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RESUMEN El Consejo de Estado ha desarrollado la regla conforme a la cual todas las reclamaciones que emanen del desequilibrio económico del contrato estatal deben hacerse al momento de suscribir documentos tales como prórrogas, suspensiones, contratos adicionales u otrosíes. De no ser así, se finiquitan los asuntos pendientes para las partes, no siendo posible discutir posteriormente hechos anteriores, por resultar contrario al principio de la buena fe y a los actos propios. Se pretende analizar la restricción en la forma de aplicar el principio de la buena fe, pues al privilegiarse escenarios concretos de reclamación por desequilibrios económicos se disminuye la posibilidad de lograr el reajuste del contrato y la consecuente reparación de un daño. ABSTRACT The Colombian State Council has developed the rule whereby every single claim based on the economic unbalance of public contracts must be made by the contractor at the precise moment of suscribing contractual documents such as extensions, suspensions, additions or amendments. If not, pending issues between the parties are deemed to be solved, and the contractor is banned from filing any claim in the future based on past circumstances, for doing so would violate the principle of good faith and the doctrine of one's own acts. Taking this into account, this paper seeks to analyze the way in which the principle good faith can be applied, because by privileging certain sceneries of economic, the State Council is in fact reducing the likelihood of obtaining the adjustment of the contract and the repair of the damage inflicted on the contractor.

Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science ANOTĀCIJA Bakalaura darba tēma ir „Negodprātīga tiesību izmantošana civilprocesā”. Negodprātīga tiesību izmantošana ir viens no ietekmējošākajiem faktoriem, kas ietekmē efektīvu tiesas procesu. Kvalitatīvu, ātru un ekonomisku tiesas procesu nav iespējams nodrošināt un panākt, ja tiesas procesā, tiesvedībā ir personas, kuras neievēro citu tiesības, kā arī nerīkojās labticīgi. Darba autores mērķis ir aplūkot negodprātīgas procesuālo tiesību un pienākumu izmantošanas, kā arī pildīšanas praksi Latvijā, tostarp, salīdzinot ar citu valstu regulējumiem, noskaidrot, vai tiesas izmanto Civilprocesa likumā noteiktās sankcijas konstatējot negodprātīgu personu rīcību, kā mijiedarbojas negodprātīga personu rīcība ar efektīvu tiesas procesu, norādot uz tiesvedības skartajiem problēmjautājumiem un izvirzot Civilprocesa likuma grozījumus. Darbā konstatēts, ka tiesa nolēmumos bieži atzīst negodprātīgu lietas dalībnieka rīcību, bet par to sankcijas piemēro reti, vai nepiemēro nemaz. Lai mainītu, vai izskaustu negodprātīgu lietas dalībnieku rīcību, tiek piedāvāts un izvirzīts grozīt tiesai izvēlēties, proti, tiesību piemērot sankcijas grozīt uz pienākumu to darīt, kā obligātu prasību. Tostarp, grozīt lietu izskatīšanas kārtību lūguma par naudas soda atcelšanu vai samazināšanu uz rakstveida procesu, kā arī citi tiesību normu grozīšanas ieteikumi, lai tiesas process būtu kvalitatīvi efektīvs. Atslēgvārdi: negodprātīga tiesību un pienākumu izmantošana, sankcijas, labas ticības princips, efektīvs tiesas process, taisnīgums. ANNOTATION The topic of the bachelor is „Unscrupulous right usage at civil proceedings”. Unfair use of rights is one of the most influential factors influencing effective court proceedings. It is not possible to ensure and achieve a high quality, fast and economical trial if there are persons in the trial proceedings who do not respect the rights of others and don't act in good faith. The aim of the author is to look at the practice of unfair exercise of procedural rights and obligations, as well as filling practice in Latvia, including in comparing with the regulations of other countries, whether courts use sanctions specified in the Civil Procedure Law to detect dishonesty, pointing out the issues affected by the proceedings and proposing amendments to the Civil Procedure Law. The paper finds that the court often acknowledges the unfair conduct of the party, but sanctions are rarely or not applied at all. In order to change whether to eradicate the dishonest conduct of the parties, it is proposed and proposed to amend the choice of the court, namely to amend the right to impose sanctions to the obligation to do so as a mandatory requirement. To change or eliminate dishonest action of the participants, is offered and proposed to amend or reduction of the right to amend the obligation to impose sanctions as a mandatory requirement.Among other things, to change the procedure for hearing cases regarding the application for cancellation or reduction of a fine to a written procedure, as well as other recommendations for amending legal norms in order to make the court proceedings qualitatively efficient. Keywords: unfair exercise of rights and obligations, sanctions, good faith principle, efficient court proceedings, justice.

In Indonesia, development of application of good faith principle in legal agreement focuses on the application of Civil Code (KUHPerdata) where scope is still placed on the implementation of agreement. It is as if Civil Code has not recognized the existence of good faith principle at pre-contract stage. In comparison, according to modern agreement theory that parties who suffer losses in pre-agreement/contract stage or at negotiation stage, their rights also deserve to be protected. Thus, pre-agreement/contract promises will have legal implications for those who violate them. This will be seen in countries that have common law and civil law systems. An important issue in this case relates to the principle of good faith at the pre-contract stage which creates a gap with the provisions in the legislation. To analyze these problems, legal research was conducted with the black-letter law paradigm. Technique of collecting legal materials in this research used library research. Legal materials are analyzed deductively and utilize the method of interpretation (hermeneutics). Results showed that the application of the principle of good faith at the pre-contract stage in Common Law and Civil Law countries had differences. In the Civil Law system, good faith is highly emphasized in the stage of contractual negotiation. Whereas in the Common Law system, it prioritizes efforts to restore rights of aggrieved party in pre-contract stage. Parties who do not have good faith at the pre-contract stage have legal consequences for cancellation of the agreement. En Indonesia, el desarrollo de la aplicación del principio de buena fe en los acuerdos legales se centra en la aplicación del Código Civil (KUHPerdata), donde todavía se da alcance a la implementación del acuerdo. Es como si el Código Civil no hubiera reconocido la existencia del principio de buena fe en la etapa previa al contrato. En comparación, de acuerdo con la teoría moderna del acuerdo de que las partes que sufren pérdidas en la etapa de preacuerdo / contrato o en la etapa de negociación, sus derechos también merecen ser protegidos. Por lo tanto, las promesas previas al acuerdo / contrato tendrán implicaciones legales para quienes las violen. Esto se verá en países que tienen sistemas de derecho consuetudinario y de derecho civil. Una cuestión importante en este caso se relaciona con el principio de buena fe en la etapa previa al contrato, que crea una brecha con las disposiciones de la legislación. Para analizar estos problemas, se llevó a cabo una investigación jurídica con el paradigma de la ley de letra negra. La técnica de recopilación de materiales legales en esta investigación utilizó la investigación bibliotecaria. Los materiales legales se analizan deductivamente y utilizan el método de interpretación (hermenéutica). Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación del principio de buena fe en la etapa previa al contrato en los países de derecho consuetudinario y de derecho civil presentaba diferencias. En el sistema de Derecho Civil, la buena fe se enfatiza mucho en la etapa de negociación contractual. Mientras que en el sistema de Common Law, prioriza los esfuerzos para restaurar los derechos de la parte agraviada en la etapa precontractual. Las partes que no tengan buena fe en la etapa previa al contrato tienen consecuencias legales por la cancelación del acuerdo. Na Indonésia, o desenvolvimento da aplicação do princípio da boa fé em acordos legais se concentra na aplicação do Código Civil (KUHPerdata), onde o escopo ainda é colocado na implementação do acordo. É como se o Código Civil não tivesse reconhecido a existência do princípio da boa fé na fase pré-contratual. Em comparação, de acordo com a moderna teoria do acordo de que as partes que sofrem perdas na fase de pré-acordo / contrato ou na fase de negociação, seus direitos também merecem ser protegidos. Assim, as promessas de pré-acordo / contrato terão implicações legais para aqueles que as violarem. Isso será visto em países que possuem sistemas de common law e civil law. Uma questão importante neste caso diz respeito ao princípio da boa fé na fase de pré-contrato, que cria uma lacuna com as disposições da legislação. Para analisar esses problemas, uma pesquisa jurídica foi conduzida com o paradigma da letra preta. A técnica de coleta de materiais jurídicos nesta pesquisa utilizou a pesquisa em biblioteca. Os materiais jurídicos são analisados ​​dedutivamente e utilizam o método de interpretação (hermenêutica). Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do princípio da boa fé na fase pré-contratual em países de Common Law e Civil Law apresentou diferenças. No sistema Civil Law, a boa fé é altamente enfatizada na fase de negociação contratual. Já no sistema de direito consuetudinário, ele prioriza os esforços para restaurar os direitos da parte prejudicada na fase de pré-contrato. As partes que não tiverem boa fé na fase de pré-contrato têm consequências jurídicas para o cancelamento do acordo.

Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Darba autore darbā pētīja fiziskas personas atbrīvošanas no parādsaistībām maksātnespējas procesā tiesiskā regulējuma būtību. Latvijā fiziskās personas maksātnespējas procesa ietvaros, izpildot saistību dzēšanas plānu, personu var atbrīvot no atlikušajām nedzēstajām saistībām, ja tā ir bijusi godprātīga un savus pienākumus pildījusi labā ticībā. Darbā autore analizēja labticīguma kritērijus fiziskās personas atbrīvošanai no parādsaistībām maksātnespējas procesā. Pamatojoties uz Latvijas Republikas tiesas nolēmumiem, darba autore nonāca pie secinājumiem par labticības principa saturu fiziskās personas maksātnespējas procesā. Izpētot dažādus literatūras avotus darba autore konstatēja Maksātnespējas likuma piemērošanas problēmas un nobeigumā piedāvāja tiesiskā regulējuma grozījumus ar mērķi uzlabot fiziskās personas maksātnespējas procesa institūtu. Darba gaitā autore veica tiesu prakses analīzi, lai noskaidrot, kāda nozīme ir labticības principam fiziskas personas atbrīvošanā no parādsaistībām maksātnespējas procesā. The author was exploring the legal regulation of debt relief in the insolvency proceedings. In Latvia, within the framework of the insolvency proceedings of a natural person, a person may be released from the remaining outstanding obligations if person has acted in good faith and performed his or her duties in good faiths, the author analysed the criteria of good faith for the release of a natural person from debts in insolvency proceedings. Based on the rulings of the court of the Republic of Latvia, the author concluded on the content of the principle of good faith in the insolvency proceedings of a natural person. Researching various literature sources, the author identified the problems of application in the Insolvency Law and finally proposed amendments to the legal framework with the aim to improve the institute of insolvency proceedings of natural persons. In the course of the work, the author performed an analysis of court practice to find out the significance of the principle of good faith in releasing a natural person from insolvency proceedings.

En: Arbitraje: revista de arbitraje comercial y de inversiones. eISSN. 2603-9281. vol. 13, n. 2, 2021, pp 159-183 La prohibición del abuso de derecho es un principio importante del Derecho internacional. El concepto de abuso de proceso, que deriva de dicho principio, también ha sido reconocido por la Corte Internacional de Justicia y por otros tribunales internacionales, en particular los tribunales de inversiones. Este concepto se aplica a la iniciación abusiva de un proceso legal o de los incidentes procesales principales, como una solicitud de medidas provisionales. Existen todavía incertidumbres respecto a las razones por las que el ejercicio de un derecho o el comienzo de un procedimiento legal pueden ser abusivos. Sin perjuicio de ello, el abuso de proceso es un concepto necesario para proteger los valores fundamentales en los que se basa la integridad de la justicia internacional. The prohibition of abuse of rights is a key principle of international law. The concept of abuse of process, which derives from it, has also been recognised by the International Court of Justice and other international tribunals, in particular investment tribunals. This concept applies to the abusive initiation of legal proceedings or of the main incidental proceedings, such as provisional measures requests. Uncertainties remain as to what constitutes an abusive exercise of a right or initiation of legal proceedings. However, the abuse of process principle is essential to protecting the fundamental values that underpin the integrity of international justice.

The good faith rule which is regulated in the article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code is effective in all legal areas. This principle, which obliges everyone to exercise their rights and to pay their debts, is also a foundation in the field of business ethics. The scope of the concept of the use of rights includes that the field of public law as it is in the field of all private law. The ethical principles cover a wider area than the rules of law. However, the code of ethics also forms the basis of law. Therefore, the code of ethics and ethical principles are in tight interaction with each other. It will be discussed in this presentation how this good faith in the Turkish Civil Code will have an effect on the interpretation and application of ethical principles. Good faith is directly related to the business environment with its coverage and the elements that are brought about. The concept of "the exercise of rights" on the one hand is effective in exercising the rights of real persons, while also regulating the management authority of companies and commercial partnerships. Business ethics include both compliance with governance principles and rules applicable to area of production, marketing, human resource management and stakeholders’ relations. For this reason, good faith is the essence of the business ethic. Business ethics requires being use of production facilities in accordance with ethical values, for example, it requires the protection of the rights of stakeholders and the application of corporate governance principles in partnership, while at the same time, eliminating the exploitation of child workers. In this respect, it has a multi directional understanding of business ethics. The transparency of the management of the companies and the reporting of the ethical inspections show that the law has reached the companies in present day. It is a measure that determines what is right, what is wrong with a business ethic, and what is good in practice. The good faith that is envisaged in the field of Civil Law is also effective in the field of ethics due to its scope. In fact, good faith was born of moral virtue and transferred to positive law.

銀行が，利息制限法第1条に定める金利に接近する金利で，極度貸付契約に基づく過剰貸付けを反復継続する行為は，債務者に対する信義則に違反する。銀行は債務者に対し，貸付額のうち信義則に違反する過剰貸付けの部分について，元本の返還および利息の支払を請求することができない。債務者が支払責任を負うべき残元本額を確定するためには，引き直し計算が必要である。保証会社は債務者に対し，予定された賠償額のうち保証料に相当する額について支払を請求することができない。, Banks that continuously or repeatedly generate excessive loans under basic revolving credit contracts make debtors’ financial lives worse through such actions. Moreover, if the lion’s share of those loans are close to the rates defined in Article 1 of the Interest Rate Restriction Act, the bank’s actions will be considered contrary to the principle of good faith toward its debtors. A bank may not demand the return of principal in relation to the excess portion of a loan, nor may it demand interest on the same. Recalculation is necessary to confirm the amount of the principal in the obligation that the debtor is liable to perform. A guarantor company may not demand liquidated damages in relation to any amounts corresponding to charges pertaining to the guarantee.

Interpretation of Art. 7(1) CISG and its part relating to the requirement to interpret the CISG by observance of good faith in international trade is highly disputed in both theory and practice. Our analysis shows that one of the main problems pertaining to Art. 7(1) CISG is not so much the notorious elusiveness of the term good faith, but rather the absence of an agreement on a workable frame of reference against which the substantive meaning of the principle can be measured. Fully acknowledging that the good faith principle at its very core represents a standard of parties’ behavior represents a helpful first step in finding a workable solution within the CISG. A second step is to recognize the full wording of the respective part of Art. 7(1) CISG, i.e., good faith in international trade. A proposed functional approach reveals that the purpose of the reference is to consider subjects conducting their transactions in international trade. Such an approach is complementary to the fundamental purpose of the general principle of good faith itself, which is to ensure that parties to a transaction are discharging of their rights and obligations in a manner which is considered appropriate within a given legal framework.

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Derecho. Curso académico 2016-2017, [ES] El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio del principio de la buena fe desde sus orígenes romanos hasta su influencia en las legislaciones modernas nacionales e internacionales. El análisis de la formación del principio de la buena fe y sus características en Derecho romano es de máxima utilidad y actualidad, pues el principio sirve de regla general de aplicación jurisdiccional caso por caso, dado el carácter infinito de los supuestos que ofrece la vida real. Y, por otro lado, introduce una regla de valor ético universal, de origen romano, de exigencia de lealtad y sinceridad en las relaciones jurídicas entre personas, a partir de la exigencia de CICERÓN del respeto a la palabra dada, id quod dicitur. Se estudian en el trabajo por un lado, las fuentes romanas -el uso de la fides, después de la fides bona, hasta llegar a los iudicia ex bonae fidei-, en segundo lugar la presencia del principio en el Código Civil español, y por último los esfuerzos de unificación del Derecho europeo sobre la base del principio romano., [EN] The purpose of this present paper is to study the principle of good faith from its Roman origins up until its influence on modern national and international legislation. The analysis of the beginnings of the principle of good faith and its characteristics in Roman law is of maximum utility and a highly topical issue, since the principle can be used as a general rule applied to jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis, given the practically infinite cases that real life offers. On the other hand, it introduces a universal ethical rule, originating in Roman law, which demands that legal relations between persons be carried out with loyalty and sincerity, following CICERON´s requirement of respect towards the given word, id quod dicitur. This paper studies first the Roman sources –use of la fides, then fides bona to iudicia ex bonae fidei-, secondly, the presence of this principle in the Spanish Civil Code and finally, the efforts made towards unification of European law sustained by this Roman principle.

A presente dissertação investiga as possíveis consequências jurídicas imputáveis a descumprimentos de deveres anexos de boa-fé ocorridos em negociações coletivas trabalhistas. Para tanto, pesquisa-se a negociação coletiva trabalhista em si mesma, suas origens, os interesses nela envolvidos, suas funções, seus princípios, delineando-a como uma fase negocial análoga ao momento pré-contratual dos contratos em geral. Após, estuda-se o princípio da boa-fé, desde seu berço natural, no Direito comum, especialmente na sua vertente objetiva, que tem papel primordial na limitação do princípio da autonomia negocial, para então analisar-se sua aplicabilidade ao Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, especificamente no tocante as negociações coletivas trabalhistas, com a visualização dos deveres anexos de boa-fé incidentes nas mesmas. Também verificam-se as consequências jurídicas imputáveis aos descumprimentos de deveres anexos de boa-fé na negociação coletiva trabalhista, que parecem exigir, para harmonização do sistema e atingimento da finalidade do próprio instituto negocial coletivo laboral, respostas que, de fato, estimulem, privilegiem e otimizem a negociação coletiva laboral como um direito fundamental, eficaz e democrático-construtivo das relações de trabalho. Em conclusão, questiona-se se essa verificação não seria necessária para um futuro saudável das relações coletivas trabalhistas. This dissertation investigates the possible legal consequences attributable to the noncompliance with good faith obligations in collective labor bargainings. Therefore, the collective labor bargaining is researched in itself, its origins, the interests involved, its functions, its principles, delinating it as a negotiation phase comparable to the pre-contractual moment of contracts in general. After, the principle of good faith is studied, from its birth in commom Law, especially in its objective strand, which has a primordial role in limitating the principle of negotiation autonomy, for then analyse its applicability to the Collective Labour Law, specifically about collective labor bargainings, with the visualization of its incidents good faith obligations. Also, the legal consequences for the noncompliance of good faith obligations in the collective labor bargaining are verified, which seems to require, to harmonize the system and to reach the purpose of the very institute of the collective labor bargaining, responsaes that, in fact, stimulate, privilege and optimize the collective labor bargaining as a fundamental, effective and democratic-constructive right. In conclusion, it is questioned whether this verification would not be necessary for a healthy future of collective labor relations.

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the relationship between information duties and the good faith principle within the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). After an introduction regarding the origin of the Common Frame of Reference (CFR) and its end, the author explains the meaning of the concurrence between the Principles of European Law (PEL) and the acquis communautaire. Both of these sources deal with precontractual duties although at a different level. Whereas the PEL set up a general duty to act in good faith during negotiations, on this point the acquis concentrates on duties of information with regard to the consumer. The opinion of the author is that the generalization of these duties, which has been operated by the DCFR, is a good result as well as the insertion of them in the more general good faith principle. If information is loyalty, it cannot but be a general duty, at least in European legislation, which shows to have gone ahead in comparison with many national legal systems in Europe. There are also situations in which information has become contents of the contract. As to the method of connecting the acquis with PEL, this article tries to demonstrate that the double inspiration of the DCFR could only be satisfied by at the same time giving room to the task of the acquis and to the necessity of coherence, which was the preoccupation of PECL and now of PEL. A clear example of this is the new meaning that the original rule on negotiations contrary to good faith, originally adopted by PECL and inherited by PEL, has acquired following the flowing together of the last ones and the acquis; now the violation of duties of information also makes a negotiation contrary to good faith.

NLM Abstract The topic of lex mercatoria does not represent any new nor revolutionary concept for the legal science, on the contrary it is a concept present in the european legal thinking since the middle ages. Despite of that it still remains without a clear and comprehensible theoretical framework thus in a stage of some sort of a legal hypothesis. This rigorous thesis describes in its five chapters the topic of lex mercatoria - specifically its up to date form: New Lex Mercatoria - not as a concept but as an applicable law and within the extent of this thesis attempts to come up with both the reasons for such perspective as well as with those which oppose it. For this reason it answers the following basic questions: Does a clear concept of the New Lex Mercatoria exist? Does such law have the historical continuity? Does such law have any clear distinctivness when compared to the legal orders of national states? Which norms create such legal order and who and under which conditions does enforce them?

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2014 Cambridge University Press. The WTO Panel decision in United States–Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act 1998 provides an interesting, and as yet under-appreciated, explanation of the function of one of the most politically debated articles of the TRIPS Agreement—Article 7. This provision has received limited recognition from the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. Consequently, the Panel's interpretation of Article 7 as an expression of the good faith principle is noteworthy, and is one that is not disavowed by the Appellate Body. Not only does the Panel acknowledge Article 7 as an effective source of law within the international intellectual property system, but in doing so it introduces into the TRIPS Agreement legal concepts that are not explicit within the text. This has implications for the function of this provision and also for the nature of the obligations arising under the Agreement for Member States. This article analyses the potential significance of this development by defining the scope of the good faith principle within the TRIPS Agreement. Particular reference will also be made to the role Article 7, as an expression of the good faith principle, may have in the forthcoming WTO dispute against Australia and its law on plain packaging for tobacco products.

Kao što znamo, 2005. godine donesen je novi Zakon o obveznim odnosima, a jedno od područja glede kojih je došlo do izmjena jest upravo institut predugovorne odgovornosti. U ovom radu, autor se ukratko dotiče povijesne geneze tog instituta osvrćući se ponajprije na Jheringovu doktrinu o culpa in contrahendo. Prikazano je također uređenje predugovorne odgovornosti po prijašnjem ZOO-u da bi ga se usporedilo s danas važećim koje predstavlja korak dalje u pogledu opsega te odgovornosti. Značajna pozornost posvećena je i pitanju obujma odštete. Analizirano je i stanje u zemljama common law pravnog sustava, prije svega u Velikoj Britaniji i SAD-u koje glede ovog instituta stoje na različitim polaznim stajalištima (posebice u vezi priznavanja načela savjesnosti i poštenja) od zemalja europskog kontinentalnog sustava kojima pripada i Hrvatska., As we know, in 2005 the new Croatian Law of Obligations was enacted and one of the institutes which were changed was precontractual liability. In this paper, the author analyses the historical developement of this institute concentrating primarily on Jhering’s culpa in contrahendo doctrine. The regulation on precontractual liability by the former Law of Obligations was also shown so as to compare it with the existing one which represents a step forward concerning the extent of this liability. Signifi cant attention was also paid to the measure of damages. Moreover, it was interesting to see how common law countries treat precontractual liability, especially Great Britain and the USA, having in mind that their standpoint regarding this institute is somewhat different than that of civil law countries one of which is Croatia (with particular regard to the good faith principle).