Search

Na primeru flore slovenskih gozdov smo obravnavali štiri funkcionalne znake rastlin: specifična listna površina (SLP), vsebnost suhe snovi v listih (VSS), višina rastlin (VIŠ) in masa semen oz. spor (MAS). Prva dva znaka nakazujeta ekonomiko lista (način in učinkovitost izrabe virov), druga dva pa velikost rastlinskih organov. Preučili smo povezave med znaki rastlin in njihovimi fitoindikacijskimi vrednostmi za ekološke dejavnike svetloba (L), temperatura (T), kontinentalnost (K), vlažnost tal (F), reakcija tal (R) in hranila (N). Ugotovili smo statistično značilne korelacije: med SLP in R, N, L, F ter K med VSS in R ter N med VIŠ in N, T, R ter F med MAS in K, R, N ter T. Vzdolž prve osi ordinacijskega prostora smo prepoznali spekter listne ekonomike, ki poteka od vrst z večjimi vrednostmi SLP na produktivnejših, a hkrati senčnih rastiščih, do rastlin z večjimi vrednostmi VSS, prilagojenih na stresne ekološke razmere (npr. nizka reakcija tal ali pomanjkanje hranil oz. vode). Največji prispevek k pojasnjevanju variabilnosti v funkcionalnih lastnostih gozdnih rastlin je imel znak VIŠ, najmanjšega pa znak MAS. Ugotovitve so primerljive z dosedanjimi raziskavami, saj oba izbrana koncepta omogočata prepoznavanje pestrosti oblik in funkcij rastlin na globalni ravni. Using Slovenian forest flora as an example, we investigated four plant functional traits: specific leaf area (SLP), leaf dry matter content (VSS), plant height (VIŠ) and seed/spore mass (MAS). The first two traits define the leaf economics spectrum (way and efficiency of resource utilization), whereas the other two are linked to the size of plant organs. This study tested the correlations between plant traits and their phytoindication values for the ecological factors of light (L), temperature (T), continentality (K), soil moisture (F), soil reaction (R) and nutrients (N). We found statistically significant correlations between SLP and R, N, L, F and K between VSS and R and N between VIŠ and N, T, R and F and between MAS and K, R, N and T. Along the first axis of the ordination space, we identified a leaf economics spectrum ranging from species with higher SLP values growing on more productive but also more shaded sites to plants with higher VSS values adapted to more stressful conditions (e.g. low soil reaction or low availability of nutrients and water, respectively). The VSS trait contributed the most to explaining the variability in the functional profile of forest plants, while the MAS trait contributed the least. These findings are comparable with previous studies, as the selected concepts allow for the identification of diversity of plant form and function on a global scale.

Na širšem obmocju Polhograjske Grmade je bilo narejenih 34 fitocenoloških popisov vegetacije po standardni srednjeevropski fitocenološki metodi. Doloceni so bili naslednji sintaksoni gozdne vegetacije: Genisto januensis-Pinetum sylvestris Tomažic 1940, Querco ostryetum-carpinifoliae Horvat 1938, Ostryo-Fagetum M. Wraber ex. Trinajstic 1972, Hacquetio-Fagetum Ž. Košir ex. Horvat et al. 1974, Arunco-Fagetum Ž. Košir ex. Horvat et al. 1974 in Blechno-Fagetum sylvaticae (Tüxen & Oberd. 1958) Rivas-Martinez 1962. Gozdna vegetacija na raziskovalnem obmocju je bila podrobneje opisana in kartirana. Izvedena je bila primerjava rastišcnih dejavnikov na podlagi Landoltovih fitoindikacijskih vrednosti, ki je pokazala opazen gradient pri svetlobi, kontinentalnosti, vsebnosti hranil in vlažnosti tal. Najvecji vpliv na te ekološke dejavnike imata ekspozicija in strmina, predvsem na osoncenost in tlotvorne procese. Na popisnih ploskvah je bilo popisanih 222 vrst semenk in praprotnic, štiri vrste so na Rdecem seznamu, 15 vrst pa je na seznamu zavarovanih domorodnih rastlinskih vrst. Zaradi opustitve kmetijske rabe je širši vrh Grmade v zarašcanju. Veliko sestojev je v sukcesiji, ki zaradi zaostrenih razmer poteka pocasi. Thirty four relevés were made in the wider area of Polhograjska Grmada and the standard Central-European phytocoenological method has been applied. The following syntaxa of forest vegetation were determined: Genisto januensis-Pinetum sylvestris Tomažic 1940, Querco ostryetum-carpinifoliae Horvat 1938, Ostryo-Fagetum M. Wraber ex. Trinajstic 1972, Hacquetio-Fagetum Ž. Košir ex. Horvat et al. 1974, Arunco-Fagetum Ž. Košir ex. Horvat et al. 1974 in Blechno-Fagetum sylvaticae (Tüxen & Oberd. 1958) Rivas-Martinez 1962. Forest vegetation in the research area has been described and mapped. A comparison of site factors was made on the basis of Landolt's phytoindicatior values, which showed significant gradient of the following ecological parameters: light, continentality, nutrients and humidity. The biggest impacts on these ecological parameters are exposition and slope, especially on the sun exposure and soil forming processes. On relevés 222 taxa were recorded, four taxa are on the red list of threatened species and 15 taxa are on the protected native plant species list of Slovenia. The area around the peak of Grmada is in overgrowth because the agricultural use has been terminated. Many stands are in succession, which is progressing slowly due to harsh conditions.

Razprava združuje prikaze vseh do sedaj ugotovljenih klimocenoz Slovenije

Prispevek obravnava prve rezultate sledenja učinkov troposferskega ozona na gozdni vegetaciji v povezavi z aktivnostmi intenzivnega monitoringa gozdov (IM) in na ploskvah za umerjanje v okviru programa ICP Forest Konvencije CLTRAP v Sloveniji. Na desetih ploskvah IM potekajo meritve s pasivnimi vzorčevalniki koncentracije troposferskega ozona, hkrati se na izbranem gozdnem robu v bližini merilnega mesta opravljajo opazovanja značilnih ozonskih poškodb listja gozdnega drevja in grmovja. Prvi izsledki kažejo, da so izmerjene koncentracije troposferskega ozona večje v zahodnem delu države (Fondek na Trnovski planoti, Ankaran) in na višjih nadmorskih višinah (Lontovž pod Kumom, Borovec pri Kočevski Reki, Slavnik). Poškodbe vegetacije niso zmeraj večje zaradi višjih koncentracij ozona zaradi vpliva podnebnih dejavnikov in vodnega režima rastlin. Kljub temu pa so bile opažene tipične poškodbe listja zaradi prisotnosti ozona na večini opazovanih drevesnih in grmovnih vrstah. Zaradi uporabe pasivnih vzorčevalnikov neposrednih vzročnih povezav med poškodbami listja in koncentracijami nismo mogli potrditi ozona. The article deals with the first results of monitoring of tropospheric ozone damage, observed as foliage damage on the selected forest tree and shrub species in Slovenia at the plots of ICP-Forest Level II. Foliage damage was accompanied by ozone concentration measurement, carried out by passive samplers. The first results of the monitoring showed that higher ozone concentrations were measured in the west and south-west part of the country, especially at higher elevations. Foliage damage does not always correlate withthe ozone concentration due to the interference of climate factors and water regime of plants. However, typical visible damage was found in needles and leaves of almost all observed tree and shrub species. Due to the method of monitoring we have not been able to correlate measured ozone concentrations and visible injuries in plant leaves.

Diplomsko delo obravnava dva poskusa sledenja ucinkov troposferskega ozona na vegetaciji. Prvi je potekal v sklopu mednarodnega programa ICP Vegetation v vegetacijski sezoni 2008, od julija do septembra na vrtu BF. Ozonske poškodbe so bile opazovane na odpornih in obcutljivih genotipih rastlin navadnega nizkega fižola (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Naravnim razmeram je bilo izpostavljenih deset loncev z rastlinami odpornega in deset z rastlinami obcutljivega genotipa. Zasnova poskusa, spremljanje poškodb listov, beleženje pridelka ter spremljanje ozonskih koncentracij in meteoroloških parametrov je potekalo v skladu s protokolom ICP Vegetation. Postavljena je bila domneva, dabodo poškodbe listov na ozon obcutljivega genotipa vecje, njihovo odmiranje zgodnejše, pridelek pa manjši. Rezultati so domnevo potrdili. Drugi del poskusa je potekal na ploskvah intenzivnega monitoringa gozdov v sklopu programa ICP-Forest, ki ga v Sloveniji izvaja Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, kjer so bile opazovane ozonske poškodbe na listih dreves gozdne vegetacije. Meteorološki podatki za ploskve so od Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje in avtomatskih vzorcevalnikov. Predvidena je bila vecja poškodovanost na ozon obcutljivih drevesnih vrst in vecje poškodbe na tistih obmocjih, kjer so v bližini vecji viri predhodnikov ozona ali njihov daljinski vnos. Vecje ozonskepoškodbe so bile pricakovane na obmocjih, kjer so za nastanek troposferskega ozona in poškodb na rastlinah primerne klimatske razmere. Rezultati opazovanj so tudi to domnevo potrdili. Znacilne so bile tudi manjše poškodbe v predelih z visokimi zracnimi temperaturami, majhno vlažnostjo in velikimi koncentracijami ozona, saj je v takih razmerah vnos ozona v rastline zaradi zaprtih listnih rež onemogocen. This diploma thesis deals with two experiments tracking the effects of the tropospheric ozone on vegetation. The first experiment was part of the international project ICP Vegetation in the vegetation season 2008, from July to September in the garden of the Biotechnical Faculty. We observed ozone caused damages to ozone-resistant and ozone-sensitive genotypes of the plants known as the lowgrowing common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). We exposed 10 pots containing the ozone-resistant genotype and 10 containing the ozone-sensitive genotype to natural conditions. The concept of the experiment,the monitoring of the damages to the leaves, the recording of the harvest, the monitoring of the ozone concentration and meteorological parameters were all in accordance with the ICP Vegetation protocol. We assumed that the damages to the leaves of the ozone-sensitive genotype will be greater, their withering premature and their harvest smaller. The results confirmed our assumption. The second part of the experiment took place on the intensive forest monitoring plots as part of the programme ICP-Forest, which is conducted in Slovenia by the Slovenian Forestry Institute, and in this part we observed the ozone-caused damages to the leaves of the trees that are part of the forest vegetation. We also collected the meteorological data for the plots with the help of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia and autosamplers. We predicted that ozone-sensitive tree species will suffer more damage and greater damages will occur on those areas where there are either larger sources of ozone precursors in the proximity or a long range air pollutant input. We expected larger damages caused by the ozone in the areas where there are suitable climate conditions for the formation of the tropospheric ozone and damages to plants. The results of our observations confirmed this assumption as well. Smaller damages were also characteristic in the areas with high air temperatures, low humidity and high concentrations of ozone, since in such conditions the input of ozone into plants is disabled due to stomata being closed.

S podatki o gozdnih fondih Slovenije 2003 Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije smo analizirali značilnosti pojavljanja in razširjenosti jelke v Sloveniji. Jelka je tretja najpogostejša drevesna vrsta v Sloveniji, pojavlja se na kakih 40 % površine gozdov, obilneje pa na manj kot 10 %. Njen delež po gozdnogospodarskih območjih močno variira, obilneje se pojavlja na dinarskem in delu predalpskega fitogeografskega območja. Nnajvišji delež v lesni zalogi doseže v gozdovih na nadmorski višini 800-1000 m, površinsko pa so gozdovi z jelko najbolj razširjeni v nadmorskem pasu 1000-1200 m. Jelka se obilneje pojavlja v 11 sintaksonih. Močno prevladujejo dinarska jelova bukovja, tem sledijo jelovja s praprotmi. Debelinska struktura jelke je med območji zelo različna. Območja z najvišjim deležem jelke (Postojnsko, Kočevsko) zbujajo pozornost tudi glede debelega lesa, nasprotno je v drugih območjih (Nazarje, Kranj, Maribor) razmeroma velik delež tankega drevja jelke. V sestojih z jelko je spremenjenost drevesne sestave v povprečju manjša kot na celotni površini gozdov. Struktura gozdov z jelko po razvojnih fazah kaže, da je v primerjavi z vsemi gozdovi tu več debeljakov, pomlajencev, prebiralnega gozda in mladovja. Upoštevajoč pomlajevanje lahko zaključimo, da se v dinarskem delu na splošno nakazuje bolj izrazit trend zmanjševanja deleža jelke v gozdovih kot v severnih območjih (Maribor, Nazarje). Uspešnejše pomlajevanje zaradi manj jelenjadi, ugodnejša debelinska struktura z relativno večjim deležem tanjšega drevja jelke obeta verjetno uspešnejše ohranjanje jelke v teh gozdovih. We analysed the characteristics of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) occurrence and distribution in Slovenia using databases of the Slovenian Forest Service (SFS). Silver fir is the third most widely distributed tree species in Slovenia, occurring in approximately 40 % of total forest area, but abundantly in less than 10 %. Its share in total growing stock varies between separate forest management regions. It is more abundant in the Dinaric and part of the Pre-alpine phytogeographic regions. The highest share in total growing stock reaches at altitudes between 800 m and 1000 m above sea level, forests with silver fir cover the most extensive surface in the altitude belt from 1000 to 1200 m. Silver fir occurs abundantly in 11 syntaxes. Between them, silver fir-beech forests (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum TREG. 57, syn.: Omphalodo-Fagetum (TREG.57 corr. PUNC.80) MAR et al. 93) strongly prevail, followed by fir forests with fern (Dryopterido-Abietetum KOŠ.65, syn.: Galio rotundifolii-Abietetum BARTSCH.40). Silver fir diameter distribution considerably varies between separate forest management regions. The regions with the highest share of silver fir (Postojna, Kočevje) dominate also in having large diameter silver fir trees, whereas in other regions (e.g. Nazarje, Kranj, Maribor) small diameter silver fir trees are prevalent. Ddevelopmental stage structure shows that in forest stands with silver fir there is a higher share of timber phase, stands in regeneration, youth stands and selective forests. Considering regeneration we can conclude, that more intensive decreasing trend in silver fir share is expected in the Ddinaric phytogeographic region than in northern parts of Slovenia. Successful regeneration due to lower red deer population and balanced stem diameter structure with higher proportion of small diameter trees promise easier conservation of silver fir in northern parts.

We analysed the characteristics of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) occurrence and distribution in Slovenia using databases of the Slovenian Forest Service (SFS). Silver fir is the third most widely distributed tree species in Slovenia, occurring in approximately 40 % of total forest area, but abundantly in less than 10 %. Its share in total growing stock varies between separate forest management regions. It is more abundant in the Dinaric and part of the Pre-alpine phytogeographic regions. The highest share in total growing stock reaches at altitudes between 800 m and 1000 m above sea level, forests with silver fir cover the most extensive surface in the altitude belt from 1000 to 1200 m. Silver fir occurs abundantly in 11 syntaxes. Between them, silver fir-beech forests (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum TREG. 57, syn.: Omphalodo-Fagetum (TREG.57 corr. PUNC.80) MAR et al. 93) strongly prevail, followed by fir forests with fern (Dryopterido-Abietetum KOŠ.65, syn.: Galio rotundifolii-Abietetum BARTSCH.40). Silver fir diameter distribution considerably varies between separate forest management regions. The regions with the highest share of silver fir (Postojna, Kočevje) dominate also in having large diameter silver fir trees, whereas in other regions (e.g. Nazarje, Kranj, Maribor) small diameter silver fir trees are prevalent. Ddevelopmental stage structure shows that in forest stands with silver fir there is a higher share of timber phase, stands in regeneration, youth stands and selective forests. Considering regeneration we can conclude, that more intensive decreasing trend in silver fir share is expected in the Ddinaric phytogeographic region than in northern parts of Slovenia. Successful regeneration due to lower red deer population and balanced stem diameter structure with higher proportion of small diameter trees promise easier conservation of silver fir in northern parts. S podatki o gozdnih fondih Slovenije 2003 Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije smo analizirali značilnosti pojavljanja in razširjenosti jelke v Sloveniji. Jelka je tretja najpogostejša drevesna vrsta v Sloveniji, pojavlja se na kakih 40 % površine gozdov, obilneje pa na manj kot 10 %. Njen delež po gozdnogospodarskih območjih močno variira, obilneje se pojavlja na dinarskem in delu predalpskega fitogeografskega območja. Nnajvišji delež v lesni zalogi doseže v gozdovih na nadmorski višini 800-1000 m, površinsko pa so gozdovi z jelko najbolj razširjeni v nadmorskem pasu 1000-1200 m. Jelka se obilneje pojavlja v 11 sintaksonih. Močno prevladujejo dinarska jelova bukovja, tem sledijo jelovja s praprotmi. Debelinska struktura jelke je med območji zelo različna. Območja z najvišjim deležem jelke (Postojnsko, Kočevsko) zbujajo pozornost tudi glede debelega lesa, nasprotno je v drugih območjih (Nazarje, Kranj, Maribor) razmeroma velik delež tankega drevja jelke. V sestojih z jelko je spremenjenost drevesne sestave v povprečju manjša kot na celotni površini gozdov. Struktura gozdov z jelko po razvojnih fazah kaže, da je v primerjavi z vsemi gozdovi tu več debeljakov, pomlajencev, prebiralnega gozda in mladovja. Upoštevajoč pomlajevanje lahko zaključimo, da se v dinarskem delu na splošno nakazuje bolj izrazit trend zmanjševanja deleža jelke v gozdovih kot v severnih območjih (Maribor, Nazarje). Uspešnejše pomlajevanje zaradi manj jelenjadi, ugodnejša debelinska struktura z relativno večjim deležem tanjšega drevja jelke obeta verjetno uspešnejše ohranjanje jelke v teh gozdovih.