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The territory named by the classical sources as "Carpetania" -nowadays divided in the Community of Madrid and some provinces of Castile-La Mancha (mainly Toledo and certain areas of Cuenca and Guadalajara)- has several epistemological problems. It is our aim to try to solve them. So, we pursuit to apply mustidisciplinary studies and analysis in order to reach a better and more complete characterization of this territory. Our objetive is to understand how this space was organised and how the different populations interacted with each other. All of this, from a particular vision which overcome interpretations proposed only from the data availaible in the Greco-Roman texts.

[ES] Este trabajo discute la simulación como estrategia de análisis espacial en Arqueología. A partir del uso combinado de tecnologías geoespaciales, se propone el estudio, a gran escala, de la estructura visual de un sitio arqueológico. La propuesta se desarrolla en el oppidum de San Cibrán de Las (Ourense), en donde se analiza la permeabilidad visual de su estructura en el paisaje. La metodología desarrollada usa distintos recursos para entender cómo la construcción del poblado pudo condicionar la percepción visual desde dentro y desde fuera. Mediante la manipulación de un modelo digital del terreno (MDT) se construyen distintos escenarios que son analizados a partir de cálculos sistemáticos de visibilidad. Los resultados se orientan a la interpretación de la visibilidad y ocultación de la acción social en los distintos espacios del poblado durante la Edad del Hierro., [EN] This paper discusses simulation as a strategy for spatial analysis in archeology. We propose a large-scale study of the visual structure of an archaeological site based on the combined use of different geospatial technologies. The method­ology is developed in the oppidum of San Cibrán de Las (Ourense, Spain), where the visual permeability of its struc-ture in the landscape is analyzed. The methodology we de-velop uses different digital simulation resources to under-stand how the construction of different archaeological structures could condition visual perception. Different sce-narios were constructed changing a digital terrain model (DTM), which was analyzed based on viewshed calculations. The results are oriented to the interpretation of the visibili-ty and concealment of social action in the different spaces of hillfort during the Iron Age.

This paper discusses simulation as a strategy for spatial analysis in archeology. We propose a large-scale study of the visual structure of an archaeological site based on the combined use of different geospatial technologies. The methodology is developed in the oppidum of San Cibrán de Las (Ourense, Spain), where the visual permeability of its structure in the landscape is analyzed. The methodology we develop uses different digital simulation resources to understand how the construction of different archaeological structures could condition visual perception. Different scenarios were constructed changing a digital terrain model (DTM), which was analyzed based on viewshed calculations. The results are oriented to the interpretation of the visibility and concealment of social action in the different spaces of hillfort during the Iron Age., Este trabajo discute la simulación como estrategia de análisis espacial en Arqueología. A partir del uso combinado de tecnologías geoespaciales, se propone el estudio, a gran escala, de la estructura visual de un sitio arqueológico. La propuesta se desarrolla en el oppidum de San Cibrán de Las (Ourense), en donde se analiza la permeabilidad visual de su estructura en el paisaje. La metodología desarrollada usa distintos recursos para entender cómo la construcción del poblado pudo condicionar la percepción visual desde dentro y desde fuera. Mediante la manipulación de un modelo digital del terreno (MDT) se construyen distintos escenarios que son analizados a partir de cálculos sistemáticos de visibilidad. Los resultados se orientan a la interpretación de la visibilidad y ocultación de la acción social en los distintos espacios del poblado durante la Edad del Hierro.

The article describes a new scientific and methodological approach to designing geographic information systems of health and environmental monitoring for urban areas. Geographic information systems (GIS) are analytical tools of the regional health and environmental monitoring; they are used for an integrated assessment of the environmental status of a large industrial centre or a part of it. The authors analyse the environmental situation in Voronezh, a major industrial city, located in the Central Black Earth Region with a population of more than 1 million people. The proposed research methodology is based on modern approaches to the assessment of health risks caused by adverse environmental conditions. The research work was implemented using a GIS and multicriteria probabilistic and statistical evaluation to identify cause-and-effect links, a combination of action and reaction, in the dichotomy "environmental factors - public health". The analysis of the obtained statistical data confirmed an increase in childhood diseases in some areas of the city. Environmentally induced diseases include congenital malformations, tumors, endocrine and urogenital pathologies. The main factors having an adverse impact on health are emissions of carcinogens into the atmosphere and the negative impact of transport on the environment. The authors identify and characterize environmentally vulnerable parts of the city and developed principles of creating an automated system of health monitoring and control of environmental risks. The article offers a number of measures aimed at the reduction of environmental risks, better protection of public health and a more efficient environmental monitoring.

Los continuos cambios que se producen en la sociedad actual son difundidos a gran velocidad por los nuevos canales de trasmisión de información. Se ha generado una nueva orientación en el acceso a la información gracias al desarrollo de internet y la denominada web 2.0. La Geografía ha sido una de las disciplinas que se ha visto afectada por todos estos cambios acaecidos con lo que en su día se dio en llamar nuevas tecnologías de la información geográfica y que hoy en día forman parte de nuestro quehacer diario en sus múltiples formas. La enseñanza de la ciencia geográfica se debe adaptar aprovechando las tecnologías de la información geográfica y los nuevos cauces de comunicación., The continuous changes that occur in contemporary society are diffused at high speed through the new channels of information transmission. It has generated a new focus on access to information through the Internet development and so-called Web 2.0. Geography has been one of the disciplines that are affected by these changes that occurred at the time what it became known new technologies of geographic information and now form part of our daily lives in its many forms. The teaching of geography should be adapted taking advantage of geographic information technologies and new communication channels.

Las tecnologías de la información están alterando sustantivamente el papel y las condiciones de las prácticas de las disciplinas científicas, lo que plantea un reto crítico de ineludible abordaje por las comunidades científica y profesional de los geógrafos. En este trabajo se examinan algunos ejemplos recientes de la progresiva demanda de información geográfica (IG), se subraya la potencia analítica aportada por las tecnologías de la información geográfica (TIG) y se suscitan reflexiones acerca de las implicaciones e iniciativas en curso. Como colofón se apuntan indicaciones sobre cómo reorientar el rumbo de la Geografía, en aras de mantener e incrementar su relevancia social., Information technologies are deeply modifying the role and conditions of scientific disciplines practices, thus posing a critical challenge that professional and scientific communities of geographers have to tackle unavoidably. In this paper, some recent examples of increasing demand of geographical information (GI) are examined, the analytical empowerment provided by geographical information technologies is emphasized and reflections on implications and ongoing initiatives are issued. Finally, indications are raised on a reoriented course of geography, focused to maintain and to increase its social relevance.

Cette contribution décrit trois SIG mis en œuvre sur la zone côtière africaine à partir d'objectifs de GIZC : observatoires des changements (Mauritanie), des risques côtiers (Côte d'Ivoire) et planification côtière (Guinée-Bissau). Les principales étapes de leur constitution et les résultats auxquels ils ont conduit sont présentés. Si leurs perspectives d'utilisation sont incontestables notamment pour le suivi, l'analyse et la modélisation des changements et des risques côtiers, il apparaît néanmoins que le succès à long terme de leur implantation est conditionné par divers facteurs institutionnels et humains. Three GIS applications for african coastal environmental are presented: an observatory of coastal environmental changes in Mauritania, coastal risk assessments in Ivory Coast and a synthetic approach to the Bijagos Archipelago Biosphere Reserve in Guinea Bissau. The main steps and the results illustrate the different stages of GIS implementation (inventory, analysis and management applications). GIS capabilities for monitoring, environmental changes analysis and modelling are highlighted and discussed. But despite these obvious capabilities, it is clear that the GIS long term success will also depend on organizational and human issues.