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Sustainable development of the economy is the goal of every country in the world. The economic growth of China is accepted worldwide, but the Chinese economy also suffers from an economic crisis. The role of the Chinese government is important for chinses businesses and the economic sustainability of the country. The theoretical framework of this study is designed to determine the impact of globalization and sustainable development policy on fair trade and economic sustainability in China. A questionnaire based on Likert scale were employed with a random sampling technique to collect the cross-sectional data for this research and 1094 responses were collected at the rate of 55%. AMOS statistics tool was employed for the findings of this study based on a research questionnaire. The research concludes that globalization and sustainable development policy have a significant impact on fair trade and economic sustainability in China. This study introduced a new framework related to economic sustainability in the body of knowledge. The theoretical and practical implications of this study have significance for literature and practitioners in China to achieve sustainability in the economy. The research is novel as it highlighted the importance of globalization and sustainable development policy for fair trade and economic development in China. Accordingly, it would be helpful for the policy makers to have reliable decisions for sustainable development and promotion of fair trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptualising the youth representative as an institutional role, we explore the institutional shaping of youth representatives as change agents in the governance of sport organisations. Focusing on how these shaping conditions who the youth representative can be and what determines the scope of their role fulfilment, including the impact of their work on established institutional orders, allows us to examine the shaping of agency related to governance institutions. Data is drawn from a questionnaire centred on the experiences of young people in sport governance (n = 32) and semi-structured interviews with 10 representatives of organisations affiliated with the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederations of Sports. The role of the youth representatives is scripted in terms of who the representatives ought to be and what they ought to do. The scripting associated with the operationalisation of this ambition into role pre- and proscriptions stands in stark contrast to the ideal of youth representatives as agents of institutional change. Our study of the scripting of institutional roles has theoretical implications because it shows how normative typifications that link notions of actors with actorhood circumscribe institutional work pertaining to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for developing a sustainable property tax system, aimed at enhancing economic stability and promoting sustainable regional development. This research employs a phenomenological methodology, which includes a comprehensive review of the scientific and practical literature, and their critique and synthesis. The authors also draw on their experiences with the tax system transformation within their own country. This study explores the integration of a consensual governance approach and the concept of antifragility into the complex issue of property taxation. The primary objective is to design a property tax management model that not only fulfills its economic functions, but also fosters an antifragile taxpayer society, contributing to the creation of a resilient and socially cohesive community. The findings demonstrate that a consensual and transparent property tax system, actively involving local stakeholders in decision-making processes, not only reduces resistance to tax reforms but also strengthens a community's ability to adapt to economic fluctuations. By integrating the principles of good governance and sustainable development, the proposed model promotes socio-economic stability and provides a flexible framework that can accommodate diverse stakeholders needs, ultimately benefiting the broader community through enhanced social cohesion and long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recognizing the established link between social determinants of health, such as social support, good governance, and perceived discrimination, and individual mental health, this study aims to delve deeper into the specific relationships within the Iranian adult population. It seeks to elucidate the potential mediating role of quality of life in the association between mental health disorders (MHDs) and these social factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed path analysis to investigate the relationships between social determinants of health and MHDs among 725 Iranian adults in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. Data collection occurred between March and September 2022, utilizing a multi-stage and cluster sampling approach. Good governance, social support, perceived discrimination, MHDs, and quality of life were assessed using valid questionnaires. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Lisrel-8 software, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: This study found that nearly 70.0% of the participants reported experiencing mental health problems. The path analysis showed that good governance had a significant indirect and negative effect on MHDs via quality of life (β = -0.05; P < 0.05). Major racial discrimination had a positive relationship in the direct and indirect paths (β = 0.24; P < 0.01). While, social support was a directly and indirectly significant predictor of decreased MHDs (β = -0.17, p < 0.01). Furthermore, quality of life had a negative relationship on the indirect path with MHDs (β = -0.24, P < 0.01). Conclusions: This study reveals a significant burden of mental health issues among Iranian adults. It highlights the crucial role of social factors like good governance, social support, and perceived discrimination in shaping mental health through their impact on quality of life. Consequently, addressing these factors through improved governance, strengthened social support systems, and active efforts to reduce discrimination is essential for promoting mental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency and effectiveness are parts of key features in good governance. Public procurement as part of public administration is a tool to achieve development goals and is managed using large amounts of public funds. This makes public procurement vulnerable to elements of malpractice. Therefore, it needs to be managed efficiently and effectively to achieve optimal results through the judicious use of public resources. This study aims to analyze issues related to efficiency and effectiveness in public procurement management and mechanisms to overcome them. This research leverages on a qualitative approach via document review of the Auditor General's Report for the period of 8 years from 2011 to 2018 with a focus on audit remarks related to management efficiency. In-depth interviews were also carried out with procurement officers in federal agencies, states, local authorities and statutory bodies as well as officers from monitoring and enforcement agencies. This study found that there are issues regarding efficiency and effectiveness in the procurement management involving the pre-procurement phase; assessment phase; and the post-decision phase. In order to deal with this issue, the study emphasized four main characteristics to be possessed by the management which are thorough; wise; firm; and open. The findings of this study add to the corpus of knowledge on important aspects of good governance and provide input to stakeholders to formulate more comprehensive policies to preserve the public interest through more efficient and effective government procurement management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing a socioeconomic framework, this paper contributes to the water stress literature. Employing the instrumental variable quantile regression model on 81 countries from 2000 to 2019, our findings reveal financial development can alleviate high levels of water stress. Good governance consistently reduces water stress but human development exacerbates water stress, indicating a conflicting relationship between improving human development and reducing water stress. The moderating effect of good governance reveals that when combined with human development, it can effectively reduce water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries exhibit unfavorable environmental conditions due to suboptimal technology utilization, low productivity, lower per capita income, and other factors that intensify environmental pressures. This situation underscores the significance of investigating the impacts of technology spillovers on environmental quality. In recent years, substantial attention has been devoted to assessing environmental quality and sustainability at national and international levels. Governments worldwide have recognized that environmental performance cannot be viewed solely through economic development; it must encompass other facets of development, particularly social development. Given that the Human Development Index (HDI) can concurrently gauge social and economic progress, this study aims to assess the influence of HDI components (life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and gross national income) as well as technology spillover (resulting from the import of knowledge carriers) on environmental quality in D-8 countries during the period from 2003 to 2022, utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag method. The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between HDI variables and long-term environmental quality. Furthermore, technology spillovers foster increased knowledge, the development of competitive advantages, and economic integration. The results also highlight a significant negative long-term relationship between technology spillover and environmental quality. Consequently, policymakers in D-8 countries are encouraged to establish a framework conducive to introducing and localizing eco-friendly technologies through adopting macroeconomic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on highly technologised museums and theme parks as major actors of the cultural and creative industry (CCI), this study investigates and critically discusses how front-line employees' self-governance dynamics unfold. It underlines the crucial role of employees' relationship to technology in establishing how, beyond institutional requirements, employees act proactively to foster good governance. Our analysis of museums and theme parks front-line employee narratives (n = 25), across eight organisations in Singapore, reveals that employees engage in self-governance dynamics by articulating three main technological frames, namely acting, internalisation, and reinvention. Self-governance dynamics are found to nurture adaptive behaviours that reduce the disruptive impacts of technologisation at the workplace while favouring a constructive alignment of interests between employees, visitors, and CCI organisations' goals. The findings reveal how, when being engaged in self-governance, employees act upon technological presence to enhance visitors' interactive experiences, thus allowing museums and theme parks to remain socially and societally relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the challenges encountered during the implementation of the Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plan (SDBIP) within the uPhongolo Local Municipality. The paper adopted New Public Management (NPM) theory as the theoretical framework that offers insights into organisational capabilities and resources relevant to this study. The paper utilises a qualitative methodology, which combines an extensive evaluation of existing literature with primary research methods such as interviews conducted with municipal personnel. The study sample was 9 participants. The present study aims to expand the existing knowledge on the obstacles encountered in municipal government and offers practical strategies to improve the execution of the Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plan (SDBIP). These findings have the potential to be relevant to other municipalities experiencing similar concerns. The primary obstacles that have been highlighted include limitations in resources, hurdles to effective communication, and the resulting consequences on the provision of services and public perception. The paper's findings indicate that the issues result in project execution delays, which have a detrimental impact on the municipality's capacity to achieve its strategic goals and undermine public confidence. Moreover, the research emphasises the significance of community involvement in local government administration and the potential advantages of using digital technologies to improve operational effectiveness. The report presents a series of practical suggestions based on the aforementioned results. The recommendations include enhancing resource management practices, using digital project management tools, and establishing periodic community involvement forums.

Abstract Background Recognizing the established link between social determinants of health, such as social support, good governance, and perceived discrimination, and individual mental health, this study aims to delve deeper into the specific relationships within the Iranian adult population. It seeks to elucidate the potential mediating role of quality of life in the association between mental health disorders (MHDs) and these social factors. Methods This cross-sectional study employed path analysis to investigate the relationships between social determinants of health and MHDs among 725 Iranian adults in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. Data collection occurred between March and September 2022, utilizing a multi-stage and cluster sampling approach. Good governance, social support, perceived discrimination, MHDs, and quality of life were assessed using valid questionnaires. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Lisrel-8 software, with a significance level set at p

Due to its location in low latitudes, Iran is among the countries that has not been spared from the security consequences of climate change. The present study seeks to answer two questions: 1) What are the security consequences of climate change on Iran and which components have the greatest impact on Iran? 2) Which of the pillars of good governance as a solution has the greatest impact on reducing the effects of climate change on Iran? In this study, the study population is elites and experts familiar with the subject of the study, 100 of whom were selected for snowball sampling and a researcher -developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were evaluated using SPSS and MINITAB software. The results of the studies according to the obtained P -value which is equal to 0.000 and is less than 0.05 alpha, indicate the difference between the natural and human consequences of climate change in Iran. The results of the Tukey test indicate that the natural consequences of climate change with an average of 4.0584 are in group A and the human consequences with an average of 3.4460 are in group B. Also, the results of Friedman test on the effect of good governance in controlling and reducing the security consequences of climate change in Iran show that accountability with an average of 5.79 in the first place, rule of law with an average of 5.62 in the second place. and accountability of officials with an average rating of 5.32 are in third place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good governance with the most important principles and criteria such as public participation, accountability, responsibility, law -oriented, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equality, consensus and legitimacy is one of the new management approaches and a new approach to development and poverty reduction, especially in rural areas. The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the good governance model in rural areas, with a specific focus on the villages located in the central part of Poldakhtar Township and the Mosian section of Dehloran Township. The statistical population of the study consisted of 284 heads of households residing in the villages of these two areas. Inferential data analysis was performed using the t -test, and the rural governance status of the sample villages was ranked using the TOPSIS technique. The results obtained from the TOPSIS method reveal that the governance situation in the Mosian section of Dehloran Township is superior to that of the central part of Poldakhtar Township. Additionally, the one -sample t -test demonstrated that the average of all components of rural good governance exceeds the average, with a significance level of less than 0.05. The results of the Levin test further indicate a significant difference between the two central parts and Mosian in terms of governance and its components, except for responsibility (±1/96). Moreover, the average scores for components such as participation, accountability, and transparency were higher in the Mosian section compared to the central part of Poldakhtar Township, while scores for components such as legality, collective agreement, justice, efficiency, and effectiveness were lower in the Mosian section compared to the central part of Poldakhtar Township. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the legislative framework that governs whistleblowing in the UAE. Design/methodology/approach: The paper examines social perceptions and practical challenges related to the act of whistleblowing. It focuses on the effectiveness, limitations and implications of the current legal status of whistleblowing in the UAE. Findings: The UAE does not have a unified legal framework that governs whistleblowing and whistleblower protections like in the case of the USA. Therefore, there is an urgent need for comprehensive federal regulations that will apply to all sectors across the entire UAE. Each emirate and economic zone can then model their whistleblowing regulations against the federal law to ensure consistency and uniformity in application. The UAE will also benefit from public awareness and education programs to address the conservative culture that discourages whistleblowing. Most importantly, corporate governance and culture are central to the success of existing laws considering the overreliance on organizations and employees. Originality/value: The paper provides a robust and analytical discussion of the whistleblowing laws and regulations in the UAE to dissect current practices and implications for future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of higher education in Indonesia, Legal Entity State Universities (PTNBH) encounter substantial challenges in implementing effective governance. This study aims to analyze global best practices in university governance and apply these insights to enhance PTNBH governance in Indonesia. Through a comprehensive literature review and best practice analysis, this research identifies key factors contributing to successful governance in leading universities worldwide. Employing thematic and comparative analysis methods, the study evaluates the current governance of PTNBH and compares it with international best practices. The findings reveal that transparency, accountability, stakeholder participation, and managerial innovation are crucial elements of effective governance. Furthermore, the study proposes a framework for implementing best practices tailored to the unique context of PTNBH in Indonesia. The conclusions underscore the importance of adopting innovative and evidence-based governance strategies to enhance PTNBH's performance and competitiveness. Practical recommendations and policy implications are provided to assist policymakers and stakeholders in developing more efficient and responsive governance systems to address future challenges. This research contributes to the academic literature on higher education governance and offers practical insights for governance reform at PTNBH.

Today, good governance not only forms the focal point of the development discourse but is included as a basic component in the development policy of developed and developing countries. Good governance, despite its increasing importance to researchers, development agents, policy makers and international support agencies, is far from a 'finished product'. Although it is a dynamic concept that can be investigated analytically and systematically. Therefore, the present research was explained with the aim of investigating good governance and structural interpretive modeling of its components. The present study was conducted in the first half of 2023. The review of the subject literature showed that good governance includes the government and governance as a powerful institution, within the framework of the constitution, civil society, the private sector, committed citizens, and the international or global institutional structure. It is also inclusive and promotes participation and interaction in an increasingly complex, diverse, and dynamic national and international environment. Therefore, the meaning of good governance cannot be limited to a time frame. Cultural heritage, traditional values, environmental realities, political culture, and economic structure should be considered in defining and determining the characteristics of good governance. In the governance component modeling section, using a new analysis under the title of interpretive structural modeling, which is the innovation of the study, the relationships between the set of components were determined and based on their influence and dependence, the "corruption control" component was determined as a linked component, that is, any action regarding this, in addition to directly affecting other components, components can also affect the component itself in the form of feedback from other components. This means that the good governance of basic justice is realized in the shadow of corruption control. The word that is lost and expected by all the justice demands of human society. This key finding is in line with the historical and lasting sentence of the leader who said: "You cannot clean the glass with a dirty napkin".

The existing literature has predominantly focused on exploring how governance affects objective poverty measures; however, this study goes beyond by considering subjective poverty at the grassroots level, specifically in rural areas. Empirical analysis employing probit methodologies uncovers a positive and statistically significant correlation between governance quality and poverty. Notably, participation, accountability, public administration procedures, and e-government initiatives positively influence poverty levels. These findings highlight the importance of governance in improving the income and well-being of rural households. Furthermore, the study reveals that good governance practices have a positive impact on reducing the likelihood of poverty in rural areas, particularly among impoverished segments of rural communities. These results support the notion of a causal relationship between good governance and objective poverty, and shed light on the effects on subjective poverty. The study suggests several potential mechanisms through which this influence occurs, including the enhancement of e-government, participation, public administration procedures, and accountability. Districts with stronger village governance exhibit higher levels of participation and more effective decision-making processes that contribute to overall prosperity

This research aims to analyze the influence of literacy, income and good governance on cash waqf decisions and examine the role of good governance as a mediating variable in this relationship. The research method uses a quantitative approach with primary data by distributing questionnaires online and offline to the waqifs. This research's population is the General Ahmad Yani Mosque, Malang City congregation. A total of 76 samples were collected using a purposive sampling technique. The research model uses Partial Least Square structural equations with the help of SmartPLS software version 4.1.0. by testing the outer model, inner model, and hypothesis. The research results reveal a positive and significant influence between literacy, income, and good governance when giving cash waqf. Good governance can mediate the influence of literacy and income on giving cash waqf. Cash waqf is not only influenced by literacy and income factors, but the implementation of institutional solid good governance can strengthen the trust of wakifs, thereby increasing cash waqf revenues. This research can complement previous theories and become a reference for further research. This research can be a reference for cash waqf managers in increasing the number of waqifs and implementing good governance.

The inhuman socioeconomic repercussions of corruption and bad governance inherent in successive male-dominated governments have generated agitation for increased women’s participation in governance. Primarily, this agitation is based on the premise that women are less inclined to corruption, which is a major impediment to good governance. Given the notoriety of these two impediments to development, this study aims to investigate the relationship between women’s participation in governance, corruption, and quality of governance in sub-Saharan Africa from 1996 to 2021. This study analyzed annual panel data of four sub-Saharan African countries using the autoregressive distributed lag model and the Granger causality test. Governance quality was proxied by government effectiveness, while women’s participation in governance and corruption were proxied by the number of women in government positions and control of corruption, respectively. Economic development and institutional quality were used as control variables. The findings revealed negative main and interaction effects of women’s participation in governance and corruption on governance quality, unidirectional causality from corruption to women’s participation in governance and from governance quality to women’s participation in governance, and bidirectional causality between corruption and governance quality. Quantitative increases in women’s participation in governance and corruption exacerbates governance quality. Women’s ability to participate in governance is determined by the prevalence of corruption in previous years. Anticorruption campaigns that focused on women’s participation in governance often result in reductions in corruption insufficient for improvement of governance quality. Corruption and bad governance are mutually reinforcing. Governance quality determines women’s participation in governance. To minimize corruption and bad governance, sub-Saharan African countries should shift their focus away from merely increasing the number of women in government positions to building strong institutions capable of creating a meritocratic political and socioeconomic environment in which selfless women and men have equal chances of being elected or appointed to public offices.

The article is devoted to determining the peculiarities of the influence of economic sciences on the formation of the nomenclature of administrative law. It is found out that the nomenclature of modern administrative law develops under the influence of the results of other sciences and researches, among which the economic sciences take the first place. It has been established that the specialist literature does not consider the general tendencies of development of the nomenclature of administrative law under the influence of economic sciences. At the same time, administrative legislation always uses economic concepts in the texts of normative legal acts, otherwise it is impossible, firstly, to determine the scope of competence of the relevant authority and, secondly, to clarify the peculiarities of its functioning in the specific sphere of economic relations. It has been shown that in the last thirty years, in the nomenclature of administrative law: 1) some categories have remained unchanged; 2) some concepts have lost the status of categories and ceased to be used in scientific circulation; 3) new categories have appeared; 4) economic categories have become widely used. Thus, at the present stage of development of administrative law, economic sciences have a significant influence on the formation of its nomenclature. This process is characterised by the following positive results: 1) administrative law regulation and public administration in the economy take into account the achievements of economic sciences in order to increase the efficiency in the relevant field of both administrative law norms and the activities of public administration bodies; 2) the maximum satisfaction of economic interests and the exercise of economic rights of human beings in administrative law relations; 3) a real implementation of the human-centred concept in the relations between public administration bodies and private persons when it comes to the provision of public services in the field of economic activity; 4) a harmony between the achievements of economic sciences and administrative law sciences, which complement each other in a certain way.

Administrative reform reflects the government's attempt to adjust its system to specific conditions, often requiring thematic approaches to prioritize reforms effectively. This research delves into Indonesia's implementation of thematic-based administrative reform since 2010, aiming to enhance governance by aligning government units towards shared goals. Despite these efforts, the connection between governance improvements and educational advancements in Indonesia warrants further exploration to understand its implications for educational policy. It applies the systematic literature review (SLR) to the growing literature on systematic administrative reform. Data was collected from reputable scientific article sources, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Proquest. Furthermore, roughly 42 selected articles were carefully scanned and analyzed to generate research information. This research confirms that thematic-based administrative reforms have significantly influenced educational policy development by fostering a more responsive and context-specific approach, making educational policies more adaptable and relevant to unique community challenges. Thematic reforms have integrated new priorities, such as digital literacy, into the educational system, preparing students for the demands of the modern workforce. Furthermore, these reforms have emphasized inclusivity and competency-based education, ensuring policies are designed to provide equitable access to education. Thematic-based administrative reforms have created a more dynamic, inclusive, and forward-looking educational policy landscape. Abstrak Reformasi administrasi mencerminkan upaya pemerintah untuk menyesuaikan sistemnya dengan kondisi tertentu, dan seringkali membutuhkan pendekatan tematik untuk memprioritaskan reformasi secara efektif. Penelitian ini menggali implementasi reformasi administrasi berbasis tematik di Indonesia sejak tahun 2010, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan tata kelola pemerintahan dengan menyelaraskan unit-unit pemerintah menuju tujuan bersama. Terlepas dari upaya-upaya tersebut, hubungan antara peningkatan tata kelola pemerintahan dan kemajuan pendidikan di Indonesia membutuhkan eksplorasi lebih lanjut untuk memahami implikasinya terhadap kebijakan pendidikan. Studi ini menerapkan tinjauan literatur sistematis (SLR) pada literatur reformasi administrasi sistematis yang sedang berkembang saat ini. Proses pengumpulan data dikumpulkan dari sumber-sumber artikel ilmiah terkemuka, yaitu ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, dan Proquest. Selanjutnya, sekitar 42 artikel terpilih dipindai dan dianalisis dengan cermat untuk menghasilkan informasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa reformasi administrasi berbasis tematik telah secara signifikan mempengaruhi pengembangan kebijakan pendidikan dengan mendorong pendekatan yang lebih responsif dan sesuai dengan konteks, sehingga kebijakan pendidikan lebih mudah beradaptasi dan relevan dengan tantangan masyarakat yang unik. Reformasi tematik telah mengintegrasikan prioritas baru, seperti literasi digital, ke dalam sistem pendidikan, mempersiapkan siswa untuk menghadapi tuntutan dunia kerja modern. Selain itu, reformasi ini juga menekankan pada inklusivitas dan pendidikan berbasis kompetensi, memastikan kebijakan dirancang untuk memberikan akses yang adil terhadap pendidikan. Secara keseluruhan, reformasi administrasi berbasis tematik telah menciptakan lanskap kebijakan pendidikan yang lebih dinamis, inklusif, dan berwawasan ke depan. Kata Kunci: kebijakan pendidikan; reformasi administrasi; reformasi tematik; tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik

This research aims to integrate the concept of Maqasid Syaria with Nurcholish Madjid's framework of good governance. There exists a conceptual gap that requires deeper understanding, as Nurcholish Madjid's theories on good governance may hold perspectives, goals, or assumptions that differ from the principles of maqasid syaria. The study employed the content analysis method, a systematic approach to examining the fundamental aspects of the material under investigation, specifically literature on good governance and maqashid syaria, as initiated by Nurcholish Madjid. The study's findings reveal three main points. Firstly, Nurcholish Madjid emerges as a highly influential contemporary figure within Islam, particularly in Indonesia during the 20th-century transition period. His ideas underscore the necessity of renewing Islam in line with societal demands and contemporary knowledge. His philosophy emphasizes the elevation of human dignity, equality, religious freedom, and social maturity when confronting diversity. Secondly, the compatibility between the maqashid syaria and Nurcholish Madjid's ideologies stems from their shared sources—the Qur'an and Hadith. This relationship is further bolstered by the Qawa'id fiqhiyyah approach, which establishes principles of effective governance. Lastly, Nurcholish Madjid's principle of good governance is grounded in the principle of tawhid and resonates with the maqashid syaria (syaria objectives) framework, particularly concerning muhafadah al-din. Notably, the tawhid principle, concerning the types of maqashid syaria al-Syatibi, falls within the daruriyyah (fundamental) category. Conversely, the hajiyyah level comprises the supportive principles.

This study evaluates the concept of good governance by comparing traditional input-based measures with a novel output-based methodology. Indices like the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are widely used for cross-country comparisons but face criticisms for their reliance on input and capacity-based approaches, which may not accurately reflect governance outcomes experienced by citizens. Rotberg (2016) proposed an output-centred method that assesses governance quality through tangible political goods provisions, utilizing a bottom-up approach. This research applies Rotberg’s methodology to measure good governance in Kyrgyzstan using data on 36 indexes over a period from 1991 to 2019. Missing values were imputed using Principal Component Analysis. Comparative analysis of Rotberg’s index with the WGI reveals divergent trends, explained by differences in methodology and underlying data. The research findings highlight the need for the design of a rigorous methodology for the computation of the output-based good governance index for developing countries. Addressing the identified issues will facilitate the widespread adoption and refinement of this alternative measure, fostering better governance practices worldwide.

In recent years, essentialist claims about the incompatibility of democracy and Islam have been swept away by public opinion research revealing that democracy is widely supported in the Islamic world. However, while this literature has demonstrated the popularity of democracy over authoritarianism, we argue that it misses a key piece of the puzzle by not examining Muslim public support for an alternative model of government: the Caliphate system. After outlining three different visions of the Caliphate in Islamic political thought - an autocratic view, a democratic view, and an instrumentalist or "good governance" view - we analyze how it is conceptualized today by its supporters with existing and original surveys conducted in several Islamic countries. We first engage with an existing cross-national survey conducted in several Muslim-majority countries that include Egypt, Indonesia, and Pakistan in order to investigate the sources of public support for the Caliphate, broadly speaking. We then move on to our own original, nationally representative survey conducted in Pakistan to analyze more deeply the political institutions and dimensions most associated with the Caliphate and democracy. Our results suggest that, like democracy, the Caliphate is understood by its supporters primarily in instrumental terms, as a vehicle for effective systems of welfare and justice rather than as a specific institutional configuration or simply as a means for policing public modesty and morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of massive socio-political and economic corruption in Nigeria bring to the foreground the need for moral rebirth or re-evaluation. The concept of Ubuntu in Ramose, as an African holistic humanism elicits the need for African brotherhood and the need for the enthronement the summun bonum of the people in Nigeria. Nigeria as a country has been bedeviled by a myriad of fundamental politico-developmental malaise that impede its development. Given the above, this paper proposes that the concept of Ubuntu if well natured and nurtured could serve as a springboard for responsible governance in Nigeria. It also adopts the analytical framework in discussing the contemporary and the politicoepietemological relevance of Ubuntu to the Nigerian democratic setting. The findings of this paper is that the concept of Ubuntu requires the need for democratic accountability, common engagement and effective leadership structure that is people-oriented. It is a reflection of African holistic humanism. This arises from the fact that Ubuntu is not based on the Western notion of individualism but fundamentally inspired by the principle of African communalism. Thus it concludes that the concept of Ubuntu presupposes an ontological, metaphysical and politico-epistemological imperative for African politics and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In natural sciences, corporate governance is essential for research institutions, ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct in scientific endeavors. For instance, in environmental science, good governance practices can help in the conservation of natural resources and the protection of ecosystems. The study mentioned emphases on the correlation between good governance and the quality of integrated reports in Iraqi banks. This has implications for engineering and natural sciences as well. By emphasizing the importance of governance in financial institutions, the study highlights the significance of accountability, transparency, and ethical practices in all sectors. Moreover, the role of the board of directors in defining strategies and promoting best practices can be applied to various industries, including engineering projects and scientific research. Overall, the outcomes for this paper underscore the importance of good governance practices in fostering organizational success and promoting a holistic view of operations. By incorporating these principles into engineering and natural sciences, organizations can enhance their performance, credibility, and impact on society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between human development and environmental quality has been explored in this study by examining the human-development status and carbon (CO2)-emissions levels of 60 countries from the low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income categories. The roles of renewable energy and some economic and institutional factors such as GDP, the rule of law, regulatory quality, and corruption control have also been investigated to ascertain their impacts on the relationship. The empirical investigations apply the generalized method of moments (GMM), fixed effects (FE), and random effects (RE) methods, and the long-run associations among the variables are investigated by applying the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) techniques. The robust findings support the trade-off relationship between human development and environmental quality in the selected low-income and developing countries. With evidence of an environmental Kuznets's relationship between economic growth and environmental quality, these findings reveal that the measures pursued to improve human-development status have a contributory impact on CO2 emissions in the selected countries. However, an increased demand for renewable energy, effective enforcement of the rule of law, and improved control over corruption have a mitigating effect on CO2 emissions. The result has also highlighted the policy issues instrumental to increased emissions levels in these countries. Consequently, it is recommended to formulate policies for resolving disparities within the various dimensions of human development while also making deliberate investments in the socio-economic aspects of human development to ensure both sustainable human development and environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying problems of Sub-Saharan African development are a result of a crisis in governance. Over the years, issues of governance and economic development have been the focus of debate in academia. However, the existing literature has not adequately explored the association between good governance and economic complexity. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate the short-run and long-run relationships between economic complexity and good governance in 27 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1996–2019 using the PMG-ARDL model. The findings reveal that economic complexity, foreign aid, and the Gini coefficient have a positive and statistically significant long-run impact on good governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the null hypothesis that economic complexity has a significantly positive impact on good governance is accepted by these findings. The short-run dynamics results reveal that economic complexity and foreign aid have a negative and insignificant impact on good governance, while foreign direct investment, the Gini coefficient, and unemployment have a positive and insignificant impact on good governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policymakers in the region place more emphasis on structural transformations to transform their productive structures, which will ultimately lead to higher economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policies geared towards the diversification of exports (i.e., economic complexity) in the region for economic growth and development are also recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Little is known about how legislative actors engage with social movements in framing contests over conflictual policy issues. This article investigates the case of Myanmar and enquires into how such framing activity can play out in a resurgent legislature. It focuses on two megaprojects that generated intense public debate during the country's decade of liberalisation (2011–2021): the Letpadaung mines and the Myitsone dam. It builds on the analysis of the Union legislature's plenary records across two legislatures to uncover how legislators contextualised and framed such large-scale infrastructure projects and the social conflicts they have caused. The findings reveal that legislators sought to position themselves as informed policy actors, eager to highlight the misconduct of past regimes, while deploying three major frames involving good governance, environmental damage, and injustice related to land expropriation. Yet legislators addressing such megaprojects largely avoided emotionally loaded narratives and nationalistic tropes that other social actors in Myanmar typically mobilised. The findings make a threefold contribution: they enhance our theoretical understanding of how public officials engage in competitive framing processes, advance knowledge of how issue framing was deployed in policymaking during Myanmar's decade of democratisation, and provide evidence of how its political elites construed controversial megaprojects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good governance principles are very important in the public sector because they aim to ensure that government institutions work effectively, efficiently, and responsively to the needs and aspirations of the community. Implementing good governance in the public sector not only helps increase efficiency and accountability, but also strengthens democracy and encourages public participation in the decision-making process. This research tries to discuss the extent to which the good governance principles are reflected and implemented in the recruitment and selection of candidates for civil servants. Taking the context of the recruitment and selection process in one of the districts in Indonesia, this research uses a qualitative methodology by collecting data in the form of semistructured interviews with 25 participants from the recruitment and selection committee and the candidates of civil servants. This research found that overall, the good governance principles are relatively reflected and implemented properly in the in the recruitment and selection of candidates for civil servants although there are some indications of a mismatch between the qualifications of prospective employees and the real needs of the government institution the candidates will work for. This research also found indications of a low level of transparency in the implementation of recruitment and selection, giving rise to opportunities for favoritism and nepotism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rapid pace of change we currently experience, adopting a sound approach to rural governance can lay the foundation for creating sustainable and inclusive communities. This study aimed to identify the key drivers and effective strategies for enhancing the performance of good governance indicators in rural management within Ardabil Province. Applying a future-oriented research approach, the study followed an applied and mixed research method, employing a sequential exploratory approach. In the initial phase, the qualitative Delphi method was used, involving a survey of experts (comprising 28 individuals) associated with the research topic. This phase extracted the factors and variables that contributed to good rural governance. Subsequently, the scenario planning method was applied, utilizing the weight approach in consultation with experts. The software tool of MICMAC was employed to identify the driving factors, while the Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze future scenarios. Initially, 12 key factors were identified, which were later consolidated into 10 factors due to overlap. A total of 26 potential situations were considered for these key factors. The software generated 902 scenarios, of which 16 were deemed valid with 3 scenarios demonstrating high compatibility. The results obtained highlighted the system's instability with the most significant impact attributed to the transparency index, central justice, and accountability. The decision-making influence exerted by influential groups in rural management created a critical situation across all three scenarios, emphasizing the crucial role of public oversight and participation of villagers in advancing the goals of good rural governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several post-independence African states have opted for constitutional democracies in response to various governance challenges. Most of these constitutions espouse values of constitutionalism, such as the rule of law, human rights and citizenship. This article interrogates the concept of constitutionalism, examines its pillars and values, and reflects on how Africa's constitutions mirror them. Its thesis is that a constitutional government does not necessarily approximate constitutionalism. The article argues, with evidence, that many states possess constitutions but fall short in practising constitutionalism. It calls on these states to embark on institutional reforms and to pursue good governance that improves the living standards of their citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective ethics committees are essential to the public sector's successful governance. Over time, unethical behaviour in the public sector has become an issue because of inadequate ethics management. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of ethics committees for good governance in the public sector in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The research approach applied for this study was a qualitative method using document analysis technique. The study revealed that although ethics committees have been established and functional inside the provincial departments of Limpopo province, there are still incidents of unethical behaviour to be kept track of, which leads to inadequate ethics management. The study recommends that an independent chairperson of the ethics committee be appointed, as well as capacitating all officials on effective ethics management for good governance in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists ample literature on the effect of democracy on innovation, with mix results. The present study includes the variable good governance, to study its potential effect on innovation. The research main goal consists in building upon and going beyond existing research dedicated to fostering innovation by identifying key good governance indicators at a country and supranational level, and their potential synergies and interactions with variables that complete the new model. The methodology used for the statistical analysis is based on Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), due to the exploratory nature of the study. The research analyzes interactions between good governance indicators, innovation, education, and democracy, along with gross domestic product per capita as a mediating variable. The findings reveal that good governance, education, and gross domestic product indicators have a positive effect on innovation within EU countries and supranational government-controlled institutions. Furthermore, the research identifies the mediation role of gross domestic product between good governance and innovation as well as between education and innovation and the critical role of management to promote good governance and innovation. Based on these findings and the study limitations, the research proposes specific policies to promote innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the role government can play in promoting CSR. Corporations are an integral part of the large economy of any given society or country whereby these corporations operate. The government's role is critical in promoting CSR activities or agendas because CSR is voluntary without mandatory legislation. The method used in this paper is a normative literature review and secondary data procedures. The research results show the need for developed and developing countries to share CSR's best practices and build human institutions capable of enhancing CSR agendas by creating awareness, soft laws, partnering, and mandating business enterprises to be transparent in solving society's problems wherever they operate. Governments in some developed nations have taken a far-reaching agenda in promoting CSR, especially the UK, European Union, the USA, and other developing countries in East Asia. However, developing countries are lagging behind in developing CSR agendas but should not simply copy from developed countries but adopt CSR's agenda susceptive to their multiple nations' sustainable and equitable developments. The result also shows that the lack of good governance and transparency in abundant natural resources in developing countries in the south has led to corrupt elites diverting CSR activities funds for their self-interest and not their local communities. Some developing countries still see CSR as an act of philanthropy, not as means for sustainable and equitable development for economic growth, hence the lack of transparency surrounding CSR by the various government and their elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing attention on the human capital of a society is crucial in achieving sustainable development. Women account for nearly half of this population and their empowerment improves the quality and quantity of human capital, which has a direct and indirect impact on growth and sustainable development. Globalization and knowledge components are among the factors influencing women's empowerment and have contributed to development. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the interaction between globalization (the three dimensions of globalization) and good governance and knowledge components (skills and human resources, information and communication technology, and innovation system) on women's empowerment in 50 selected countries during the period 2010–2018 using panel data techniques and generalized method of moments (GMM). According to the findings, the interaction between the dimensions of globalization and governance, as well as the knowledge components, indicated a positive and significant effect on women's empowerment. Among the components of knowledge, skills and human resources, showed the most significant effects and the system of innovations were found to have the lowest impact on women's empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's era, we are witnessing rapid growth and complexity of cities and the spread of urban crises. Unilateral governance and management by the government to manage the urban society is no longer desirable and responsive. Therefore, the use of multiinteractive strategies to attract the cooperation and participation of civil-union institutions has become more necessary. One of these proposed applications is the model of urban good governance. Most international organizations have suggested this model for the citizen-oriented administration of the world's cities. This research realizes the need for Sanandaj city to use the model of good urban governance, and it has investigated the status of good governance indicators in Sanandaj city. It has also been discussed how the performance of urban management in different areas is different based on the model of good governance. The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical. The information needed for this research was obtained using library study and the questionnaire methods. Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's tests were used to analyze the data. This research shows the poor condition of good urban governance indicators in Sanandaj city. However, the status of the participation index is in a better position than other indices, and the legality index is in a relatively unfavorable position. Also, a significant difference has been observed between the performance of urban management in different areas of Sanandaj city. This means that the surrounding areas of the city, as well as the northern areas of the city, do not have a favorable position, while the southern part of the city has relatively good conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences / Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparative Studies on Islamic Countries Law is the property of Ilam University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main motive of the study was to investigate the role of good governance between debt to GDP and economic development. Existing study used the data over the period of period 1990 to 2020 of World Bank. Per capita Income (PCI) is taken as dependent variable for economic performance. While good governance (GG) is considered as mediating variable in this study which is measured through the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). Whereas debt to GDP is used as an independent variable in this study. This study measured the direct and indirect effect of mediating and independent variables. The study results concluded that there is a relationship between debt to GDP and economic development. It shows that more debt to GDP leads to higher economic development. Study also found significant relationship of mediating variable between debt to GDP and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we consider the attitudinal motivations for political participation in countries across Asia. Specifically, we assess how trust in different types of institutional actors provides incentives for extra-legal actions, such as protest and the use of force, by analyzing the behaviors of individuals based upon their evaluations of representational and implementing institutions. As part of this analysis, we consider attitudes and action in both democracies and non-democracies, arguing for separate mechanisms to motivate unconventional political participation. Using Asian Barometer Survey data, we find that individuals living under democratic regimes are motivated to engage in more costly forms of participation in response to their assessments of trust in elected officials, while those individuals residing in non-democracies engage in these high-risk activities when they are dissatisfied with the performance of the police, civil service, and courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhuman socioeconomic repercussions of corruption and bad governance inherent in successive male-dominated governments have generated agitation for increased women’s participation in governance. Primarily, this agitation is based on the premise that women are less inclined to corruption, which is a major impediment to good governance. Given the notoriety of these two impediments to development, this study aims to investigate the relationship between women’s participation in governance, corruption, and quality of governance in sub-Saharan Africa from 1996 to 2021. This study analyzed annual panel data of four sub-Saharan African countries using the autoregressive distributed lag model and the Granger causality test. Governance quality was proxied by government effectiveness, while women’s participation in governance and corruption were proxied by the number of women in government positions and control of corruption, respectively. Economic development and institutional quality were used as control variables. The findings revealed negative main and interaction effects of women’s participation in governance and corruption on governance quality, unidirectional causality from corruption to women’s participation in governance and from governance quality to women’s participation in governance, and bidirectional causality between corruption and governance quality. Quantitative increases in women’s participation in governance and corruption exacerbates governance quality. Women’s ability to participate in governance is determined by the prevalence of corruption in previous years. Anticorruption campaigns that focused on women’s participation in governance often result in reductions in corruption insufficient for improvement of governance quality. Corruption and bad governance are mutually reinforcing. Governance quality determines women’s participation in governance. To minimize corruption and bad governance, sub-Saharan African countries should shift their focus away from merely increasing the number of women in government positions to building strong institutions capable of creating a meritocratic political and socioeconomic environment in which selfless women and men have equal chances of being elected or appointed to public offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Good governance is indicated as the remedy that results in political stability and a key basis towards sustainable growth and development that can facilitate the institution's effectiveness and efficiency. Malaysia has been seen to be practising good governance in the public institutions through the holistic reform agenda that requires the highest quality of ethics and conduct for every level that aims to strengthen transparency and increase accountability throughout administrative activities. Therefore, this paper seeks to uncover the status of good governance for sustainable development in public administration in Malaysia. In this paper, studies from literature reviews and reports from the Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia Plan, and Public Service Ethics are used as a research method to describe the status of good governance for sustainable development in Malaysia. This practice of good governance is noticeable in most of the plans and policies that already assist public institutions in enhancing their quality and performance for delivering services for the citizen. However, the criticisms towards the public sector services remain to be heard, and this process of enhancing the quality and performance is challenging. This is why the holistic reform plan is considered the dawn for Malaysia in routing towards good governance for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Effective water governance is essential for sustainable management of water resources, particularly within river basins where diverse stakeholders intersect.Cultural evolution along these river systems has profoundly influenced water governance practices.UNESCO heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage play a pivotal role in preserving traditional knowledge and practices related to water management.By recognizing and learning from UNESCO sites, we can enhance contemporary water governance strategies.As water experts, we recognize that the preservation of cultural heritage is inseparable from effective water governance. Let us continue to celebrate and protect these invaluable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the Implementation of the School Activity Plan and Budget (ARKAS) Application policy in Realizing Good Governance in Junior High Schools, this research uses qualitative research with the type of case study research (Field Research). The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses triangulation techniques, namely by displaying data, reducing data, and finally drawing conclusions. This research examines the ARKAS application technology used in realizing good governance in the field of BOS fund management. The implementation of the ARKAS policy reflects the concept of e-government by providing easier access to information on activity plans and budget allocations, enabling active participation in the decision-making process. The results of this study reveal that technology can be used optimally to achieve a goal. Through ARKAS, information related to activity plans and budget allocations can be accessed more easily by various stakeholders, which contributes to increased participation, and public trust and still refers to the applicable legal rules. The increased transparency and accountability achieved through ARKAS policy implementation has important implications, obstacles, and efforts in the context of financial management in educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that the consequences of democratic backsliding are not limited to the large and growing number of international organizations (IOs) made up and governed by illiberal or outright authoritarian regimes. Many of these authoritarian IOs (AIOs) formally adopt good governance mandates, linking goals like democracy promotion, anti-corruption policies and human rights to their broader mission. Why do AIOs adopt good governance mandates that appear to conflict with the norms and standards these regimes apply at home? We argue that AIOs adopt these standards when they face substantial pressure from inside or outside the IO to adopt them. Central to our argument is that not all aspects of good governance are inherently or equally threatening to autocratic regimes. They pursue strategies that minimize the threat by externalizing policy outside the membership and strategically defining the goals to avoid or enact. This allows autocratic governments to uptake good governance talk but lessen any deep commitment to the norms and sometimes even to use them strategically to project their own power outside of the organization. Using data on 48 regional IOs with primarily autocratic membership between 1945 and 2015, we demonstrate that AIOs facing pressure from external good governance promoters will adopt good governance mandates but strategically shape those mandates in their favor if they can form bargaining coalitions with likeminded governments. The findings have sobering implications for the future of good governance promotion through IOs.

This research aims to understand the management of Village Fund Cash Transfer to establish good governance, based on phenomena that occurred in Sentul Village, Pasuruan Regency. This study analyzes the Village Fund Cash Transfer utilizing the interpretive paradigm and qualitative approach. Data is obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with the local authority and Sentul local inhabitants of Sentul Village, who were key informants. This research found that Village Fund Cash Transfer is interpreted as funds that must be accounted for, social safety nets, and relationships. The distribution of village fund cash transfers should comply with the concept of good governance to achieve a fair government. Empirically, in a broader sense, the Village Fund Cash Transfer is not only defined as aid for the poor, but also as funds that must be accounted for and a relationship of trust that must be maintained. This research focuses on analyzing the accountability and transparency of Village Fund Cash Transfer in Sentul Village to achieve good governance.

In recent years, essentialist claims about the incompatibility of democracy and Islam have been swept away by public opinion research revealing that democracy is widely supported in the Islamic world. However, while this literature has demonstrated the popularity of democracy over authoritarianism, we argue that it misses a key piece of the puzzle by not examining Muslim public support for an alternative model of government: the Caliphate system. After outlining three different visions of the Caliphate in Islamic political thought – an autocratic view, a democratic view, and an instrumentalist or “good governance” view – we analyze how it is conceptualized today by its supporters with existing and original surveys conducted in several Islamic countries. We first engage with an existing cross-national survey conducted in several Muslim-majority countries that include Egypt, Indonesia, and Pakistan in order to investigate the sources of public support for the Caliphate, broadly speaking. We then move on to our own original, nationally representative survey conducted in Pakistan to analyze more deeply the political institutions and dimensions most associated with the Caliphate and democracy. Our results suggest that, like democracy, the Caliphate is understood by its supporters primarily in instrumental terms, as a vehicle for effective systems of welfare and justice rather than as a specific institutional configuration or simply as a means for policing public modesty and morality.