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Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we present a new processing method, called MOSES—Impacts, for the detection of micrometer-sized damage on glass plate surfaces. It extends existing methods by a separation of damaged areas, called impacts, to support state-of-the-art recycling systems in optimizing their parameters. These recycling systems are used to repair process-related damages on glass plate surfaces, caused by accelerated material fragments, which arise during a laser–matter interaction in a vacuum. Due to a high number of impacts, the presented MOSES—Impacts algorithm focuses on the separation of connected impacts in two-dimensional images. This separation is crucial for the extraction of relevant features such as centers of gravity and radii of impacts, which are used as recycling parameters. The results show that the MOSES—Impacts algorithm effectively separates impacts, achieves a mean agreement with human users of (82.0 ± 2.0)%, and improves the recycling of glass plate surfaces by identifying around 7% of glass plate surface area as being not in need of repair compared to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a new hot pressing process to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces with controllable shape and size on a glass substrate. Microstructures were fabricated on tungsten carbide mold via picosecond laser processing. Microgroove structures were reproduced on glass during the hot embossing process and SiO 2 nanoparticles laid on the mold were also embedded into the glass surface under the action of heat and pressure to provide nanostructures. The contact angle of the superhydrophobic glass surface reached up to 161.8°, and the sliding angle was only 3°. The structures and chemical composition of superhydrophobic glass surface were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The 3D laser scanning microscopy result showed the height (20 μm) of the microgroove structures, while white light interferometry revealed the surface roughness (Ra 2.725 μm). The superhydrophobic glass surface demonstrated satisfactory temperature resistance and chemical stability through temperature and acid and alkali solution immersion tests. The surface exhibited certain mechanical stability by friction and wear test. This work provides a new hot embossing method for solving the problem of structural consistency and mass production of superhydrophobic glass, and will have great application prospects in the engineering field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new processing method, called MOSES—Impacts, for the detection of micrometer-sized damage on glass plate surfaces. It extends existing methods by a separation of damaged areas, called impacts, to support state-of-the-art recycling systems in optimizing their parameters. These recycling systems are used to repair process-related damages on glass plate surfaces, caused by accelerated material fragments, which arise during a laser–matter interaction in a vacuum. Due to a high number of impacts, the presented MOSES—Impacts algorithm focuses on the separation of connected impacts in two-dimensional images. This separation is crucial for the extraction of relevant features such as centers of gravity and radii of impacts, which are used as recycling parameters. The results show that the MOSES—Impacts algorithm effectively separates impacts, achieves a mean agreement with human users of (82.0 ± 2.0)%, and improves the recycling of glass plate surfaces by identifying around 7% of glass plate surface area as being not in need of repair compared to existing methods.

Our laboratory has been exploring the development of tools for drilling holes in glass plates, and the drilling techniques to be adopted for it. A devised tool shape that could prevent the occurrence of cracks at the exit holes achieved high quality through hole drilling of 100 holes or more using only the drilling cycle. However, crack-free drilling beyond this number of holes cannot be performed. This is due to the adhesion of the residual chip on the tool surface when the number of holes increases. Therefore, further improvement of chip discharge is needed to achieve crack-free drilling. In this report, we consider that chip discharge results from the flow of the machining fluid. To investigate the cause of chip discharge, we analyzed the flow of the machining fluid in the hole using computational fluid dynamics and the supposed chip discharge conditions. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. (1) In the case of a cylindrical tool, the Z-axis directional flow of the machining fluid did not occur in the hole. This is because the tool does not have bumps to agitate the fluid on the side, and the gap between the tool and the inner surface of the hole is narrow. (2) The plate side widened the gap between the tool and inner surface of the hole. Therefore, the fluid was likely to flow in the Z-axis direction in the hole. (3) For the tool with the plane side bit, the flow entered the hole from one plane side and exited the hole from the other plane side. (4) When the tool end is spherical, the Z-axis directional flow of the fluid occurs at the tool end. (5) The fluid flow of the devised tool weakened as the drilling depth increased. To improve the chip discharge performance of the designed tool, the Z-axis directional flow of the machining fluid must occur in an area deeper than 2 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanical properties of the glass plate structure applied to the automobile bridge deck, the bearing capacity test of the glass bridge deck under the wheel load is carried out, and the failure mode, load displacement curve and safety function of the glass plate under the boundary, position and number of layers of the wheel load are analyzed. The results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated glass under the condition of simply supported boundary on both sides is about four sides supported 71.8%. The ultimate bearing capacity of single-layer glass under the boundary condition of simple support on both sides is about four sides 51.4% from the point of view of meeting the structural strength requirements. The loading test is carried out by applying different multiple wheel loads at the plate angle and the center of the plate. The test results can provide reference for the application of the glass bridge deck in engineering.

Wavelength-modulation Fourier interferometry has been employed to measure the thickness of a glass plate. However, nonlinear phase-modulation error causes a DC error in the evaluated phase distribution. In this study, a 5 N –2 phase-extraction algorithm was derived for the simultaneous measurement of the thickness and surface shape of a glass plate with eliminating the DC phase error. First, the condition for the error elimination on a complex plane was derived and a new algorithm polynomial was proposed to satisfy this condition. Next, using this condition and 5 N –4 algorithm, 5 N –2 algorithm was derived. The newly developed 5 N –2 algorithm was visualized in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform method. The DC error elimination ability of the 5 N –2 algorithm was confirmed through numerical error analysis. Finally, the surface shape and thickness of the glass plate were simultaneously measured using a large-aperture Fizeau interferometer and the 5 N –2 algorithm. The standard deviations of the thickness and surface shape profiling were 3.113 nm and 10.689 nm, respectively, which were smaller than those obtained using other phase-extraction algorithms. • New 5 N –2 algorithm is proposed. • The characteristics of 5 N –2 algorithm is estimated in the frequency domain. • The phase errors calculated by 5 N –2 algorithm is compared with those by other algorithms. • The surface shape and optical thickness of a transparent multi-layer plate was measured by using wavelength-tuning Fizeau interferometer and the 5 N –2 algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase-shifting fringe analysis using wavelength scanning has been broadly applied to the interferometric profiling of the thickness variation of glass plates. However, the nonlinear phase shifting can cause bias error during wavelength scanning. In this study, the bias error in the calculated phase was formulated by Taylor series expansion. Using the formulation, a novel 15-sample algorithm of a partially negative window was derived to enable compensation for the bias phase error. The new 15-sample algorithm was visualized by the algorithm polynomial on the complex plane and Fourier description in the frequency domain. The bias error suppression capability of the developed algorithm was examined by using the numerical simulation. Finally, the proposed algorithm was used in conjunction with a large-aperture Fizeau interferometer to examine the thickness variation of a glass parallel plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response time of a detector stands as a critical parameter in radiation imaging systems. However, the existing parallel plate ionization chamber detector manifests a noteworthy delay in response time, leading to the production of blurred radiation images. To enhance the image quality of radiation imaging systems, it becomes imperative to modify the electrode structure of the detector and consequently reduce the response time. We propose a gas ionization chamber detector incorporating a glass plate, resulting in a notably swift response time. The COMSOL software is employed to calculate the electric and weighting fields within the detector, while Garfield++ software is utilized to derive the output signal, including information on the response time. To validate the simulation data, an experimental ionization chamber underwent testing on a dedicated platform to acquire the output signal. The results revealed that the average electric field intensity in the induced region of the grid detector was increased by at least 10%. The detector response time was reduced to 50%–28% of that of the parallel plate detector. However, this improvement comes at the cost of a decrease in the detector's sensitivity. The incorporation of glass plates in a parallel plate detector offers a substantial improvement in the time response characteristics of a gas ionization chamber detector, thereby suggesting a valuable direction for future advancements in ionization chamber technology. • Adding a glass plate to a parallel plate detector shortens response time. • The electric field intensity in the induced region increased by at least 10 %. • Response time of single-glass detector reduced by 50%, double-glass-plate by 72%. • The reduction in the detector's response time is accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of a through-hole drilling for hard and brittle materials using electroplated diamond tool devised by the authors have led to several challenges such as a restraint of crack size at the inlet and outside, a suppression of chip adhesion on the tool and an improvement of processing efficiency. In this paper, the devised tool was redesigned in order to restrain cracks of the inlet side as well as to improve the chip discharge. The new design of the tool featured a back taper which was expected to bring an effect of restraining crack size by preventing any interference between the tool cylindrical surface and the hole inner surface during drilling process. In addition, the chip can be discharged from the drilled hole through the back taper. Results of the experiment indicated that by providing the back tapered shape, the width of the inlet hole can be reduced slightly as the interference between the glass plate and the tool cylindrical surface was suppressed. Furthermore, the adhesion of chip on tool can be restrained by using the tool with large chip discharge space as the chip was easily discharged to the outside of the hole. Moreover, an abrupt change in thrust force was not detected, and the crack width was found in small size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of special kind of arrangement absorber plate is an effective and economic method to improve the thermal performance of a solar air heater. In this paper, the thermal performance of a solar air heater was experimentally investigated with different absorber plates with a mass flow rate of 20 kg/h and 25 kg/h with different arrangements of absorber plates such as glass plates and galvanized iron (GI) sheet varying mass flow rates of air. It was observed that thermal efficiency was increased by 9.4% while using the glass plate absorber compared to the galvanized iron (GI) sheet absorber plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Chitosan (Cs) biopolymer was incorporated into TiO2nanoparticles as a support and adsorption site, forming an effective photocatalyst system. The stability and separation ability of the Cs–TiO2photocatalyst system improved as it is further immobilised onto the surface of the glass plate. The surface interactions and the band gap of Cs–TiO2(DP25)/glass photocatalyst have been determined using techniques including FESEM + EDS, FTIR and UV-DR analysis. The photocatalytic activity has been demonstrated on the simulated methyl orange (MO) solution (10 ppm) irradiated under ultraviolet light (6 W,λ = 312 and 365 nm) with different photodegradation parameters such as number of layers, concentration and pH of MO solution. It indicated that Cs–TiO2(DP25)/glass photocatalyst exhibited excellent formation of coordinate covalent bonding between Ti-O to Si-O, Ti-O-to-NH2or Ti-O-to-OH groups. The optimum photodegradation recorded for the Cs–TiO2(DP25)/glass photocatalyst has reached to 78%, with 10 ppm of MO concentration, at a normal pH and 1 h retention time. Meanwhile, optimum adsorption process has been recorded to be more than 70%. It was concluded that the combination of the adsorption and photodegradation process from Cs–TiO2(DP25)/glass photocatalyst has great potential for treating wastewater for other types of organic/inorganic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of Art & Design / Sanat & Tasarım is the property of Anadolu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mixed-mode thermal stress intensity factors (SIFs) are investigated at various temperatures using the method of caustics. First, theoretical caustic patterns are obtained for various types of optical systems in addition to the mode II SIF KII and mode I SIF KI ratios. Next, the values of the SIF are experimentally investigated at various temperatures for glass plates with an inclined artificial notch or a natural crack, and the effect of the crack on the sign of the SIF is considered. Then, it is determined whether or not crack extension occurs. It is shown that a negative value of the SIF KI occurs at the notch tip under high-temperature conditions. In contrast, the sign of the SIF KI at the natural crack tip under high-temperature conditions is positive. At low temperatures, the signs of the SIFs at the notch and the natural crack tip are positive. Crack propagation is observed when the sign of KI is positive. The direction of crack propagation initiating from the natural crack at high temperatures is in accordance with the theory of maximum circumferential tensile stress (σθ)max. At low temperatures, the crack extends slightly, and thereafter, the direction of crack propagation abruptly changes because of the compressive stress in front of the notch and the natural crack tip.

Thickness uniformity has been a crucial issue for glass plates used in the flat panel display (FPD). However, point-by-point measurement and/or phase-shifting technique must be employed in the current optical interferometric techniques. Therefore, instantaneous full-field thickness measurement cannot be implemented. Besides, the measurement area is limited by the dimensions of optical components employed in the current optical interferometric techniques. In this paper, an optical interferometric system named angular incidence interferometry (AII) was proposed so that large-area full-field thickness measurement can be achieved. By using AII, the full-field continuous phase difference can be determined by using only one interference image. When the thickness at one point of the specimen is known, the full-field thickness distribution can be obtained immediately. Moreover, with the use of only a basic point-expanded laser light and an image acquisition system, no other special optical components are needed in AII. The applicability and feasibility of AII on the measurement of thickness were investigated by a typical commercially available glass plate of 0.7 mm nominal thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new model for assessing the strength of structural members made of annealed glass plates is presented. The model refers to a glass plate that is supported at its ends and loaded by a given loading system. To fully determine the mechanical behavior of the glass plate, a flaws distribution function is presented, from which the critical stress distribution is calculated. These critical stresses determine the local ultimate resistance of the plate. The model determines the flaws distribution over the area of a large basic plate, from which plates of different sizes are cut out. Each cut out plate is characterized by a different map of flaws that is distributed over its surface and it behaves differently as a result. The flaws shape, size and location determine the critical tensile stresses that are required for crack opening. These critical stresses are compared with the growing stresses during loading, to determine at which point and at what loading level fracture is initiated. The model is capable of predicting the tensile strength distribution of a large group of glass plates of a given geometry and boundary conditions. The model provides much information concerning the probabilistic distribution of the tensile strengths and the location of the fracture origin. For an examined case the model yields an almost symmetrical tensile strengths distribution, and although it is somewhat different than existing statistical functions, it is similar to the normal distribution. It is shown that the entire analysis of determination of the critical tensile strength is independent on the plate’s thickness, although the latter is important to determine the magnitude of the bending moment at failure and the magnitude of the applied load that causes that failure. The model is found to be in close agreement with test data; it may explain the inspected and measured results and provide insight to glass plate behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a depth-encoding PET detector inserting a glass plate between the pixilated scintillation crystal layers. The principle of the proposed design was that the relative amount of light received by each photosensor will be altered by using the glass plate. This change in the light distribution can generate a pattern diagram of the 2D flood histogram that identifies depth position as well as X-Y position of \gamma–ray interaction. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted for the assessment of the DOI-PET detector of 4 \times 4 array photosensor coupled with 2-layers of LSO arrays which consist of 4 \times 4 arrays of 3 \times 3 \times 10~\mm^3 discrete crystals. The traced light distribution for each event was converted by the modified resistive charge division networks into the 2D flood histogram. Optical glass plates with 11 different thicknesses that range from 0 to 10 mm with a 1 mm step were modeled. This was done, to estimate the thickness which allows the extraction of the depth information from the 2D flood histogram. An experimental study was performed to acquire the flood histograms of the DOI-PET detectors with 3 and 5 mm thick glass plate. The effect of glass plate on light loss and count rate loss were assessed for two detector configurations with and without glass plate. The simulation results showed that the flood histogram without overlapping of each crystal position can be generated for the detectors by inserting the glass plates with thickness of 3\sim 10~\mm. They were also demonstrated in the acquired representative flood histograms which were obtained by the experimental study. The light and count rate losses measured from DOI-PET detector with 3 mm thick glass plate was \sim 5\% and \sim 2\%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the proposed DOI-PET detector can extract the 3D \gamma -ray interaction position without considerable performance degradations of PET detector from the 2D flood histogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bio-fouling is the principal problem met with membrane filtration in biological suspensions treatment, in particular in the case of membranes made of sintered clay which have a low resistance to chemical washing; we are interesting, in this work, to the bioadhesion which is the cause. At first, by the characterization of the particle/surface interactions; and then, by the study of a hydrodynamic detachment technique which could allow the break up of this bioadhesion and, thus, the membrane die-fouling. The results of the experimental study using the specially designed shear stress flow chamber show that micro-organism/support adhesion can be broken by the only effect of this force, and that the recourse to the chemical attack is not necessary. We, therefore, recommended luting against the biofilm fouling a hydrodynamic washing method by the application of a shear stress. And consequently, the ceramic membranes with low resistance to chemical washing would be adequate for the use in a bioreactor thanks to the adaptation of this technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Over 30 sea surface microlayer (SML) samples from two contrasting sites in the North Western Mediterranean – Barcelona (Spain) and Banyuls-sur-Mer (France) – were collected using three different sampling devices, namely, glass plate, metal screen (MS) and a surface slick sampler (SS), and compared with the corresponding underlying water (16 samples). The distributions of 41 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) were determined in the different phases: particulate (1.17–10.8 ∑PCB ng L-1), truly dissolved (0.080–16.7 ∑PCB ng L-1) and colloidal matter (1.17–43.0 ∑PCB ng L-1), being the last two estimated from the analysis of the apparently dissolved phase. Concentrations of PCBs in the SML were higher than those in the underlying water (ULW), giving rise to enrichment factors (EF=[C]SML/[C]ULW) up to first-order of magnitude. The ANOVA statistical approach was used to assess differences of bulk data (e.g. dissolved organic carbon, DOC; particulate organic carbon, POC; suspended particulate matter, SPM) among sampling devices, whilst p-tailed t paired tests were used in order to compare the enrichments obtained for each sampling date. In this respect, no significantly different enrichment factors were found among sampling devices (p<0.05), although the surface SS showed lower enrichments, probably due to the dilution of the SML with the ULW during sampling. The MS seemed to be the most suitable device for the determination of PCBs in the SML in terms of sampling efficiency under a variety of meteorological conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The authors introduce a pressing/damascening replication process on glass plates. As a prototype replication, the 20 μm line-wide circuit pattern was experimented. A male-patterned tungsten carbide mold hot-pressed against a glass plate to replicate the female pattern on the glass. Then the copper was deposited on the pressed glass, and was polished flat to produce the same copper damascened pattern. Next the three-layered circuit board was stacked and fixed by hot-pressing with only 2 μm error in the line width. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The attachment of microorganisms to a surface is a critical first step of biofilm fouling in membrane processes. The shear-induced detachment of baker''s yeast in adhesive contact with a plane glass surface was thus experimentally studied, using a specially designed shear stress flow chamber. The yeast was marketed either as rod-shaped pellets (type I yeast) or as spherical pellets (type II yeast). A complete series of experiments for measuring the shear stress necessary to detach a given proportion of individual yeast cells of type I or II was performed under different environmental conditions (ionic strength, contact time). In parallel, the surface physicochemical properties of the cells (surface charge, hydrophobicity, and electron donor and electron acceptor components) were determined. For the first type of yeast cells, which were rather hydrophilic, adhesion to the glass plate was weak. This was due to both electrostatic effects and hydrophilic repulsion. Furthermore, adhesion was not sensitive to any variation of the ionic strength. For yeast of the second type, adhesion was drastically increased. This could be explained by their physicochemical surface properties and especially their hydrophobic and electron acceptor components, which caused strong attractive van der Waals and Lewis acid–base interactions, counterbalancing the electrostatic repulsion. For increasing ionic strengths, adhesion was greater, due to lower electrostatic repulsion. The results were quantified through the definition of a critical wall shear stress (τw 50%) required to detach 50% of the yeast cells initially deposited on the glass surface. The influence of the contact time was also evaluated and it was shown that, whatever the type of yeast, macromolecules such as proteins were released into the extracellular medium due to cell lysis and could contribute to the formation of a conditioning film. As a result, the cells were more strongly stuck to the glass plate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have built polarization stabilizer arrays of ultrathin liquid-crystal (LC) polarization controller (PC) arrays and a tap-type photodetector array on a fiber array. The ultrathin (35-μm-thick) LC cells are inserted into trenches cut across the fiber array, which is affixed to V grooves in a glass plate and are used to change the phase of 1.55-μm lights from 0.5 to 3.9π with the application of less than 3 Vrms. Two cascaded ultrathin LC cells, where the directions of alignment of the LCs are rotated by 45° relative to each other, are capable of converting light with an arbitrary input polarization to the transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. We fabricated a multichannel TE- and TM-polarization stabilizer of the previously mentioned 16-channel LC PC array and a feedback system made up of a multichannel tap-type photodetector array, sheet polarizer, and a computer and analog-to-digital converters. Feedback control was applied to maximize and minimize the tapped light, to convert an arbitrary input polarization to TM or TE output polarization, and stabilize it in the given state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]