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Air pollution contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality globally. The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria flares the second largest amount of natural gas in the world, with residents of oil-producing communities bearing the burden of outdoor pollution that may have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Our study aimed to investigate the haematological indices of residents of a selected gas-flaring site. We conducted a cross-sectional study, wherein a total of eighty adults aged 24 to 73 years were recruited from communities located within a radius of approximately 5 to 10 km from the gas-flaring facility. Blood specimens were collected from consenting participants and analysed for various haematological parameters, including Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), platelet count (PLT), White Blood Cell (WBC) count, neutrophil (NEU), lymphocytes (LYMs), and Monocyte + Basophil + Eosinophil (MXD). The analysis was performed using an automated Sysmex KX21N haematological analyser. Overall, there was a significant decrease in RBC counts (p < 0.001) and a significant elevation in WBCs (p < 0.001) among people residing within a 5 km radius compared to those residing within a 10 km radius. About 42.5% of males residing within a 5 Km radius exhibited low RBC counts in contrast to only 15% of males residing within a 10 km radius. The WBC levels were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the reference range among both males and females residing within a 5 km radius compared to those residing at a distance of 10 km. In the female population, 15% of individuals residing within a 5 km and 10 Km radius exhibited RBC levels below the reference category, while 7.5% showed RBC levels above the reference range. Exposure to gas flaring may alter haematological indices. It is, therefore, recommended that a comprehensive longitudinal study be conducted among residents of oil-producing communities and workers at gas-flaring facilities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria to assess the potential environmental and health implications of their exposure to chemical pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality globally. The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria flares the second largest amount of natural gas in the world, with residents of oil-producing communities bearing the burden of outdoor pollution that may have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Our study aimed to investigate the haematological indices of residents of a selected gas-flaring site. We conducted a cross-sectional study, wherein a total of eighty adults aged 24 to 73 years were recruited from communities located within a radius of approximately 5 to 10 km from the gas-flaring facility. Blood specimens were collected from consenting participants and analysed for various haematological parameters, including Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), platelet count (PLT), White Blood Cell (WBC) count, neutrophil (NEU), lymphocytes (LYMs), and Monocyte + Basophil + Eosinophil (MXD). The analysis was performed using an automated Sysmex KX21N haematological analyser. Overall, there was a significant decrease in RBC counts (p < 0.001) and a significant elevation in WBCs (p < 0.001) among people residing within a 5 km radius compared to those residing within a 10 km radius. About 42.5% of males residing within a 5 Km radius exhibited low RBC counts in contrast to only 15% of males residing within a 10 km radius. The WBC levels were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the reference range among both males and females residing within a 5 km radius compared to those residing at a distance of 10 km. In the female population, 15% of individuals residing within a 5 km and 10 Km radius exhibited RBC levels below the reference category, while 7.5% showed RBC levels above the reference range. Exposure to gas flaring may alter haematological indices. It is, therefore, recommended that a comprehensive longitudinal study be conducted among residents of oil-producing communities and workers at gas-flaring facilities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria to assess the potential environmental and health implications of their exposure to chemical pollutants.

Background: Normal values of haematological parameters are often required to assist with diagnosis and monitoring. Objective: To determine the haematological indices of apparently healthy term babies on the first day, third day and sixth week of life. Method: A longitudinal survey of the haematological parameters of apparently healthy Nigerian term infants was carried out between October 2007 and March 2008 using electronic devices. Results:On the first day of life, the mean values were 46.3% for packed cell volume (PCV), 10.8 × 10 /L for total white blood cell (TWBC) and 261.3 × 10 /L for platelets. The mean values obtained on the third day of life. includedPCVof 43.3%,TWBCof 10.7 × 10 /L and platelets count of 242.5 × 10 /L. In the sixth week of life, the mean values of PCV, TWBC and platelets count were as follows: 32.0%, 8.8 × 10 /L and 277.7 × 10 /L respectively. The mean percentage neutrophil counts and lymphocyte counts were 56.8% and 38.7% respectively on the first day but were reversed to 4.6% and 63.4% respectively on the sixth week of life. Conclusion: The mean values of the PCV and TWBC were highest on the first day of life and lowest in the sixth week of life whereas the mean values of platelets count showed a less consistent pattern over the same period.

Samuel Tadesse,1 Esayas Kebede Gudina,2 Daniel Yilma,2 Elsah Tegene Asefa,2 Tilahun Yemane,3 Andualem Mossie1 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Samuel Tadesse, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, PO. Box 378, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia, Tel +251949542174, Email sami2tadi@gmail.comBackground: Numerous biomarkers are used as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive indicators of myocardial ischemia. The most commonly used biomarkers are cardiac troponin I (Tn-I) and creatinine kinase (CK-MB). However, in developing nations, their availability in primary care settings is extremely limited. In such situations, easily available assays such as complete blood count (CBC) should be investigated as prognostic indicators in individuals with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Objective: This study aimed to compare the pattern of haematological indices and blood cell ratios of ACS patients compared with apparently healthy controls.Methods: Patients diagnosed with ACS were recruited consecutively between 01 May 2022 and 31 October 2023 at Jimma Medical Center (JMC). Biochemical analyses and complete blood counts were performed. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the continuous variables. Spearman correlation coefficient tests were performed to correlate hematologic parameters with high sensitive troponin-I (hs-Tn-I) levels.Results: This study enrolled 220 participants (110 patients with ACS and age, sex, and place of residence matched 110 non-ACS controls). From ACS group 99 (90%) were diagnosed with ST-elevated myocardial infarction. The ACS group had a significantly greater mean platelet volume (MPV), white blood cell count, red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. The RDW (r = 0.248, p = 0.009) and MPV (r = 0.245, p = 0.009) were significantly positively correlated with hs-Tn-I levels in the ACS group. MPV, RDW, and monocyte count were significantly higher in non-survivor ACS patients (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The significant differences observed in haematological parameters between individuals with ACS and healthy controls suggest the potential utility of these easily accessible and cost-effective diagnostics in predicting future morbidity and ACS risk. Incorporating these routine evaluations into clinical practice could enhance risk assessment and improve patient outcomes.Keywords: acute coronary syndrome, haematological indices, ACS prognosis, mortality risk, Jimma medical center

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Baphia nitida ethanol leaf extract (BNELE) on heamatological and biochemical indices in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods: A total of thirty (30) male mice were divided into 6 groups comprising of 5 mice each. Group 1 was normal control, group 2 positive control, group 3 standard group while groups 4 - 6 received 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of BNELE, respectively. Phytochemical analysis and antimalaria effect of BNELE were investigated using standard methods. Biochemical and haematological parameters of Plasmodium berghei - infected mice given various BNELE dosages were measured using standard techniques. Results: At increasing doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), BNELE produced 63.16, 39.50 and 52.86 % inhibition of parasitemia in P. berghei-passaged mice, respectively, comparable to 43.75 % by 80 mg/kg artemether, a first-line anti-malarial medication. There was significant increase in red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and hemoglobulin (HB) in mice administered varying doses of BNELE compared with those in group 2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Baphia nitida ethanol leaf extract possesses antiplasmodial properties and aids the restoration of normal haematological and biochemical states in P. berghei-infected mice. However, further and more extensive in vivo studies to ascertain it full antimalarial potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural herbs are excellent alternatives to synthetic compounds to enhance the growth performance and health status of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract (BCE) as an herbal supplement in improving the growth, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of Catla catla. The acclimatized fish (N = 900; average initial weight = 14.44 ± 0.33 g) were allocated into five groups (60 fish/group in triplicate) in hapas (4 × 2 × 2.5 ft) and provided with feed containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg BCE for 90 days before being subjected to 8 days of crowding stress. After 90 days, significantly higher feed utilization and growth were observed in all BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control; however, the maximum values of these parameters were noted in the 2 g/kg BCE‐fed treatment. Moreover, the BCE‐fed groups exhibited a significant increase in antioxidant indices (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the control. Significant improvements in haematological parameters, such as an increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells and a decrease in white blood cells, were observed in BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control. Furthermore, BCE‐fed groups showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, cortisol and triglycerides, while total protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly higher compared with the control. During the feeding trial of 90 days, no mortality was observed; however, the lowest cumulative mortality was noted in the 2 g/kg BCE group after crowding stress of 8 days. In conclusion, the use of BCE in feed can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of C. catla and improve the resistance against crowding stress. The optimum levels of BCE for C. catla were estimated based on weight gain % (1.78 g/kg; R2 = 0.97), feed conversion ratio (1.65 g/kg; R2 = 0.98), MDA content (1.66 g/kg; R2 = 0.93) and serum lysozyme activity (1.72 g/kg; R2 = 1) using broken‐line regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: to analyse the effect of haematological indices on the occurrence of Delayed Graft Function (DGF) in patients undergoing kidney transplantation and on the function of the transplanted kidney on the 7th postoperative day. Methods: 365 recipients who underwent kidney transplantation from a donor with known brain death between 2010 and 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Information from patient medical records, donor medical records, and donation and transplantation protocols was used for analysis. Statistica 13 was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the study group, DGF occurred in 144 recipients (39.45%), and Non-Graft Function (NGF) occurred in 12 recipients (3.29%). Recipients who developed DGF had a significantly higher Neutrophil/Monocyte Ratio (NMR) before renal transplantation (p = 0.048), a lower NMR value on postoperative day 1 (p < 0.001), and a difference between the values on day 1 and before surgery (p < 0.001). In addition, they had a significantly lower Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio (LMR) on postoperative day 1 LMR 1 (p < 0.001). It was shown that the value of the indices based on the ROC curve—NMR1 > 29.29, NMR1-0 > 22.71, and LMR1 > 1.74 (respectively: AUC = 0.624; 95% CI 0.566–0.682; and p < 0.001/AUC = 0.622; 95% CI 0.563–0.680; and p < 0.001/AUC = 0.610; 95% CI 0.550–0.670; and p < 0.001)—can be used to identify recipients with a significant probability of DGF. Conclusions: the NMR and LMR parameters on the first postoperative day and the difference between the NMR values on the first post-transplant day and the first pre-transplant day are predictive factors associated with the risk of DGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High intensity interval training (HIIT) causes oxidative stress and haematological alteration. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks’ supplementation of vitamin C and E on HIIT induced changes in lipid profile parameters and haematological variables. Hundred six male adolescent players were randomly assigned into five age-matched groups, i.e., Control (no exercise+placebo), HIIT (placebo), HIIT ​+ ​vitamin-C (1 000 ​mg/day), HIIT ​+ ​vitamin-E 400 IU/day) and combined HIIT ​+ ​vitamin C and E. Morning and evening sessions (90 ​min) of HIIT included 4 phases (15 ​min each) with 3 sets (4 ​min each). Each 4 ​min HIIT set consisted of 2 ​min intense sprint workout (90%–95% of heart rate maximum [HRmax]) followed by 1 ​min active recovery (60%–70% HRmax) followed by 1 ​min of complete rest (1:1 work-rest ratio). Lipid profile parameters, haematological variables, endurance capacity and vertical jump were evaluated by standard protocols. Significant decrease in body weight, fat%, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Total Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption, vertical jump were observed for all four intervention groups. White blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin percentage and haematocrit values were significantly decreased while platelet count and platelet-to-leukocyte ratio (PLR) ratio were increased significantly only for HIIT group. Blood level of tocopherol and ascorbic acid was significantly increased (values were within the normal range) in all the respective vitamin supplemented groups. Supplementation of vitamin C and E secures health protection with suppressed haemolysis and improved inflammatory blood variables with enhanced explosive leg strength and lipid profile parameters without any concomitant change in endurance capacity.

The present investigation shows that behavioural activities of the sugar factory effluent exposed fish, Clarias batrachus were changes and symptoms dictated like irregular, erratic and darting swimming movements, hyper excitability, capsizing, attaching to the surface, restlessness, difficulty in breathing and loss of equilibrium and the relative growth rate of the effluent exposed fishes also decreases slowly up to 15 days of time period. The significant changes in haematological parameters of effluent exposed fishes indicated that effluent may weaken the immune system. The findings of the present investigation demonstrated that effluent is harmful and that this has caused fish physiology to change. However, the exact mechanism through which this is achieved needs to be studied further. Therefore, it is suggested that prior to release the waste/effluent into water body it should be treated well to conserve water bodies or aquatic ecosystem and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 150 four-week-old Anak finisher broiler chickens were used to determine the growth performance and haematological indices of broiler finisher chickens fed diets containing Calopogonium mucunoides leaf meal supplemented with yeast. They were randomly grouped into 5 treatments with each consisting of 30 broiler chickens. Each treatment group was replicated thrice with equal number of birds (10) per replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated; control diet contained basal diet and soyabean meal which was quantitatively replaced with sun dried Calapogonium mucunoide leaf meal supplemented with yeast at 10, 15, 20 and 25% in other diets. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The blood of the experimental birds was collected and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), Haemoglobin Concentration (Hb), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Cell Volume (MCV) at the end of 4 weeks. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. The results of the study showed that inclusion of yeast significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the feed intake, final liveweight gain, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, red blood cells (RBC) and MCH (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin) of the finisher broiler chicken. All parameters tended to improve with increased dietary level of Calopogonium mucunoides leaf meal supplemented with yeast in diets of broiler finisher chickens. Calopogonium mucunoides leaf meal supplemented with yeast did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence PCV (Packed Cell Volume), HBg/dl, WBC (White Blood Cells) and MCHC. It was concluded in this study that Calopogonium mucunoides leaf meal supplemented with yeast could be included at 25% to improve body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and red blood cell of finisher broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High intensity interval training (HIIT) causes oxidative stress and haematological alteration. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks' supplementation of vitamin C and E on HIIT induced changes in lipid profile parameters and haematological variables. Hundred six male adolescent players were randomly assigned into five age-matched groups, i.e., Control (no exercise+placebo), HIIT (placebo), HIIT + vitamin-C (1 000 mg/day), HIIT + vitamin-E 400 IU/day) and combined HIIT + vitamin C and E. Morning and evening sessions (90 min) of HIIT included 4 phases (15 min each) with 3 sets (4 min each). Each 4 min HIIT set consisted of 2 min intense sprint workout (90%-95% of heart rate maximum [HRmax]) followed by 1 min active recovery (60%-70% HRmax) followed by 1 min of complete rest (1:1 work-rest ratio). Lipid profile parameters, haematological variables, endurance capacity and vertical jump were evaluated by standard protocols. Significant decrease in body weight, fat%, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Total Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption, vertical jump were observed for all four intervention groups. White blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin percentage and haematocrit values were significantly decreased while platelet count and platelet-to-leukocyte ratio (PLR) ratio were increased significantly only for HIIT group. Blood level of tocopherol and ascorbic acid was significantly increased (values were within the normal range) in all the respective vitamin supplemented groups. Supplementation of vitamin C and E secures health protection with suppressed haemolysis and improved inflammatory blood variables with enhanced explosive leg strength and lipid profile parameters without any concomitant change in endurance capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloramphenicol, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, is also implicated in several conditions, including aplastic anaemia that progresses to leukaemia. The modulatory potential of leaf extract of Annona muricata on chloramphenicol-induced lymphoma (CIL) in female Wistar rats was investigated. Forty-eight adult female rats with an average weight of 186 g were randomized into 6 groups of 8 rats each. Rats in Group 1 served as the positive control. Each rat in Groups 2-6 was orally administered with 250 mg/kg bodyweight chloramphenicol once daily for 28 days. The rats were given access to basal diet and water. After 28 days, blood-film analyses were carried out from each of the groups. The presence of blast and lymphoproliferative cells in Groups 2-6 confirmed CIL. Groups 1 and 2 rats received distilled water, while Groups 3-6 received 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/kg, respectively, of A. muricata for another 28 days. The animals were anesthetized, blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous plexus for determination of haematological indices; oxidative stress markers; lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, cardiac markers; Troponin-1, myoglobin, cancer indices; C-reactive protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, Alpha-fetoprotein. There was significant (p<0.05) amelioration of impaired haematological indices in the treated groups when compared to Group 2. Troponin-I and myoglobin were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in the treated groups when compared to Group 2. Oxidative stress markers and cancer indices were increased in Group 2, but significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated in Groups 3-6. Therefore, A. muricata has the potential to modulate adverse effects of CIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count are standard tools for recognising inflammation in COPD patients. This study aimed to find if there is a pattern in monocyte related haematological indices - monocyte to neutrophil ratio (MNR) and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) - which could be helpful in differentiating COPD patients in need for hospitalization due to acute exacerbation of COPD or differentiating frequent COPD exacerbators from non-frequent COPD exacerbators. The study included 119 patients with COPD and 35 control subjects, recruited at the Clinic for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia. Complete blood count was performed on Sysmex XN-1000, CRP on Cobas c501, and Fbg on BCS XP analyser. Data were analysed with MedCalc statistical software. The COPD patients were divided into three groups – frequent exacerbators (FE), non-frequent exacerbators (NFE), patients hospitalized for acute COPD exacerbations (HAE) and the control group were healthy smokers (HS). A statistically significant difference was found in the values of MNR while comparing these groups of patients: FE vs HAE (p

The subacute toxicity of methanol extract of Justicia carnea leaves on rats was evaluated. Thirty six male rats (70 - 100 grams) were randomly divided into four groups replicated thrice with each replicate having three rats. Group A (control group), and groups B, C and D (test groups) were treated with 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of extract respectively. Liver and kidney function markers, antioxidant activities, lipid profile and haematological indices determined after 28 days of treatment indicated that the liver enzymes markers, protein profile of the extract treated groups showed no significant changes (p>0.05), except the group treated with 800 mg/kg BW of extract which showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. Significant (p<0.05) reduction was observed in malondialdehyde level in group treated with 800 mg/kg extract, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the extract treated groups were not significantly (p>0.05) different. No significant changes (p>0.05) was observed in the concentrations of the haematological indices, kidney markers and lipid profile of the test groups when compared with normal control. The histopathology examination of the liver and kidney of the rats in control, 200 and 800 mg/kg extracts group showed normal tissue architecture; while rats administered 400 mg/kg BW of the extract had mild portal inflammation with interface necrosis. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extract of J. carnea may have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties and be relatively safe for albino rats following acute consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stuffy was conducted on 24 sport horses in best shape as result of the previous intensive training sessions. The variability of the haematological parameters was monitored in relation to the individual physiological particularities of age and sex before and after the routine training sessions. The adult horses displayed after the training exercise a 32.4% increase of the erythrocytes count, a 29.4% increase of the neutrophils count and a 23% increase of the hematocrit; the lymphocytes count decreased by 14.3%. The erythrocytes count increased after the training exercise by 18.5% in males horses and by 16.6% in female horses, the hematocrit increased by 20% in the make horses and by 16% in the female horses, while the N/L ratio increased by 56% in the males and by 26% in the females.

Honey is a widely used natural product with several health benefits. However, there is paucity of information on its excessive usage. The present study investigated the effect of excess honey consumption on hepato-renal functions in male wistar rats. Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were selected into four groups (n=7) and treated with distilled water (control) and 1ml, 2ml and 3ml of honey respectively for 5 weeks. Thereafter, the animals were euthanised and blood as well as kidney and liver were collected for further studies. There was a significant increase in Creatinine, Bilirubin, Urea AST, ALP, total protein as well as a significant decrease in RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, lymphocyte and PCV. Histology of the liver and kidney revealed a significant degeneration and necrosis in a dose dependent manner. This study suggest that excess honey consumption causes liver and renal cellular damage as well as haematological alterations.

This study investigated the effect of dietary Ethiopian pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) supplementation on the growth performance, serum parameters, and haematological indices of broiler chickens. A total of 360 unsexed Ross broilers were used for the study. Four experimental diets were formulated for the starter (0-28 days) and finisher phases (29-56 days). Diet 1 was the control, without phytogenic supplementation, Diet 2 was supplemented with 1% Ethiopian pepper (EP), Diet 3 was supplemented with 1% clove (CL), and Diet 4 was supplemented with 1% mixture of Ethiopian pepper and clove (EPCL) in equal quantities (0.5% each) (EPCL). Each treatment was replicated 6 times, with 15 birds per replicate. Growth response was measured weekly for the starter and finisher phases, and blood was collected for serum and haematological parameters after 4 and 8 weeks. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using SAS 2000, and significant means were separated using Tukey's test in same software. At day 28, dietary supplementation with EPCL increased (P < 0.05) live weight (LW) (660.34 g) and weight gain (WG) (599.66 g) and improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (0.98). Total protein (TP) (48.00 g/L) and albumin (28.30 g/L) were higher (P<0.05) for broilers fed a diet supplemented with EPCL compared to the other treatments. Packed cell volume (PCV) (30.00%) was higher (P < 0.05) in broilers fed a diet with EPCL. Supplementation with CL and EPCL increased (P < 0.05) the red blood cell (RBC) count in broilers. Broilers fed a diet supplemented with EP had lower (P < 0.05) mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (97.77 fl), while those fed the control diet had higher (P < 0.05) mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (39.45 pg). Broilers fed the control diet had the highest (P < 0.05) mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (37.90%), while those fed diets supplemented with CL (33.29%) and EPCL (34.00%) had the lowest (P < 0.05) MCHC. At day 56, LW and WG were also increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation. Reduced (P < 0.05) cholesterol was observed for broilers fed a diet supplemented with EPCL. Haemoglobin (Hb) and RBC were higher (P < 0.05) in broilers fed a diet supplemented with EPCL. Supplementation with EP, CL and EPCL resulted in higher (P < 0.05) MCV and MCH. It was concluded that EPCL can be used to supplement the diet of broilers for increased performance and improved blood parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Various substances released from modern complex human societies which enter the aquatic ecosystems produce alterations in survivability of aquatic biota. This study assesses the consequence of exposure to industrial effluents containing potentially hazardous constituents, especially soap industrial waste effluent, relative to fish physiology, growth and survival, particularly food fish such as Clarias gariepinus. Five hundred (500) fingerlings of C. gariepinus (15.65 ± 0.02 g) randomly stocked at 50 fish per tank in duplicates were exposed to varying concentration (0, 0.32, 0.66, 1.31 and 2.63%) of homogenous effluent sample and fed Durante® floating feed at 5% of the body weight in two instalments per day for 180 days. The growth performance and feed utilization data were generated to determine the growth performance indices. The haematological parameters of the fish were also determined following routine methods of fish haematology. Result Generally, fish in the control had significantly (p

Purpose: The Rayong oil spill incident of 2013 leaked over 50,000 barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Thailand. This study assessed trends and changes in the haematological, renal, and hepatic indices among the Rayong oil spill clean-up workers 5 years after the spill. Methods: Haematological, renal, and hepatic indices measured for 570 oil spill clean-up workers at baseline and annually during 5-year follow-ups were analysed. Haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, and platelet count for haematological function, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for hepatic function, and creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for renal function were assessed. The longitudinal measures of haematological, renal and hepatic indices were analysed using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess trends of these indices and associated factors, including exposure level. Results: Increasing trends were observed per year for WBC (0.52 ± 0.03 × 103 cells/μL), Cr (0.01 ± 0.00 mg/dL), platelet (0.31 × 103 μL per year), and BUN (0.24 ± 0.03 mg/dL). Decreasing trends of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed (1.54 ± 0.21 IU/L per year). Clean-up workers with high exposure to the oil spill had a significantly higher average of WBC and lower average of BUN than low-exposure and unknown-exposure workers. Gender and age were significantly associated with creatinine changes. Conclusion: Results of this study show the differences between baseline and follow-up haematological, renal, and hepatic indices and trends of these indices. The long-term changes in the indices in this study show worsening renal functions after oil spill and possibility of cardiovascular effects. These findings contribute to expanding knowledge on the long-term health effects of oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an extremely transmissible infectious disease. Detection of coronavirus by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) requires expert skills and moreover, it is not widely available in all the laboratories. Aim: To evaluate Red Blood Cell (RBC), platelet histogram and White Blood Cell (WBC) scattergram graphic patterns and interpretation of corresponding parameters along with peripheral smear in 500 COVID-19 RT-PCR positive study cases (COVID-19) and to compare them with normal study controls (non COVID-19). Materials and Methods: This was a laboratory-based observational study, conducted at a fully accredited National Accreditation Board for testing and calibration Laboratories’s (NABL) Central Diagnostic Research Laboratory, RL Jalapa Hospital Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India from September 2020 to April 2021. RBC, platelet histogram, WBC scattergram graphic patterns with corresponding parameters were noted in RT-PCR COVID-19 positive patients and compared with controls using (Automated Haematology Analyser XN11500). Cases were further subcategorised into moderate and severe categories. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, Independent t test was used for assessing qualitative and quantitative data respectively. Mean and standard deviation were depicted in box plots. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used for predicting severity. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 500 subjects, males were 359 and females 141 with the mean age 50.5 years. Present study showed a characteristic finding of “sandglass” effect in WBC scattergram which is described as discontinuous cluster of plasmacytoid lymphocytes. RBC histogram and parameters did not show any significant changes. In severe COVID-19 cases among WBC parameters most common finding was neutrophilia. Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Platelet Monocyte Ratio (PMR), Platelet Neutrophil Ratio (PNR) were statistically significant in severe COVID-19 cases (p-value <0.001) corresponding ROC curve for WBC and platelet showed WBC count and PLR as the significant parameter in severe COVID-19 positive cases. Conclusion: Current study reported a specific and unique sandglass effect in WBC scattergram in severe COVID-19 subjects which can help the physicians for predicting the severity of disease and to prevent further progression of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Malaria has continued to be a threat to man and his wellbeing, especially Africans and Asians. New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to mitigate malaria treatment failure due to resistant Plasmodium species. Medicinal plants used by indigenous Nigerians for treating fever and malaria such as Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) could be a promising source of lead compounds for developing new generations of antimalarial drugs. The effects of ethanol extract of S. acuta leaves (EESAL) on malaria parasitemia, haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice were investigated, using the 4-day curative test. Methodology EESAL was prepared by maceration method. The phyto-constituents and acute toxicity profile of the extract were evaluated using standard protocols. In addition, malaria parasitemia and chemo-suppression, and indicators of haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice treated with EESAL were assessed. Results At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o doses for 4 consecutive days, EESAL significantly (p

Temporal variations in the biochemical and haematological parameters of blood must be taken into account as it is a useful indicator for assessing the nutritional status, non-specific immunity and health of fish in general. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in the biochemical and haematological profile of blood in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) depending on the environmental changes characteristic for each season. The lower mean haematocrit, identified in the spring, which correlates with the lower erythrocyte count, implies a more pronounced anaemia in carp after the winter period. The specimens analysed in spring and summer show an increase in the percentage of neutrophils by 60%, compared to the specimens analysed in autumn. Lower values for albumin in spring (0.65±0.22 g/dL) suggest a disruption of protein synthesis function in liver, which is not true for biological material during summer (0.90±0.60 g/dL), and autumn (0.95±0.25 g/dL). CK and CRE values are within normal limits throughout the study period, indicating no injury or muscle atrophy for the analysed specimens. These results suggest that seasonal changes in the environment cause temporary changes in the indicators of the biochemical and haematological profile of the blood of Cyprinus carpio.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the blood indices of cockerel chickens fed varying inclusion levels of cinnamon powder. A total bird of 150 day old ISA Brown strain was used for the study and was randomly distributed to five treatments of 30 birds each with three replicate of 10 birds per replica. The dietary treatments consisted of T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 with 0 g, 0.5 g, 1.0 g, 1.5 g, and 2.0 g supplementation of cinnamon powder in 4 litters of water. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16th week, the birds were starved of feed overnight. Blood samples for analysis were taken from three birds per treatment from the venipuncture of wing vein and were collected into two different set of bijou bottles. The first set of bottles contain Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA anti-coagulant) while the other set was without EDTA. Blood sample were labelled according to name and number of test/replicate and were sent to the laboratory for analysis on Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Lymphocytes, Heamoglobin (HB), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Total protein (TP), Albumin (ALB), Globulin (GLO), cholesterol (CHO), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Glucose. The result showed that cinnamon supplementation affected all the blood parameters significantly (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that chickens on T5 (2.0 g of cinnamon in water) had an improved haematological parameters while cockerels on T5 (4.0 g of cinnamon in water) had an enhanced serum biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Malaria, malnutrition and anaemia are major public health problems in Yemen, with Hodeidah being the most malaria-afflicted governorate. To address the lack of relevant studies, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and its relation to nutritional status and haematological indices among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 schoolchildren selected randomly from four schools in Bajil district. Data about demographic characteristics, risk factors and anthropometric measurements of age, height and weight were collected. Duplicate thick and thin blood films were prepared, stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. The density of P. falciparum asexual stages was estimated on thick films. EDTA-blood samples were examined for the haematological indices of haemoglobin (Hb) and blood cell counts. Results Plasmodium falciparum was prevalent among 8.0% (32/400) of schoolchildren with a mean parasite density of 244.3 ± 299.3/µL of blood and most infections showing low-level parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium vivax was detected in one child (0.25%). Residing near water collections was a significant independent predictor of falciparum malaria [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95.0% CI 1.20–5.72; p = 0.016] in schoolchildren. Mild anaemia was prevalent among more than half of P. falciparum-infected schoolchildren and significantly associated with falciparum malaria (AOR = 5.8, 95.0% CI 2.39–14.17; p

Background: The leaves of Telfairia occidentalis (locally known as Ugu) are widely consumed as part of a staple in the southern region of Nigeria. Its nutritional benefits include its rich mineral contents and antioxidant properties. It has been suggested that the leaf extracts may affect blood parameters. Objectives: To investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of T. occidentalis leaves on haematological indices and liver enzymes in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats weighing between 150g and 200g were used for the study. They were categorized into four groups of six rats each viz: high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose, and control groups. The leaf extract was administered in doses of 300mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, while the control group received distilled water rather than leaf extracts. Results: There was a dose-dependent decrease in the concentrations of liver enzymes and an increase in blood parameters. There was a significant difference (p = 0.000) in the mean red blood cells countof the control group (7.5±0.2×1012/L) compared to the low-dose group (9.1±0.1×1012/L), the medium-dose group (11.7±0.2×1012/L) and the high-dose group (13.3±0.2×1012/L).For the liver enzymes, there was a significant decrease in the mean AST levels in the high-dose group (42.8±3.5 IU/L), the medium-dose group (53.7±5.7IU/L) and the low-dose group (68.5±3.5IU/L) were compared to the value for the control group (88.6 ±2.5× 1012/L). Conclusions: Using an animal model, Telfairia occidentalis may have hepatoprotective and haemopoietic properties.

Introduction In cervical cancer treatment, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) are being studied as potential prognostic markers for predicting the effectiveness of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). This study aims to investigate the relationship between these biomarkers and survival outcomes in cervical cancer patients undergoing CCRT. Materials and methods This retrospective study was conducted at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences between January 2016 and December 2019. It included patients at any stage who received definitive CCRT and were followed for at least two years post-treatment. Patients who had initial surgery and those lost to follow-up were excluded. Results The study included 123 patients with a median age of 68. Most patients had stage IIB (39%) and squamous cell carcinoma (76.4%). With a median follow-up of 56 months, the five-year overall survival (OS) was 66.8%, progression-free survival (PFS) was 94%, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 81.2%. AGR (p = 0.001), NLR (p = 0.0001), and PLR (p = 0.001) were found to be significantly associated with OS, NLR (p = 0.002) and AGR (p = 0.001) significantly affected RFS, while only PLR (p = 0.02) significantly affected PFS on univariate analysis. NLR significantly impacted OS (p = 0.003) and RFS (p = 0.03) on multivariate analysis. Conclusion The results of our study showed that increased NLR and elevated levels of albumin indicate a higher likelihood of mortality. Furthermore, a higher NLR was linked to an increased probability of recurrence in patients with cervical cancer who received primary treatment with CCRT. Therefore, the identification of predictive biomarkers could significantly improve the assessment of progression risk, aiding in the selection of the most suitable treatment and personalized therapy., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee of All India Institute of Medical Sciences issued approval IEC-AIIMS-2024-GYNECONCO-179. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Garg et al.)

Temporal variations in the biochemical and haematological parameters of blood must be taken into account as it is a useful indicator for assessing the nutritional status, non-specific immunity and health of fish in general. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in the biochemical and haematological profile of blood in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) depending on the environmental changes characteristic for each season. The lower mean haematocrit, identified in the spring, which correlates with the lower erythrocyte count, implies a more pronounced anaemia in carp after the winter period. The specimens analysed in spring and summer show an increase in the percentage of neutrophils by 60%, compared to the specimens analysed in autumn. Lower values for albumin in spring (0.65±0.22 g/dL) suggest a disruption of protein synthesis function in liver, which is not true for biological material during summer (0.90±0.60 g/dL), and autumn (0.95±0.25 g/dL). CK and CRE values are within normal limits throughout the study period, indicating no injury or muscle atrophy for the analysed specimens. These results suggest that seasonal changes in the environment cause temporary changes in the indicators of the biochemical and haematological profile of the blood of Cyprinus carpio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare effects of sources levels of zinc on growth and carcass quality, some haematological and serological indices of juvenile beluga sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). A number of 315 juvenile beluga sturgeon (8.4±0.29) were fed in 21 500 lit fiberglass tanks (15 fish per tank) under 7 experimental diets including 1 control diet plus 6 diets containing zinc (mg per kg of diet) in two forms of mineral (zinc sulfate) (ZnSul15, ZnSul30, and ZnSul60 treatments) and organic (chelated with methionine) (ZnMet15, ZnMet30, and ZnMet60 treatments) with three replications per treatment for 12 weeks. The best values of final weight and feed conversion ratio were observed in the ZnMet15 and ZnMet60 treatments. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed an incremental trend influenced by increased zinc supplement. Increased carcass protein in the ZnMet30 treatment was significant compared to the control, ZnSul15, and, ZnSul30 treatments (P≤0.05). Reduced carcass lipid in the ZnSul30 and ZnSul60 treatments was significant compared to the other treatments (P≤0.05). Serum triglyceride and cholesterol decreased in the ZnMet treatments compared to the control treatment. Reduced serum glucose in the ZnMet15 and ZnMet60 treatments and also increased serum lysozyme in the ZnMet30 and ZnMet60 treatments were significant compared to the control treatment (P≤0.05). Results demonstrated that most of the indices had better performance in the ZnMet treatments comparted to the other treatments and are proposed as an optimal diet for juvenile beluga sturgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various substances released from modern complex human societies which enter the aquatic ecosystems produce alterations in survivability of aquatic biota. This study assesses the consequence of exposure to industrial effluents containing potentially hazardous constituents, especially soap industrial waste effluent, relative to fish physiology, growth and survival, particularly food fish such as Clarias gariepinus. Five hundred (500) fingerlings of C. gariepinus (15.65 ± 0.02 g) randomly stocked at 50 fish per tank in duplicates were exposed to varying concentration (0, 0.32, 0.66, 1.31 and 2.63%) of homogenous effluent sample and fed Durante® floating feed at 5% of the body weight in two instalments per day for 180 days. The growth performance and feed utilization data were generated to determine the growth performance indices. The haematological parameters of the fish were also determined following routine methods of fish haematology. Result: Generally, fish in the control had significantly (p < 0.05) better growth performance indices compared with the exposed fish. It was also observed that most of the significant increase or decrease observed in the growth performance was concentration dependent. Increase in HES concentration which significantly increases (p < 0.05) WBC count of the experimental fish was observed to decrease (p < 0.05) the HGB level of the fish. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of RBC (3.02 ± 0.03 × 106/µL) and HCT (36.70 ± 1.68%) were recorded in the control fish. However, all the exposed fish had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of platelet count compared with the control. Conclusion: This study concluded that exposure to concentrations of soap effluent induced stress, inhibited growth and altered the haematological indices of the exposed fish. Uncontrolled discharge of soap effluent into receiving water bodies, apart from affecting the wellbeing of an important freshwater food fish, there is every probability of possible accumulation of the chemical/toxic additives of the soap effluent which could have serious implications considering the man as the major and final recipient of these toxic bioaccumulated chemicals via the food chain and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the biochemical and immunological responses of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus due to heavy metals pollution. Histomorphological alterations in the liver and kidney suggested tissue damages due to this polluted water exposure. The brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as an indicator of neurotoxicity was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased after 10 days exposure of fish to heavy metal contained river water, while plasma glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and plasma glutamate pyruvate transaminase were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Moreover, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities, as well as reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in heavy metals contained river water treated fish compared to the control. Additionally, glucose level and blood serum Ca2+ concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in fish exposed to heavy metal contained river water compared to the control. Hematological indices such as Hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, MCV etc. of polluted river water treated fish were significantly (P < 0.01) different in comparison to that of control fish. The cytokines i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α level were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the fish exposed to heavy metals contained river water in comparison to that of control fish. The present findings explored the detrimental effects of heavy metal contained river water on fish at biochemical and immunological levels.

Background: Malaria has continued to be a threat to man and his wellbeing, especially Africans and Asians. New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to mitigate malaria treatment failure due to resistant Plasmodium species. Medicinal plants used by indigenous Nigerians for treating fever and malaria such as Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) could be a promising source of lead compounds for developing new generations of antimalarial drugs. The effects of ethanol extract of S. acuta leaves (EESAL) on malaria parasitemia, haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice were investigated, using the 4-day curative test. Methodology: EESAL was prepared by maceration method. The phyto-constituents and acute toxicity profile of the extract were evaluated using standard protocols. In addition, malaria parasitemia and chemo-suppression, and indicators of haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice treated with EESAL were assessed. Results: At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o doses for 4 consecutive days, EESAL significantly (p < 0.05) decreased parasitaemia and suppressed malaria parasite by 89.64%, 95.95% and 97.38%, respectively comparable to negative control. The reduction in percentage malaria parasitemia by EESAL is comparable to Artemether (140 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o) used as standard antimalarial drug in this study. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts of negative control are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than normal control. However, parasitized-EESAL-treated mice have significantly (p < 0.05) higher PCV value, Hb concentration and RBC and WBC counts than negative control. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with EESAL restored some indicators of the antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile and liver status altered by malaria. In addition, EESAL was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w., p.o. Conclusion: These results indicate that the EESAL possesses antimalarial activity and normalizes alterations in haematological and biochemical status of malaria-infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was conducted to investigate the sub-chronic toxicity of tannery effluents sourced from Challawa industrial estate Kano, Nigeria using Clarias gariepinus. The study covered physicochemical parameters, haematological, and biochemical stress enzymes assessments. The water quality results revealed mean value of Temperature (29.92±1.93°C), pH (8.14±0.85), DO (1.60±0.38mg/l), BOD (0.77±0.16mg/l), Salinity (7.75±0.60mg/l), Nitrate (1.19 ± 0.05mg/l) and Phosphate (16.48±0.85mg/l). After termination of 21 days sub-chronic test, haematological and biochemical changes analysed were generally considered significantly different (P<0.05) within the treatments. The haematological indices revealed a decrease and sudden increase in concentration of estimated values of PCV, Hb, RBC, MCHC and MCH, while WBC and MCV fluctuated. These may be attributed to stress, the duration of exposure and levels of pollutants in the effluent. Furthermore, oxidative stress enzymes followed an order of SOD > CAT > GSH. This could be due to level of pollutants in the effluent. The results of the data indicated tannery effluent to have a toxic effect on the experimented organism. The information calls for a more enrich toxicity testing that should involve wide range of organisms. It should entail reproductive aspects of the species, detail relationship and enhanced methodological procedures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.

Background: Malaria still remains a serious global public health challenge and the growing resistance of Plasmodium species to the existing antimalarial drugs is aggravating the burden. Considering the growing knowledge of the contribution of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and hepatic and kidney damages, in addition to the well-known anaemia and hypoglycemia in pathogenesis of malaria complication, a good antimalarial candidate should not only kill malaria parasite but also normalize the associated haematological and biochemical modifications. Buchholzia coriacea (Capparaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in treating malaria whose antimalarial activity has been investigated. Aim: to evaluate the ameliorative effects of flavonoid-rich extract of B. coriacea seeds (FEBCS) on modifications in haematological and biochemical status induced by malaria in mice. Materials and methods: FEBCS was prepared and its effects on malaria parasitemia, haematological (packed cell volume, total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts and haemoglobin concentration) and biochemical (liver, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant and lipid profile) status of P. berghei Anka-65-infected mice were evaluated using established protocols. In addition, the phytochemicals in FEBCS as well as its acute toxicity status were investigated. A total of sixty inbred Swiss albino mice (7 weeks, body weight of 26 ± 5 g) were used for this study (30 were used for acute toxicity study while the rest for antimalarial study) and were maintained on commercial rodent diet and water ad libitum in our animal laboratory. Results: Upon treatment with combisunate (140 mg/kg/ b.w.) and FEBCS (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d body) for four consecutive days (4-day suppressive assay), there were significant reductions in parasitemia levels compared with baseline. When the parasitemia levels of mice post-treatment and pre-treatment were compared, it was observed that FEBCS exhibited a dose-dependent chemosuppression which were however, lower compared to that by combisunate. Compared to the malaria control, it was observed that FEBCS improved the status indicators of haematology and biochemistry to near normal levels. There was no significant morphological and behavioural sign of toxicity, indicating that FEBCS was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. Conclusion: These findings suggest that FEBCS possesses antimalarial activity, and normalized haematological and biochemical alterations triggered by malaria. This finding necessitates the isolation and characterization of the active principles in FEBCS which could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antimalarial agents.

Objective: To determine the diagnostic efficacy of haematological indices for the diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait taking haemoglobin electrophoresis as a gold standard. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Haematology Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Aug to Dec 2019. Methodology: A total of 206 anaemic patients 20-70 years of age of both genders were included in the study. Blood was collected from all the patients and complete blood count was generated through automated haematology analyser Sysmex KX21. Based on the complete blood count parameters like mean cell volume, red blood cell count, red cell distribution width and mean cell haemoglobin the haematological indices such as Mentzer, Ricerca, mean density of Hb/litre of blood, mean cell Hb density and red cell distributon width indices were calculated. The haemoglobin A2 band of >3.5% on haemoglobin electrophoresis was taken as cut off for Beta thalassemia trait. Results: Out of the 206 blood samples analysed, 120 (58%) were labelled as beta thalassemia trait after Hb electrophoresis and 86 cases had anemia due to other causes. Mentzer index established the highest sensitivity of 92.5% whereas RICERCA index established the highest specificity of 94.1%. Mentzer and red cell distribution width index had highest diagnostic efficacy value up to 90.3%. Conclusion: We conclude that Mentzer and red cell distribution width index showed the highest diagnostic significance. The Mentzer index has the highest sensitivity whereas Ricerca index has the highest specificity. The red blood cell count, haemoglobin and mean cell volume are used to measure the Mentzer index and red cell distribution width index showed consistent ability to provide definitive diagnosis regarding-thalassemia trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocleista vogelii stem bark extract (AVSB) is used as a hepatoprotective protective and blood-boosting agent locally without any scientific evidence. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidants activity, hepatoprotective and haematological effects of ethanol extract of AVSB on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced rats. Thirty rats distributed into 5 groups (n = 6) were used. Group 1 was the normal control rats without CCl4 induction, group 2 was the CCl4 control (CCl4 induced untreated rats) while groups 3 - 6 were CCl4 induced rats treated with 100 mg/kg/day of silymarin, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg/day of AVSB respectively for 14 days. The results indicated high levels of total phenols, flavonoid, vitamin E, vitamin C, ?-carotene and lycopene in the AVSB. The AVSB exhibited a dose-dependent increase in ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH and nitric oxide radicals scavenging activities similar to vitamin C, rutin and curcumin respectively. The CCl4 induction significantly (P<0.05) elevated total bilirubin concentrations, serum ALT, AST and ALP activities and significantly (P<0.05) decreased PCV, RBC, WBC, platelet counts, and Hb, total protein and albumin concentrations and caused liver necrosis in the untreated rats relative to the normal control. Treatment with AVSB significantly reversed the altered serum ALT, AST and ALP activities, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin and Hb concentrations including haematological indices and liver histomorphology to normal compared with the CCl4 control. The findings of this study indicated that the AVSB is rich in antioxidant components, in vitro antioxidant activity, and possesses hepatoprotective and improves haematological indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric fever is an invasive bacterial infection mostly caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, which is a common agent of enteric fever. This illness has been a major public health issue, as it affects a large number of individuals globally. The box-plot analytic method is involved in exploratory data analysis using statistical techniques to identify patterns that may be hidden in a group of numbers used to visually summarize and compare groups of data. We evaluted the effect of enteric fever on various haematologic parameters using the box-plot distribution model. Samples were obtained from 400 volunteer patients as well as healthy subjects (controls). Assay for typhoid fever was carried out using obtained serum samples to detect specific O and H antigens. Antibody titres of 1:80 and higher for anti-TO and 1:160 and higher for anti-TH antibodies were taken as cutoff values to indicate recent infection of typhoid fever. The haematologic parameters were evaluated using an automated haematology analyser. A statistically significant decrease was observed in packed cell volume, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and haemoglobin concentration, while a statistically insignificant difference was observed in the neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes seen in the box-plot distribution analysis. Typhoid fever causes significant haematologic changes which could be helpful in diagnosis. The box-and-whisker plots compared the distributions of the haematologic parameters, spread and overall ranges. Awareness of these parameters could be useful in providing accurate diagnosis and therapy, particularly in underresourced endemic regions in developing countries.

Background & objectives: The alarming failure in malaria treatment using conventional drugs calls for urgent search of alternatives; one of which is to exploit natural products such as plants. This study evaluated the effects of three selected commercial herbal preparations on albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65, a lethal strain of rodent malaria. Methods: This study was conducted in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka between February and September 2017. A total of 30 adult albino mice were randomized into six groups of five mice each. Group 1 served as normal control. Mice in Groups 2-6 were parasitized with P. berghei. Group 2 mice were untreated while mice in Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 20 mg/kg body weight of artesunate; and 5 ml/kg body weight of the seleceted commercial herbal preparations designated as HA, HB and HC, respectively. The percent malaria parasitaemia, haematological parameters, lipid profile, liver function markers, antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation index were evaluated using standard protocol. Results: It was observed that mice in Group 2 had significantly higher percentage of malaria parasitaemia when compared to mice in parasitized and treated groups. Also, haematological dysfunctions, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity seen in parasitized and untreated mice were restored in parasitized and artesunate- and herbal preparations-treated mice. Interpretation & conclusion: Findings from the present study revealed that oxidative stress, characterized by low antioxidant status and high lipid peroxidation, contributes to complications in malaria. The results also indicate that the studied commercial herbal preparations possess good antimalarial and ameliorative effects on malaria-induced haematological, lipid, antioxidant and liver aberrations in mice. The acute toxicity profiles of the commercial herbal preparations suggested that they are tolerable and safe at the doses administered.

The habitats of air breathing freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis are prone to oxygen deficiency and mostly contaminated with the organic and inorganic pollutants. But the fish is known for its greater adaptive capability even in adverse environmental condition and is regarded as champions in tolerating such type of aquatic environments. Therefore, it seems to be a suitable model for the study of toxicological effect of the paraquat dichloride (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium dichloride), a recognized contact herbicide which is highly noxious to humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of paraquat (PQ) when used in sub-lethal concentrations of 6 mg/L and 12 mg/L respectively, as determined from the LC50 value. The oxidative stress markers in liver, kidney and intestine of the fish; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatise enzymes in the blood serum and haematological parameters of the fishes were evaluated at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 5 days, 10 days and 14 days post treatment with 6 mg/L and 12 mg/L of PQ. The results revealed the increased concentration of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), specifically after 10 days of treatment with 12 mg/L paraquat concentration, along with significant increase in the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde after 14 days of PQ exposure (12 mg/L concentration), when tallied against the control. However, the concentration of non-enzymatic reduced glutathione (GSH) was decreased significantly in treated fishes after 14 days (12 mg/L concentration) as GST uses GSH as a substrate to detoxify substances, hence enabling more defence against ROS production in H. fossilis. Haematological indices like the RBC count and haemoglobin concentration manifested a significant reduction, while the WBC count significantly increased on exposure to both 6 mg/L and 12 mg/L concentrations of PQ as compared to control fish. These findings clearly indicated the increased concentration of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST) and reduction in non enzymatic GSH enabled the fish to survive during the PQ exposure period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) (free gossypol < 7.9 mg/kg) in the diets on the growth, intestinal microflora, haematological and antioxidant indices of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Six diets were designed: fishmeal diets (FM) which contained 340 g/kg fishmeal, as well as five CPC diets, each with differing CPC concentrations (120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 g/kg) to replace the fish meal. The weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant difference among groups (p >.05) with the dietary CPC level ranged from 0 to 360 g/kg. Serum cholesterol (CHO) of C36 and triglyceride (TG) levels of C36 and C12 were significantly higher than the FM (p <.05). Total protein (TP) levels of C12 were significantly lower than the FM (p <.05). Among the treatments, C36 had higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) than FM (p <.05). From the data analysis of 16s sequencing, with increasing CPC concentration, the proportion of harmful microbial taxa (Proteobacteria and Vibrio) increased. The results of this study support that CPC products are acceptable in practical diets for golden pompano. And the optimal dietary CPC replacement of golden pompano was estimated to be 259.3 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwaters are highly vulnerable to pollution since they act as immediate sinks for the consequences of human activity always associated with the danger of accidental discharges. Heavy metals constitute a core group of aquatic pollutants and additional concentrations of these metals accumulate in the aquatic ecosystems as a result of land-based activities. Fish mostly tend to bioaccumulate heavy metals, and humans can be at great risk, sometimes even lethal, through contamination of the food chain. An attempt has been made in the present investigation to determine the acute toxicity of lithium and its toxicological effects on survival, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters of the widely consumed spotted sneak head Channa punctatus and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Short-term acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing the test species to different concentrations of lithium chloride. The results showed that the normal respiratory activity of the fish was significantly affected and there was a depression in the metabolic rate at the end of 24, 48, 72 and 96h exposure. Appreciable decline changes occur in haematological parameters and biochemical profiles of the fish. This study reflects the extent of the toxic effects of lithium and the metal-induced cumulative deleterious effects at various functional levels in the widely consumed freshwater fish, Channa punctatus and Oreochromis niloticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to assess the effects of feed quantity offered on haematological parameters and behavioural characteristics of pigs. A total of 48 Large White grower male pigs with initial average body weight of 7.15±0.55 kg were assigned to 3 treatment groups of 16 pigs per group and were further replicated in 2 pigs per replicate on the 8th, 14th and 20th weeks of the experiment. Two digital cameras were mounted above the pen to monitor the behaviour of the pigs. The results obtained for the study indicated that quantitative feed restriction had no positive impact (p>0.05) on the haematological parameters considered whilst it influenced (p<0.05) standing, sitting, lying inclined, lying lateral and walking behaviours of the pigs. Walking behaviour (11.93, 8.52, 4.55%) decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of feed offered, conversely lying inclined (5.77, 5.77, 13.46%) and lateral (5.26, 6.58, 13.16%) increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of feed offered. Conclusively, quantitative restriction had no significant impact on the haematological indices of growing pigs but enhanced some behavioural traits (standing, sitting, lying and walking). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidantsresourced from stress adapted plants have medicinal properties or be toxic. Practical utilization of these as medicines need to explore the exact nature of discrimination of their actions. By testing their effects on blood composition one can judge well the health caring or toxic potential of antioxidants. In the present study, crude methanolic extracts containing antioxidants of some xerophytic herbs from the Cholistan desert of Pakistan were used to determine their in vitro effects on some hematological attributes like counts for granulocyte; leukocyte, lymphocyte; eosinophils; monocyte; granulocytes, Red Blood Cell, Mean Corpuscular, lymphocytes. Haemoglobin, Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Concentration, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Packed Cell Volume, Hematocrit, and Red Cell Distribution. Data were analyzed statistically. Leucocytes, ranulocytes, haemoglobin, and monocytes increased by extracts. Eosinophils, platelets, and RBC were decreased. There were recorded some exceptions. Calotropis stem decreased leucocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. Salsola leaves decreased monocytes. Hemoglobin was increased by Aerva stem extract. Platelets were increased by Haloxylon stem extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was a thirty six weeks feeding trial to determine the effect of inclusion of varying levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal (GALM) on haematological indices of two weeks old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Ninty six birds were allocated to four dietary treatment groups replicated thrice with 8 birds per replicate in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments A - D were fed A 0 g/kg (control), B 50 g/kg, C 100 g/kg and D 150 g/kg of GALM. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Haematological indices were assayed using standard protocols and data collected subjected to ANOVA. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in haemogblobin concentration (Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) count, while no significant difference (p>0.05) were observed in pack cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count. The haematological values observed in the study fell within values of Hb (12.30 g/dl), PCV (37%), and ranges of RBC (2.30 - 3.86 x 106 µl), WBC (20 - 40 x 106 µl) recommended for normal healthy quails. The birds fed GALM remain clinically normal throughout the period of the experiment and thus the quantity of GALM used in this study can be recommended for inclusion in Japanese quail diets for shorter duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Haematological indices are easy to obtain compared with classical prognostic factors. • Haematological indices play a key role in HBV-related liver disease. • The review discussed the role of haematological indices in HBV-related liver disease. Several markers and prognostic scores have been identified for predicting the development and progression of liver disease; among them, haematological parameters (the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), RDW to platelet ratio (RPR), mean platelet volume (MPV), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)) have recently gained significant interest. Compared with traditional prognostic factors, haematological indices are easy to obtain and relatively inexpensive. There is growing evidence that these haematological indices play a key role in HBV-related liver diseases and has been proposed as a predictive marker of adverse outcomes in these patients. This article focuses on discussing the diagnostic and prognostic value of the haematological indices in patients with HBV-related liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to explore the effects of graded replacing fishmeal (0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg) with chicken plasma powder in diets for largemouth bass, and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 49.50 ± 0.07 g) twice daily. Results showed that specific growth rate was not remarkably reduced until 150 g/kg fishmeal being replaced. Meanwhile, the inclusion of chicken plasma powder led to a significant decrease in feed intake, and the replacement of 150 g/kg fishmeal significantly decreased the apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and essential amino acids, which may account for the lowered protein retention rate and decreased crude protein content of liver and whole body composition. Moreover, the replacement of 150 g/kg fishmeal resulted in a significantly reduced activity of lysozyme, classical complement pathway and respiratory burst, and meanwhile, the red blood cell count and haemoglobin content were also significantly reduced, indicating the impaired health status of fish with high inclusion of chicken plasma powder. In above, approximately 50–100 g/kg fishmeal could be replaced by chicken plasma powder in the diets for largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]