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The low bioavailability of most phytochemicals limits their anticancer effects in humans. The present study was designed to test whether combining arctigenin (Arc), a lignan mainly from the seed of Arctium lappa, with green tea (GT) and quercetin (Q) enhances the chemopreventive effect on prostate cancer. We performed in vitro proliferation studies on different cell lines. We observed a strong synergistic anti-proliferative effect of GT+Q+Arc in exposing androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. The pre-malignant WPE1-NA22 cell line was more sensitive to this combination. No cytotoxicity was observed in normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. For an in vivo study, 3-week-old, prostate-specific PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout mice were treated with GT+Q, Arc, GT+Q+Arc, or the control daily until 16 weeks of age. In vivo imaging using prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) probes demonstrated that the prostate tumorigenesis was significantly inhibited by 40% (GT+Q), 60% (Arc at 30 mg/kg bw), and 90% (GT+Q+Arc) compared to the control. A pathological examination showed that all control mice developed invasive prostate adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the primary lesion in the GT+Q and Arc alone groups was high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), with low-grade PIN in the GT+Q+Arc group. The combined effect of GT+Q+Arc was associated with an increased inhibition of the androgen receptor, the PI3K/Akt pathway, Ki67 expression, and angiogenesis. This study demonstrates that combining Arc with GT and Q was highly effective in prostate cancer chemoprevention. These results warrant clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of this combination in humans.

Summary: The objective of this study was to employ multi‐elemental analysis and chemometric multivariate data analysis for identifying the geographical origin of Camellia sinensis cultivated in Vietnam's northeastern region. Ninety‐two tea leaf samples encompassing four distinct varieties were sourced from Bac Can and Thai Nguyen provinces. These samples underwent analysis through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics, while elemental quantification was achieved via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), utilising mixed standards for 26 elements. The FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic peaks, denoting the functional groups of the potential compounds present. ICP/MS analysis identified the presence of 14 elements in the tea samples, revealing significant variations in content across the four varieties. principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR data illustrated that the initial two principal components accounted for 91.26% of the total variance, effectively segregating the four green tea varieties into distinct clusters. Conversely, PCA of the ICP‐MS spectra also distinguished the four varieties, albeit Trung Du and Hybrid F1 exhibited a proximate distribution. This closeness may be incidental and not indicative of correlation, considering the limited variable set. Our findings ascertain that ICP/MS and FTIR, augmented by chemometric software, serve as efficacious tools for ascertaining the geographical origins of tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions are emulsions, either O/W (oil in water) or W/O (water in oil), with droplet diameters typically ranging from 50 to 1,000 nm. Research indicates that nanoemulsions are highly effective in enhancing the bioavailability, bioactivity, digestibility, stability, safety, quality and sensory attributes of food components. The study aimed to determine the optimum formulation and ultrasonic condition for fabricating catechin nanoemulsion (Ca-NE) from green tea with improved physical stability and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology. The effects of Medium Chain Triglyceride oil concentration (7.5 - 12.5 % w/w), Tween® 80 concentration (1 - 5 % w/w) and sonication time (5 - 15 min) on the droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and antioxidant activity presented by DPPH value of the Ca-NE were investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The results found that droplet size and antioxidant activity of the Ca-NE were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the proposed parameters, whereas the PDI value was slightly affected by those factors. The BBD results suggested that the Ca-NE fabrication condition was optimized with 7.5 % (w/w) oil concentration, 5 % (w/w) Tween® 80 concentration and a sonication time of 10.87 min. The optimum nanoemulsion showed good physical stability in terms of droplet size and PDI and had higher antioxidant activity than unencapsulated catechins when stored at 4 and 30 °C for 90 days. This study showed that catechin nanoemulsions fabricated by ultrasonication had good stability and antioxidant activity and, hence, had high potential for food and beverage applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The color of green tea is an important quality indicator. In recent years, shading of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants has been widely adopted for green tea production to enhance its green color and umami taste. In this study, we identified factors that influence green tea color by (i) examining variation in the chlorophyll content of fresh new tea shoots among cultivars, cropping seasons, and the degree of shading, (ii) investigating the rate of conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin during the tea manufacturing process, specifically with steaming duration, and (iii) analyzing the effects of the new tea shoot properties and the steaming process on colorimetric values of the steamed new tea shoots. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that three factors contributed to the rate of conversion of each chlorophyll type to pheophytin in steamed new tea shoots (ranked by importance): steaming duration > each chlorophyll type (chlorophyll‐a and chlorophyll‐b) content of fresh new tea shoots > pH. The colorimetric hue angle (h) value of steamed new tea shoots was influenced by four factors (ranked by importance): steaming duration > total chlorophyll (chlorophyll‐a + chlorophyll‐b) content in fresh new tea shoots > pH > chlorophyll‐a/chlorophyll‐b ratio in fresh new tea shoots. CONCLUSION: Differences in the color of new tea shoots can be explained by the aforementioned four factors. The findings will be useful for cultivar selection, and determining the appropriate degree of shading and steaming duration, to produce high‐quality green teas with a good appearance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview summarizes the latest research progress on the aroma absorption mechanism and aroma fixation pathway of jasmine green tea, and discusses in depth the aroma absorption mechanism of green tea, the aroma release mechanism of jasmine flowers, as well as the absorption and fixation mechanism of the aroma components of jasmine green tea in the process of scenting, to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality of jasmine green tea and the innovation of processing technology. It was found that the aroma absorption mechanism of jasmine green tea is mainly associated with both physical and chemical adsorption, aroma release in jasmine involves the phenylpropanoid/benzoin biosynthetic pathway, β‐glycosidase enzymes interpreting putative glycosidic groups, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) as molecular chaperones to prevent stress damage in postharvest flowers due to high temperatures and to promote the release of aroma components, and so forth. The preparation of aroma‐protein nano‐complexes, heat stress microcapsules, and the spraying of polymeric substances – β‐cyclodextrin are three examples of aroma‐fixing pathways. This overview also summarizes the problems and future development trends of the current research and proposes the method of loading benzyl acetate, the main aroma component of jasmine, through konjac glucomannan (KGM)‐based gel to solve the problem of volatile aroma and difficult‐to‐fix aroma, which provides a reference for the sustainable development of the jasmine green tea industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea catechins, exhibits significant antioxidant properties that play an essential role in various diseases. However, the functional role and underlying mechanism of EGCG in stimulating of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remain unexplored in transcriptomics sequencing studies. The present study suggests that oral administration of EGCG at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day for a duration of four weeks exhibits significant therapeutic potential in a murine model of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. The activation of HSCs in vitro was dose-dependently inhibited by EGCG. The sequencing analysis data reveled that EGCG exerted a regulatory effect on the calcium signal in mouse HSCs, resulting in a decrease in calcium ion concentration. Further analysis revealed that EGCG inhibited the expression of phospholipase C epsilon-1 (PLCE1) and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) in activated mouse HSCs. Additionally, EGCG contributes to the reduction the concentration of calcium ions by regulating PLCE1. After the knockdown of PLCE1, free calcium ion concentrations decreased, resulting in the inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration. Interestingly, the expression of PLCE1 and cytosolic calcium levels were regulated by reactive oxygen species(ROS). Furthermore, our findings suggest that ROS might inhibit the expression of PLCE1 by inhibiting TFEB, a transcription activator involved in the nuclear translocation process. Our study provided novel evidence regarding the regulatory effects of EGCG on activated HSCs (aHSCs) in mice by the calcium signaling pathway, emphasizing the crucial role of PLCE1 within the calcium signaling network of HSCs. The proposition was also made that PLCE1 holds promise as a novel therapeutic target for murine liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws inspiration from the chelating abilities of dopamine and tannic acids with Ca2+ in cement-based materials and explores the potential of green tea water (GTW) with tea polyphenols (TP) as the major soluble substance as a natural source of polyphenols available in people's daily lives. Hydration kinetics analysis reveals that GTW has both retarding and accelerating effects on cement hydration, with the latter being more prominent at lower concentrations. Properly adding GTW to cement can increase the compressive strengths of mortars by up to 16.7% at 3d, 12.2% at 7d, and 18.2% at 28d compared to the blank mortar. The microstructure of the optimal mortar shows grape-cluster-like nanoparticles that originate from the TP∼Ca intermediates that act as seeds for more hydration products. This effect is confirmed by using analytically pure TP to analyze its influence on the compressive strength of mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of male infertility (MI) is rising annually. However, the lifestyle and occupational exposure factors contributing to MI remain incompletely understood. This study explored the effects of self-reported lifestyle and occupational exposure factors on semen quality. Among 1060 subjects invited to participate, 826 were eligible. The participants’ general characteristics, lifestyle, and occupational exposure factors were collected immediately before or after semen evaluation through an online questionnaire. Initially, univariate analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the abovementioned factors and semen quality. The results indicated significant associations between low semen quality and various factors, including age, BMI, infertility type and duration, abstinence time, semen and sperm parameters, smoking, alcohol consumption, irregular sleep habits, and frequent exposure to high temperatures and chemicals at work (p < 0.05). Then, multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors independently associated with low semen quality. Adjustment for relevant confounders was achieved by including factors with a p-value < 0.25 from univariate analyses as covariates in the binomial and ordered logistic regression models. The results suggested that alcohol consumption was a positive factor for sperm concentration (odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36–0.99; p = 0.045). The groups with a BMI ≥ 24 and <28 kg/m2 showed a significant decrease in sperm progressive motility when compared to the reference group (BMI < 24 kg/m2) (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.46–0.87, p = 0.005). In addition, the groups that drank green tea <1 time/week (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.05–2.2) and 1–4 times/week (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.02–2.54) exhibited significantly increased sperm DFI values compared with the group that drank green tea 5–7 times/week. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of maintaining a normal weight and regularly consuming green tea for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea possesses a range of beneficial effects, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, owing to its biologically active components, primarily catechins such as epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). However, few studies have investigated the four catechin monomers simultaneously, and the molecular mechanisms of their anti-obesity effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of four catechin monomers on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes of mice. Our findings demonstrated that four catechin monomers EC/ECG/EGC/EGCG (12, 25, 50 µM) dose-dependently inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and reduced triglyceride content. EGCG exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect with an optimal concentration of 50 µM. In addition, transcriptome sequencing and lipidomic analysis of EGCG-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes revealed that Ptgs2 and Pim1 were the most differentially expressed genes involved in regulating adipocyte differentiation. The results suggested that EGCG up-regulated the expression of the Pla2g2e gene and down-regulated the expression of the Pla2g4a and Pla2g2a genes via the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, which subsequently elevated lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels, influencing the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the variation patterns of catechin content under different green tea withering process conditions and to develop a generalized model. The influencing factors considered include initial moisture content (A), withering hot air temperature (B), withering hot air humidity (C), and withering hot air velocity (D). Employing Design-Expert software, an orthogonal experimental design was conducted to investigate the effects of these factors and their interactions on catechin content in tea. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the microstructure of the withered leaves. The response surface analysis revealed model significance (R2=0.9072), indicating that the quality model for catechins concerning the four influencing factors is highly significant, with a non-significant lack of fit, confirming the model's statistical validity. The interaction between withering hot air temperature (B) and velocity (D) had the most significant impact on catechin content, likely due to changes in catechin oxidase activity in fresh tea leaves within specific temperature and velocity ranges, which in turn affected catechin production. When A, B, C, and D were set at 84.61%, 25.27 °C, 65.62%, and 0.14 m/s respectively, the catechin content (mass fraction) reached an optimal value of 40.62%. The generalized model derived is: Catechin content = + 12.74 + 2.68 A − 1.70 B − 0.65 C − 2.71 D − 1.37AB + 1.38AC − 0.20AD − 1.11BC + 6.08BD − 1.35CD − 1.28 A2 − 1.54 B2 − 0.52 C2 − 1.08 D2. This model provides a theoretical basis for advancing key technologies in the development of green tea withering processes and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond milk is one of the popular plant-based milks due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. Recently, using alternative raw materials instead of Camellia sinensis tea has attracted more attention in order to increase kombucha's health benefits and improve sensory properties. This study aimed to obtain a beverage with enhanced functional properties by fermenting almond milk with kombucha as a new substrate source, providing an alternative to kombucha derived from green tea. In this context, we prepared kombucha beverages using green tea (KT) and almond milk (AMK) and analyzed specific dynamic parameters at different fermentation times (up to 14 days) to evaluate the effects of substrate sources. According to the results, as fermentation progressed, the pH and total soluble solids decreased and titratable acidity increased in both kombucha beverages. On the 14th-day samples, AMK exhibited the highest values in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (96.90%), CUPRAC (1.28 mmol Trolox/g), and total phenolic content (611.66 mg GAE/L). In AMK, the highest counts were reached on the 14th day of fermentation for acetic acid bacteria (7.99 log CFU/mL) and yeast (7.23 log CFU/mL), while the highest lactic acid bacteria value was determined on the 7th day of fermentation in AMK (7.44 log CFU/mL). On the 7th and 14th days of fermentation, acetic, gluconic, glucuronic, lactic and citric acids were detected at the highest levels in the AMK sample. Kombucha beverages showed suitable ethanol levels (0.35–0.74 g/L). The findings show that almond milk can be used as an alternative raw material in the development of kombuchas with higher bioactive potential and contribute to optimizing the fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maturity of tea shoots is a key factor influencing its biochemical composition, which in turn affects the quality of processed tea. This study aimed to assess the impact of leaf maturity—specifically, two-leaf and bud (2LB), three-leaf and bud (3LB), and four-leaf and bud (4LB)—on the biochemical constituents in fresh leaves and the quality of CTC black tea. The study was carried out with five commercial cultivars TV9, TV11, TV12, TV23 and S.3 A/3 from Northeast India. As the leaves matured, total polyphenol (TP), total catechin, and caffeine content decreased, while theanine levels increased. Key black tea quality components such as theaflavins, TP, caffeine, thearubigins, and water extract declined significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with increasing leaf maturity, while crude fiber and theanine levels increased. Antioxidant activity in the black tea samples also decreased with leaf maturity, showing a strong positive correlation with TP (R2 = 0.84–0.98) and theaflavins (R2 = 0.79–0.98). Sensory evaluations indicated a preference for 2LB black tea over the others. The chromatic analysis highlighted noticeable differences in the liquor color of black tea made from leaves at the three stages of maturity. These insights can help the tea industry optimize the quality of CTC black tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Food Industry is the property of NFI LLC. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Recent research indicates that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is crucial in the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin in green tea, has been noted for its anti‐inflammatory properties in DKD. However, the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, our objective was to explore the effects of EGCG on podocytes and in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice and investigate how EGCG modulates the TXNIP/NLRP3/IL‐1β signaling pathway in DKD, both in podocytes and animal models. In vitro, we co‐cultured podocytes with EGCG and detected the viability, apoptosis, inflammation and the TXNIP/NLRP3/IL‐1β signaling pathway. In vivo, DKD mice were given EGCG via oral gavage, followed by evaluations of renal function, inflammation, and the aforementioned signaling pathway. Our findings revealed that oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and the TXNIP/NLRP3/IL‐1β pathway were upregulated in podocytes exposed to high glucose (HG) and in the kidneys of DKD mice. However, EGCG treatment reduced the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its associated proteins, including TXNIP, ASC, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β, as well as the levels of ROS and inflammatory factors such as TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐18. Furthermore, in vivo, EGCG improved kidney function, reduced albuminuria and body weight, and alleviated renal pathological damage. In summary, our study suggests that EGCG mitigates inflammation in podocytes and DKD through the TXNIP/NLRP3/IL‐1β signaling pathway, indicating potential benefits of EGCG or green tea in managing DKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistencies are evident within the literature regarding the role of Green Tea (GT) supplementation on women living with obesity. To address this, we conducted to determine the impact of GT supplementation on the weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) in overweight and obese women using time and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This meta-analysis searched electronic Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed/Medline databases from inception to December 1st, 2022. Data were reported as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 2061 references were identified, and 15 articles with 16 RCT arms on body weight, 17 RCT arms on BMI, and 7 RCT arms on WC were included in the meta-analysis. GT supplementation significantly decreases body weight (WMD: −1.23 kg, 95% CI: −2.13 to −0.33, p = 0.007), BMI (WMD: −0.47 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.07, p = 0.020) and WC (WMD: −3.46 cm, 95% CI: −6.75 to −0.16, p = 0.040). In subgroup analyses, GT consumption demonstrated lowered body weight with dosaes ≥1000 mg/day (WMD: −1.38 kg), in the RCTs, which lasted ≥8 wk (WMD: −1.24 kg). The non-linear dose-response assessment detected a negative correlation between the changes in body weight and BMI in green tea consumption of more than 1000 (mg/day). The GT supplementation reduced the weight, BMI, and WC in overweight and obese women. In clinical practice, healthcare professionals can recommend using GT with dosages ≥ 1000mg/day and duration ≥ 8 wk in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors in the form of central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, increasing oxidative stress. This pathological event leads to the development of cardiovascular disease, for instance, atherosclerosis. Besides modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors such as genetic factors also play a role in the formation of atherosclerosis in MetS conditions such as THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. Recently, natural compound derivatives, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and turmeric, have shown beneficial effects in MetS improvement. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract on the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2 genes that contributed to atherosclerotic vasculopathy development in the MetS rat model. Twenty-five MetS rat models were grouped into 4 groups (n = 5): Standard control (SC), MetS (MetS), a combination of green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract with treatment doses: 300/100/150 mg/BW(C1) and 400/200/250 mg/BW(C2) group. The THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2 expression were measured at the end of treatment periods. This study found that administering green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract can lower the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. The correlation test showed that there is a strong correlation between THOC5 and AIF1 gene expression, with positive value. In summary, the combined effects of green tea, green coffee, and curcumin extract show significant promise as a potential anti-atherosclerosis treatment by improve the THOC5 and AIF1, but not ACTA2 and CNN1 gene expression in the aortic tissue of metabolic syndrome model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex mixtures that may contain hundreds, if not thousands, of unique compounds pose an analytical challenge for complete and detailed analyses. For example, green tea is a well-known complex substance requiring advanced separation techniques and ultrasensitive detection methods for full characterization. Separation and identification of components in green tea help gauge tea quality, as green tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. In this work, the coupling of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) and electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) was explored for the first time to analyze compounds in green tea. 2D-LC offers enhanced separation compared to conventional HPLC systems due to the second dimension of separation. EC-SERS was used as an offline detection modality and qualitative tool to help identify the compounds in green tea fractions collected from the second dimension separation. 2D-LC and EC-SERS are coupled in this work for the first time and offer a pathway forward for sensitive and selective separation and identification of components in complex mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Updated the research progress of the tea's bioactivities and its health functions. • Provided an overview of the main chemical substances of tea and the pharmacological action. • Summarized the potential risk of tea and provide the suggestion of the future research and using direction. Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a rich history and is widely consumed across many countries, and is categorized into green tea, white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea, black tea, and dark tea based on the level of fermentation. Based on a review of previous literature, the commonly recognized bioactive substances in tea include tea polyphenols, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, macro minerals, trace elements, and vitamins, which have been known to have various potential health benefits, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-obesity properties, cardiovascular protection, immune regulation, and control of the intestinal microbiota. Most studies have only pointed out the characteristics of tea's bioactivities, so a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms of tea's bioactivities and their use risks are vital. This paper aims to summarize tea's bioactive substances of tea and their pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for the application of bioactive substances in tea and outlining future research directions for the study of bioactive substances in tea. This review summarizes the main biologically active substances, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms and discusses the potential risks. It may help researchers grasp more comprehensive progress in the study of tea bioactive substances to further promote the application of tea as a natural bioactive substance in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The osmotically dehydrated orange juice sacs can serve as materials for heterogeneous 3D printing. Moreover, physical field-assisted such as ultrasound and vacuum, along with their combined application, were employed to enhance the impregnation of green tea polyphenol (GTP) and ascorbic acid (AA) during osmotic dehydration of orange juice sacs. This innovative approach not only compensates for the loss of water-soluble bioactive substances but also enhances the functional properties of heterogeneous 3D-printed food. The study assessed the impregnation effect of ultrasound (UOD), vacuum (VOD), and their synergistic pretreatment (UVOD) on the osmotic dehydration of orange juice sacs. Results indicated that the VOD-treated product exhibited the highest AA impregnation at 294.20 mg/100 g, while the UVOD-treated product demonstrated the best retention of phenolic compounds at 29.55 mg/g and also with best antioxidant activity. Quality attribute evaluation revealed that the UOVD-treated product displayed the lowest water content (66.44%), the softest texture, and superior color and aroma retention compared to the untreated orange juice sacs. In printing experiments, it was observed that the addition of 1–3% orange juice sacs resulted in successful printing using a 2.5 mm printing nozzle, achieving high precision and aesthetically pleasing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed to develop and characterise cassava starch‐based films incorporating green tea extract and to assess the antioxidant effectiveness of these edible films against oxidative degradation in sliced calabrese sausage. The films were formulated with 3.5% starch (w/v) and 35% glycerol (w/w), with the addition of commercial green tea extract at concentrations of 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (w/v of film‐forming solution). The formulations with extract showed significantly higher per cent elongation at break compared to the control (without extract) (P < 0.05), with higher tensile strength observed in the film with 1.0% extract. The best results in antioxidant activity kinetics with IC50 values between 0.012 and 0.14 mg mL−1 over 60 days were obtained with 1% of the extract. The cassava starch film with 1.0% extract inhibited the lipid oxidation of calabrese sausage for 18 days. The presence of 1.0% extract in the film reduces lipid oxidation in calabrese sausage without sensorial alteration, extending shelf life and suggesting it as an alternative to conventional plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to evaluate the effect of Streptococcus thermophilus fermentation on green tea extract and its storage characteristics, this study used Streptococcus thermophilus FUA329 and S. thermophilus ST1.8748 (control group) to conduct experiments on green tea extracts. After fermentation and storage at 4 °C for 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 d, pH, viable bacterial count, tea polyphenol content, ellagic acid content, and urolithin A content were used as the main evaluation indicators, combined with anti-oxidation activity to evaluate the storage quality of fermented green tea extract. The results showed that compared with the S. thermophilus ST1.8748 control group, the pH of S. thermophilus FUA329 fermented green tea extract during the storage period was between 5.39 and 5.71. The highest number of viable bacteria at 48 h was 9.97x108 CFU/mL. The content of tea polyphenols gradually decreased and the ellagic acid content tended to be stable. Urolithin A was produced at 48 h, and its concentration was 0.664 μmol/L. The antioxidant activity was always maintained at a high level. In summary, S. thermophilus FUA329 fermented green tea extract can significantly delay the quality decline and nutrient loss of green tea extract during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is a prevalent and debilitating disease that necessitates effective prevention and treatment strategies. Green tea, a well-known beverage derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, contains bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, including catechins and polyphenols. This comprehensive review aims to explore the potential benefits of green tea in prostate cancer prevention and treatment by examining existing literature. Green tea possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties attributed to its catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate. Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse association between green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk, with potential protection against aggressive forms of the disease. Laboratory studies demonstrate that green tea components inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, and modulate signaling pathways critical to prostate cancer development and progression. Clinical trials and human studies further support the potential benefits of green tea. Green tea consumption has been found to be associated with a reduction in prostate-specific antigen levels, tumor markers, and played a potential role in slowing disease progression. However, challenges remain, including optimal dosage determination, formulation standardization, and conducting large-scale, long-term clinical trials. The review suggests future research should focus on combinatorial approaches with conventional therapies and personalized medicine strategies to identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit from green tea interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ion‐selective separators are promising to inhibit soluble intermediates shuttle in practical lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries. However, designing and fabricating such high‐performance ion‐selective separators using cost‐effective, eco‐friendly, and versatile methods remains a formidable challenge. Here we present ion‐selective separators fabricated via the spontaneous deposition of green tea‐derived polyphenols onto a polypropylene separator, aimed at enhancing the stability of Li−S batteries. The resulting natural polyphenol‐reinforced ion‐selective (NPRIS24) separators exhibit rapid Li ion transport and high soluble intermediates inhibition capability with an ultralow shuttle rate of 0.67 % for Li2S4, 0.19 % for Li2S6 and 0.10 % for Li2S8. This superior ion‐selectivity arises from the high electronegativity and strong lithiophilic nature of the phenolic compounds. Consequently, we have achieved high‐performance Li−S batteries that are steadily cyclable under the challenging conditions of an S loading of 5.7 mg cm−2, an electrolyte‐to‐S ratio of 5.1 μL mg−1, and a 50 μm Li foil anode. Furthermore, the NPRIS24 separator enhances the performance of other Li metal batteries utilizing commercial LiFePO4 (5.3 mg cm−2) and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (9.9 mg cm−2) cathodes. This work underscores the potential of utilizing natural polyphenols for the design of advanced ion‐selective separators in energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Intelligent identification and precise plucking are the keys to intelligent tea harvesting robots, which are currently of increasing significance. Aiming at plucking tender leaves for high‐quality green tea production, in this study, a tender leaf identification algorithm and a mechanically perceptible plucking finger have been proposed.Based on the segmentation algorithm and color features, the tender leaf identification algorithm shows an average identification accuracy of over 92.8%. The mechanically perceptible plucking finger plucks tender leaves in a way that a human hand does, aiming to maintain the high quality of tea products. Though finite element analysis, we determine the ideal size of grippers and the location of strain gauge attachment on a gripper to enable the employment of feedback control of desired gripping force. As revealed in our experiments, the success rate of tender leaf plucking reaches 92.5%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our design.The results show that the tender leaf identification algorithm and the mechanically perceptible plucking finger are effective for identification of tender leaves and plucking, providing a foundation for the development of an intelligent tender leaf plucking robot. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

111In and 109Cd radionuclides were produced by 31 MeV α ${\alpha }$ ‐particle irradiation of natAg target. To separate no‐carrier added (NCA) 111In and 109Cd from bulk Ag, Aqueous Biphasic System (ABS) was constructed using twelve salts and two polyethylene glycol (PEG) combinations. Out of all these combinations, only three salts e. g., Na2SO3, Na‐ malonate and Na‐Tartrate and PEG combinations showed significant separation between bulk Ag and NCA radioisotopes. Addition of catechins extracted from green tea to the above ABS systems increased the separation factors many folds. Highest separation factor (SIn/Ag=5.6×104) for 111In was obtained in Na2SO3‐PEG 4000 and 50 mg catechins system. 109Cd retained in NCA state in the Na‐malonate phase after the extraction of 111In and bulk Ag in the catechin‐PEG phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of tea consumption as a special diet for health and life satisfaction have attracted considerable attention; however, it is not clear whether the effect of tea consumption on self‐rated health (SRH) and self‐rated life satisfaction (SRL) is equal among all types of tea, and it is unclear whether these associations are impacted by gender and age in older adults. This study aimed to examine the associations between tea consumption, SRH and SRL in older adults and to explore the role of gender and age. Participants aged 65–105 (N = 78,345) were interviewed in the years 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2018 in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS). Generalized estimation equations (GEE) with the identity link function were adopted to estimate the cross‐sectional associations of tea consumption with SRH and SRL. GEE with the logic link function were used to explore the longitudinal associations of tea consumption with SRH decline and SRL decline. Drinking tea at present, especially scented tea, was significantly associated with better SRH and SRL for older adults. Male participants benefited more from tea consumption than females, and the protective effect of green tea consumption on improving SRH and SRL in males was evident. Older adults aged 90–105 with current tea consumption daily had better SRH and reduced risk of SRL decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium is a common pathogen that poses a considerable public health threat, contributing to severe gastrointestinal diseases and widespread foodborne illnesses. The virulence of S. Typhimurium is regulated by quorum sensing (QS) and the type III secretion system (T3SS). This study investigated the inhibitory effects and anti-QS activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is a bioactive ingredient found in green tea, on the virulence of S. Typhimurium. In vitro bacterial experiments demonstrated that EGCG inhibited the production of autoinducers, biofilm formation, and flagellar activity by downregulating the expression of AI-1, AI-2, Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI)-1, SPI-2, and genes related to flagella, fimbriae, and curli fibers. In a mouse model of S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis, EGCG considerably reduced intestinal colonization by S. Typhimurium and alleviated intestinal damage. In conclusion, EGCG protects the intestines of mice infected with S. Typhimurium by inhibiting QS-induced virulence gene expression, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for controlling S. Typhimurium infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To ensure the quality and effectiveness of nanoparticle material for specific applications, it is essential to eliminate contaminants or unreacted substances produced during the green synthesis process using leaf extract. In this study, dialysis membranes with a molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) of approximately 12,000–14,000 Dalton (Da) were employed to remove metal ions, chlorides, and polyphenols from the zerovalent bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) suspension, instead of using centrifugation or filtration, which causes solvent loss to the environment. Our research results showed that the efficiency of removing impurities and residual components achieved by the dialysis membrane was relatively high. Furthermore, alterations in specific characteristics of BNPs following dialysis were also observed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is a leading global cause of death and disability. Daily tea/coffee intake is consumed by > 50% of populations and may represent an important population-level exposure. Therefore, it is first essential that we better understand the associations between the tea/coffee intake and stroke. Aims: This research aims to generate hypotheses about the global associations between tea and coffee intake and stroke. These insights will identify interventions for stroke prevention that can be further explored using alternative study designs. Methods: INTERSTROKE is a large international matched case–control study of first stroke from 32 countries. Participants were asked "how many cups do you drink each day?" of coffee, green tea, black tea, and other tea. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between intake and stroke. Results: We included 13,462 cases and 13,488 controls from INTERSTROKE; mean age was 61.7 (13.4) years and 59.6% (n = 16,010) were male. Overall, 19.4% (n = 5239) did not consume tea/coffee, 47.0% (n = 12,666) consumed tea only, 14.9% (n = 4024) consumed coffee alone, and 18.6% (n = 5021) consumed both, with significant regional variations. After multivariable adjustment, there was no association between low/moderate coffee intake and stroke, but high consumption (> 4/day) was associated with higher odds of all stroke (OR = 1.37 (95% CI = 1.06–1.77)) or ischemic stroke (OR = 1.32 (95% CI = 1.00–1.74)). Tea consumption was associated with lower odds of all (OR = 0.81 (95% CI = 0.69–0.94) for highest intake) or ischemic stroke (OR = 0.81 (95% CI = 0.68–0.98) for highest intake). Conclusions: High coffee consumption was associated with higher odds of all or ischemic stroke; low–moderate coffee had no association with stroke. In contrast, tea consumption was associated with lower odds of stroke. These associations suggest that individuals consider avoiding high coffee consumption (⩾ five cups/day) to impact future stroke risk. Data Access Statement: The design and rationale of INTERSTROKE was published previously. Individual participant data, or other documents are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The addition of alternative feed sources such as Green Tea Powder to the feed of poultry, especially laying hens, has attracted attention due to its potential benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study—with the addition of Green Tea Powder to the diet of laying hens—is, on the one hand, to explore the beneficial effects of Green Tea Powder on the production performance and physical function of laying hens and, on the other hand, to explore the utilization of Green Tea Powder and improve the utilization rate of biological resources. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Green Tea Powder during the laying period can reduce the serum yolk weight of laying hens. The serum levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were increased, and the serum levels of malondialdehyde were decreased. Egg shell strength and shell thickness decreased, and egg yolk color deepened. Additionally, the percentage of amino acids in the eggs increased. It is beneficial to the health of laying hens to increase the diversity of intestinal flora and improve the structure of cecum flora. This study investigated the effects of Green Tea Powder supplementation on the performance and egg quality of laying hens and ultimately guided the development of more effective and scientific animal feeding strategies. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Green Tea Powder on the performance, egg quality, serum immune and antioxidant indices, and cecal microflora of 300-day-old Chishui black-bone chickens during the peak laying period. A total of 360 Chishui black-bone chickens were selected as the experimental animals. They were randomly allocated into four groups: the control group (CON), trial group I (T1), trial group II (T2), and trial group III (T3), each group with six replicates and 15 hens in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% Green Tea Powder, respectively. The accommodation period was 14 d, and the experimental period was 60 d. The statistical software SPSS was used to perform a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the experimental data, and Duncan's method was used to perform multiple comparisons among groups. The results showed the following: compared with those of the control group, the average daily gain of the laying hens significantly decreased in the 1.6% Green Tea Powder group (p < 0.05); adding Green Tea Powder significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde in the serum (p < 0.05), and the addition of 0.8% tea leaves significantly increased the immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A contents (p < 0.05); the egg yolk weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and yolk color of the laying hens significantly decreased in the 1.6% Green Tea Powder group (p < 0.05), and the addition of Green Tea Powder at the level of 2.4% significantly increased the percentage of umami, essential, and total amino acids (p < 0.05); and the structure of intestinal microorganisms was improved, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroidaceae significantly increased, while the abundance of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae significantly decreased (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Natural polyphenols offer a safer alternative to synthetic antioxidants in meat products. This study investigated the efficacy of green tea and black tea extracts as natural antioxidants in Cantonese sausages to inhibit lipid and protein oxidation.Sausages were prepared with the addition of different concentrations – 100, 300, and 600 mg kg−1 total polyphenols (TP) – of green tea or black tea extract. Oxidation of the sausages was assessed through thiobarbituric acid reactants, carbonyl content, and thiol content, whereas consumer acceptability was evaluated based on texture, color, and sensory analysis. The tea extracts inhibited malondialdehyde production and reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value from 23.72 mmol MDA g−1 to less than 1.94 mmol MDA g−1. However, the addition of tea extracts decreased the thiol content and caused the loss of myosin heavy chain and actin bonds in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although the addition of tea extracts increased the redness and hardness of the sausage, no significant difference in consumer acceptance between the control and treatment groups was observed in the sensory analysis.The tea extract inhibited the oxidation of lipids in Cantonese sausage. There was no negative effect on the sensory characteristics of sausages. The use of tea extracts as natural antioxidants in Cantonese sausage is therefore feasible. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid is produced in tissues containing xanthine oxidases, like the small intestine and liver, as involved in the purine metabolism of adenine and guanine. High uric acid levels cause damage to cell membranes due to the lipid peroxidase chain reaction. Foods containing high purines will activate the xanthine oxidase (XOD), causing an increase in free radicals. Free radicals attack polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by forming lipid peroxides. PUFA molecules contain multiple double bonds, which make them susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as free radicals. PUFA will be broken into simple compounds such as pentane, ethane, and aldehydes, leading to malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. High MDA levels illustrate the process of cell membrane oxidation leading to cell membrane damage. Hyperuricemia is often treated using synthetic drugs such as allopurinol; however, it can cause side effects. Some people will choose medicinal plants with minimal side effects. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains many polyphenol antioxidants, especially flavonoids, which also have a strong antioxidant effect by exerting multiple mechanisms such as inhibiting several enzymes, including antiphospholipid peroxidase, free radical scavengers, metal bonds, and xanthine oxidase (XOD). Statistical analysis results proved that green tea with a dose of 600 mg/kg BW could decrease the level of MDA in the liver by 84.87% (p <0.01) and reduce the activity of XOD by 35.36% (p <0.01). Taken together, green tea can improve liver histopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea green leafhoppers are insects widely distributed in major tea‐growing areas. At present, less attention has been paid to the study on effect of tea green leafhopper infestation on tea growth phenotype. In this study, tea green leafhoppers were used to treat tea branches in laboratory and co‐treated with brassinolide (BL), the highest bioactivity of brassinosteroids (BRs), in tea garden. The results showed that the expression of genes related to BRs synthesis was inhibited and BL content was reduced in tea shoots after infestation by tea green leafhoppers. In addition, area of each leaf position, length and diameter of internodes, and the biomass of the tender shoots of tea plant were decreased after infestation by tea green leafhoppers. The number of trichomes, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness and cuticle thickness of tea shoots were increased after tea green leafhoppers infestation. BL spraying could partially recover the phenotypic changes of tea branches caused by tea green leafhoppers infestation. Further studies showed that tea green leafhoppers infestation may regulate the expression of CsDWF4 (a key gene for BL synthesis) through transcription factors CsFP1 and CsTCP1a, which finally affect the BL content. Moreover, BL was applied to inhibit the tea green leafhoppers infestation on tea shoots. In conclusion, our study revealed the effect of plant hormone BL‐mediated tea green leafhoppers infestation on the growth phenotype of tea plants. Summary statement: Tea green leafhopper infestations affect tea plant growth by altering the synthesis of brassinolide. The results of this study broaden our understanding of the brassinolide response induced by insect‐related biotic stress in horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth discoloration because of dietary habits is a serious concern, particularly from tea and coffee consumption. This study investigated the effects of these beverages on tooth discoloration, focusing on their key chemical components. Bovine enamel specimens were immersed in green and black tea samples and Arabica and Robusta coffee samples for 1–72 h. High-performance liquid chromatography analyzed catechins, theaflavins, and chlorogenic acids, while spectrophotometry measured discoloration. Multiple regression analysis (significance at p < 0.05) revealed that all beverages caused significant tooth discoloration, with black tea showing the most pronounced effect because of its theaflavin content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Phenolic tannins, which are ubiquitous in plants, exhibit diverse biological activities and have drawn significant attention for their potential impact on ruminant nutrition and health. Although phenolic tannins have beneficial and detrimental effects on rumen fermentation, their precise influence remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of varying doses of green tea extract (GTE) on rumen fermentation parameters through an in vitro trial using sheep rumen liquids. Materials and Methods: A 4 × 2 factorial design was used to test the effect of 4 different doses of GTE treatment (0, 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg) in 2 different in vitro runs on degradability, fermentation profiles, and gas production using the in vitro Hohenheim Gas Test method. Results: Across running times, the GTE-treated diet did not affect (p > 0.05) dry matter degradability % and organic matter degradability %, pH, ammonia (NH3-N, mg/dL), 24 h total gas production (tGP 24h, mL), and acetate-to-propionate ratio (A: P), but it reduced (p < 0.05) tGP 6 h compared with GTE-0 (control diet without GTE). GTE treatment tended to reduce (p < 0.1) methane (CH4, % LEL) and total volatile Fatty Acids (tVFA, mM). Across GTE treatment, the 1st in vitro run had higher (p < 0.001) tGP 6-24 h and pH, but lower (p < 0.001) tVFA and A: P in comparison with the 2nd in vitro run. Conclusion: GTE treatment tends to decrease CH4 output in rumen without affecting degradability, tGP, and most fermentation profiles, except for a tendency to reduce tVFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of optimal levels of green tea amount and brewing time would have a crucial role in the accumulation of desired aromatic volatile compounds to meet worldwide market demand. Aroma is the most important factor influencing tea consumers' choices along with taste, price, and brand. This study aims to determine how the brewing time and amount of green tea affect the aroma profile of green tea infusion. The effect of the amount of Turkish green tea (5–10 g) and brewing time (5–60 min) on aromatic volatile compounds was evaluated using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique. The SPME/GC–MS analysis identified 57 components in the aroma profile of green tea infusions including 13 esters, 12 alkanes, 7 unknowns, 6 ketones, 3 alcohols, 2 terpenes, 2 terpenoids, 1 alkaloid, 1 phenolic compound, 1 lactone, 1 pyrazine, and 1 norisoprenoid. The green tea amount and brewing time had significant effects on the number of chemical compounds. A total of 42, 47, and 36 aromatic volatile compounds were determined by brewing 5, 7.5, and 10 g of green tea. The most abundant constituents in green tea infusions were phytone, 2‐decenal, lauric acid, unknown 1, methoxy‐1‐methylethyl pyrazine, α‐ionone, β‐ionone, and diethyl phthalate (DEP). With this study, the aroma structures of green tea infusion have been revealed for the first time depending on the brewing time and quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misfolding and aggregation of TAR DNA‐binding protein, TDP‐43, is linked to devastating proteinopathies such as ALS. Therefore, targeting TDP‐43's aggregation is significant for therapeutics. Recently, green tea polyphenol, EGCG, was observed to promote non‐toxic TDP‐43 oligomer formation disallowing TDP‐43 aggregation. Here, we investigated if the anti‐aggregation effect of EGCG is mediated via EGCG's binding to TDP‐43. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation suggest a strong binding of EGCG with TDP‐43's aggregation‐prone C‐terminal domain (CTD). Three replicas, each having 800 ns MD simulation of the EGCG‐TDP‐43‐CTD complex, yielded a high negative binding free energy (ΔG) inferring a stable complex formation. Simulation snapshots show that EGCG forms close and long‐lasting contacts with TDP‐43's Phe‐313 and Ala‐341 residues, which were previously identified for monomer recruitment in CTD's aggregation. Notably, stable physical interactions between TDP‐43 and EGCG were also detected in vitro using TTC staining and isothermal titration calorimetry which revealed a high‐affinity binding site of EGCG on TDP‐43 (Kd, 7.8 μM; ΔG, −6.9 kcal/mol). Additionally, TDP‐43 co‐incubated with EGCG was non‐cytotoxic when added to HEK293 cells. In summary, EGCG's binding to TDP‐43 and blocking of residues important for aggregation can be a possible mechanism of its anti‐aggregation effects on TDP‐43. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (METS) consists of several independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of which is vascular calcification (VC). Increased oxidative stress is essential in the pathogenesis of CVD in METS. One of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of VC is the AKT pathway. Green tea and green coffee have many health benefits, including treating METS risk factors. Although several benefits of green tea and green coffee are known, there is not much information regarding the effects of these 2 extracts for treating heart disease, which is often found in METS sufferers. This research explores the benefits of green tea and green coffee extracts in preventing VC in METS through the AKT/MTOR mechanism. This research focuses on the mechanism of CVD in the AKT-mTOR, RUNX activity, and osteopontin (OPN) expression as one of the downstream pathogenesis of CVD in METS. The research was conducted on METS model rat treated with metformin and green tea with green coffee extracts. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet high in fat and sugar until they met METS for 4 months, then given treatment for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks, the rat had their aortas isolated for staining with specific antibodies to AKT1, MTOR, RUNX2, and serum OPN levels were measured using ELISA-sandwich methods. There was an increase in the expression of AKT1 and MTOR and a decrease in RUNX2 and OPN2, which was better than rat not treated with green tea and green coffee (p < 0.05). A significant reduction was found in the green tea and green coffee therapy group, which was better than when given metformin alone (p < 0.05). The results of this research showed that there is good potential for therapy using green tea and green coffee extracts to prevent VC in metabolic syndrome models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea is the second most consumed beverage following water, and the health benefits provided by its consumption have been well established from research in recent decades. The main bioactive compounds found in all Camellia sinensis-based teas are catechins, which have been reported to have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Although most of the health benefits are well established, studies show that the intact catechins as found in tea are poorly absorbed in the digestive tract. These compounds are degraded and undergo ring fission by the gut microbiota, increasing their absorption. In this review, we gather knowledge of the health benefits of green tea catechins and their metabolites, with a particular emphasis on the immunomodulatory effects in a cancer microenvironment scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theanine, an amino acid unique to tea leaves, has been reported to exhibit stress-relieving effects. However, the stress-relieving effects of theanine (T) are greatly inhibited by caffeine (C) and epigallocatechin gallate (E), the main components of green tea, while being enhanced by arginine (A). Animal and clinical studies using matcha tea have shown that it can alleviate stress if the molar ratio of C and E against T and A (CE/TA) is less than 2. In general, the CE/TA ratio in tea leaves is reflected by the CE/TA ratio in the infused solution; however, it is not clear what infusion conditions would be expected to ensure a stress-relieving effect. In this study, to examine the stress-relieving effect of green-tea-infused solutions, the CE/TA ratio was measured under different infusion conditions. Furthermore, a study using a model solution consisting of C, E, T, and A revealed that a CE/TA ratio of at least less than 2 and a T content greater than 0.23 mM were required for stress reduction. Based on these results, we identified tea leaves and their infusion conditions that can be expected to reduce stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenotype of albino tea plants (ATPs) is significantly influenced by temperature regimes and light conditions, which alter certain components of the tea leaves leading to corresponding phenotypic changes. However, the regulatory mechanism of temperature-dependent changes in photosynthetic pigment contents and the resultant leaf colors remain unclear. Here, we examined the chloroplast microstructure, shoot phenotype, photosynthetic pigment content, and the expression of pigment synthesis-related genes in three tea genotypes with different leaf colors under different temperature conditions. The electron microscopy results revealed that all varieties experienced the most severe chloroplast damage at 15 °C, particularly in albino cultivar Baiye 1 (BY), where chloroplast basal lamellae were loosely arranged, and some chloroplasts were even empty. In contrast, the chloroplast basal lamellae at 35 °C and 25 °C were neatly arranged and well-developed, outperforming those observed at 20 °C and 15 °C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid measurements revealed a significant reduction in chlorophyll content under low temperature treatment, peaking at ambient temperature followed by high temperatures. Interestingly, BY showed remarkable tolerance to high temperatures, maintaining relatively high chlorophyll content, indicating its sensitivity primarily to low temperatures. Furthermore, the trends in gene expression related to chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism were largely consistent with the pigment content. Correlation analysis identified key genes responsible for temperature-induced changes in these pigments, suggesting that changes in their expression likely contribute to temperature-dependent leaf color variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senolytic and senomorphic therapies have gained more and more attention in the last decade. This kind of therapy is based on the killing of cellular senescent cells without harming the "normal" cells. Aging is not a disease. Clinical studies on healthy people will be difficult to conduct. Therefore, one possibility is to draw on the large repertoire of medicinal plants and use their senolytic properties to provide mild anti-aging therapies. Chamomile, goldenrod, reishi, and green tea were tested for their ability to trigger senolysis. Quercetin was used as control substance. Cellular senescence was induced with 25 µM etoposide in human dermal fibroblasts and established for at least 14 days. The plant extracts were tested for their antioxidant potential (DPPH assay) and their polyphenol content. Senolysis was determined by presto blue assay of young and etoposide-induced senescent cells, and SA-β-Gal assays were also performed. The senomorphic properties of the plants were investigated using IL-6 ELISA and qPCR. It turned out that chamomile triggers a kind of cytokine storm and causes the cytokine values in the ELISA and in the qPCR to rise extremely, and other senescence-associated phenotype (SASP) markers were also elevated. Goldenrod and quercetin tend to have a senolytic and senomorphic effect, respectively. Regarding the senolytic and senomorphic properties of herbs, we found that all tested herbs can have a senolytic effect, and a senomorphic effect of quercetin has also been discovered. With regard to the effect of chamomile, however, we can say that seemingly harmless tea products may have harmful effects, especially in combination with chemotherapy, at least in cell culture experiments. Nevertheless, inflammation is a double-bladed mechanism with positive effects, for example, in healing, but also known negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]