both adjusting a suitable air pressure inside their lungs and controlling their muscular flap for an adequate opening timing of their blowhole. This could provide some evidence in favour of suggested cetaceans’ self-control capacities.
- Published
- 2016
26. Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Inorganic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics.
- Author
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Zhang L, Zhu C, Huang R, Ding Y, Ruan C, and Shen XC
- Abstract
Recently, inorganic nanomaterials have received considerable attention for use in biomedical applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties based on their shapes, sizes, and surface characteristics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and chemical dynamic therapy (CDT), which are cancer therapeutics mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), have the potential to significantly enhance the therapeutic precision and efficacy for cancer. To facilitate cancer therapeutics, numerous inorganic nanomaterials have been developed to generate ROS. This mini review provides an overview of the generation mechanisms of ROS by representative inorganic nanomaterials for cancer therapeutics, including the structures of engineered inorganic nanomaterials, ROS production conditions, ROS types, and the applications of the inorganic nanomaterials in cancer PDT, SDT, and CDT., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Zhu, Huang, Ding, Ruan and Shen.)
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- 2021
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27. MHD waves detected by ICE at distances ≥ 28 106 km from comet P/Halley: Cometary or solar wind origin?
- Author
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Tsurutani, B. T., Brinca, A. L., Smith, E. J., Thorne, R. M., Scarf, F. L., Gosling, J. T., Ipavich, F. M., Grewing, Michael, editor, Praderie, Françoise, editor, and Reinhard, Rüdeger, editor
- Published
- 1988
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28. Фундаментальная роль кривизны кристаллической структуры в пластичности и прочности твердых тел
- Subjects
ТРЕЩИНЫ ,NONLINEAR MULTISCALE APPROACH ,ДЕФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ДЕФЕКТЫ ,GENERATION MECHANISMS ,CRACKS ,CURVATURE OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ,КРИВИЗНА КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ,STRENGTH ,ПРОЧНОСТЬ ,МЕХАНИЗМЫ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ ,PLASTICITY ,НЕЛИНЕЙНЫЙ МНОГОУРОВНЕВЫЙ ПОДХОД ,STRAIN-INDUCED DEFECTS ,ПЛАСТИЧНОСТЬ - Abstract
В рамках нелинейного многоуровневого подхода показано, что в основе генерации деформационных дефектов при пластической деформации и трещин при разрушении лежат масштабные уровни локальной кривизны кристаллической структуры твердых тел. Деформационные дефекты генерируются на интерфейсах 2D планарных и 3D кристаллических подсистем механизмом «лазерной накачки». Трещины зарождаются как структурно-фазовый распад кристаллической структуры в зонах локальной кривизны, где неравновесный термодинамический потенциал Гиббса оказывается больше нуля. Нелинейная механика разрушения исключает проблему сингулярности 1/r в уравнении распространяющейся трещины, но должна учитывать локальную кривизну кристаллической решетки в вершине трещины при ее зарождении и распространении., It is shown in the framework of a nonlinear multiscale approach that scales of local curvature of the crystal structure of solids are fundamental to the generation of strain-induced defects during plastic deformation and cracks during fracture. Strain-induced defects are generated at interfaces of 2D planar and 3D crystal subsystems by the “laser pumping” mechanism. Cracks are generated as structural-phase decomposition of the crystal structure in local curvature zones where a non-equilibrium thermodynamic Gibbs potential is higher than zero. Nonlinear fracture mechanics eliminates the problem of singularity 1/r in the equation for a propagating crack, but it must take into account local lattice curvature at the tip of the propagating crack.
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- 2014
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29. Secret Key Generation for Body-Wearable Wireless Sensor Devices
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Yao, Linjia
- Subjects
Channel hopping ,Wireless sensors ,Body sensors ,Generation mechanisms ,Filtering mechanisms - Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a rapid surge in application of body sensor net- works, especially in the domains of military, healthcare and fitness. In such networks, wearable wireless sensor devices are used to measure and communi- cate a subject’s vital signs (such as heart rate, body temperature, blood glucose level, etc.) Security, in this context, is a critical issue as these devices deal with personal health data, requiring strict privacy and confidentiality. However, tra- ditional secret-key generation mechanisms (such as Diffie-Hellman) are typically computation and power intensive and not suitable for resource-constrained sen- sor devices. This thesis aims at realizing a practical and low-cost secret key generation mechanism for wearable sensor devices. First, we investigate a secret key generation mechanism that extracts shared secret keys using properties of the near-body wireless channel between two com- municating parties. For a fully body-worn scenario, our experimental results, using off-the-shelf IEEE 802.15.4 devices, indicate that this approach is feasible for dynamic scenarios where communicating devices are placed in non-line-of- sight positions on the body. We also suggest an enhancement for existing key generation mechanisms using a filtering mechanism which considerably reduces bit mismatches. Second, we employ a channel hopping technique to decorrelate secret bit ex- traction. Due to fast sampling rates, successive samples of channel properties are correlated in time, yielding weak keys with reduced entropy. To overcome this, we use channel hopping to increase channel diversity. We conduct extensive experi- ments to show that channel hopping increases frequency diversity and effectively decorrelates successive channel samples and thereby dramatically improving the strength of the secret key. Furthermore, we identify key parameters affecting performance, namely channel spacing, the number of available channels, and user activity. We show that it is possible to devise an optimal hopping strategy to maximize the benefit by balancing between channel spacing and the number of channels for high frequency and temporal diversity. In this thesis, we describe, implement and validate our solutions in real body- worn scenarios. It is hoped that our effort contributes to the research and devel- opment of usable body sensor networks.
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- 2012
- Full Text
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30. Secret Key Generation for Body-Wearable Wireless Sensor Devices
- Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a rapid surge in application of body sensor net-works, especially in the domains of military, healthcare and fitness. In suchnetworks, wearable wireless sensor devices are used to measure and communi-cate a subjects vital signs (such as heart rate, body temperature, blood glucoselevel, etc.) Security, in this context, is a critical issue as these devices deal withpersonal health data, requiring strict privacy and confidentiality. However, tra-ditional secret-key generation mechanisms (such as Diffie-Hellman) are typicallycomputation and power intensive and not suitable for resource-constrained sen-sor devices. This thesis aims at realizing a practical and low-cost secret keygeneration mechanism for wearable sensor devices.First, we investigate a secret key generation mechanism that extracts sharedsecret keys using properties of the near-body wireless channel between two com-municating parties. For a fully body-worn scenario, our experimental results,using off-the-shelf IEEE 802.15.4 devices, indicate that this approach is feasiblefor dynamic scenarios where communicating devices are placed in non-line-of-sight positions on the body. We also suggest an enhancement for existing keygeneration mechanisms using a filtering mechanism which considerably reducesbit mismatches.Second, we employ a channel hopping technique to decorrelate secret bit ex-traction. Due to fast sampling rates, successive samples of channel properties arecorrelated in time, yielding weak keys with reduced entropy. To overcome this, weuse channel hopping to increase channel diversity. We conduct extensive experi-ments to show that channel hopping increases frequency diversity and effectivelydecorrelates successive channel samples and thereby dramatically improving thestrength of the secret key. Furthermore, we identify key parameters affectingperformance, namely channel spacing, the number of available channels, and useractivity. We show that it is possible to dev
- Published
- 2012
31. Energy Budget of Nonlinear Internal Waves near Dongsha
- Abstract
Our long-term scientific goal is to better understand the mechanisms by which mixing occurs in the ocean so that we can develop improved parameterizations of mixing for ocean models. Mixing within the stratified ocean is our particular focus, as the complex interplay of internal waves from a variety of sources and turbulence makes this a current locus of uncertainty. In this project, our broad focus is on the energy sources of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) in a complex environment of strong internal tides and abrupt topography (continental shelf and slope). We expect a rapid evolution of internal tides and NLIWs, and aim to understand their dynamics, energy cascade, and role in mixing. The primary objectives of the project are as follows: (1) to identify the generation sites and understand the generation mechanism of NLIWs, (2) to understand the evolution of NLIW interactions with abrupt topography, (3) to quantify the energy budget and energy cascade from internal tides to NLIWs, and (4) to quantify the seasonal variation of the energy of NLIWs near Dongsha Plateau in the northern South China Sea (SCS). Our particular interest is to understand the energy cascade from barotropic tides, internal tides, and NLIWs to turbulence mixing in the northern SCS, and to understand the evolution of NLIWs interacting with the shoaling continental slope. Our approach is to take direct observations of NLIWs near Dongsha Island, where NLIWs are often captured in satellite images. Primary platforms include an ADV Lagrangian Float; an array of bottom-mounted ADCP moorings; and shipboard EK500, marine radar, ADCP, and CTD. Our main goals are to quantify the energy budget and evolution of NLIWs across the rapidly shoaling continental slope and the gentle plateau near Dongsha Island, and to quantify the seasonal variation of NLIW characteristics.
- Published
- 2009
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