Search

Field experiment on determining the effect of seed presowing treatment by promising methods (ultraviolet radiation, ozonation, low-frequency electromagnetic field) on the state of crops and biological yield of winter wheat was carried out. The results obtained were compared with the results of conventional seed treatment with chemical agent. It was found that presowing treatment with ozone and UV radiation stimulated seed germination and increased their field germination. Biological yield of control plants was higher for plots where seeds were treated with UV radiation and ozone by 5.8 and 2.34%, respectively. Seed treatment with electromagnetic fields did not result in higher yields. Actual yield data confirmed this trend. Straw and grain weight and their ratio significantly exceeded the control value in the plots where seeds were treated with UV radiation and ozone. Chemical analysis showed that only grain from plots where seeds were treated with ozone had significant excess over the control value: protein and gluten content was higher by 4.2 and 5.2%, respectively. The results obtained in the field experiment are largely consistent with the results of previous published studies. The combination of exposure to ozone and UV radiation during presowing treatment of seeds will provide disinfection and stimulation of germination, increase field germination, plant density, yields, and improve grain quality. These methods have shown better results in comparison with the method of seed treatment by chemical agent and, therefore, they can be recommended for implementation in production. Their combined use will make it possible to carry out effective disinfection and stimulation of germination, as well as to increase the yield and quality of grain.

Cereal grain crops are used as main food and raw feed materials all over the world. Among cereal crops, wheat occupies a leading place as the most valuable crop. Harvesting is the most energy-intensive stage in wheat cultivation. Therefore, improving technologies and tools to reduce energy costs in this process is an urgent task. A new stripping and threshing unit for harvesting cereal crops has been developed, allowing the harvesting of grain at both full maturity and in the early stages of maturity, when the grain has an increased content of protein and amino acids and is a valuable raw feed material. The new unit consists of a stripping and threshing unit. The stripping unit consists of a stripping drum and stripping combs. The threshing unit contains replaceable decks that collide with the grain, separating it from the ear; an auger for transporting the heap to the unloading device; and a blade beater with a cut-off shield. Wheat grain in the early stages of maturity has a strong connection with the ear, as a result of which harvesting such grain can be energy-intensive and impractical. In this regard, the purpose of this research was to study the dynamics of changes in the energy intensity of the wheat grain harvesting process during ripening and to compare the energy intensity of the harvesting process with the new unit with the energy intensity of a combine harvester. The methodology is based on measuring torque on the shaft of the stripping and threshing unit. The results show that the power required for stripping by the new unit is reduced from 8–10 kW to 2–4 kW, which is 2.5–4 times lower. The difference in power values between harvesting at the hard wax ripeness stage and full ripeness is only 1–1.5 kW, indicating the feasibility of harvesting grain at this stage.

Forecasting crop yields is one of the key challenges for the agricultural sector, especially in the context of a changing climate and unstable weather conditions. Kazakhstan, possessing significant territories suitable for growing grain crops, faces many challenges related to the effective management of agricultural activities. In this regard, yield forecasting becomes an integral part of planning and decision-making processes in agriculture. Information and analytical subsystems that integrate yield forecasting methods allow agribusinesses to estimate future production more accurately, minimise risks associated with climate change and optimise resource use. An important component of such systems is the consideration of weather conditions, as weather factors have a direct impact on crop growth and development. The purpose of this article is to develop and evaluate modern methods of forecasting grain yields taking into account the influence of weather conditions, as well as their integration into information-analytical subsystems to improve the accuracy of agricultural forecasting. To achieve this goal, the article addresses the following tasks: to analyse existing methods of yield forecasting and identify their advantages and disadvantages, to develop forecasting models, including machine learning methods such as gradient bousting and recurrent neural networks, to validate the developed models on the basis of historical data using cross-validation methods, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and compare them with basic models such as linear regression and simple average, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and to compare them with the basic models such as linear regression and simple average. This article reviews modern methods of forecasting grain crop yields in Kazakhstan, as well as technologies used in information-analytical subsystems. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of meteorological conditions on yields and the development of models that take this factor into account. The presented review and research results are aimed at improving the existing approaches to the management of agricultural processes under conditions of growing uncertainty caused by climate change. The article explores an important scientific task related to the development of methods for step-by-step forecasting of agrometeorological factors and grain yields, relying on the principle of analogy.

Background. The purpose of this work was to develop calibration models for rapid assessment of the main biochemical parameters of grain quality of naked and covered black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. The use of whole oat grains makes it possible to preserve breeding material of special value, which is very important for breeders. Materials and methods. Black oat grain from 50 accessions from the VIR collection was grown in 2014–2020 in various agro-ecological conditions of the Russian Federation. Chemical parameter values for constructing calibration models were determined in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of VIR using traditional methods, such as Kjeldahl for protein/nitrogen, Soxhlet extraction (modified by S.V. Rushkovsky) for oil, polarimetry according to Evers for starch, and gravimetry for beta-glucans. Results. The work resulted in the construction of calibration models for the determination of protein, oil, starch and beta-glucans in whole grains of black oat by a Bruker's MATRIX-I IR analyzer (Germany). A test batch of 20 accessions was used for assessing reliability of the constructed models. The models for determining protein, starch and oil were found to be reliable, while the model for determining beta-glucans needs improvements. It was found that the difference between the values obtained by spectroscopy and by standard chemical methods averaged 0.38 % for protein, 0.57 % for starch and 0.30 % for oil, which does not exceed the maximum permissible error of parallel measurements. The relative difference between the studied indicators does not exceed 3-6 % on an average. Conclusion. The proposed physical method for the analysis of black oat grain allows an express preliminary assessment of breeding material with a high speed of analysis. The main advantages of the method include the possibility of preserving valuable starting material, economizing on reagents, increasing labor efficiency, and obtaining data simultaneously on several parameters of the scanned sample with a specified repeatability.

Cereal grain crops are used as main food and raw feed materials all over the world. Among cereal crops, wheat occupies a leading place as the most valuable crop. Harvesting is the most energy-intensive stage in wheat cultivation. Therefore, improving technologies and tools to reduce energy costs in this process is an urgent task. A new stripping and threshing unit for harvesting cereal crops has been developed, allowing the harvesting of grain at both full maturity and in the early stages of maturity, when the grain has an increased content of protein and amino acids and is a valuable raw feed material. The new unit consists of a stripping and threshing unit. The stripping unit consists of a stripping drum and stripping combs. The threshing unit contains replaceable decks that collide with the grain, separating it from the ear; an auger for transporting the heap to the unloading device; and a blade beater with a cut-off shield. Wheat grain in the early stages of maturity has a strong connection with the ear, as a result of which harvesting such grain can be energy-intensive and impractical. In this regard, the purpose of this research was to study the dynamics of changes in the energy intensity of the wheat grain harvesting process during ripening and to compare the energy intensity of the harvesting process with the new unit with the energy intensity of a combine harvester. The methodology is based on measuring torque on the shaft of the stripping and threshing unit. The results show that the power required for stripping by the new unit is reduced from 8–10 kW to 2–4 kW, which is 2.5–4 times lower. The difference in power values between harvesting at the hard wax ripeness stage and full ripeness is only 1–1.5 kW, indicating the feasibility of harvesting grain at this stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting crop yields is one of the key challenges for the agricultural sector, especially in the context of a changing climate and unstable weather conditions. Kazakhstan, possessing significant territories suitable for growing grain crops, faces many challenges related to the effective management of agricultural activities. In this regard, yield forecasting becomes an integral part of planning and decision-making processes in agriculture. Information and analytical subsystems that integrate yield forecasting methods allow agribusinesses to estimate future production more accurately, minimise risks associated with climate change and optimise resource use. An important component of such systems is the consideration of weather conditions, as weather factors have a direct impact on crop growth and development. The purpose of this article is to develop and evaluate modern methods of forecasting grain yields taking into account the influence of weather conditions, as well as their integration into information-analytical subsystems to improve the accuracy of agricultural forecasting. To achieve this goal, the article addresses the following tasks: to analyse existing methods of yield forecasting and identify their advantages and disadvantages, to develop forecasting models, including machine learning methods such as gradient bousting and recurrent neural networks, to validate the developed models on the basis of historical data using cross-validation methods, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and compare them with basic models such as linear regression and simple average, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and to compare them with the basic models such as linear regression and simple average. This article reviews modern methods of forecasting grain crop yields in Kazakhstan, as well as technologies used in information-analytical subsystems. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of meteorological conditions on yields and the development of models that take this factor into account. The presented review and research results are aimed at improving the existing approaches to the management of agricultural processes under conditions of growing uncertainty caused by climate change. The article explores an important scientific task related to the development of methods for step-by-step forecasting of agrometeorological factors and grain yields, relying on the principle of analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Yan state attached great importance to the production of grain crops and became a famous dry farming area, where dry crops were mainly planted. Millet, broomcorn and beans were the main grain crops, while wheat, hemp and so on were in a subordinate position. The planting of grain crops had obvious regional differences in the Yan state, which fully reflected the principle of adapting to local conditions. The people of Yan used stone pestle, mortar, grinding disc and grinding rod to peel and husk grains, and stone mills were probably used in the Warring States period. The storage methods of grain in the Yan state were varied and the storage technologies were relatively superior, mainly through castles, cellars and granaries for large-scale storage, and containers were mostly used for temporary storage. Youlin was an important organization for grain storage and management in the Yan state which also had the function of making utensils. Situ was most possibly in charge of agriculture in Yan state, and there were officials under Situ who directly managed granaries. The diversification of grain crops and large-scale grain storage became an important means of preparing for famine and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of the introduction of deep grain processing on the development of grain processing enterprises. The main problems of processing grain crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan have been considered. The need to assess the impact of the innovative process of enterprise development was outlined. The research was carried out in the North-Kazakhstan region; the object of the study was the grain processing industries in the NorthKazakhstan region. The results show the following: 1) total cost savings when expanding the level of gluten consumption (up to 3 % by weight of the volume of flour consumed) will save USD 18.5 billion. The savings are due to the significant improvement in the baking properties of the flour when adding 1−3 % gluten to the level of the highest quality wheat flour. At the same time, due to the manufacturability of the process and the use of the lowest quality raw materials, the unit cost of gluten in terms of protein is lower than the price of high-quality wheat necessary for baking; 2) in the processing of starch and amino acids, grain starch is the main product of world trade among all goods of the grain processing industry, and gluten ranks only second in terms of world imports. The share of issued patents in the area of starch production is also leading among the sectors of deep grain processing; 3) the implementation of the developed project for deep processing of grain in Northern Kazakhstan could significantly improve the indicators of innovative development of the country: the increase in innovative products of the manufacturing industry in the country as a whole would be 19.1 %. The growth of non-resource exports would equal 1.5 %. The annual increase in the enterprise’s revenue could be about USD 0.47 per USD 1 of investment costs compared to the base scenario for the sale of unprocessed wheat. The scope of practical application of the results extends to the grain industry. The project has a significantly wider range of manufactured products and is focused on the markets of neighboring countries, which could reduce export risks to a minimum and provide stable demand for the company’s products [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. For the first time in the abiotic conditions of the Lower Volga region on light chestnut soils, new methods of biologization of soil fertility preservation and specialized field crop rotations based on the replacement of pure steam with sideral steam with poorly studied crops for green fertilizer – biennial yellow clover, oats and phacelia were developed and studied; cultures of various biological groups are included in the structure of sown areas, including cereals, legumes, oilseeds, tilled and perennial legumes; in addition to siderates, organic fertilizers are used in the form of straw and crop – root residues of cultivated crops. Purpose of the work is to study the balance of the main nutrition elements of grain crops (winter wheat, chickpeas, spring barley) in field crop rotations. Materials and methods. Grain crops (winter wheat, chickpeas, spring barley) were studied in crop rotations on Bogar. Statistical processing of research results in Excel and Statistica software packages was used for research. Based on empirical data on height, biomass, assimilating surface, to identify patterns of changes in the dynamics of grain crops during the growing season. Results. Over a three-year period, the dynamics of the receipt of crop-root residues for the content of nutrition elements in grain crops was analyzed. The paper presents the nitrogen content in winter wheat, net and spring barley, but studies were conducted on all elements of nutrition. Conclusion. Thus, the analysis of data for a 3-year period of grain crops processed using the Excel program and the Statistica program showed that, regardless of crop rotation, a high content of nutrients is characteristic for the period of germination, then gradually decreases due to their consumption by plants. With the help of programs, you can calculate the required amount of fertilizers for a given crop.

Introduction. A very common technology of pedigree seed production is associated with manual in-process transshipment of many sacks that over time results in damaged sacks and in worsening of grain storage conditions. In this regard, there is a need to design a multifunctional rigid container, which will provide cost-effective storage of seed grain through the airtightness and control of the indoor environment. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at designing a multifunctional container for primary seed production of grain crops with justification according to the criteria of technical and economic efficiency in comparison with pallet spaces and sacks. Materials and Methods. The state standard for economic evaluation of agricultural machinery was applied to assess the impact of reducing in-process transshipment of many sacks and seed losses in primary seed production of grain crops. Wheat seeds were used as the seed-producing crop under study. As service equipment there were used Wintersteiger Delta plot combine with a cutterbar working width of 2 m, seed bagging system or grain hopper 1.5 m3, Belarus 622 tractor with 1PTS-2 semi-trailer, TOR CD1 10916 electric telpher, and convective grain drying units on the basis of SL-0.3x 2 tray dryer for grain. Results. The authors of the article have estimated the technical and economic efficiency of using sacks and multifunctional containers in technological operations of harvesting, transporting and drying grain. With the annual notional volume of work in 400.7 tons, the saving of total money costs for a plot seed combine-harvester averages 117.9 thousand rubles. The reduction in the cost of work performance is 32.8%, payback period is 2 years; the decrease in the need for service personnel and harvesters is not revealed. At the same time, the reduction in the need for energy sources is 32.3%. Discussion and Conclusion. It has been determined that during technological operations of harvesting, transporting and drying, the best seed production performance is when using the multifunctional container with the following indicators of specific cargo turnover, p: Ui = 800 t/km2; Lг = 0.15 km; b = 0.01 km; Lп‒т = 0.5 km, initial humidity of seeds is 21%. In the process of using this container, the production cost, need for service personnel, energy sources and machinery are reduced.

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in soil fertility and yields of main crops in a grain–beat crop rotation system as a result of long-term (ten rotation cycles) application of fertilizers in the Central Black Earth Region. Field works were conducted in Voronezh oblast on a low-humic leached chernozem soil. Changes that have occurred over the period from the first rotation cycle (1936–1945) to the tenth rotation cycle (2018–2022) were analyzed. The experiment involved the following variants: (1) control (no fertilizers), (2) N10P10K10 + manure (2.8 t/ha), (3) N20P20K20 + manure (2.8 t/ha), (4) N30P30K30 + manure (2.8 t/ha), and (5) N10P10K10 + manure (5.6 t/ha). The following changes in soil fertility occurred in the 0–20-cm layer over the period from the first to the tenth rotation cycle due to the effect of fertilizers: (1) in variants with the application of N20P20K20 + manure (2.8 t/ha) and N30P30K30 + manure (2.8 t/ha), hydrolytic soil acidity (Hh) increased by 5.26–83.3%, mobile K2O content by 18.9–74.4%, cation exchange capacity by 27.8–35.7%, and mobile P2O5 content by 7.81–9.00%; (2) in the control variant and variants with the application of N10P10K10 + manure (2.8 t/ha and 5.6 t/ha), humus content decreased by 0.41–0.73%, N-NO3 content by 25.3–47.7% and P2O5 by 13.3–31.6%. Long-term application of fertilizers increased grain yields of barley by 11.3–50.1%, grain yields of oats by 4.0–51.2%, grain yields of winter wheat by 13.4–30.6%, and tuber yields of sugar beet by 15.0–36.7%. In addition, it reduced clover fresh yields by 4.9–27.7% and increased by-product yields in all crops by 6.1–23.0%. Over the period from the first to the tenth rotation cycle, fertilized arable land productivity per 1 ha increased by 3.30–18.3% (less yield increase by 960 grain units/ha due to the introduction of more productive modern varieties). Long-term application of N30P30K30 + manure (2.8 t/ha) ensured the highest level of soil fertility and productivity in the crop rotation system. The fertilization scheme was as follows: N135P135K135 applied to sugar beet fields twice per nine-field crop rotation cycle and manure applied to the fallow field once per crop rotation cycle at a rate of 25 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of irrigation method depends on the crop, soil, terrain, hydrogeological and climatic conditions, as well as the level of agricultural production development. Sprinkler irrigation has traditionally been used in the northern regions of Kazakhstan due to the natural and climatic conditions of the region and the composition of cultivated crops. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of water-saving irrigation technology on the yield of grain crops in the northern region of Kazakhstan. Experimental studies were conducted in 2022 at an experimental station located in the Akkayin District of the North Kazakhstan region. The main objects of the study were Astana spring wheat, Sabir spring barley, and Dauren spring triticale. It was planned to use a sprinkler irrigation system with a modern sprinkler machine for the irrigation of crops. Control fields without irrigation were used to analyze the effect of irrigation. It was established that the main effect of irrigation can be observed in an elevation in the productive bushiness of crops in irrigated areas, leading to a yield increase. The yield of spring wheat under irrigation was 29.3 c/ha, while did not exceed 24.9 c/ha on a plot without irrigation. The yield of spring barley under irrigation was 46.9 c/ha, whereas was at the level of 34.4 c/ha without irrigation. Spring triticale had a yield of 41.6 c/ha when irrigated, while did not exceed 28.0 c/ha without irrigation. The irrigation effect can be noted as significant based on these results.

In 2022, a mass propagation of the berry bug occurred in the North-West of Russia, which had no analogues over the past decade. This made it possible to study in detail some issues of its biology and harmfulness on grain crops. The purpose of the current study was to determine food specialization, long-term population dynamics, seasonal development, and harmfulness of the berry bug in grain crops in the North-West of the Russian Federation. For this purpose, there was carried out regular mowing with an entomological net, timed to coincide with the phonological development of cultivated plants, the total number of which was 2544, of which 1380 were on grain crops. The estimation of the harmfulness of the berry bug was carried out on winter triticale by simply comparing the mass of damaged and undamaged caryopses. According to the study results, there has been revealed that grain crops were populated to a greater extent than agrocenoses of other crops. Among grain crops, winter triticale turned out to be the most populated crop, and winter rye was the least populated. The maximum number of berry bug occurred during the period of maturation of grain crops, when larvae of different ages feeding on caryopses were predominantly found in the crops. The study of topical confinement showed that the largest number of bugs’ pricks were located in the middle part of the caryopsis and mainly on the sides (75.0 %). Analysis of the harvested crop of winter triticale revealed that damage to the grain caused by berry bug was 6.4 %, 5.0 % of which 1–2 points, 1.4 % of which 3 points. Depending on the damage scale, the decrease in 1 caryopses weight was from 6.6 to 18.2 mg (13.2–36.5 %), the yield was 0.061 ton/ha (1.2 %). Thus, despite the high density of winter triticale crops with berry bug in the conditions of 2022, the proportion of damaged caryopses and their damage degree, as well as the total yield loss, turned out to be low, which means that the use of insecticides was inappropriate.

ntroduction. Laying the groundwork for developing scientific and engineering efforts and for obtaining the results necessary to create technologies, products, goods and services that provide the independence and competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex is one of the main tasks for ensuring the food security of Russia. One of the most important and difficult agricultural operations is sowing carried out by seeders equipped with mechanical, pneumatic or pneumatic-mechanical seed-sowing devices. Aim of the Article. The purpose of the research is to develop an experimental stand and a methodology for conducting experimental studies of the seed-sowing device for a grain seeder to build mathematical models of its performance when sowing various agricultural crops: wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, vetch. Materials and Methods. The mechanical roller feed unit is used on one of the most popular and applicable seeder, namely the universal block-modular seeder SUBM-3.6. It allows ensuring the uniformity of the seeding rate and the exact depth of seed embedding. These indicators are the main ones in assessing the performance of seeders. Considering the design features of the above-mentioned seeder is an important step in assessing its productivity. Results. One of the main characteristics of the seeders is their productivity. In the article, there are presented the studies aimed at constructing a mathematical model of the dependence of the seeders productivity on the rotational speed of the drive shaft of the working bodies (rollers) pc (min–1) and the operating length of the rollers lc (mm). For this purpose, an experimental stand and methodology for conducting experimental studies of the productivity of the seeders were developed in accordance with modern methods of experiment planning. Discussion and Conclusion. The analytical dependences of the seeding rate on the rotation frequency and the roller operating length obtained as a result of experimental studies will allow the most efficient use of roller feed units that in turn will influence the choice of optimal operating modes of the seeder SUBM-3.6.

The purpose of the article is to establish long-term dynamics and ways to increase the yield and quality of grain products in the conditions of unstable moistening in Ukraine based on the use of modern cost-effective and ecologically safe technologies, which include: scientifically based crop rotations with the effective use of highly productive and competitive varieties and hybrids of grain and leguminous crops, optimal combination of mineral and organic fertilizers with the use of by-products of the predecessors - straw of winter wheat, spring barley and peas, as well as stalks of corn. It was found that during 2016-2022, when applying the organo-mineral fertilization system, there was a rapid increase in yield compared to the control option without fertilizer application: winter wheat and corn for grain - by 17%, peas - by 30%, spring barley - by 32%; increase of all productivity indicators of short crop rotation - by 20-24%. When using an organic fertilization system, an increase in quality indicators is noted: in the grain of winter wheat and peas - protein, in the grain of corn and spring barley -digestible protein and starch. It was determined that the cultivation of highly productive and competitive corn for grain and winter wheat in a short crop rotation, as well as the reduction of costs when applying an organic fertilization system with the introduction of by-products of the predecessors, ensured the highest conditionally net profit - 12.8 thousand UAH/ha, as well as a high level of profitability - 121%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of irrigation method depends on the crop, soil, terrain, hydrogeological and climatic conditions, as well as the level of agricultural production development. Sprinkler irrigation has traditionally been used in the northern regions of Kazakhstan due to the natural and climatic conditions of the region and the composition of cultivated crops. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of water-saving irrigation technology on the yield of grain crops in the northern region of Kazakhstan. Experimental studies were conducted in 2022 at an experimental station located in the Akkayin District of the North Kazakhstan region. The main objects of the study were Astana spring wheat, Sabir spring barley, and Dauren spring triticale. It was planned to use a sprinkler irrigation system with a modern sprinkler machine for the irrigation of crops. Control fields without irrigation were used to analyze the effect of irrigation. It was established that the main effect of irrigation can be observed in an elevation in the productive bushiness of crops in irrigated areas, leading to a yield increase. The yield of spring wheat under irrigation was 29.3 c/ha, while did not exceed 24.9 c/ha on a plot without irrigation. The yield of spring barley under irrigation was 46.9 c/ha, whereas was at the level of 34.4 c/ha without irrigation. Spring triticale had a yield of 41.6 c/ha when irrigated, while did not exceed 28.0 c/ha without irrigation. The irrigation effect can be noted as significant based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the new crown epidemic ravaged the world, China's grain production has been greatly impacted and challenged. Studying the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province is of great guiding significance for its future grain production structure adjustment and optimization layout. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes in grain production in This paper mainly uses the logarithmic method to calculate the contribution rate of the influencing factors, the decomposition and calculation method of the contributing factors of the change of grain total output, the gravity shift model and the grain yield volatility coefficient to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of grain production in Yunnan Province.Through the analysis of data, the following results were obtained: (1) In the past 30 years, the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have shown a significant upward trend. In particular, the total output growth rate has reached 97% and the increase in the single yield of each crop and adjustment of the planting structure are the main contributors to the increase in the total grain output of the province. The planting area of rice and wheat has decreased by 16% and 36%, respectively, over 30 years, and the total and single yields have not changed substantially. The growth rate of the planting area, total yield, and single yield of maize is most obvious. The changes in the total yield of potatoes during the study period were all caused by changes in planting area, with contribution rates of 85%, 78%, and 206%, respectively, in the three periods. (2) The grain planting area and output in Yunnan Province generally show the distribution law of more east and less west. The most abundant area is Qujing City and the least is the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The center of gravity of grain production has a tendency to migrate to the northeast. Rice production is decreasing from southeast to northwest, and the high-value areas of wheat yield are gathered from all sides to the middle. Corn production is the fastest, and potato high-yield areas are mainly distributed in northeast Yunnan. (3) In the past 30 years, the per capita grain in Yunnan Province has increased by 111.56 kg/person, and the grain production capacity has improved and is currently of the self-sufficient type. However, the fluctuation coefficient of more than 70% of the years exceeds the national average, grain supply is relatively unstable, and contradiction between grain supply and demand remains prominent. It is concluded that the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have gradually increased, the current situation of grain production is mainly self-sufficient, and the differences between the main grain crop-producing areas are quite large, and it is extremely important to pay attention to the optimization of the grain planting structure and promote the stable increase of grain production. At the same time, according to the analysis results, this study proposes that the main problems of grain production in Yunnan Province are (1) the decline in the amount of cultivated land; (2) the high number of medium and low yield fields; and (3) the phenomenon of "non-grainization" is more serious. In the face of the development status of grain production in Yunnan Province, relevant departments still need to pay attention to the quantity and quality of cultivated land, adjust the agricultural planting structure, and comprehensively improve grain production capacity in the future. It is necessary to (1) increase subsidy policies and adhere to the red line of cultivated land; (2) invest in relevant technologies to increase grain yields; and (3) coordinate the process of urbanization development and adjust the planting structure according to local conditions. This study investigated the spatiotemporal changes in major crop production in Yunnan Province over the past 30 years; obtained corresponding conclusions on timing changes, spatial distribution, and contributing factors; analyzed the current grain production security situation in Yunnan Province; summarized the main problems in its development process; and put forward targeted suggestions, so as to further develop a deeper understanding of the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province to play a certain guiding and reference role in its future development and planning direction.

The paper presents the results of studying the influence of modern agrometeorological conditions on the yield of different groups of grain crops in the municipal districts of the Saratov oblast. The climatic trends of the recent two decades are analyzed for five weather stations (Khvalynsk, Balashov, Saratov, Ershov, and Aleksandrov Gai). For the Saratov weather station, a longer period (1941–2022) is analyzed. There is an increase in the heat availability and aridity of the territory. The analysis of the dynamics of the crop yield distribution and variability has shown that the most favorable conditions of crop cultivation are formed in the Balashov municipal district. Operational forecast models of the maximum and minimum productivity of winter wheat are developed, which makes it possible to predict a yield with a monthly lead time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeking to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers for grain crops led to conducting this study on developing methods using 15N in 2015-2017 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture, Almalybak Village, Almaty Region, Southeastern Kazakhstan. Nitrogen use efficiency using the stable isotope 15N in microfield experiments revealed that the assimilation of nitrogen fertilizers by grain crops largely depends on the norms, timing, fertilization method, and varietal parameters of the concerned crop. Based on morphophysiological methods of monitoring plant development conditions, the nitrogen fertilizers' role based on the development has been affirmative, with the optimal timing of their application also determined. Results show that grain crops use nitrogen productively with partial application at the beginning of tillering and tubing, respectively, and stages III and V of organogenesis. With the use of nitrogen fertilizers, the significant varietal differences were evident. The help of an isotope label established the accurate nitrogen utilization coefficients of fertilizers based on the options ranging from 14.7% to 32.2%. Using the isotope method provides an opportunity for further development of practicing the most efficient techniques of applying fertilizers, which is an imperative method for determining the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a method for optimizing the technological and functional parameters of a cereal seed drying facility with a double energy source, electrothermal and solar. We analysis of the thermic phenomenon considering the humidity of material, dry equilibrium and the minimum energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study was carried out in order to identify the efficiency of direct (no-till) sowing of grain crops after potatoes on medium loamy gray forest soils with 2.33 % of humus, 210 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus, 162 mg/kg of exchangeable potassium and 6.6 units of acidity. The objects of study were winter and spring wheat, spring barley for brewing and fodder, maize for grain and silage. The sowing complex ‘Amazone Primera DMC’ has carried out direct (no-till) sowing of disease-treated seeds with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers. Grain crop treatment to control weeds, pests, and diseases, as well as top dressing with macro- and micro-fertilizers were aimed at obtaining the maximum productivity of each grain crop. The hydrothermal coefficient in the 2020 growing year was 1.04, in 2021 it was 0.60 and in 2022 it was 1.05. Harvesting was carried out in the phase of full ripening of grain and milky-wax ripeness of cobs when laying maize silage. On average, the largest (3.85 t/ha) grain productivity when using direct (no-till) sowing was produced by maize, and the least yields (2.00 t/ha) were given by brewing barley. In the production of these crops, there have been identified maximum (2.72) and minimum (1.99) energy efficiency coefficients. An economic estimation has shown the feasibility of direct (no-till) sowing of winter wheat, where the maximum (68.4 %) level of profitability was established. The minimum (14.8 %) level of profitability was found in the cultivation of brewing barley, which could be explained by the high degree of material and labor costs and low productivity. The profitability of the production of other crops was lower in 1.21-3.39 times. In general, agroeconomic and energy analysis has proved a high efficiency of direct (no-till) sowing in the cultivation of winter wheat and maize after potatoes in the agro-climatic conditions of the Republic Chuvashia.

The causative agents of grain crops bacteriosis viz. Pseudomonas fuscovaginae , Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas translucens are regulated by phytosanitary requirements of the largest importers of Russian grain - Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Pakistan. Therefore, it requires the development of rapid methods for their diagnosis. The PCR method, which is the fastest and most reliable in testing laboratories, needs optimal preparation of the test material. The aim of the study was to optimize the process of preparing seed samples for subsequent detection and identification of P. fuscovaginae, P. syringae and X. translucens by PCR. Wheat grain samples were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 2 hours and infected with suspensions of P. fuscovaginae, P. syringae pv. coronafaciens and X. translucens at various concentrations. Then, the infected grain samples were crushed and subjected to two-stage centrifugation. DNA was isolated from the obtained analytical samples and species-specific PCR was performed for each bacterial species. It was found that a two-hour soaking of the seeds and their treatment with a homogenizer is sufficient to effectively destroy each grain in the sample and ensure the release of bacteria into the liquid part of the sample. The first low-speed centrifugation allowed the crushed grain to settle efficiently and remove excess starch from the supernatant. High-speed centrifugation of the supernatant made it possible to obtain a concentrated microbiota contained in the grain sample. To obtain DNA of sufficient quality for PCR test, the kit Proba-GS (AgroDiagnostika, Russia) was used for DNA extraction. Using Pseudomonas fuscovaginae-RT kit (Syntol, Russia) and PsyF/PsyR and 4F1/4R 1 primers, DNA of P. fuscovaginae P. syringae and X. translucens , respectively, was successfully detected in each of the samples infected with these bacteria at concentrations of 103 CFU/ml. The absence of PCR inhibition was noted. The method of removing starch from samples for molecular diagnostics of phytopathogens was used for the first time. Application of these methods will allow diagnosing pathogens of bacterioses within one day.

The article gives a general description of baking additives and improvers, types, purposes and technology of use. The indicators of quality and safety of baking additives are presented. Finely dispersed powders from cereals, leguminous crops and bran from them are considered as additives. As a result of studying the chemical and microbiological indicators of fine powders from cereals and legumes, the following were selected: fine powders from wheat, oats, buckwheat and lentils, as the most complete in terms of nutritional value, in order to further study the possibility of obtaining special additives from them or using them as baking improvers. The mass fraction of protein in the studied samples varied from 9.05 to 22.82%. The largest amount of protein from the fine powders considered is contained in lentil powder (22.82%). The mass fraction of fiber ranged from 8.81 to 13.13% with the highest content in fine buckwheat powder (13.13%). As a result of the analysis of the chemical composition of fine powders from cereals and legumes for further comparative characteristics, the following fine powders from wheat, oats, buckwheat and lentils were selected as the most complete in nutritional value.

As the new crown epidemic ravaged the world, China's grain production has been greatly impacted and challenged. Studying the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province is of great guiding significance for its future grain production structure adjustment and optimization layout. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes in grain production in This paper mainly uses the logarithmic method to calculate the contribution rate of the influencing factors, the decomposition and calculation method of the contributing factors of the change of grain total output, the gravity shift model and the grain yield volatility coefficient to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of grain production in Yunnan Province. Through the analysis of data, the following results were obtained: (1) In the past 30 years, the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have shown a significant upward trend. In particular, the total output growth rate has reached 97% and the increase in the single yield of each crop and adjustment of the planting structure are the main contributors to the increase in the total grain output of the province. The planting area of rice and wheat has decreased by 16% and 36%, respectively, over 30 years, and the total and single yields have not changed substantially. The growth rate of the planting area, total yield, and single yield of maize is most obvious. The changes in the total yield of potatoes during the study period were all caused by changes in planting area, with contribution rates of 85%, 78%, and 206%, respectively, in the three periods. (2) The grain planting area and output in Yunnan Province generally show the distribution law of more east and less west. The most abundant area is Qujing City and the least is the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The center of gravity of grain production has a tendency to migrate to the northeast. Rice production is decreasing from southeast to northwest, and the high-value areas of wheat yield are gathered from all sides to the middle. Corn production is the fastest, and potato high-yield areas are mainly distributed in northeast Yunnan. (3) In the past 30 years, the per capita grain in Yunnan Province has increased by 111.56 kg/person, and the grain production capacity has improved and is currently of the self-sufficient type. However, the fluctuation coefficient of more than 70% of the years exceeds the national average, grain supply is relatively unstable, and contradiction between grain supply and demand remains prominent. It is concluded that the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have gradually increased, the current situation of grain production is mainly self-sufficient, and the differences between the main grain crop-producing areas are quite large, and it is extremely important to pay attention to the optimization of the grain planting structure and promote the stable increase of grain production. At the same time, according to the analysis results, this study proposes that the main problems of grain production in Yunnan Province are (1) the decline in the amount of cultivated land; (2) the high number of medium and low yield fields; and (3) the phenomenon of "non-grainization" is more serious. In the face of the development status of grain production in Yunnan Province, relevant departments still need to pay attention to the quantity and quality of cultivated land, adjust the agricultural planting structure, and comprehensively improve grain production capacity in the future. It is necessary to (1) increase subsidy policies and adhere to the red line of cultivated land; (2) invest in relevant technologies to increase grain yields; and (3) coordinate the process of urbanization development and adjust the planting structure according to local conditions. This study investigated the spatiotemporal changes in major crop production in Yunnan Province over the past 30 years; obtained corresponding conclusions on timing changes, spatial distribution, and contributing factors; analyzed the current grain production security situation in Yunnan Province; summarized the main problems in its development process; and put forward targeted suggestions, so as to further develop a deeper understanding of the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province to play a certain guiding and reference role in its future development and planning direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the state of agrologistics in Ukraine in 2022 and its deterioration due to the ongoing war. The article aims to analyze the reasons for the increase in costs in agrologistics, structure the consequences of the agrologistics’ disruption, and justify their direct impact on the financial results of agricultural producers. The main methods of scientific research were chronological, systemic research, statistical, and structural analysis, which allowed exploring the modern cause-and-effect relationships between the state of agrologistics and the activities of agricultural sector enterprises in a logical sequence. The research resulted in proposals for overcoming the crisis in agrologistics and its further development. The conclusions emphasize the urgent need for investment in the modernization of transport infrastructure, as well as the necessity of improving coordination between agricultural producers and logistics service providers to ensure an efficient flow of exports. The authors conclude that this study provides valuable information on current challenges facing the agricultural sector in Ukraine and proposes solutions for its sustainable development.

Microbial agents, made from one or more microorganisms, are biological products with high vitality and specific effects, they are used in crop planting, livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, and the safe treatment of agricultural organic wastes. Microbial agents have the functions such as improvement of soil properties, increase of crop yields, efficient fermentation of fecal waste, release of nutrients, regulation of ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture waters, improvement of water quality, and degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Through literature reading and collation, in this article, the types of microbial agents and the preparation of microbial agents were introduced, and the research progress of different types of microbial agents and the application methods of microbial agents(microbial agents alone or in combination) on the application effects on soil enzyme activity, quantity of soil microorganisms, agronomic traits of crops, photosynthetic efficiency, yield and quality were elaborated. It was noted that the research on microbial agents should mainly focus on the selection and breeding of good strains, effective ingredients and reasonable combinations, and the evaluation of application effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the spatiotemporal variation of crop irrigation water requirement (IWR) under the background of climate change is an essential basis for water resource management, determining the irrigation quota and adjusting the planting structure. Using 61 years of climate data from 205 stations in Northwest China, this study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of climatic factors and IWR during the growth period of five main grain crops (spring wheat, winter wheat, spring maize, summer maize, and rice) and explored the dominant climatic driving factors of IWR variation. Results showed that (1) the IWR of grain crops showed distinct differences. Rice was the highest water consumption crop (mean of 753.78 mm), and summer maize was the lowest (mean of 452.90 mm). (2) The variation trends and average values of IWR of different grain crops have spatial heterogeneity across Northwest China. For most crops, high values and increasing trends of IWR were mainly located in eastern Xinjiang, western Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia. (3) Tmax (maximum temperature), Tmin (minimum temperature), and Peff (effective precipitation) showed an increasing trend during the growth period of each grain crop, while U10 (wind speed at 10 m height), SD (solar radiation), and RH (relative humidity) presented decreasing trends. (4) SD, Tmax, and U10 promoted the increase of grain crops' IWR, while Peff and RH inhibited it. The impacts of climatic factors on the grain crop IWR differed among different regions. Peff was the most influential factor to the IWR of all grain crops in most areas. Therefore, under the premise of a significant increase in T and uncertain precipitation mode in the future, it is urgent to take effective water-saving measures according to the irrigation needs of the region. To cope with the adverse impact of climate change on the sustainable development of agriculture in the northwest dry area, to ensure regional and national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of mechanization has been well reported, but its impact on China's agricultural production remains unclear. This study first uses a theoretical model to analyse the impact of mechanization on sown areas of different crops. The results show that mechanization has a positive impact on grain crops and a negative impact on non-grain crops. Then using nationally representative provincial-level panel data, the empirical analyses confirm these results. Thus, the sown areas of cotton, oil and sugar crops will be reduced by more than 20% within five years. Consequently, China is expected to depend on international markets to meet the domestic demand for cotton, oil and sugar in the future. Even though mechanization has a positive impact on the sown areas of grain crops, a reduction in the diversity of grain production poses a new threat to the stability of China's grain production and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole-grain food ingredients enable the most balanced food products to be obtained, thus forming an important part of a healthy and sustainable diet. Wheat and barley grains are a traditional source of food ingredients for breads, breakfasts, drinks, and snacks in Russia. Such foods are suitable for all ages with many health benefits. However, the modern metropolitan citizen consumes large quantities of refined cereal products, thus impoverishing their diet. An alternative in dietary fortification could be sprouted and fermented food ingredients with an increased nutritional value. The present work was carried out to study the effect of a combination of germination with ultrasound treatment and fermentation with a complex starter of cereal crops on antioxidant activity and γ-aminobutyric acid content of food ingredients with the possibility of using them in the matrix of food products. In order to obtain germinated food ingredients, we used crops with the highest yield in the Ural region (Russia): two samples of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a sample of spring barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). Obtaining food ingredients was divided into successive stages: ultrasonic treatment (22 ± 1.25 kHz) was performed by means of changing power and length of time (245 W/L, intensity for 5 min); germination and fermentation used complex starter "Vivo Probio". The proposed technology of germination with haunting fermentation of cereal crops resulted in food ingredients with a more uniform distribution of granulometric composition, a low proportion of fine particles (4.62–104.60 µm) (p < 0.05) and large particles (418.60–592.00 µm) (p < 0.05). The particle size range (31.11–248.90 μm) (p < 0.05) was predominant. The germination and fermentation process resulted in 26 to 57% (p < 0.05) lower phytic acid content, 35 to 68% (p < 0.05) higher flavonoid content, 31 to 51% (p < 0.05) higher total antioxidant activity, 42.4 to 93.9% (p < 0.05) higher assimilability, and 3.1 to 4.7 times (p < 0.05) higher γ-aminobutyric acid content, which will allow production of food products with pronounced preventive action. The data was analyzed via one-way ANOVA analysis of variance using the free web-based software. The combination of the germination process with ultrasound treatment and subsequent fermentation with a complex starter can be used to support the development of healthful food products with increased GABA and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the current level of food security of Ukraine in the conditions of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. The state of the agrarian sector is defined and the dynamics of domestic acreage and harvesting areas under grain crops is analyzed. The state and dynamics of the food situation in the country are determined, taking into account the indicators of economic availability of food supply to the population of both Ukraine and the world. The geographical structure of the State’s export potential in relation to grain products directly concerning the countries of North Africa and Asia is determined. The main factors shaping the demand in the food industry sphere in both the national and the international markets are presented. The raw material orientation of Ukrainian exports along with vulnerability in foreign food markets are examined. The threatening realities forced the world community, the UN World Food Program, the WTO to react, because, although they declared their intentions to minimize risks at the global level, the legal mechanisms did not work in reality. The purpose of the article is to highlight the organizational-legal mechanisms for minimizing the negative consequences of Russian aggression in the field of food security. An analysis of the State Program for stimulating the economy to overcome the consequences of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to the conclusion that in terms of ensuring food security, the program itself is ineffective, since it does not provide organizational-legal instruments for achieving the goals declared. The main negative factors of the influence of Russian aggression on the food security of Ukraine and the world are generalized. It is revealed that the current situation with food in the country at war is close to a catastrophic one, since Ukrainian grain plays a significant role in the fight against hunger in the world. It is determined that the primary role for getting out of this situation should belong not only to our State, but also to the international community.

The article discusses territorial and structural changes in the productivity of grain and leguminous crops in the districts of the Republic of Belarus, as well as differences in the doses of mineral fertilisers for certain types from 2014 to 2018. The aim of the study is to determine the degree of influence of fertilisers on the dynamics of productivity for the studied period and to analyse the reasons for changes in the level of yields of grain and leguminous crops in the regions of the country. The work is based on statistical research methods – correlation and regression analysis of the relationship between mineral fertilisers and productivity were carried out. Correlation analysis showed a significant inverse linear dependence of the yield dynamics on the fertility score (correlation coefficient – 0.66), proving that more fertile soils lose in harvests of grain and leguminous crops are almost 2 times in comparison with less suitable land. Regression analysis confirmed the significant effect of mineral fertilisers (determination coefficient 56 %) on the final harvests of grain and leguminous crops. The novelty of the research lies in the mathematical formalisation of the stochastic dependence of the yield of grain and leguminous crops on the level of application of certain types of mineral fertilisers and the establishment of its linear character. With the help of GIS technologies, territorial differences in the effectiveness of the use of fertilisers for grain and leguminous crops in the administrative regions of the Republic of Belarus were established and three clusters of productivity in the country were identified – highly productive south-west (Grodno Region, Brest Region and adjacent districts of Minsk Region), productive south-east (Gomel Region and Mogilev Region with border areas of neighbouring regions) and low-productive north (Vitebsk Region with northern regions of Minsk Region and Grodno Region).

Animal manure may be used as a nutrient source for annual and perennial crops and pastures, promoting nutrient cycling and reducing costs with mineral fertilizers acquisition. Additionally, they are expected over the years to modify soil chemical, physical, and biological attributes. This review addresses the effect of animal manure applications on the soil-plant interface, emphasizing the following aspects: (a) animal manure characteristics that affect soil attributes, (b) changes in chemical, physical, and biological attributes of soils with a history of animal manure applications, and (c) effect of animal manure application on crop biomass production and yield. Changes on soil attributes depends on the animal manure and pedoclimatic characteristics. Animal manure applications in soil associated with mineral manure increase soil organic carbon and crop yield. Aggregates, density and water infiltration are favored by applying animal manure with high C:N. Macrofauna, microbial and biological activity increase with animal manure application. Finally, yield increases do not always accompany the improvement of all soil attributes. The effects of animal manure application on soil quality are more pronounced when carried out in an integrated manner with other soil management and conservation strategies.

The purpose of the article is to review the efficiency of production of grain crops in the SEC collective farm-breeding plant «Kazminsky». An analytical table was compiled, revealing the main economic indicators affecting the efficiency of grain production. A qualitative analysis of indicators. Identified three key factors affecting the efficiency, namely, agrobiological, technical, technological, organizational and economic. Real and appropriate measures are proposed for leveling the influence of each of the factors, with specific examples of implementation. In conclusion, the calculated effectiveness of the implementation of each of the activities.

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential toxic heavy metal (PTHM) concentrations and associated ecological and health risk of nearby inhabitants (child and adult populations) of the Bokaro thermal power station (BTPS), Jharkhand, India. The fly ash containing PTHMs is released from the thermal power plant and contaminates the soil of the nearby agricultural area, roadside area and residential area. Furthermore, PTHMs cause ecological risk as well as carcinogenic health effects in adults. Inhabitants are exposed to PTHMs through exposure pathways (for instance, direct ingestion, dermal contact and air inhalation), and PTHMs were examined in this study by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI). The contamination factor (Cf) of Cd exceeded the threshold value throughout the study area, whereas the Cf of Hg was observed higher only in roadside soil (RSS). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of Cd was higher in the top soil of agricultural soil (AS) (7.39) and RSS (9.38). The level of PTHMs was monitored slightly higher in the topsoil of RSS. The ecological risk index (Eri) was detected to be the highest in RSS (1628.9). The permissible limit of Cd (0.05 mg kg−1) and Pb (0.1 mg kg−1) for all sampled vegetables and grain crops was surpassed. The transfer factor (TF) of the studied vegetables and grain crops was in the order of Cd > Cr > Pb > Hg > As. The results of the present study concluded that the hazard quotient (HQ) values for all PTHMs analysed in soil throughout the study area were < 1, which indicates that the child population was within the safe limit. However, the adult population was at a high risk of non-carcinogenic health effects due to increased permissible limits of Cd, Pb and Cr in vegetables and grain crops whereas the target carcinogenic risk (TCR) of Pb and Cr was higher and indicated that there may be a health risk of cancer in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important factors that has a negative impact on the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a violation of the diet, due to insufficient consumption of high-grade proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements and their irrational ratio. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, cereals are produced in large volumes, but there is no production of beverages based on vegetable raw materials, although the production of plantbased milk is already widespread throughout the world. The use of local vegetable raw materials from different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the production technology of cereal milk beverages is an actual and promising direction in the food industry. The results of a study of the quality of the following selection grain crops of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented: rice "Syr Suluy", "Aykerim" and "Marzhan"; oats "Duman", "Bitik", "Arman"; buckwheat "Shortand in", "Batyr" and "Saulyk". The results of protein analysis in rice grains showed that the “Syr Suluy” variety has higher rates, which amounted to 7.96 %. In the studied samples of oat grains of the Duman variety, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 2.8 %; 1.54 % higher than the varieties "Bitik" and "Arman". Protein analysis in buckwheat grains showed that the Shortandin variety (13.04 %) has higher rates. Studies have shown that the studied samples of grain crops in terms of safety comply with the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On safety of grain". The data obtained will be used to develop new technologies for cereal beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer vision (CV) combined with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) has emerged as a reliable analytical method to effectively characterize and quantify high-throughput phenotyping of different grain crops, including rice, wheat, corn, and soybean. In addition to the ability to rapidly obtain information on plant organs and abiotic stresses, and the ability to segment crops from weeds, such techniques have been used to detect pests and plant diseases and to identify grain varieties. The development of corresponding imaging systems to assess the phenotypic parameters, yield, and quality of crop plants will increase the confidence of stakeholders in grain crop cultivation, thereby bringing technical and economic benefits to advanced agriculture. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of CNNs in computer vision for grain crop phenotyping. It is meaningful to provide a review as a roadmap for future research in such a thriving research area. The CNN models (e.g., VGG, YOLO, and Faster R-CNN) used CV tasks including image classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation, and the main results of recent studies on crop phenotype detection are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the challenges and future trends of the phenotyping techniques in grain crops are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In the dry-thermal zone of the Lower Volga region, one of the factors of increasing the productivity of Pashnya is organic fertilizer. The effectiveness of the introduction into the soil of siderates, straw and leaf-weighting mass of field crops and their effect on the decrease in water consumption coefficients, an increase in the return of the organic matter and increasing the yield of grain crops was carried out. Gorodishcheskoe land use Cadastral number 34:03:000000:6. Purpose. Determine the effectiveness of biologized crop rotations in the agrolandscapes of the Lower Volga region. Materials and methods. Accounting and observations were: recommendation on the methodology for conducting observations and research in the fields of the NII of the Southeast, Saratov, 1973; Methods of experimental work B.A. Armorovov (Armpecov, 1985). The aggregate composition of the soil (according to the method of N.I. Savinova, 1931, refined TSH). Accounting for the biological mass of siteral crops in the phase of cosset or budgement. Determination of the biological yield of plants from sites of 0.25 m2 located in four places of the defense. Accounting for crop solid, daily. Accounting for sitaral cultures and perennial herbs – a cat in manual. Calculation of the exit of feed units and digestible protein was performed using the transfer coefficients by M.F. Tomme. Results. Studies have shown that an anti-erosion effect in dry years (8-mpole crop rotation has a counter-erosion effect, in the wet years (GTC> 0.8), the largest anti-erosion effect is observed in 5 and 7-mpole crop rotations with perennial herbs. The analysis of the data showed that in five-field crop rotation, the highest flow into the soil of organic mass (straw + roots) was observed - 5.5 t/ha. Gumus deficiency with the highest indicator (-0.33) t / ha in 4 pollen crop rotation. The 8-mpolous fruitless crop turnover had the greatest productivity. From one hectare of the cropping area, the yield of grain was 1.50 t/ha, feed units 1.67. Upload products in K.ED. 4 and 8-mpol crops are with hectares of sowing square. To stabilize soil fertility, a fruitful 8-mpolor crop rotation with 50% of cereals is recommended. The same crop rotation is the most productive to collect grain and feed units with a hectare of crop-coordinate area. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the important role of biologized crop rotations in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. The area of application of the recommendations is the zone of soils of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region.

The study of mapping occupies great place within geographical studies as well as other sciences for what it presented from accurate wide capacities such as presenting, investigating joining, explanting and recovering of the data base as a good and accurate way of explanation. Ways of mapping has a great deal or mean for explanation about the ideas and the relationships that occur within the same area. This study dealt with ((Cartographic representation of the cultivation and production of grain crops in Ishaqi district, south of Salah al-Din Governorate)) to show the importance of this science in the geographical study in preparing multiple maps. Preparing maps showing the distribution of phenomena (natural and human), as well as the distribution of agricultural crops in the form of quantitative maps, clarifying the discrepancy between agricultural provinces